Journal articles: 'Himalayan mountains'

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Feng, Han, Huayu Lu, Barbara Carrapa, Hanzhi Zhang, Jun Chen, Ying Wang, and Peter D. Clift. "Erosion of the Himalaya-Karakoram recorded by Indus Fan deposits since the Oligocene." Geology 49, no. 9 (June 3, 2021): 1126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g48445.1.

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Abstract The Cenozoic erosion history of the Himalaya-Karakoram, which is a function of tectonically driven uplift and monsoon climatic evolution in South Asia, remains elusive, especially prior to the Miocene. Here, we present a multiproxy geochemical and thermochronological analysis of the oldest samples available from the Arabian Sea, which we used to investigate the erosion history of the Himalayan and Karakoram orogenic system. The Indus Fan records rapid and sustained erosion of the Himalayan-Karakoram mountains from before 24 Ma (ca. 30) to ca. 16 Ma concurrent with changing provenance from the Indian (Himalayan) and Eurasian plates. Our data, combined with previous studies of younger Indus Fan deposits, indicate that the mid-to-late Cenozoic erosion history of the Himalayan-Karakoram mountains is overall consistent with a vigorous monsoonal climate from the late Oligocene to middle Miocene and with changes in global climate in the late Miocene, whereas erosion and deposition are relatively insensitive to changes in sources and rock erodibility. Although tectonic processes were active throughout, we suggest that the erosional signatures of the Himalayan-Karakoram mountains from the Indus Fan largely preserve a record of climate changes since the Oligocene.

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Liu, Hai-rui, Qing-bo Gao, Fa-qi Zhang, Gulzar Khan, and Shi-long Chen. "Westwards and northwards dispersal ofTriosteum himalayanum(Caprifoliaceae) from the Hengduan Mountains region based on chloroplast DNA phylogeography." PeerJ 6 (May 11, 2018): e4748. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4748.

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The varying topography and environment that resulted from paleoorogeny and climate fluctuations of the Himalaya–Hengduan Mountains (HHM) areas had a considerable impact on the evolution of biota during the Quaternary. To understand the phylogeographic pattern and historical dynamics ofTriosteum himalayanum(Caprifoliaceae), we sequenced three chloroplast DNA fragments (rbcL-accD,rps15-ycf1, andtrnH-psbA) from 238 individuals representing 20 populations. Nineteen haplotypes (H1–H19) were identified based on 23 single-site mutations and eight indels. Most haplotypes were restricted to a single population or neighboring populations. Analysis of molecular variance revealed that variations among populations were much higher than that within populations for the overall gene pool, as well as for the East Himalayan group (EH group) and the North Hengduan group (NHM group), but not for the Hengduan Mountains group (HM group). Ecoregions representing relatively high genetic diversity or high frequencies of private haplotypes were discovered, suggesting that this alpine herbaceous plant underwent enhanced allopatric divergence in isolated and fragmented locations during the Quaternary glaciations. The current phylogeographic structure ofT. himalayanummight be due to heterogeneous habitats and Quaternary climatic oscillations. Based on the phylogeographic structure ofT. himalayanumpopulations, the phylogenetic relationship of identified haplotypes and palaeodistributional reconstruction, we postulated both westwards and northwards expansion from the HM group for this species. The westwards dispersal corridor could be long, narrow mountain areas and/or the Yarlung Zangbo Valley, while the northwards movement path could be south–north oriented mountains and low-elevation valleys.

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Kattel, Giri R. "Changing Ecological and Hydrological Conditions in the Himalayan Mountains and Measures of Future Adaptation." Jalawaayu 1, no. 1 (April 21, 2021): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jalawaayu.v1i1.36447.

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The Himalayan mountains are one of the important geographical settings of the planet Earth for the source of global freshwaters. The freshwaters from the Himalayas are life supporting systems of the millions of people residing in downstream Asia. However, the high-altitude mountains of the Himalayas have gone through considerable transformations in hydrology and ecology over the recent past. In the 21st century, the hydrological flow regimes of glacial-fed rivers are threatened by both climate change and human disturbances. Rapidly changing temperature and the frequency, duration and timing of monsoonal precipitation have altered glacier melt, river flow, flood, and downstream volume of water. As a result, the ecosystems and biodiversity as well as irrigation-dependent agriculture in the region is profoundly impacted. The fundamental challenge today is therefore to address the issue of water resources through understanding of hydrological and ecological changes of lake and river systems in the region. Ecohydrology is a sustainability concept, which addresses water resource management through understanding of water cycle, including hydrological processes of rivers and lakes and the structure, and function of ecosystems. Putting ecohydrology at the center of the water resource management program, this mini review discusses rapid ecological and hydrological changes of freshwater systems in the Himalayan mountains and suggested some of the key future adaptation strategies of water resources to rapidly changing regional environment.

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Alford, D., and R. Armstrong. "The role of glaciers in stream flow from the Nepal Himalaya." Cryosphere Discussions 4, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 469–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-4-469-2010.

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Abstract. Recent concerns related to the potential impacts of the retreat of Himalayan glaciers on the hydrology of rivers originating in the catchment basins of the Himalaya have been accompanied by few analyses describing the role of glaciers in the hydrologic regime of these mountains. This is, at least in part, a result of the relative inaccessibility of the glaciers of the Himalaya, at altitudes generally between 4000–7000 m, and the extreme logistical difficulties of: 1) reaching the glaciers, and 2) conducting meaningful research once they have been reached. It is apparent that an alternative to traditional "Alpine" glaciology is required in the mountains of the Hindu Kush-Himalaya region. The objectives of the study discussed here have been to develop methodologies that will begin to quantify the role of complete glacier systems in the hydrologic regime of the Nepal Himalaya, and to develop estimates of the potential impact of a continued retreat of these glacier, based on the use of disaggregated low-altitude data bases, topography derived from satellite imagery, and simple process models of water and energy exchange in mountain regions. While the extent of mesoscale variability has not been established by studies to date, it is clear that the dominant control on the hydrologic regime of the tributaries to the Ganges Basin from the eastern Himalaya is the interaction between the summer monsoon and the 8000 m of topographic relief represented by the Himalayan wall. All the available evidence indicates that the gradient of specific runoff with altitude resulting from this interaction is moderately to strongly curvilinear, with maximum runoff occurring at mid-altitudes, and minima at the altitudinal extremes. At the upper minimum of this gradient, Himalayan glaciers exist in what has been characterized as an "arctic desert". The methodologies developed for this study involve the relationship between area-altitude distributions of catchment basins and glaciers, based on Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM3) data and water and energy exchange gradients. Based on these methodologies, it is estimated that the contribution of glacier annual melt water to annual stream flow into the Ganges Basin from the glacierized catchments of the Nepal Himalaya represents approximately 4% of the total annual stream flow volume of the rivers of Nepal, and thus, is a minor component of the annual flow of the Ganges River. The models developed for this study indicate that neither stream flow timing nor volume of the rivers flowing into the Ganges Basin from Nepal will be affected materially by a continued retreat of the glaciers of the Nepal Himalaya.

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Veh, Georg, Oliver Korup, and Ariane Walz. "Hazard from Himalayan glacier lake outburst floods." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 907–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1914898117.

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Sustained glacier melt in the Himalayas has gradually spawned more than 5,000 glacier lakes that are dammed by potentially unstable moraines. When such dams break, glacier lake outburst floods (GLOFs) can cause catastrophic societal and geomorphic impacts. We present a robust probabilistic estimate of average GLOFs return periods in the Himalayan region, drawing on 5.4 billion simulations. We find that the 100-y outburst flood has an average volume of 33.5+3.7/−3.7 × 106 m3 (posterior mean and 95% highest density interval [HDI]) with a peak discharge of 15,600+2,000/−1,800 m3⋅s−1. Our estimated GLOF hazard is tied to the rate of historic lake outbursts and the number of present lakes, which both are highest in the Eastern Himalayas. There, the estimated 100-y GLOF discharge (∼14,500 m3⋅s−1) is more than 3 times that of the adjacent Nyainqentanglha Mountains, and at least an order of magnitude higher than in the Hindu Kush, Karakoram, and Western Himalayas. The GLOF hazard may increase in these regions that currently have large glaciers, but few lakes, if future projected ice loss generates more unstable moraine-dammed lakes than we recognize today. Flood peaks from GLOFs mostly attenuate within Himalayan headwaters, but can rival monsoon-fed discharges in major rivers hundreds to thousands of kilometers downstream. Projections of future hazard from meteorological floods need to account for the extreme runoffs during lake outbursts, given the increasing trends in population, infrastructure, and hydropower projects in Himalayan headwaters.

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Rasmussen, Kristen L., and Robert A. Houze. "A Flash-Flooding Storm at the Steep Edge of High Terrain: Disaster in the Himalayas." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 93, no. 11 (November 1, 2012): 1713–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-11-00236.1.

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Flash floods on the edge of high terrain, such as the Himalayas or Rocky Mountains, are especially dangerous and hard to predict. The Leh flood of 2010 at the edge of the Himalayan Plateau in India is an example of the tragic consequences of such storms. The flood occurred over a high mountain river valley when, on three successive days, diurnally generated convective cells over the Tibetan Plateau gathered into mesoscale convective systems and moved off the edge of the Plateau over Leh. An easterly midlevel jet associated with a midlevel monsoon vortex over northern India and a high over Asia helped the convection organize into propagating mesoscale systems that moved over the edge of the Plateau. On the third day the mesoscale system moving off the plateau was greatly invigorated when it suddenly drew on moisture flowing upslope over the terrain. It gained maximum strength from this intake of moisture near Leh, and the heavy rains washed over the surrounding mountains and down and over the town.

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Meister, Michael W. "Mountain Temples and Temple-Mountains: Masrur." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 65, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 26–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25068237.

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In the first half of the eighth century, Indian craftsmen cut back a high ridge of sandstone, its back to the Beās River and the plains beyond, and carved a grand temple-complex facing northeast toward the Dhauladhar range, the first outcropping of the great Himalayan Mountains. Never completed, and damaged by successive earthquakes that sheered the stone and folded parts of the complex back into the hill, the temple at Masrur-in the modern Indian state of Himachal Pradesh-seems today half returned to its primordial condition. Its ground plan, partial section, and a roof plan, drawn by an unidentified Indian draftsman, were published in the second decade of the twentieth century, but scholarship since has neglected and misrepresented the site. It is possible to reconstruct the intention of the planning of this important complex, however, and to reposition it in a historical and symbolic context. Its creation not only marked a movement of political power into the hills in the eighth century, but also mapped cosmological power and kingship in a new way. The metaphor of temple as mountain runs throughout India's traditions of building, but, as this article demonstrates, the temple at Masrur, beyond all others from the Indian subcontinent, provides the antecedent and conceptual model for the great "temple-mountains" of Cambodia soon to be built by kings in southeast Asia.

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Wang, Zhengyang, Darong Yang, Rawal Janak, and Naomi E. Pierce. "Report on the Emergence Time of a Species of Thitarodes Ghost Moth (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae), Host of the Caterpillar Fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Ascomycota: Ophiocordycipitaceae) in Uttarakhand, India." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 4 (May 25, 2020): 2031–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa096.

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Abstract Ghost moths in the genus Thitarodes Viette, 1968, are hosts of the economically important caterpillar fungus, which is harvested in high mountain meadows across the Hengduan mountains and the Himalayas. In northwestern India, although caterpillar fungus has been collected in the state of Uttarakhand, no adults of Thitarodes species have been recorded. We report the sighting of a female pupa of Thitarodes sp. and its last-instar molt at Munsiyari, Uttarakhand, India, on 5 July 2019 and estimate that the adult emergence time in this habitat should be late July or early August. Although the habitats of caterpillar fungus in Uttarakhand are geographically closer to those in Nepal, they are climatically more similar to habitats of caterpillar fungus in Qinghai province in China. Among records at the same elevation, climatic variables are highly predictive of the emergence date of Thitarodes adults (adjusted-R2: 0.7925, F = 6.27, P = 0.03). Our result highlights the role of the Himalayan mountains as both a north–south climatic barrier and an east–west climatic gradient. We encourage local stakeholders and scientists in Uttarakhand to survey adult emergences of Thitarodes from July to mid-August.

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Namgail, Tsewang, Sipke E. van Wieren, and Herbert H. T. Prins. "Distributional congruence of mammalian herbivores in the Trans-Himalayan Mountains." Current Zoology 59, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/59.1.116.

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Abstract Large-scale distribution and diversity patterns of mammalian herbivores, especially less charismatic species in alpine environments remain little understood. We studied distributional congruence of mammalian herbivores in the Trans-Himalayan region of Ladakh to see if the distributions of less prominent and smaller herbivores can be determined from those of larger and more prominent herbivores like ungulates. Using a similarity index, we assessed shared distributions of species in 20×20 km2grid-cells in an area of about 80,000 km2. We used the Unweighted Pair-Group Method with Arithmetic Average (UPGMA) to classify mammalian herbivores into groups with similar distributions. We then used the G-test of independence to look for statistical significance of the groups obtained. We identified six groups of mammalian herbivores with distributions more similar than expected at random. The largest group was composed of nine species whereas the other large group comprised six species. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA), used to relate the groups with environmental features, showed that the largest group occurred in higher and flatter areas, while the other large group occurred in lower and steeper areas. Large herbivores like ungulates can be used as surrogate for less prominent small herbivores while identifying areas for latter’s protection in the inaccessible mountainous regions of the Trans-Himalaya.

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Negi, G. C. S. "The need for micro-scale and meso-scale hydrological research in the Himalayan mountains." Environmental Conservation 28, no. 2 (June 2001): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892901000091.

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Mountains are fragile ecosystems and globally important as water towers of the earth. Sustainable use of mountains depends upon conservation and optimal use of soil and water resources (Ives & Messerli 1989). Despite regional and global efforts to understand the hydrology of the Himalayan region, soil and water conservation (SWC) programmes in this region mainly rely upon engineering measures. For want of cost-effective vegetative (bioengineering) measures (Deoja et al. 1991), and land use and land cover conducive to SWC, the fragile Himalayan watersheds continue to lose soil and water at alarming rates.

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Mukerjee, Madhusree. "The Impending Dam Disaster in the Himalayan Mountains." Scientific American 313, no. 2 (July 14, 2015): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0815-14.

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Paudyal, Harihar. "Himalayan Seismic Activity: A Concise Picture." Himalayan Physics 3 (December 26, 2012): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hj.v3i0.7273.

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The lofty Himalayan Mountains have formed due to continuous thrusting of the Indian plate under Eurasian plate. The incessant northward movement of the Indian plate generated large amount of strain energy at the plate boundaries which is released in form of earthquake frequently. Large numbers of earthquakes occurred in past signifies that the Himalayan region is seismically very active. The b- value for the central Himalayan region is determined as 1.15 which defines the level of seismic activity of a region.The Himalayan PhysicsVol. 3, No. 32012Page : 35-37

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LIU, XIAO-BIN, JING LI, EGON HORAK, and ZHU L. YANG. "Pleurotus placentodes, originally described from Sikkim, rediscovered after 164 years." Phytotaxa 267, no. 2 (July 4, 2016): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.267.2.6.

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Although many species of Pleurotus are commonly known to be important edible mushrooms, the species delimitation of the genus is often controversial due to phenotypic plasticity and morphological stasis. In the present paper, Pleurotus placentodes, a conspicuous species originally described from Sikkim by M.J. Berkeley in 1852 and so far known only from the type collection, is documented based on specimens recently gathered in the eastern Himalayas and Hengduan Mountains, southwestern China. The morphological and molecular phylogenetic data indicate that this species is an independent taxon, and accordingly the previously proposed synonym of Pleurotus djamor is rejected. Pleurotus placentodes differs from the majority of other related species assigned to Pleurotus by the ellipsoid to subovoid basidiospores with a lower ratio of length/width and the geographical distribution in the subalpine habitat of the Himalayan Mountains.

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Wang, Xiaoli, Jiangyong Qu, Naifa Liu, Xinkang Bao, and Sen Song. "Limited gene flow and partial isolation phylogeography of Himalayan snowcock Tetraogallus himalayensis based on part mitochondrial D-loop sequences." Current Zoology 57, no. 6 (December 1, 2011): 758–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/57.6.758.

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Abstract Himalayan snowcock Tetraogallus himalayensis are distributed in alpine and subalpine areas in China. We used mitochondrial DNA control-region data to investigate the origin and past demographic change in sixty-seven Himalayan snowcock T. himalayensis. The fragments of 1155 nucleotides from the control region of mitochondrial DNA were sequenced, and 57 polymorphic positions defined 37 haplotypes. A high level of genetic diversity was detected in all populations sampled and may be associated isolation of the mountains and habitat fragmentation and deterioration from Quaternary glaciations. In the phylogenetic tree, all haplotypes grouped into four groups: clade A (Kunlun Mountains clade), clade B (Northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau clade), clade C (Tianshan Mountains clade) and clade D (Kalakunlun Mountains clade). We found a low level of gene flow and significant genetic differentiation among all populations. Based on divergence time we suggest that the divergence of Himalayan snowcock occurred in the middle Pleistocene inter-glaciation, and expansion occurred in the glaciation. Analysis of mtDNA D-loop sequences confirmed demographic population expansion, as did our non-significant mismatch distribution analysis. In conclusion, limited gene flow and a pattern of partial isolation phylogeographic was found in geographic populations of T. himalayansis based on the analysis on mtDNA D-loop sequences.

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Gugglberger, Martina. "Grenzen im Aufstieg. Berge als Transgressionsräume von Geschlechtergrenzen." Góry, Literatura, Kultura 11 (July 17, 2018): 343–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4107.11.23.

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ASCENTS WITH LIMITS: MOUNTAINS AS SPACES FOR GENDER TRANSGRESSIONMountains and Alpine spaces are historical places where determined national, economic and cultural norms as well as practices were and still are negotiated. The article focuses on the question of gender in the mountains as a social space, which the author explores, drawing on the example of the history of climbing expeditions to the highest mountains in the world, the Himalayas. Against this background she presents, from the point of view of gender history, the so-called female expeditions, i.e. mountain expeditions initiated, organised and conducted from the mid-1950s by all-female teams. They serve as analytical lenses to look into gender relations in mountaineering and their transformations in 1955–2014. Drawing on four social spaces the author raises questions about crossing gender boundaries due to socially-constructed gender norms as well as strategies for overcoming them.The first part of the article is devoted to female expeditions undertaken in 1955–1962 by British female climbers. These enterprises expanded the areas in which female mountaineers operated, without, however, questioning social gender stereotypes. The organisers of the expeditions deliberately presented themselves in accordance with social gender norms, and by choosing reasonable mountain goals, didn’t join the competition associated with the Himalayan eight-thousanders. The importance of gender based boundaries in high altitude mountaineering in the late 1950s is revealed in part two of the article when for the first time a female team set a famous eight-thousander as a goal for themselves. Press reports from before and after the expedition reflect prejudice and scepticism, presenting the female climbers in a manner that affronted them as overambitious and incompetent. It was not until the 1970s that a younger generation of female climbers openly and critically spoke against sexism and discrimination of women in high mountain climbing, as the author describes in part three. Female expeditions allowed women to avoid exclusion from male teams and attempt to climb the highest peaks on their own. The article ends with a presentation of the significance of female expeditions in the Himalayan state of Nepal, where since the 1990s such expeditions have provided Nepalese women with opportunities to made their mark on the tourist trade. On the other hand, female expeditions have been used by tourist and political institutions as an instrument of raising public awareness of issues like equality policy, climate protection or promotion of tourism.

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Gugglberger, Martina. "Granice we wspinaniu. Góry jako przestrzenie transgresji granic płci." Góry, Literatura, Kultura 11 (July 17, 2018): 361–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4107.11.24.

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ASCENTS WITH LIMITS: MOUNTAINS AS SPACES FOR GENDER TRANSGRESSIONMountains and Alpine spaces are historical places where determined national, economic and cultural norms as well as practices were and still are negotiated. The article focuses on the question of gender in the mountains as a social space, which the author explores, drawing on the example of the history of climbing expeditions to the highest mountains in the world, the Himalayas. Against this background she presents, from the point of view of gender history, the so-called female expeditions, i.e. mountain expeditions initiated, organised and conducted from the mid-1950s by all-female teams. They serve as analytical lenses to look into gender relations in mountaineering and their transformations in 1955–2014. Drawing on four social spaces the author raises questions about crossing gender boundaries due to socially-constructed gender norms as well as strategies for overcoming them.The first part of the article is devoted to female expeditions undertaken in 1955–1962 by British female climbers. These enterprises expanded the areas in which female mountaineers operated, without, however, questioning social gender stereotypes. The organisers of the expeditions deliberately presented themselves in accordance with social gender norms, and by choosing reasonable mountain goals, didn’t join the competition associated with the Himalayan eight-thousanders. The importance of gender based boundaries in high altitude mountaineering in the late 1950s is revealed in part two of the article when for the first time a female team set a famous eight-thousander as a goal for themselves. Press reports from before and after the expedition reflect prejudice and scepticism, presenting the female climbers in a manner that affronted them as overambitious and incompetent. It was not until the 1970s that a younger generation of female climbers openly and critically spoke against sexism and discrimination of women in high mountain climbing, as the author describes in part three. Female expeditions allowed women to avoid exclusion from male teams and attempt to climb the highest peaks on their own. The article ends with a presentation of the significance of female expeditions in the Himalayan state of Nepal, where since the 1990s such expeditions have provided Nepalese women with opportunities to made their mark on the tourist trade. On the other hand, female expeditions have been used by tourist and political institutions as an instrument of raising public awareness of issues like equality policy, climate protection or promotion of tourism.

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Condamine, Fabien L. "Limited by the roof of the world: mountain radiations of Apollo swallowtails controlled by diversity-dependence processes." Biology Letters 14, no. 3 (March 2018): 20170622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0622.

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Mountainous areas contain a substantial part of the world species richness, but the evolutionary origins and diversification of this biodiversity remain elusive. Diversification may result from differences in clade age (longer time to diversify), net diversification rates (faster speciation rate) or carrying capacities (number of niches). The likelihood of these macroevolutionary scenarios was assessed for six clades of Apollo swallowtails ( Parnassius ) that diversified mainly in the Himalayan–Tibetan region. The analyses suggest that neither the clade age nor the speciation rate could explain the mountain butterfly diversification. Instead diversity-dependence models were strongly supported for each group. Models further estimated clades' carrying capacities, which approximate to the current number of species, indicating that diversity equilibrium has been reached (or close to being reached). The results suggest that diversification of mountain butterflies was controlled by ecological limits, which governed the number of niches, and provide macroevolutionary justification for regarding mountains as islands.

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Rasmussen, Kristen L., and Robert A. Houze. "Orogenic Convection in Subtropical South America as Seen by the TRMM Satellite." Monthly Weather Review 139, no. 8 (August 2011): 2399–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-10-05006.1.

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AbstractExtreme orogenic convective storms in southeastern South America are divided into three categories: storms with deep convective cores, storms with wide convective cores, and storms containing broad stratiform regions. Data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite’s Precipitation Radar show that storms with wide convective cores are the most frequent, tending to originate near the Sierra de Cordoba range. Downslope flow at upper levels caps a nocturnally enhanced low-level jet, thus preventing convection from breaking out until the jet hits a steep slope of terrain, such as the Sierra de Cordoba Mountains or Andean foothills, so that the moist low-level air is lifted enough to release the instability and overcome the cap. This capping and triggering is similar to the way intense convection is released near the northwestern Himalayas. However, the intense storms with wide convective cores over southeastern South America are unlike their Himalayan counterparts in that they exhibit leading-line/trailing-stratiform organization and are influenced by baroclinic troughs more similar to storms east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States. Comparison of South American storms containing wide convective cores with storms in other parts of the world contributes to a global understanding of how major mountain ranges influence precipitating cloud systems.

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Negi, Rakesh Kumar, and H. S. Banyal. "Ichthyofaunal Study in Trans-Himalayan Rakchham-Chhitkul Wildlife Sanctuary in Baspa (Sangla) Valley, District Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh, India." International Journal of Biology 9, no. 1 (December 31, 2016): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijb.v9n1p36.

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The Trans-Himalayan landscape is a high elevation land. The area is characterized by extreme cold, low precipitation and rugged terrain of mountains. Biodiversity is the variety and variability of all forms of life on earth that plays a great role in human existence. This includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems. The exploration of Rakchham-Chhitkul Wildlife Sanctuary present in the Baspa (Sangla) valley situated in remote tribal district of Kinnaur in Himachal Pradesh, formed by the two of world’s greatest mountain ranges namely Great Himalayan range and Dhauladhar ranges in India revealed the presence of 2 species of fish belonging to 2 genera, 1 families and 1 order. It was noticed that both species of fish were exotic species which were introduced in India in early twentieth century from European countries.

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Houze, R. A., L. A. McMurdie, K. L. Rasmussen, A. Kumar, and M. M. Chaplin. "Multiscale Aspects of the Storm Producing the June 2013 Flooding in Uttarakhand, India." Monthly Weather Review 145, no. 11 (November 2017): 4447–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-17-0004.1.

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Conditions producing disastrous flooding in Uttarakhand, India, in June 2013 differed from conditions that produced other notorious floods in the Himalayan region in recent years. During the week preceding the Uttarakhand flood, deep convection moistened the mountainsides, making them vulnerable to flooding. However, the precipitation producing the flood was not associated with a deep convective event. Rather, an eastward-propagating upper-level trough in the westerlies extended abnormally far southward, with the jet reaching the Himalayas. The south end of the trough merged with a monsoon low moving westward across India. The merged system produced persistent moist low-level flow oriented normal to the Himalayas that advected large amounts of water vapor into the Uttarakhand region. The flow was moist neutral when it passed over the Himalayan barrier, and orographic lifting produced heavy continuous rain over the region for 2–3 days. The precipitation was largely stratiform in nature although embedded convection of moderate depth occurred along the foothills, where some mild instability was being released. The Uttarakhand flood had characteristics in common with major 2013 floods in the Rocky Mountains in Colorado and Alberta, Canada.

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HUGHES, NIGEL C., PAUL M. MYROW, N. RYAN MCKENZIE, D. A. T. HARPER, O. N. BHARGAVA, S. K. TANGRI, K. S. GHALLEY, and C. M. FANNING. "Cambrian rocks and faunas of the Wachi La, Black Mountains, Bhutan." Geological Magazine 148, no. 3 (September 14, 2010): 351–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756810000750.

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AbstractThe Pele La Group in the Wachi La section in the Black Mountains of central Bhutan represents the easternmost exposure of Cambrian strata known in the Himalaya. The group contains a succession of siliciclastic rocks with minor amounts of carbonate, the uppermost unit of which, the Quartzite Formation, bears age-diagnostic trilobite body fossils that are approximately 493 Ma old. Trilobite species includeKaolishania granulosa, Taipaikia glabraand the new speciesLingyuanaspis sangae.A billingsellid brachiopod,Billingsellacf.tonkiniana, is co-occurrent. This fauna is precisely correlated with that of a specific stratigraphic horizon within the upper part of theKaolishaniaZone, Stage 9 of the Cambrian System, Furongian Epoch of the North China block, and thus represents the youngest Cambrian sedimentary rocks yet known from the Himalaya. The faunal similarity suggests proximity between North China and the Himalayan margin at this time. This unit was deposited in a predominantly storm-influenced shelf and shoreface environment. U–Pb geochronological data from detrital zircon grains from the fossil-bearing beds of the Quartzite Formation and strata of the underlying Deshichiling Formation show grain age spectra consistent with those from Cambrian rocks of the Lesser and Tethyan Himalaya in Tibet, India and Pakistan. These data support continuity of the northern Gondwanan margin across the Himalaya. Prominent peaks of approximately 500 Ma zircons in both the Quartzite and Deshichiling formations are consistent with the Furongian (late Cambrian) age assignment for these strata. The presence of these relatively young zircon populations implies rapid post-cooling erosion of igneous bodies and subsequent deposition which may reflect the influence of a widespread Cambro-Ordovician orogenic event evident in the western Himalaya.

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Renner, Swen C., and John H. Rappole. "Bird Diversity, Biogeographic Patterns, and Endemism of the Eastern Himalayas and Southeastern Sub-Himalayan Mountains." Ornithological Monographs 70, no. 1 (February 15, 2011): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/om.2011.70.1.153.

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Shekhar, M. S., H. Chand, S. Kumar, K. Srinivasan, and A. Ganju. "Climate-change studies in the western Himalaya." Annals of Glaciology 51, no. 54 (2010): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756410791386508.

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AbstractThe high Himalayan mountains in the north of India are important sources for generating and maintaining the climate over the entire northern belt of the Indian subcontinent. They also influence extreme weather events, such as the western disturbances over the region during winter. The work presented here describes some current trends in weather and climate over the western Himalaya and suggests some possible explanations in the context of climate change. The work also shows how the special features of Indian orography in the western Himalaya affect climate change in the long term, changing the pattern of precipitation over the region. Data analysis of different ranges of the western Himalaya shows significant variations in temperature and snowfall trends in the past few decades. Possible explanations for the changing climate over the western Himalaya are proposed, in terms of variations in cloudiness. The possible effects of climate change on the number of snowfall days and the occurrences of western disturbances over the western Himalaya are also analysed.

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Bishop, M. "Geomorphic change in high mountains: a western Himalayan perspective." Global and Planetary Change 32, no. 4 (April 2002): 311–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8181(02)00073-5.

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Verdhen, Anand, Bhagu Ram Chahar, and Om P. Sharma. "Springtime Snowmelt and Streamflow Predictions in the Himalayan Mountains." Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 19, no. 7 (July 2014): 1452–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0000816.

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de Scally, Fes A. ""Ablation of avalanched and undisturbed snow, Himalayan Mountains, Pakistan." Water Resources Research 26, no. 11 (1990): 2757–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/90wr01434.

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Raina, Rifat H., Malkiat S. Saini, and Zakir H. Khan. "Taxonomy and ecology of Bombus pyrosoma MORAWITZ (Hymenoptera: Apidae) from the North-west Indian Himalaya." Polish Journal of Entomology / Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 82, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10200-012-0026-7.

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Abstract Bombus pyrosoma MORAWITZ is an Oriental species. In the Indian Himalaya it is widely distributed in Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Sikkim with a long seasonal activity period. Queens and males were examined from the Kashmir Himalaya during June, August and September with altitudinal distribution ranges from 2300 to 4200 m. The species is abundant from 3000 to 4000 m in the Kashmir Himalayan belt and was found foraging on large wild flowers in open areas of the mountains. It has a preference for some species of Lamiaceae, as well as Taraxacum officinale and Cirsium spp. (Asteraceae), and Trifolium spp. (Fabaceae). The queens are very large, whereas males are medium-sized. Both have very different colour patterns. Due emphasis has been laid on its thorough taxonomic descriptions, food plants, synonymy, distribution pattern and illustration.

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Bagchi, Sumanta, Charudutt Mishra, and Y. V. Bhatnagar. "Conflicts between traditional pastoralism and conservation of Himalayan ibex (Capra sibirica) in the Trans-Himalayan mountains." Animal Conservation 7, no. 2 (May 2004): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1367943003001148.

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Kastrau, Katarzyna. "Historia polskiego himalaizmu. Lodowi Wojownicy i ich wpływ na himalaizm światowy." Góry, Literatura, Kultura 11 (July 17, 2018): 423–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4107.11.28.

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THE HISTORY OF POLISH HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINEERING. THE ICE WARRIORS AND THEIR IMPACT ON WORLD HIMALAYAN MOUTANEINEERINGThe history of Polish Himalayan mountaineering, i.e. all ascended summits, new routes and records, is extremely rich and fascinating. It is impossible to describe all of this on just a few pages, which is why the aim of my paper is to describe the most outstanding expeditions, those that completely changed our thinking about Himalayan mountaineering and showed that we can deceive not only our bodies but also our subconscious.The first attempts to ascend an eight-thousander were made as early as in the 1920s; unfortunately, they all failed. Owing to the harsh conditions in the mountains, the first successful ascent of an eight-thousander did not take place until 1950, when Annapurna was ascended. The first Polish expedition was organised in 1939. Unfortunately, the Second World War and the political situation in Poland prevented Polish climbers from making further attempts for many years. The political situation in the country made it impossible for Poles to travel abroad. But Himalayan mountaineering at the time was developing very rapidly. The Poles, hungry for success, wanted to go down in history. Given the fact that all eight-thousanders had already been ascended, the Poles began a new chapter — winter Himalayan mountaineering, challenging Edmund Hillary’s assertion that in winter no form of life had a chance to survive over 7000 metres above sea level. In my paper I focus on presenting the most remarkable achievements. I describe the Golden Age of Polish Himalayan mountaineering, like the first winter ascent of Everest or Krzysztof Wielicki’s extraordinary one-day ascent of Broad Peak. There is also room for expeditions featuring Jerzy Kukuczka, an icon of Himalayan mountaineering. Climbing two eight-thousanders in one winter season and establishing a new route on K2 are still unbeaten feats. A part of my paper is devoted to women. The first all-female expeditions headed by Wanda Rutkiewicz were also a Polish domain. The number of great achievements in the mountains are truly numerous. Each of them in described in the paper, as is the death of the greatest Himalayan climbers, which led to a crisis and revisions. The paper ends with a fragment concerning an attempt to revive Polish Himalayan mountaineering.

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Yampolskaya, A. V. "The works of Paolo Cognetti, or In praise of the wild boy." Voprosy literatury, no. 2 (June 17, 2021): 221–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31425/0042-8795-2021-2-221-235.

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The author examines works by Paolo Cognetti in light of the myth he has created about a wild boy from the Alps and the wise mountain folk inhabiting various corners of the world. The myth, including the appeal to return to one's roots, to life in harmony with nature, has resonated with many people who are feeling out of place in modern urban civilisation. At the same time, Cognetti has developed his distinctive poetics by combining traditions of the American short story and those of Italian prose and by proposing a compelling stylistic ideal. The article dwells on the origins of Cognetti's writing, its defining features and Italian as well as foreign influences on his works. Cognetti's principal work, the novel The Eight Mountains [Le otto montagne], is analysed along with autobiographical stories The Wild Boy: A Memoir [Il ragazzo selvatico. Quaderno di montagna] and Without Ever Reaching the Summit: A Himalayan Journey [Senza mai arrivare in cima: Viaggio in Himalaya]. The myth of a savage and idealisation of the past help to explain Cognetti's popularity and the fact that he has lent his voice to a whole generation.

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Maurya, Sandhya. "IMPORTANCE OF CONTEMPORARY ARTIST NICHOLAS ROERICH'S ART WITH REFERENCE TO HIMALAYAN PAINTING." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 11 (November 30, 2019): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i11.2019.908.

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English : The Himalayas where the sages reside. This was the creation of Vedas. The snow-clad mountain ranges, their depths, high mountains, enchanting atmosphere, waterfall silver falls, pink weather attracts any visiting artist. When Nicolas Roerich came to India in 1924, this atmosphere of the Himalayas captivated him and he spent twenty years in the Kullu Valley and made the Himalayas the subject of his depiction. It has been said realistically about Rorik's portrayal of the Himalayas. Till date, no painter of the world has depicted the Himalayas with so much acumen, such a profound vision and specialty. '' Hindi : हिमालय जहां ऋषियों का आवास है। यही वेदो की रचना हुई। हिमाच्छादित पर्वत श्रृंखलाऍ उनकी गहराइयॉ, ऊॅचे पहाड़ मनमुग्ध करने वाल वातावरण, झरते रजत प्रपात, गुलाबी मौसम यहॉ आने वाले किसी भी कलाकार को अपने ओर आकर्षित करता है। निकोलस रोरिक जब 1924 में भारत आये तो हिमालय के इस वातावरण ने उन्हें मुग्ध कर लिया और उन्होने बीस वर्श कुल्लु घाटी में व्यतीत किये और हिमालय को अपने चित्रण का विषय बनाया। ''रोरिक के हिमालय चित्रण के विषय में यथार्थ-रूप से यह कहा गया है। आज तक संसार के किसी चित्रकार ने हिमालय का चित्रण इतनी पटुता, इतनी गहन दृष्टि और विशेषता के साथ नहीं किया है। ''1

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Prasch, M., W. Mauser, and M. Weber. "Quantifying present and future glacier melt-water contribution to runoff in a central Himalayan river basin." Cryosphere 7, no. 3 (May 28, 2013): 889–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-889-2013.

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Abstract. Water supply of most lowland cultures heavily depends on rain and melt water from the upstream mountains. Especially melt-water release of alpine mountain ranges is usually attributed a pivotal role for the water supply of large downstream regions. Water scarcity is assumed as consequence of glacier shrinkage and possible disappearance due to global climate change (GCC), in particular for large parts of Central and Southeast Asia. In this paper, the application and validation of a coupled modeling approach with regional climate model (RCM) outputs and a process-oriented glacier and hydrological model is presented for the central Himalayan Lhasa River basin despite scarce data availability. Current and possible future contributions of ice melt to runoff along the river network are spatially explicitly shown. Its role among the other water balance components is presented. Although glaciers have retreated and will continue to retreat according to the chosen climate scenarios, water availability is and will be primarily determined by monsoon precipitation and snowmelt. Ice melt from glaciers is and will be a minor runoff component in summer monsoon-dominated Himalayan river basins.

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Prasch, M., W. Mauser, and M. Weber. "Quantifying present and future glacier melt-water contribution to runoff in a Central Himalayan river basin." Cryosphere Discussions 6, no. 5 (October 29, 2012): 4557–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-6-4557-2012.

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Abstract. Water supply of most lowland cultures heavily depends on rain and melt-water from the upstream mountains. Especially melt-water release of alpine mountain ranges is usually attributed a pivotal role for the water supply of large downstream regions. Water scarcity is assumed as consequence of glacier shrinkage and possible disappearance due to Global Climate Change, particular for large parts of Central and South East Asia. In this paper, the application and validation of a coupled modeling approach with Regional Climate Model outputs and a process-oriented glacier and hydrological model is presented for a Central Himalayan river basin despite scarce data availability. Current and possible future contributions of ice-melt to runoff along the river network are spatially explicitly shown. Its role among the other water balance components is presented. Although glaciers have retreated and will continue to retreat according to the chosen climate scenarios, water availability is and will be primarily determined by monsoon precipitation and snow-melt. Ice-melt from glaciers is and will be a minor runoff component in summer monsoon-dominated Himalayan river basins.

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Takeuchi, Nozomu, Jun Uetake, Koji Fujita, Vladimir B. Aizen, and Stanislav D. Nikitin. "A snow algal community on Akkem glacier in the Russian Altai mountains." Annals of Glaciology 43 (2006): 378–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756406781812113.

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AbstractSnow algae are cold-tolerant algae growing on snow and ice and have been reported on glaciers in many parts of the world. Blooms of snow algae can reduce the surface albedo of snow and ice and significantly affect their melting. In addition, snow algae found in ice cores can be potential indicators of the paleo-environment, making them of great interest both to the biology and the geophysics of glaciers. A snow algal community was investigated in 2002 and 2003 on Akkem glacier in the Russian Altai mountains, where no information on its biological community has previously been available. Five species of snow algae including green algae and cyanobacteria were observed on the glacier. Red snow due to a bloom of algae (Chloromonas sp.) was visually apparent in the snow area during our study periods. The total algal cell-volume biomass on the glacier ranged from 97 to 1156μL m−2, which is equivalent to that reported previously on glaciers in the Himalaya and Alaska. The community structure showed that Mesotaenium berggrenii and/or Ancylonema nordenskioeldii, which are common species on glaciers in the Northern Hemisphere, were dominant in the ice area, while Chloromonas sp. was dominant in the snow area. Such community structures are similar to those on Alaskan and Arctic glaciers but differ from those on Himalayan and Tibetan glaciers, even though the Altai mountains are geographically closer to the Himalaya and Tibet than to Alaska. The difference in algal communities between the Altaic and other glaciers is discussed together with physical and chemical conditions affecting the algae.

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Halfpenny, Rohan, and Richard H. Mazzucchelli. "Regional multi-element drainage geochemistry in the Himalayan Mountains, northern Pakistan." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 67, no. 1-3 (December 1999): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-6742(99)00069-2.

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ZHOU, CHANG-FA. "A new species of genus Gilliesia Peters & Edmunds from China (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae)." Zootaxa 421, no. 1 (February 3, 2004): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.421.1.1.

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Gilliesia pulchra n. sp., the second known species of the genus Gilliesia Peters and Edmunds, is described from male and female imagos collected in Southwestern China. The new species represents a new generic record for this country and extends the known distribution of the genus east across the Himalayan Mountains.

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Clement, R. A. "Notes relating to the Flora of Bhutan: XVIII. New taxa and a new combination in the Labiatae." Edinburgh Journal of Botany 50, no. 1 (March 1993): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960428600000639.

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Three new species and one new subspecies of Labiatae are described from the eastern Himalayan mountains: Isodon atroruber R. A. Clement, Anisochilus mitis R. A. Clement, Teucrium grandifolium R. A. Clement and Phlomis rotata Hook. f. subsp. bhutanica R. A. Clement. The new combination Marmoritis pharica (Prain) R. A. Clement is made.

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Fatima, Sana, Mansoor Hameed, Farooq Ahmad, Sangam Khalil, Muhammad Sajid Aqeel Ahmad, Muhammad Ashraf, and Iftikhar Ahmad. "Diversity and distribution of the Family Poaceae along an elevation gradient in the sub-Himalayan mountains." Phytocoenologia 50, no. 4 (July 8, 2021): 383–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/phyto/2021/0378.

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Hongjin, Dong, and Xiang Chunlei. "Dicranostigma platycarpum, a new synonym of Dicranostigma erectum (Papaveraceae)." Phytotaxa 230, no. 2 (October 8, 2015): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.230.2.8.

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Dicranostigma Hooker f. & Thomson (1855: 255), a genus of three species in Papaveraceae (1789: 235), disjunctively distributed in the Loess Plateau and the Hengduan Mountains in China and the neighboring Himalayan Mountains. Species in Dicranostigma are typically yellow-lactiferous herbs with four yellow petals, numerous stamens, one-loculed ovary, terete or linear capsule, and tessellate seeds. According to Zhang & Grey-Wilson (2008), there are three species from China, i.e., D. lactucoides Hooker f. & Thomson (1855: 255), D. leptopodum (Maximowicz) Fedde (1905: 45), and D. platycarpum C.Y. Wu & H. Chuang (1985: 87), and the latter two are endemic to China.

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Nautiyal, Sunil, Kottapalli S. Rado, Harald Kaechele, and Peter M. Zander. "Conceptual model development for landscape management in the mountains of the Indian Himalayan region: an approach for sustainable socio-ecological development." Landscape Online 18 (September 28, 2010): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3097/lo.2010018.

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This study aims at presenting a conceptual model for landscape management in the Himalayan region of India, using quantitative/mathematical approach. Keeping in view the requirement, (based on fifteen years empirical field work in the Himalayan region and as well as literature survey) the MODAM (Multiple Objectives Decision Support Tools for Landscape Management) model along with linear programming approach was adopted with a view to presenting additional methodological perspectives on interdisciplinary landscape research. The work has stemmed out from the original research contribution, which tries to integrate interdisciplinary research planning with landscape management related research in the Himalayan region. This biodiversity hotspot has relatively high complexity in terms of sustainable socioeconomic development vis a vis conservation and management of the resources. The concepts and insights presented in this article will provide the basis for a discussion, on decision-making issues among multidisciplinary experts with regard to sustainable socioecological development within complex environments.

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Nautiyal, Sunil, Kottapalli S. Rado, Harald Kaechele, and Peter M. Zander. "Conceptual model development for landscape management in the mountains of the Indian Himalayan region: an approach for sustainable socio-ecological development." Landscape Online 18 (September 28, 2010): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3097/lo.201018.

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This study aims at presenting a conceptual model for landscape management in the Himalayan region of India, using quantitative/mathematical approach. Keeping in view the requirement, (based on fifteen years empirical field work in the Himalayan region and as well as literature survey) the MODAM (Multiple Objectives Decision Support Tools for Landscape Management) model along with linear programming approach was adopted with a view to presenting additional methodological perspectives on interdisciplinary landscape research. The work has stemmed out from the original research contribution, which tries to integrate interdisciplinary research planning with landscape management related research in the Himalayan region. This biodiversity hotspot has relatively high complexity in terms of sustainable socioeconomic development vis a vis conservation and management of the resources. The concepts and insights presented in this article will provide the basis for a discussion, on decision-making issues among multidisciplinary experts with regard to sustainable socioecological development within complex environments.

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Shen, Hong, and Christopher J. Poulsen. "Precipitation <i>δ</i><sup>18</sup>O on the Himalaya–Tibet orogeny and its relationship to surface elevation." Climate of the Past 15, no. 1 (January 29, 2019): 169–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-169-2019.

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Abstract. The elevation history of the Himalaya–Tibet orogen is central to understanding the evolution and dynamics of both the India–Asia collision and the Asian monsoons. The surface elevation history of the region is largely deduced from stable isotope (δ18O, δD) paleoaltimetry. This method is based on the observed relationship between the isotopic composition of meteoric waters (δ18Op, δDp) and surface elevation, and the assumption that precipitation undergoes Rayleigh distillation under forced ascent. Here we evaluate how elevation-induced climate change influences the δ18Op–elevation relationship and whether Rayleigh distillation is the dominant process affecting δ18Op. We use an isotope-enabled climate model, ECHAM-wiso, to show that the Rayleigh distillation process is only dominant in the monsoonal regions of the Himalayas when the mountains are high. When the orogen is lowered, local surface recycling and convective processes become important, as forced ascent is weakened due to weaker Asian monsoons. As a result, the δ18Op lapse rate in the Himalayas increases from around −3 to above −0.1 ‰ km−1, and has little relationship with elevation. On the Tibetan Plateau, the meridional gradient of δ18O decreases from ∼1 to ∼0.3 ‰ ∘−1 with reduced elevation, primarily due to enhanced sub-cloud reevaporation under lower relative humidity. Overall, we report that using δ18Op or δDp to deduce surface elevation change in the Himalayan–Tibetan region has severe limitations and demonstrate that the processes that control annual-mean precipitation-weighted δ18Op vary by region and with surface elevation. In summary, we determine that the application of δ18O paleoaltimetry is only appropriate for 7 of the 50 sites from which δ18O records have been used to infer past elevations.

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Kholia, B. S. "Botrychium simplex E. Hitchcock: a New Moonwort for the Indian Himalayan Mountains." American Fern Journal 102, no. 1 (January 2012): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444-102.1.86.

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Cai, Tianlong, Jon Fjeldså, Yongjie Wu, Shimiao Shao, Youhua Chen, Qing Quan, Xinhai Li, et al. "What makes the Sino-Himalayan mountains the major diversity hotspots for pheasants?" Journal of Biogeography 45, no. 3 (December 27, 2017): 640–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13156.

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Renner, Swen C. "Bird Species-Richness Pattern in the Greater Himalayan Mountains—A General Introduction." Ornithological Monographs 70, no. 1 (February 15, 2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/om.2011.70.1.1.

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BARTLETT, A. D. "DESCRIPTION OF A RABBIT SAID TO BE FOUND ON THE HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 25, no. 1 (August 20, 2009): 159–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1857.tb01222.x.

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Kuniyal, Chandra P., and Rakesh C. Sundriyal. "Conservation salvage of Cordyceps sinensis collection in the Himalayan mountains is neglected." Ecosystem Services 3 (March 2013): e40-e43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.12.004.

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Randeep Singh, Paul R. Krausman, Puneet Pandey, Aishwarya Maheshwari, Ranbeer Singh Rawal, Subrat Sharma, and Ravi Shekhar. "Predicting Habitat Suitability of Snow Leopards in the Western Himalayan Mountains, India." Biology Bulletin 47, no. 6 (November 2020): 655–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s106235902101012x.

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Haq, Noor ul, Fazlur Rahman, Iffat Tabassum, and Mehran. "Forest cover dynamics in Palas Valley Kohistan, Hindu Kush-Himalayan Mountains, Pakistan." Journal of Mountain Science 18, no. 2 (February 2021): 416–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11629-020-6093-4.

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Awasthi, Ram Prasad, and Jeffrey S. Owen. "Observed Climate Extreme in Nepal." Geographic Base 7 (December 31, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tgb.v7i0.34262.

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The climate-induced disasters are causing more than half of the total economic and human losses annually due to natural disasters and that hampers the socioeconomic development of the country. In recent decades, these climate extreme induced disasters are increasingly becoming more pronounced and devastating, is further known to be intensified due to anthropogenic warming. In this context, this study endeavors to address the research gap on the spatial and temporal variability of temperature and precipitation extremes in Nepal. Here, 26 climate extreme indices of temperature (13) and precipitation (13) as recommended by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) were calculated using RClimDex software for 90 meteorological stations. Then the statistical significance of the long-term trend of the indices was tested using the Mann-Kendall method, and true magnitude of the trend was identified utilizing Sens’ slope method for each index at each station. Overall, the hot (warm days, warm nights, summer days, tropical nights, and warm spells) and cold (cold days, cold nights, cold spells) extreme indices show significant positive and negative trends respectively. However, extreme precipitation indices also show an increasing trend, but the statistical significance and spatial coherence is low. Extreme temperatures increased more in the Mountain and Himalayan regions than the other regions. Extreme wet day precipitation events are significantly increasing in far western region, adjoining areas of mid-western and western Siwalik though Mountain regions and then again in the central and eastern Mountains and Himalayan regions.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Himalayan mountains'

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