Journal articles: 'Hindi Hindi literature'

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Gupta, Charu. "'Dirty' Hindi Literature." South Asia Research 20, no. 2 (September 2000): 89–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026272800002000202.

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Devi, Asha. "NATURE IN HINDI LITERATURE." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 9SE (September 30, 2015): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i9se.2015.3264.

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The love of nature of Hindi writers is well known. Poetry has been composed on nature in all times during the ancient, medieval and modern times. The famous cinematic poet Jayashankar Prasadji writes-Let me forget my sailor slowly - where in the uninhabited deep-tinged love story in the ears of Sagar-Lahiri-Ambar - Avni of Taj BabelThe poet has here pointed out the peace of man. Humanity is not noisy, nor does he want such an earth. Nature has loved human as (wave of ocean) and (abar). This is what it is like, why is it, who is destroying the unbreakable relationship between human and nature. What are the conditions that are making the earth persist? A terrible environmental crisis is looming over us all. What should we do now .We all know that in Indian culture, nature is like a necklace in the bracelet, but when the great crisis is showing the destruction of this culture, then our values of life, which teach us to love nature, should be cherished in Vedic era It is happening in the verses of the Vedas that we see the feeling of gratitude towards fire, sun, moon, air, water, earth, sky and clouds. Sanskrit literature is full of beautiful scenes of nature. There nature is companion, friend and its all. हिंदी साहित्यकारों का प्रकृति-प्रेम सर्वविदित है। आदिकाल , मध्यकाल और आधुनिककाल सभी कालों में प्रकृति पर काव्य-रचनाऐं होती रहीं । प्रसिद्ध छायावादी कवि जयशंकरप्रसादजी लिखते हैं-ले चल मुझे भुलावा देकर मेरे नाविक धीरे-धीरे-जहाँ निर्जन में सागर-लहरी-अंबर के कानों में गहरी-निच्छल प्रेमकथा कहती हो--तज कोलाहल की अवनि कवि ने यहाँ मानव की शांतिप्रियता को इंगित किया है ।मानव कोलाहलप्रिय नहीं है, और न ही वह ऐसी धरती चाहता है।( सागर की लहर) और (अबंर) के रूप में प्रकृति ने भी मानव से प्रेम ही किया है ।आज विचारणीय विषय यह है कि फिर ऐसा क्या है, क्यों है, कौन है जो मानव और प्रकृति के अटूट संबंधों को तहस-नहस कर रहा है । वे कौन सी परिस्थितियाँ लगातार बनती रही हैं जो धरती विदीर्ण कर रही हैं । एक भयावह पर्यावरणीय संकट हम सब पर मँडरा रहा है । अब हमें क्या करना चाहिए ।हम सभी जानते हैं कि भारतीय संस्कृति में प्रकृति कंगन में नग की भाँति जडी है पर जब बड़ा संकट इस संस्कृति के विनाश का दिखाई दे रहा है तो ऐंसे में वैदिककाल से सँजोए हमारे जीवन-मूल्य, जो हमें प्रकृति से प्रेम करना सिखाते हैं, समाप्त हो रहे हैं वेदों की ऋचाओं में हमें अग्नि,सूर्य, चंद्र, वायु, जल, पृथ्वी, आकाश और मेघों के प्रति कृतग्यता का भाव दिखाई देता है । संस्कृत-साहित्य तो प्रकृति के मनोहारी दृश्यों से भरा पड़ा है ।वहाँ प्रकृति मानव की सहचरी,सखी और उसका सर्वस्व है ।

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Chelnokova, Anna, and Liliia Streltcova. "Brahmarakshasa in Modern Hindi Literature." Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities 8, no. 4 (January 14, 2017): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v8n4.16.

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4

Gill, Gagan, Kunwar Narayan, Shrikant Verma, and Kedarnath Singh. "Four Hindi Poets." World Literature Today 68, no. 2 (1994): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40150160.

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Perry, John Oliver, and Vidya Niwas Misra. "Modern Hindi Poetry." World Literature Today 65, no. 2 (1991): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40147316.

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6

SAHA, SHANDIP. "A community of grace: the social and theological world of the Puṣṭi Mārga vārtā literature." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 69, no. 2 (June 2006): 225–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x06000103.

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In the history of Hindi literature, the oldest extant text of medieval Hindi prose is the collection of hagiography known as the as the vārtā literature which, since the seventeenth century, has been central to the religious life of the Hindu devotional community known as the Puṣṭi Mārga. This article argues that a close examination of these texts in their proper social and historical context reveals that the vārtā literature was written and revised during a time when the Puṣṭi Mārga was slowly expanding its sphere of religious influence in Western and Central India. The result was a body of literature whose principal purpose was to shape the religious self-identity of the Puṣṭi Mārga by stressing the community as a close-knit and exclusive fellowship of believers who owed their final allegiance to Kṛṣṇna and the community's religious leaders who were known as mahārājas.

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LUNN, DAVID. "Across the Divide: Looking for the common ground of Hindustani." Modern Asian Studies 52, no. 6 (July 17, 2018): 2056–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x1600069x.

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AbstractThis article investigates some of the institutional and poetic practices around the idea of Hindustani in the period 1900–47. It charts the establishment of the Hindustani Academy in 1927 and explores some of its publishing activities as it attempted to make a positive institutional intervention in the Hindi–Urdu debate and cultural field more broadly. It then considers some aspects of poetic production in literary journals, including those associated with the Academy. Ultimately, it is an attempt to explore the grey areas that existed between Hindi/Hindu and Urdu/Muslim in the pre-Independence decades, and to make the case for studying the literature of both traditions simultaneously, along with emphasizing that attempts at compromise—including the perennially contested term ‘Hindustani’ itself—must be taken on their own terms.

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8

Rawat, Ramesh. "1857 and the 'Renaissance' in Hindi Literature." Social Scientist 26, no. 1/4 (January 1998): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3517584.

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9

Akram, Dr Muhammad, and Dr Ayesha Qurrat ul Ain. "The Impact of the Partition of India on the Study of Hinduism in the Urdu Language." ĪQĀN 2, no. 04 (June 30, 2020): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.36755/iqan.v2i04.147.

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Religion, language, and race have been among the most crucial factors behind the formation of various national and communal identities in modern South Asian history. Just like the political division of British India, the complex interplay of these factors also culminated in a bifurcation of linguistic boundaries along the religious lines according to which Urdu became associated with Islam and Muslims. In contrast, Hindi became increasingly connected to the Hindu culture. These historical developments also affected the extent and nature of the academic materials on Hinduism in the Urdu language, which the present paper examines. The paper takes stock of different relevant materials. Then, it discusses how the changed socio-political realities quantitatively and qualitatively affected the works on Hinduism in the Urdu language as the majority of the Hindu scholars lost enthusiasm to write on their religion in Urdu considering its increased perception of being a Muslim language. Muslims in Pakistan, on the other hand, lost opportunities of everyday interaction with Hindus and easy access to the original Hindi and Sanskrit sources resulting in a considerable decline in Hindu studies on their part. Thus, the overall production of literature on Hinduism in the Urdu language declined sharply. By implication, the paper hints at how decisively socio-political and historical contexts bear on the pursuit of the academic study of religion.

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Dwivedi, Sanjay K., and Pramod P. Sukhadeve. "English to Hindi Paraphrase Convention for Translating Homoeopathy Literature." International Journal of Artificial Life Research 3, no. 4 (October 2012): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijalr.2012100105.

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The rule based approach to machine translation (MT) confines grammatical rules between the source and the target language with the goal of constructing grammatical translation between the language pair. In this paper, we describe the structural representation of English stemmer, POS tagging and design transfer rules which can generate Hindi sentence from the structural representation of the English sentence. Due to the specific terminology of homoeopathic sentences and the linguistic gap between the two languages the translation of these literatures form English to Hindi is a challenging task. The rule sets are used to plug gap between the two languages. Further, rule sets are described for mapping preposition verbs, nouns, etc. Finally, a system architecture has been proposed for the translation of homoeopathy literature from English to Hindi Language.The system accuracy has been evaluated using Bleu score, which is found out to be 0.7501 and the accuracy percentage of the system is 82.23%.

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11

Arora, V. N. "Popular Songs in Hindi Films." Journal of Popular Culture 20, no. 2 (September 1986): 143–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3840.1986.2002_143.x.

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12

Snell, Rupert. "Introduction: The Study of Pre-Modern Hindi Literature." South Asia Research 25, no. 1 (May 2005): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0262728005051604.

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13

Devi, Pramila. "Modern Hindi Poetry and Women." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 6 (June 30, 2017): 693–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i6.2017.2102.

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In the field of Hindi literature, along with men, women writers have also contributed significantly with their valuable works. Here the pages of the history of the past India are filled with specific works of Indian women. At that time they had an opportunity to get education like men. In the course of time, bad practices in the society started increasing. Along with the independence of the country, the freedom of women was also abducted. It also stripped them of the right to equality and education. हिंदी साहित्य के क्षेत्र में पुरूषों के साथ-साथ नारी साहित्यकारों ने भी अपनी बहुमूल्य कृतियों से उल्लेखनीय योगदान दिया है । यहाँ अतीत भारत के इतिहास के पृष्ठ भारतीय महिलाओं की विशिष्ट कृतियों से भरे पड़े हैं । उस समय उन्हें पुरूषों के समान शिक्षा प्राप्त करने का अवसर मिलता था । कालांतर में समाज में कुप्रथाएँ बढ़ने लगी । देश की आज़ादी के साथ-साथ स्त्रियों की आज़ादी का भी अपहरण हुआ । इसमें उनसे समानता और शिक्षा का अधिकार भी छीन लिया गया ।

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Woojo Kim. "Apabhransha Literature as the Literary Background of Medieval Hindi Literature." Journal of South Asian Studies 13, no. 2 (February 2008): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21587/jsas.2008.13.2.001.

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Kumar, Ravindra. "Hindi mass media: Regarding globalization." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 3 (March 31, 2017): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i3.2017.1779.

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Curiosity is an important and important quality of human nature, on the basis of which spiritual and material development of human has been possible, whatever difference or development or change we have been feeling in the journey from the beginning to modernity and perhaps will continue . Curious nature has a special place behind them all. This applies to all regions of the world as well as language. If we look at the attention of Hindi literature, then we see many changes in the history of its nearly 2000 years. Language continued to act as a medium of mass communication and continues to the day. But due to technical education, along with language, many such technical tools have been added, due to which the language seems to be paralyzed today. The change of time between 1980 and 2000 shook the smallest world. The effect of which was also certain on India. This effect has also taken the language in its grip. Today, without these tools and tools, language is inanimate. Its development, its spread seems to be stagnant. Today language technicians are using equipment and equipment is taking help of language. The information from these two mails reaches from one corner of the world to the other in a blink of an eye. The era of globalization has complemented these two. जिज्ञासा‘ मानवीय प्रवृति का एक अहम व महत्त्वपूर्ण गुण है, जिसके आधार तहत मानव का आध्यात्मिक व भौतिक विकास संभव हो पाया हैा आदि से आधुनिकता तक के सफर में हम जितना भी फर्क अथवा विकास या बदलाव महसूस करते आ रहे है और कदाचित् करते भी रहेंगे। उन सब के पीछे जिज्ञासु प्रवृति का विशेष स्थान रहा है। यह बात संसार के सभी क्षेत्रों के साथ-साथ भाषा पर भी लागू होती है। हिन्दी साहित्य के ध्यानहित यदि हम इस पर दृष्टिपात करें तो इसके लगभग 2000 वर्षों के इतिहास में हमें अनेक बदलाव नजर आते हैं। जन संचार के रूप में भाषा एक माध्यम का कार्य करती आ रही थी और बदस्तूर आज भी जारी है। किन्तु तकनीकि शिक्षा के कारण भाषा के साथ-साथ अनेक ऐसे तकनीकि उपकरण जुड गये हैं, जिनके अभाव में भाषा आज पंगु नजर आती है। 1980 से 2000 के बीच के समय के बदलाव ने तो स्मस्त संसार को हिला के रख दिया थ। जिसका असर भारत पर भी निश्चित था। इस असर ने भाषा को भी अपनी जकड़ में ले लिया है। आज इन उपकरणों व साधनों बिना भाषा निर्जीव है।उसका विकास, उसका फैलाव कदाचित् रुका हुआ सा लगता है। आज भाषा तकनीकि उपकरर्णों का इस्तेमाल कर रही हैं तथा उपकरण भाषा की मदद ले रहे हैं। इन दोनों के मेल से सूचनाएँ पलक झपकते ही दुनिया के एक कोने से दूसरे कोने मे पहुँच जाती हैं। वैश्वीकरण के दौर ने इन दोनों को पूरक बना दिया है।

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Montaut, Annie. "But why do you write in hindi?" Études anglaises 62, no. 3 (2009): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/etan.623.0332.

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Solanki, Pratibha. "COLOR COMBINATION IN MEDIEVAL HINDI POETRY." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 2, no. 3SE (December 31, 2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v2.i3se.2014.3602.

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There is a close interplay of literature and painting. Through both, the deep objectives of life are fulfilled. If the words of a litterateur can elicit our feeling, then the lines and colors inscribed from the painter's paint also have a wonderful power to touch the soft side of our heart. Both poets and painters create beauty through their art talent. The beauty of words in poetry and the color and lines in pictures is present. साहित्य और चित्रकला का पारस्परिक घनिष्ठ अंतर्सबंध है। दोनो के माध्यम से जीवन के गहन उद्देष्यों की पूर्ति होती है। साहित्यकार के शब्द यदि हमारी भावना को उद्वेलित कर सकते हैं तो चित्रकार की तूलिका से अंकित रेखाएं और रंग भी हमारे हृदय के कोमल पक्ष को छूने की अद्भुत शक्ति लिए होते हैं। कवि और चित्रकार दोनो ही अपनी कला प्रतिभा के जरिये सौंदर्य रचना करते हैं। कविता में शब्दों का तथा चित्रों में रंग और रेखाओं का सौंदर्य मौजूद रहता है।1 एक कुषल चित्रकार की भाँति साहित्यकार भी शब्दों के माध्यम से सुंदर बिंब एवं रंग संयोजन प्रस्तुत करता है।

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Bele, Nishikant, Prabin Kumar Panigrahi, and Shashi Kant Srivastava. "Political Sentiment Mining." International Journal of Business Intelligence Research 8, no. 1 (January 2017): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijbir.2017010104.

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Investigations on sentiment mining are mostly ensued in the English language. Due to the characteristics of the Indian languages tools and techniques used for sentiment mining in the English language cannot be applied directly to text in Hindi languages. The objective of this paper is to extract the political sentiment at the document-level from Hindi blogs. The authors could not find any literature about extracting sentiments at the document-level from Hindi blogs. They extracted opinion about one of India's very famous leaders who was a prominent face in the national election of 2014. They prepared the datasets from Hindi blogs reviews. They purposed the lexicon and machine learning technique to classify the sentiment. Their purposed method used four steps: (1) Crawling and preprocessing the blog reviews; (2) Extracting reviews relevant to the query using the Vector Space Model (VSM); (3) Identifying sentiment at the document level using the Lexicon method, and (4) Measuring the result using the Machine learning technique. Their experimental result demonstrates the effectiveness of our algorithms.

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Liu, Lydia H. "The Thug, the Barbarian, and the Work of Injury in Imperial Warfare." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 124, no. 5 (October 2009): 1859–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2009.124.5.1859.

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In the modern english lexicon, the curious word thug is usually traced to Hindi. In the early days of the antithug military campaign in India, William Henry Sleeman, the British architect of the campaign, brought out a thug lexicon entitled Ramaseeana; or, A Vocabulary of the Peculiar Language Used by the Thugs in 1836. This lexicon represents the first systematic attempt to identify who the thugs are and how they communicate with one another in secret society. It appears to provide hard linguistic evidence for a newly discovered threat to the British presence in India, cobbling together a large collection of predominantly Hindi words and phrases and building them into a coherent image of the thug that attests to the authenticity of Hindu thuggism. The graphic details of thugs' cold-blooded strangling of innocent travelers are as numerous as the amount of verbs and nouns that have found their way into the book and into subsequent embellishments by popular media. That the word thug is of Hindi origin (thag, theg, or thak) seems sufficient to prove that thugs exist and pose a threat. (Echoes of this argument can be found in the justifications for the United States–led war against the terrorist network al-Qaeda.) But as Martine Van Woerkens and other scholars have shown, thuggism was actually invented by the British who tried to seize criminal jurisdiction in areas that had been in the hands of the Mogul rulers. In the course of extending their control over a mobile population, the British used the construction of thug monstrosity to lay the foundation of “a ritual of conjuration” in the play of mirrors between them and the colonized (Van Woerkens 292).

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Narayan, Ravnil. "The Place of Literary Writings in Fiji’s Education System An Overview of Hindi Writings in Fiji." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 7, no. 5 (September 1, 2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.7n.5p.43.

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The teaching of vernacular languages or mother tongues in the Pacific island countries is one of the most neglected and vulnerable areas in education. This is borne out by the results of various studies that have been conducted over the past decades on literacy writings in vernacular. To an utter dismay, day by day and year by year, the numbers of Hindi vernacular students have been considerably declining, which is having a direct repercussion on scant publication of local literally writings in Hindi language. This original article will shed some light upon the vernacular teaching and learning of Hindi language, which has a long history in Fiji’s education system. What used to be one’s identity is now treated as a vehicular language, only to be used for conversational purposes. The novelty of the article will also oversee the extent of Hindi language teachings, since its early inception, and the repertoire of means that were adopted to retain her true essence in safe guarding her for the future generations. So much so, the piece is also going to look upon some of the ways in which Hindi literary writings could be brought back in Fiji’s current digitalised era, and what could be done to stop her from being near extinction.

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Sajjad, Mohammad, and Afroz Alam Sahil. "Champaran Satyagraha: Retrieving Some Forgotten Heroes." History and Sociology of South Asia 12, no. 1 (November 1, 2017): 16–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2230807517732633.

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This essay primarily concerns itself with attempting to retrieve contributions of some of the local and regional leaders of the Champaran Satyagraha Movement who have largely been left out by the existing literature. Further, it draws upon some of the unexplored archival sources as well as some vernacular literatures, mainly Hindi besides memoirs as well as newspaper reports have been used for the study. Yet, one faces huge constraints of evidences to find answers to many pertinent questions, which emerge after delving into the subject. This essay has been able to cull out significant information about the contributions of Pir Munis, mostly through the memoirs of the Hindi literatures and Hindi newspaper, Pratap. There is still a need to trace out many other sources to find out details about many other local leaders, who have been mentioned in this essay. Besides retrieving the roles played out by the local leaders and vernacular intelligentsia at great personal risks of state repression, this essay brings out that the agrarian problems of Champaran still suffers from something which has been inherited as a legacy during the colonial era, and even after seven decades post-independence many issues remains unresolved.

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Rosenstein, Lucy. "Not a Home: Hindi Women Poets Narrating “Home”." Journal of Commonwealth Literature 40, no. 2 (June 2005): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021989405054310.

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DWIVEDI, Pankaj, and Somdev KAR. "Kanauji of Kanpur: A brief overview." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 6, no. 1 (June 29, 2016): 101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.6.1.101-119.

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Hindi, in its totality, refers to a dialect continuum spoken mainly across northern India. This continuum is usually divided into two forms: Eastern and Western Hindi. Eastern Hindi is mainly made up of Awadhi, Chhattisgarhi and Bagheli dialects, while Western Hindi consists of Hindostani, Banagru, Braj Bhaka, Bundeli and Kanauji dialects.After Linguistic survey of India (1894-1928) by George A. Grierson – there has been little or no work which specifically focuses on Kanauji. Trivedi (1993, 2005) and Mishra and Bali (2010, 2011) report some secondary data from Kanauji in their works, their focus of inquiry is not Kanauji though. Lewis, Simons & Fennig (2013) refers Kanauji as a language with very low identity.This paper attempts to study the current sociolinguistic situation of Kanauji spoken in the Kanpur district of Uttar Pradesh (India). Some other goals of the paper are following: 1) to feel the pulse of language attitude, with reference to standard Hindi, of the people in Kanpur 2) to present basic linguistic information and 3) to direct attention of the other linguists to Kanauji, which unfortunately has not been the case so far despite of it being mother tongue of millions.This study is result of eighteen days of a fieldtrip to Kanpur district and subsequent preparation of a small speech database of Kanauji. Importance of the work lies in the fact that no previous work, which specifically focuses on Kanauji, has been published so far. This is true at least in the open literature.

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Savary, Luzia. "Vernacular Eugenics?Santati-Śāstrain Popular Hindi Advisory Literature (1900–1940)." South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 37, no. 3 (July 3, 2014): 381–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00856401.2014.933947.

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McGregor, Stuart. "On the Evolution of Hindi as a Language of Literature." South Asia Research 21, no. 2 (September 2001): 203–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026272800102100204.

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Mahendra Pal Sharma. "Problems of Rewriting History of Hindi Literature in 21st Century." Journal of South Asian Studies 15, no. 1 (June 2009): 315–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21587/jsas.2009.15.1.014.

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Dasgupta, Shamita Das. "Feminist Consciousness in Woman-Centered Hindi Films." Journal of Popular Culture 30, no. 1 (June 1996): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3840.1996.00173.x.

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Solanki, Pratibha. "HINDI GEETI - INTERACTION AND INNOVATION OF POETRY AND MUSIC." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 1SE (January 31, 2015): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i1se.2015.3468.

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Both music and literature are important means of expressing human emotions. With the coordination of both, the supernatural beauty is the creation of rain, which gives the human mind the realization of Sachchidananda and realization of Satyam-Shivam-Sundaram. According to the Varahapanishad, music is the perfect song, Bhagavata Purana refers to singing presented with dance and musical instruments and the goal of music is to provide pleasure. The same purpose is also for literature. Literature provides syllable Brahma and Shabda Brahma and music with Nadabrahm and Talbrahm. Both literature and music are closely related. Goddess Saraswati, the master of learning, has a veena in one hand and a book in the other. The policy of fraternity states संगीत और साहित्य दोनों ही मनुष्य के भावों को व्यक्त करने के महत्वपूर्ण माध्यम है। दोनों के समन्वय से अलौकिक सौंदर्य सृष्टि-वृष्टि होती है जो मानव मन को सच्चिदानंद की अनुभूति और सत्यम्-षिवम्-सुंदरम् की प्रतीति कराती है। वाराहोपनिषद के अनुसार संगीत सम्यक गीत है, भागवत पुराण नृत्य तथा वाद्य यंत्रों के साथ प्रस्तुत गायन को संगीत कहता है तथा संगीत का लक्ष्य आनंद प्रदान करना मानता है। यही उद्देष्य साहित्य का भी होता है। साहित्य अक्षर ब्रह्म और षब्द ब्रह्म से साक्षात कराता है तो संगीत नादब्रह्म और तालब्रह्म से। साहित्य और संगीत दोनों का साथ चोली-दामन का सा है। विद्या की अधिष्ठात्री देवी सरस्वती के एक हाथ में वीणा है तो दूसरे में पुस्तक भी है। भर्तृहरिकृत नीति-षतकम् में कहा गया है

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Lesik, Ksenia A. "Kafkaesque motifs in Kunwar Narain’s novels." RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism 25, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 705–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9220-2020-25-4-705-713.

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Since the 19th century European literary tradition indisputably influenced the development of Indian literature. Indian intellectuals, familiarizing particularly with the inheritance of European modernism, follow works of modernist writers, accept their key themes and motifs, thereby bring new literary devices and images into Indian literature. One of the main authors, whose novels have made a deep impact on the development of Hindi literature, is Franz Kafka. The influence of his works is extremely visible across India. Indian writers create Kafkaesque worlds and protagonists in their own novels and stories. One of Hindi novelists, who refers to Franz Kafkas motifs, is Kunwar Narain. In Indological studies his name is associated with poetry. However, he is not only a representative of New Hindi poetry (Naī Kavitā), but a novelist also. The article is focused on Franz Kafkas influence on Indian writers fiction. It is determined in what period and in which novels Kunwar Narain uses kafkaesque motifs. The perception of Kafkas worldview concept in Kunwar Narains novels is studied. It is an attempt to find out what new Indian prose-writer brings to a kafkaesque picture of world. It is also analyzed, in what Indian literary material and in what Indian literary tradition imagery he applies the images of Kafkas stories.

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Sukhadeve, Pramod P. "English to Hindi Machine Translation System in the Context of Homoeopathy Literature." International Journal of Artificial Life Research 6, no. 1 (January 2016): 46–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijalr.2016010103.

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Over the years, researches in machine translation (MT) systems have gain momentum due to their widespread applicability. A number of systems have come up doing the task successfully for different language pairs. However, to the best of the author's knowledge, no significant work has been done in clinical and medical related domain especially in Homoeopathy. This paper describes a rule based English-Hindi MT system for Homoeopathic sentences. It has been designed to translate a variety of sentences from Homoeopathic literature. To achieve the task, the author developed English and Hindi Homoeopathic corpuses presently having the size 21096 and 23145 sentences respectively. For translation, the input sentences (in English) have been categorised in four different type's i.e. simple, complex, interrogative and ambiguous sentences. The authors tested the translation accuracy using BLEU score. At present, the overall Bleu score of the system is 0.7808 and the accuracy percentage is 82.25%.

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Woojo Kim. "Medieval Hindi Bhakti Literature in the viewpoint of the Literature for the populace." Journal of South Asian Studies 21, no. 3 (February 2016): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21587/jsas.2016.21.3.001.

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Sharma, Dr Mahendra Pal. "Relevance of the Evaluation of Hindi literature of the Riti Period." International Journal of Foreign Studies 3, no. 1 (December 31, 2010): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18327/ijfs.2010.12.3.27.

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Gupta, Charu. "Domestic Anxieties, Recalcitrant Intimacies: Representation of Servants in Hindi Print Culture of Colonial India." Studies in History 34, no. 2 (April 17, 2018): 141–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0257643018762939.

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This essay presents a social history of power relations between domestic workers and their employers by examining the representations of servants in a wide array of Hindi print literature, including didactic manuals, popular magazines, reformist writings and cartoons, in the early twentieth-century North India. Exploring possibilities within repertoires of representation, it navigates how a contentious discourse around servant and employer developed in the Hindi print sphere. The essay links the portrayal of servants with changing class, caste and religious dynamics, in which print intersected with material circumstances to shape the hierarchical relationship between servants and employers. While imaging ‘ideal’ servants, the Hindi vernacular was also infused with their negative counterparts and anxieties around personal interactions between mistresses and servants, taking its cue from quotidian life and caste–community relations of the time. Increasing assertion by Dalits and growing antagonism between Hindus and Muslims left its imprints on portrayals of subordinate-caste and Muslim servants by dominant castes and classes. The vernacular straddled these domains of distance/desire and hate/love in the servant–employer relationship.

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Bhadwal, Neha, Prateek Agrawal, and Vishu Madaan. "A Machine Translation System from Hindi to Sanskrit Language using Rule based Approach." Scalable Computing: Practice and Experience 21, no. 3 (August 1, 2020): 543–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.12694/scpe.v21i3.1783.

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Machine Translation is an area of Natural Language Processing which can replace the laborious task of manual translation. Sanskrit language is among the ancient Indo-Aryan languages. There are numerous works of art and literature in Sanskrit. It has also been a medium for creating treatise of philosophical work as well as works on logic, astronomy and mathematics. On the other hand, Hindi is the most prominent language of India. Moreover,it is among the most widely spoken languages across the world. This paper is an effort to bridge the language barrier between Hindi and Sanskrit language such that any text in Hindi can be translated to Sanskrit. The technique used for achieving the aforesaid objective is rule-based machine translation. The salient linguistic features of the two languages are used to perform the translation. The results are produced in the form of two confusion matrices wherein a total of 50 random sentences and 100 tokens (Hindi words or phrases) were taken for system evaluation. The semantic evaluation of 100 tokens produce an accuracy of 94% while the pragmatic analysis of 50 sentences produce an accuracy of around 86%. Hence, the proposed system can be used to understand the whole translation process and can further be employed as a tool for learning as well as teaching. Further, this application can be embedded in local communication based assisting Internet of Things (IoT) devices like Alexa or Google Assistant.

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Vyas, Aparna. "A Cultural Psychological Reading of Dalit Literature: A Case Study of Joothan By Om Prakash Valmiki." CASTE / A Global Journal on Social Exclusion 1, no. 2 (October 31, 2020): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26812/caste.v1i2.188.

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Dalit literature has been a major cultural artefact in the struggles against caste-based oppression and discrimination. It negotiates a collective identity for Dalits as well as introduces the variability in the negotiations for the same. The present paper focuses on the nuances of one such negotiation- the making of a Hindi Dalit writer. At the theoretical backdrop of cultural psychology, utilizing the conceptual machinery of Zittoun, the paper analyzes the autobiographical narrative of Om Prakash Valmiki. It identifies the ruptures and the transitional processes in Valmiki’s life. These processes of transitions include identity redefinition, knowledge and skills; and meaning making. These processes were facilitated by varied resources like social, cognitive and symbolic. The relocation to the city led to the change in his frame of activity. Afterwards, at each stage of his life, his social circle got broadened, his cognitive skills got enhanced and symbolic resources were used at progressively higher level of reflexivity. The major social resources were found to be the people with whom he came in contact after relocating to the city. The cognitive resources were found to be Hindi mainstream literature, Marathi Dalit literature and theatrical devices. The symbolic resources were the works of Phule, Ambedkar and Marx. Accessibility and utilization of all these resources eased the reconfiguration of the semiotic prism reifying his identity as a Hindi Dalit writer, thereby, enabling him transform the caste-based experiences on the plane of fiction challenging the power hierarchy embedded in social reality.

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Akram, Dr Muhammad, and Dr Ayesha Qurrat Ul-Ain. "ہندو مت پر اردو میں علمی مواد: ایک موضوعاتی کتابیات." ĪQĀN 3, no. 01 (February 1, 2021): 123–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.36755/iqan.v3i01.240.

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Three types of academic sources are crucial for understanding the Hindu tradition in our times: a) scriptures and the classical texts that are available mostly in Sanskrit b) works in the English language produced by orientalists, religious studies scholars, and some modern Hindu religious leaders themselves, and c) writings of colonial/post-colonial Hindu and Muslim scholars on Hinduism in Hindi/Urdu language that is understood by a vast majority of the population in South Asia. Many Hindu authors used to write on their religion in Urdu using the Perso-Arabic script in colonial India. Similarly, some Muslim authors also produced scholarly works on Hinduism in Urdu, which could open up better Hindu-Muslim understanding. However, Urdu ceased to be the medium of such writings when religion and language surfaced as two vital factors in national identity constructions in the changing sociopolitical milieu, a process through which the Urdu language became associated with Muslim culture and religion. As a result, the number of Urdu works on Hinduism decreased sharply after British India's partition along religious lines. Nevertheless, this body of Urdu literature is an essential part of the history of modern Hinduism. Keeping this in view, we have produced a comprehensive thematic bibliography of Urdu works on Hinduism, including books, dissertations, and journal articles, which would help preserve the history of the indigenous study of Hinduism in modern times.

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Eaton, R. M. "ALLISON BUSCH. Poetry of Kings: The Classical Hindi Literature of Mughal India." American Historical Review 117, no. 5 (December 1, 2012): 1577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/117.5.1577.

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Donaldson-Evans, M. "The Colonization of Madame Bovary: Hindi Cinema's Maya Memsaab." Adaptation 3, no. 1 (October 19, 2009): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/adaptation/app009.

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Kallimani, Jagadish S., C. P. Chandrika, Aniket Singh, and Zaifa Khan. "Authorship Identification Using Supervised Learning and n-Grams for Hindi Language." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 9 (July 1, 2020): 4258–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.9058.

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Authorship Identification pertains to establishing the author of a particular document, currently unknown, based on the documents previously available. The field of authorship identification has been explored so far primarily in the English language, using several supervised and unsupervised machine learning models along with usage of NLP techniques, but work on regional languages is highly limited. This may be due to the lack of collection of proper datasets and preprocessing techniques attributed to the rich morphological and stylistic features in these languages. In this paper we apply some supervised machine learning models, namely SVM and Naïve Bayes to Hindi literature to perform authorship analysis by picking four Hindi authors. We compare and analyze the accuracy which is so obtained using different models and bag of words approach.

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Vanderbok, William G. "The Tiger Triumphant: The Mobilization and Alignment of the Indian Electorate." British Journal of Political Science 20, no. 2 (April 1990): 237–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123400005792.

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The literature on Indian electoral behaviour portrays parliamentary elections since independence as a series of critical, realigning and restoring contests in which voters are repelled by and attracted to the Congress party in great waves. The model is examined from the perspective of voter mobilization. Not only is the established view misleading, it often fails even to describe accurately what actually happened. Significant differences in voting behaviour are found separating the Hindi and non-Hindi speaking areas of India. District-level voting trends are explored within the framework of a multiple regression model applied comprehensively across all of India's general elections and administrative districts. Persistence of democratic politics is to a considerable degree due to the contained volatility of the Congress and opposition party coalitions.

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BHATNAGAR, RASHMI DUBE. "What's Braj got to do with the Hindi-Urdu divide?" Critical Quarterly 52, no. 3 (October 2010): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8705.2010.01958.x.

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Ghazali, A. Syukur. "PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA DAN SASTRA DAERAH SEBAGAI WAHANA PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER BANGSA (LEARNING REGIONAL LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE AS A MEANS OF EDUCATION OF NATIONAL CHARACTER)." JURNAL BAHASA, SASTRA DAN PEMBELAJARANNYA 3, no. 1 (February 21, 2018): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jbsp.v3i1.4482.

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AbstractLearning Regional Language and Literature as a Means of Education of NationalCharacter. Learning the language and literature to be a vehicle for cultural educationand the nation’s character is based on the view that language and literature has thepotential to become an institution that gives hope for people to talk about the ultimatereality of life. An imaginative literary works offer a rich selection of possibilities aboutthe structure of complex life. Michael Novak (Lickona, 1991: 50) states that the elementsforming the moral attitude can be traced to religious traditions, literature-based storiesof local culture (indegeneous), policy advice (sage), and a view of life that flows figureshereditary historically through discourse language and literature. More than that, themight of the local language as the medium of education has been proved empirically byIndia and Thailand who use writing as writing Hindi and Thai official. Even Singh(2010), an international seminar on retention native language, India explains that thestate establish a political idea, not a linguistically formulated Hindi language. Thisdesignation aims to make the “mother tongue Becomes a rallying point for groups ofpeople to unite and express their solidarity more as a political entity.” Therefore, theintention of the government to establish policies and conduct conservation programs inthe local language of each province, as well as through literature, is key to theimplementation of this idea.Keywords: literature as forming the moral stance, regional literature, governmentgoodwillAbstrakPembelajaran Bahasa dan Sastra Daerah sebagai Wahana Pendidikan KarakterBangsa. Pembelajaran bahasa dan sastra untuk menjadi wahana pendidikan budayadan karakter bangsa didasarkan pada pandangan bahwa bahasa dan sastra berpotensiuntuk menjadi institusi yang memberi harapan bagi manusia untuk berbicara tentangrealitas kehidupan yang hakiki. Karya sastra merupakan tawaran imajinatif yang kayadengan pilihan kemungkinan tentang struktur kehidupan yang kompleks. Michael Novak(Lickona, 1991: 50) menyatakan bahwa unsur pembentuk sikap moral bisa dilacakdari tradisi keagamaan, cerita sastra berbasis kebudayaan lokal (indegeneous), nasihatkebijakan (sage), dan pandangan hidup tokoh yang mengalir secara turun-temurunsecara historis melalui wacana bahasa dan sastra. Lebih dari itu, keperkasaan bahasadaerah sebagai medium pendidikan telah dibuktikan secara empirik oleh India danThailand yang menggunakan tulisan Hindi dan Thai sebagai tulisan resmi negara.Bahkan Singh (2010), dalam seminar internasional tentang pemertahanan bahasa ibu,menjelaskan bahwa negara India menetapkan gagasan politis, bukan merumuskanbahasa Hindi secara linguistik. Penetapan ini bertujuan untuk menjadikan “mother20tongue becomes a rallying point for group of people to unite and express their solidaritymore as a political entity”. Oleh karena itu, niat baik pemerintah untuk menetapkankebijakan dan melakukan program pelestarian bahasa daerah di wilayah propinsimasing-masing, juga melalui sastra, merupakan kunci bagi terlaksananya gagasanini.Kata-kata kunci: sastra sebagai pembentuk sikap moral, sastra daerah, niat baikpemerintah

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MONTAUT, A. "Le renouvellement des formes verbales en hindi/ourdou moderne." Journal Asiatique 287, no. 2 (June 1, 1999): 587–628. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ja.287.2.556481.

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Nayar, Sheila J. "Écriture Aesthetics: Mapping the Literate Episteme of Visual Narrative." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 123, no. 1 (January 2008): 140–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2008.123.1.140.

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The norms of art-cinema narration—evident in the work of such directors as Ingmar Bergman, Satyajit Ray, and François Truffaut—reflect noetic processes and expectations engendered by a culture of the written word. Such norms are absent from Hindi popular films, which have been historically contoured by the psychodynamics of orally based thought and by devices and motifs common to oral storytelling. By funneling art-cinema narration's norms—already meticulously (and impartially) cataloged by David Bordwell—through the prism of orality and through the orally inflected characteristics of Hindi popular films and by conjointly engaging with literary theory concerned with issues of textuality, this essay develops a novel conceptual matrix for understanding the epistemic pressures that weigh on visual storytelling as both a spectatorial and a generative act.

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Cort, John E. "Poetry of Kings: The Classical Hindi Literature of Mughal India - By Allison Busch." Religious Studies Review 38, no. 2 (June 2012): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-0922.2012.01612_5.x.

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Martin, Nancy M. "Writing Resistance: The Rhetorical Imagination of Hindi Dalit Literature. By Laura R. Brueck." Journal of Hindu Studies 9, no. 3 (November 2016): 370–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhs/hiw027.

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Wessler, Heinz. "From marginalisation to rediscovery of identity: Dalit and Adivasi voices in Hindi literature." Studia Neophilologica 92, no. 2 (May 3, 2020): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00393274.2020.1751703.

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Pozza, Nicola. "Wandering Writers in the Himalaya: Contesting Narratives and Renunciation in Modern Hindi Literature." Cracow Indological Studies 17, no. 17 (2015): 49–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/cis.17.2015.17.04.

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Mani, Preetha. "What Was So New about the New Story? Modernist Realism in the Hindi Nayī Kahānī." Comparative Literature 71, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 226–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00104124-7546181.

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AbstractThis essay examines the Hindi Nayī Kahānī, or New Story, Movement of the 1950s and 1960s, which was influential for the short stories, criticism, and literary history that its writers produced. Incorporating a view toward the larger “metaliterary” corpus in relation to which properly “literary” nayī kahānī texts were written, the essay shows how the movement inaugurated a modernist realism characterized by attention to genre, rhetoric, and style on one hand, and commitment to social reality on the other. Combining rhetorical strategies—such as shifting narrative voice, allegorical descriptions of landscape, and implicit reference to authorship and the condition of postcolonial literary production—with structural and thematic tensions between form and content, this mode developed an interchangeability between author, reader, and character, which did not previously exist in Hindi literature and which reconfigured the category of the middle class in the universally recognizable terms of alienation. Using the case of the nayī kahānī, the essay offers a new literary historical approach that moves beyond sweeping accounts of a single postcolonial mode to attend to regional realisms and modernisms.

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Rajpurohit, Dalpat S. "Bhakti versus rīti? The Sants’ perspective." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 84, no. 1 (February 2021): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x21000264.

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AbstractScholars have rightly questioned the periodization of early modern Hindi literature (fourteenth to mid-nineteenth century) into two major thematic and temporal categories, often described as binaries: an early bhaktikāl (era of devotion), and the later rītikāl (era of mannerism). It is now common to understand bhakti and rīti as complementary modes of poetic expression rather than oppositional styles that poets had to identify with entirely. This paper uses the perspective of poet-saints (sants) to argue that, although the sants share many features with the rīti poets in terms of genres and register, they diverge fundamentally from them on the topic of the proper motives of composing verse. The criticism that the sants register with selected rīti themes – conflicts which would later figure in the writings of Hindi literary historians in the nationalist era – can be seen as anticipating the modern bhakti versus rīti distinction.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Hindi Hindi literature'

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