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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Hindi language'
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Chauhan, Buddhi P., Rachna Kapoor, Shivendra Singh, and Anup Kumar Das. "WINISIS - A Practical Guide: In Hindi Language." Thapar University, Patiala, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/105287.
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This WINISIS Training Manual in Hindi language contains three self-learning modules: WINISIS â A Practical Guide; Creating Web Interface for CDS/ISIS Databases using GenisisWeb; and Publishing CDS/ISIS Databases on CD-ROM using GenisisCD. These self-learning modules are the outcome of the Advanced Workshop on CDS-ISIS for Windows, held at the Thapar University on 14-18 May 2007. The Training Manual covers all aspects of WINISIS: installation of software, creation of the database, database operations, customization of search interfaces and display formatting language. Advanced features, such as hyper-linking, web interfacing, full-text document processing and automation of libraries, are also present in this document. Target audience of this Manual is library professionals working in academic, special and public libraries as well as students of library science courses. The Manual will also be helpful to small organizations, which are building digital archives in local library setup or on CD-ROMs. After practicing the laboratory exercises given in the Manual, the learners will be able to install WINISIS software and its web application tools GENISIS; create and manage bibliographic or full-text databases. This Manual is particularly useful in the South Asian region, where availability of training material in local languages is crucial for providing public information services with the help of free and open source software (FOSS).
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Ridgeway, Thomas Bruce. "The syntax of case in medieval Western Hindi /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/11135.
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Patil, Umesh, Gerrit Kentner, Anja Gollrad, Frank Kügler, Caroline Féry, and Shravan Vasishth. "Focus, word order and intonation in Hindi." Universität Potsdam, 2008. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4611/.
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A production study is presented that investigates the effects of word order and information structural context on the prosodic realization of declarative sentences in Hindi. Previous work on Hindi intonation has shown that: (i) non-final content words bear rising pitch accents (Moore 1965, Dyrud 2001, Nair 1999); (ii) focused constituents show greater pitch excursion and longer duration and that post-focal material undergoes pitch range reduction (Moore 1965, Harnsberger 1994, Harnsberger and Judge 1996); and (iii) focused constituents may be followed by a phrase break (Moore 1965). By means of a controlled experiment, we investigated the effect of focus in relation to word order variation using 1200 utterances produced by 20 speakers. Fundamental frequency (F0) and duration of constituents were measured in Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) and Object-Subject-Verb (OSV) sentences in different information structural conditions (wide focus, subject focus and object focus). The analyses indicate that (i) regardless of word order and focus, the constituents are in a strict downstep relationship; (ii) focus is mainly characterized by post-focal pitch range reduction rather than pitch raising of the element in focus; (iii) given expressions that occur pre-focally appear to undergo no reduction; (iv) pitch excursion and duration of the constituents is higher in OSV compared to SOV sentences. A phonological analysis suggests that focus affects pitch scaling and that word order influences prosodic phrasing of the constituents.
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Vasishth, Shravan. "Working Memory in Sentence Comprehension: Processing Hindi Center Embeddings." Connect to this title online, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1023402958.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2002.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xxiii, 252 p.; also includes graphics. Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Shari Speer, Dept. of Linguistics; Richard Lewis, Dept. of Psychology, University of Michigan. Includes bibliographical references (p. 240-252).
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Bögel, Tina, Miriam Butt, Annette Hautli, and Sebastian Sulger. "Developing a finite-state morphological analyzer for Urdu and Hindi." Universität Potsdam, 2008. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/2715/.
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We introduce and discuss a number of issues that arise in the process of building a finite-state morphological analyzer for Urdu, in particular issues with potential ambiguity and non-concatenative morphology. Our approach allows for an underlyingly similar treatment of both Urdu and Hindi via a cascade of finite-state transducers that transliterates the very different scripts into a common ASCII transcription system. As this transliteration system is based on the XFST tools that the Urdu/Hindi common morphological analyzer is also implemented in, no compatibility problems arise.
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Mesthrie, Rajend. "A history of the Bhojpuri (or "Hindi") language in South Africa." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19511.
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Bibliography: pages 308-318.<br>Although Indian languages have existed in South Africa for the last 125 years, there are no academic studies of any of them - of their use in South Africa, their evolution and current decline. Many misconceptions persist concerning their names, their structure, and status as 'proper' languages. This thesis deals with the history of one such language, Bhojpuri (more usually, but incorrectly, referred to as "Hindi"). I attempt to trace the origins of the South African variety of this language by examining the places of origin of the original indentured migrants who brought it to South Africa. A complex sociolinguistic picture emerges, since these immigrants came from a very wide area in North India spanning several languages. I also attempt to describe the early history of Bhojpuri in South Africa as a 'plantation' language. Subsequent changing patterns of usage are then detailed, including phonetic, syntactic, lexical and semantic change. The influence of other South African languages - chiefly English, but also Zulu, Fanagalo, and other Indian languages - is described in detail, as well as changes not directly attributable to language contact. A final section focusses on the decline of the language and the process of language death. From another (more international) perspective this study lays the foundation for comparisons between Bhojpuri in South Africa and other 'overseas' varieties of it, spawned under very similar conditions, in ex-colonies like Surinam, Fiji, Mauritius, Guyana, Trinidad and others. Such a comparative study could well make as great a contribution to general and socio-linguistics as the study of creoles has in the recent past. Information concerning this unwritten language was gathered by field-work throughout Natal. This involved informal interviews with over two hundred fluent speakers, including four who had been born in India during the time of immigrations. The study also draws upon the author's observations on language practices as an 'inside' member of the community under study.
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Beshears, Anne. "The demonstrative nature of the Hindi/Marwari correlative." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2017. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/30629.
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One of the main features of the correlative construction is the necessity of an appropriate correlate (either a demonstrative or a pronoun) in the main clause. While the syntactic features of the correlative construction are well established, the relationship between the correlative clause and its correlate remains unclear. In this dissertation, I propose that the correlative clause is the overt pronunciation of the index of the demonstrative. The correlative, therefore, does not adjoin to IP (Dayal 1996) or the demonstrative (Bhatt 2003) but enters the syntax as the indexical argument of the demonstrative phrase (Nunberg 1993; Elbourne 2008). I then turn to the adverbial correlative clause, which involves an adverbial relative phrase, and show that it is also the overt pronunciation of the index and, further, that it is interpreted as a definite description and contributes an individual of type e. Having established the relationship between the correlative clause and its correlate, I develop a new analysis of the semantic contribution of both the single headed correlative, involving one relative phrase, and the multi-headed correlative which involves multiple relative phrases. I propose that the correlative gets its interpretation through a Q particle, QCOR, which raises from the relative phrase to Spec-CP. It is QCOR which allows both adverbial and nominal correlatives to have a definite interpretation. I present new data from Hindi and Marwari which shows that the multi-headed correlative is basegenerated inside of the main clause, at the highest demonstrative or below, and denotes an ordered pair. Each member of that set is then an argument of one of the demonstratives in the main clause. Finally, if the proposed analysis is correct, then it should be follow that other types of phrases can occur in the same position. Not only is this possible in Hindi and Marwari, but sign languages and Mandarin Chinese allow overt indices as well.
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Ranjan, Rajiv. "Acquisition of ergative case in L2 Hindi-Urdu." Diss., University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3168.
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This dissertation contributes to an ongoing debate on the types of linguistic features which can be acquired in a second language by looking at the multiple learning challenges related to the ergative case system (the appearance of –ne with the subject) in Hindi-Urdu by classroom learners. Some hypotheses in second language research hold that interpretable features (features which contribute semantic information) can be acquired in a second language, whereas uninterpretable features (features which express grammatical information) cannot be easily acquired, if ever. Additionally, hypotheses in second language processing hold that the second language learners are able to process semantic information but not grammatical information. This dissertation investigates at the acquisition process of second language learners of Hindi-Urdu acquiring the uninterpretable ergative case. In Hindi-Urdu, the subject of a sentence appears with the ergative case marker –ne, when the verb is transitive and in the perfective aspect. In my dissertation, I test the validity of the aforementioned hypotheses and investigate the acquisition and acquisitional process of ergative case in L2 Hindi-Urdu by L1 English speakers by analyzing data collected by using an acceptability/grammaticality judgement task, a self-paced reading task and a production task from Hindi-Urdu learners and native speakers.
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Peter, Dass Rakesh. "Language and Religion in Modern India: The Vernacular Literature of Hindi Christians." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:32108297.
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A persistent interest in a particular type of Christian witness is found in a substantial amount of Hindi-language Protestant (hereafter, ‘Hindi Christian’) literature in modern India. Across a range of texts like Hindi translations of the Bible, theo-ethical works, hymns, biblical commentaries, and poems, this literature calls attention to a form of Christian witness or discipleship that both is credible and recognizable and is public.
This witness aims to be credibly Christian: as I will show, Hindi Christian texts have regularly rejected a Hindu concept like avătār in favor of a neologism like dehădhāran to communicate a Christian notion of incarnation in a predominantly Hindu context. Yet, the variety of polytradition (or, shared) words found in Hindi Christian texts suggests a comfort with loose religious boundaries. The witness aims also to be recognizably Christian. For instance, Hindi Christian texts on theology and ethics persistently reflect on a virtuous Christian life with a view toward perceptions in multifaith contexts. Perceptions of Christians matter to the authors of these texts. The attention to Christian witness in such literature, then, is to a very public form of witness. A reading of the works of three prominent Hindi Christian scholars – Benjamin Khan, Din Dayal, and Richard Howell – will show how a focus on the pluralistic context of Hindi Christian witness has shaped influential texts on ethics, theology, and evangelism in Hindi.
This dissertation is a first attempt in the academy of religion to study Hindi Christian texts in modern India. As a result, it seeks to achieve two goals: provide an introduction to Hindi Christian literature, and understand a prominent theme found in such literature. It is by no means an exhaustive study of Hindi Christian literature. Rather, it maps a literary landscape and subjects one trope therein to further examination. Protestant Christian literature in India has generally portrayed the purpose of Christian discipleship in two ways: by describing it as a response to salvific grace and by denying it is works righteousness. Hindi Christian texts shed light on another rationale: to present a credible and recognizable witness in a multifaith public context.
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Risato, Orsola <1993>. "Language of nobody, language of everyone: Hinglish as lingua franca in a new rising community of India." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/13009.
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In the multilingual scenario of India, the choice of a link language has been a point of significant controversy since Independence. Alternated language policies not only haven't been successful in finding a decisive resolution of the language question, but have also left room for the controversy between Hindi and English in their role of lingua franca.
In this work we will outline the development of English-Hindi bilingualism question, that, starting from post-Independence linguistic policies, has brought nowadays to a language continuum in which Hindi purism on one side, and the phenomenon widely known as Hinglish on the other, can be considered the extremes. Hinglish is a particularly interesting linguistic variety because, despite the long presence of English in India, English pressure on Hindi grew enormously in the last twenty years, thanks, also, to the economic development of India and its opening to a globalized World.
Our focus, then, will be directed towards the sociolinguistic factors involved in the use of Hinglish, and towards the possible processes that make this variety so peculiar as compared to other well examined cases such as, for example, Indian English. Since its presence is remarkably evident in the language of digital media and film industry, we will analyse the main patterns of this linguistic variety through authentic material such as movie lines, magazine articles, and advertisements, in order to delineate the characteristics of a potential Hinglish speakers community.
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Drolc, Ursula Maria. "Asili ya matumizi ya iko katika Kiswahili cha Bara." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-97725.
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This paper speculates about the origin of the overall use of the form iko in Inland Swahili. Its functional scope comprises predication, identification, location, existence, and association. In Standard Swahili, the primary function of iko is to express the locative relation of nouns belonging to noun class 4 or 9. For the expression of identification various other means are used. As Inland Swahili is mostly acquired as a second language it will be argued here that the functional expansion of iko might be due to the crosslinguistic influence of the first language. However, first languages, such as Maasai, exhibit a formal distinction between location and predication. A conceptual merger of both functions in the second language is more likely to occur when the first language contains only one obligatory copula expressing both concepts. This obligatory copula can be found in many Indo-European languages, e.g. English or Hindi. Until today Indians speaking Swahili are characterised by the frequent usage of iko, a fact which points to the view that the overall use of iko could be due to substrate influence of Hindi.
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Eyre, Angela Catherine. "Land, language and literary identity : a thematic comparison of Indian novels in Hindi and English." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.414439.
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Zanon, Jacopo <1988>. "Interpretation of the I-pronoun in contexts of subordination in the hindi language and indexicals." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/2589.
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Mobbs, Michael Christopher. "Languages as identity symbols : an investigation into language attitudes and behaviour amongst second-generation South Asian schoolchildren in Britain, including the special case of Hindi and Urdu." Thesis, University of London, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360315.
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Pollock, Sandybell. "Hindi-Vindi and Pashto-Mashto : Comments on Various Types of Lexical Reduplication in Hindi and Pashto." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik och filologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-276292.
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The purpose of this paper is to examine potential similarities in Hindi1 and Pashto grammar as regards to the arial feature of lexical reduplication, and to give a brief explanation of the phenomenon. It is my belief that this feature appears in both languages and that it functions in a similar way when it comes to: full reduplication, distribution and partial reduplication, so called echo-words. I will try to explain how these features function in Pashto based on the research already done in Hindi and the limited amount of description found in Pashto grammars that discuss this subject. The object of the paper is to prove that reduplication in Pashto takes similar form with similar meaning to the reduplications found in Hindi. To analyse this I will look at literary language in Hindi and Pashto using examples found in books, grammars, papers of other researchers, as well as examples found online in blogs and on newspaper sites. The first section of this paper will deal with full reduplication of nouns, pronouns, adjectives and adverbials, numerals and participles. It will show that various types of semantic meanings can be derived from reduplication such as intensification, attenuation, continuation or distribution. The second section will deal with partial reduplication and it will show that these also appears in the different word categories mentioned (though apparently not in both languages) and it aims to give an explanation as to what forms these partial reduplications can take, that is, how they are constructed, as well as how they may function.
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Das, Pradeep Kumar. "Grammatical agreement in Hindi-Urdu and its major varieties /." Muenchen : Lincom Europa, 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb402426374.
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Montaut, Annie. "Le systeme verbal en hindi moderne." Paris 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA030027.
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L'analyse des formes du syntagme verbal (formes nominales, temps conjugues simples et composes), puis l'etude des phenomenes de serialisation et de la construction causative, revelent l'interaction, au niveau morphologique meme, de facteurs non seulement syntaxiques, mais aussi semantiques et enonciatifs. L'examen ensuite des quatre diatheses principales (diatheses passive et ergative, structures a actant principal au datif et au genitif, confirment l'importance primordiale des facteurs enonciatifs et semantiques, notamment le degre d'agentivite de l'actant principal, dans la selection du type d'enonce verbal en hindi moderne<br>After a formal analysis of the verb phrase (nominal forms as well as simple and compound finite tenses), the study of serialization and causative construction has shown, at the morphological level itself, a complex interaction of not only syntactic features but semantic and speach-act features too. The four main diatheses (ergative, passive, the structure with the main term in the dative case, the structure with the main term in the genitive case) also show the prevalent importance of the speaker's view-point and of semantic factors in the selection of the type of verbal statement in modern hindi
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Prasannanshu. "Agrammatism : neurolinguistics of grammatical impairment in Hindi aphasia /." Muenchen : LINCOM Europa, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb413341240.
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Ḍuṅgaḍuṅga, Mathiyasa. "Hindī aura khaṛiyā : tulanātmaka aura viśleṣaṇātmaka adhyayana /." Rāñcī : Satya Bhāratī, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375104355.
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Sinha, Srija. "Demonstrative anaphors in Hindi newspaper reportage : a corpus-based study /." München : Lincom Europa, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41334538s.
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Knobloch, Nina. "A Micro-Typological Study of Shina : A Hindu Kush Language Cluster." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Avdelningen för allmän språkvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-169818.
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In this thesis, 9 Indo-Aryan languages which have previously been classified as Shina languages were analyzed. A cognate analysis of basic vocabulary was conducted, in order to explore the relatedness of the languages. Furthermore, a selection of phonological, morphological, syntactic, and lexical features was analyzed, in order to explore areal patterns among the languages. The data mainly consisted of first-hand data, which has been collected for the project ”Language contact and relatedness in the Hindu Kush region”, but even previous descriptions of the languages were used. The results primarily confirmed hypotheses about the relatedness of the Shina languages, and showed interesting areal patterns.The data also suggested that the Shina languages share many typical features with other Hindu Kush Indo-Aryan languages, such as SOV word order, the use of postpositions, sex based grammatical gender, and moderately complex to complex syllable structures. Other features, such as aspiration, retroflexion, and case alignment in noun phrases showed more variation and could certainly be relevant for future studies on these languages.<br>I den här uppsatsen har 9 indoariska språk som tidigare har klassificerats som shinaspråk analyserats. För att undersöka hur språken är besläktade med varandra har en kognatanalys av det grundläggande ordförrådet genomförts. Dessutom har ett urval fonologiska, morfologiska, syntaktiska, och lexikaladrag analyserats, i syfte att undersöka areala mönster hos språken. Datan för undersökningen bestod huvudsakligen av förstahandsdata, som har samlats in för projektet “Språkkontakt och släktskap i Hindukushregionen”, men även tidigare beskrivningar av språken har används. Resultaten bekräftade mestadels hypoteser om hur shinaspråken är besläktade med varandra, och visade intressanta areala mönster. Det visade sig att shinaspråken delar många drag med andra indoariska språk i Hindukushregionen, såsom SOV ordföljd, användning av postpositioner, grammatisk genus baserat på biologisk kön, och medelkomplexa till komplexa stavelsestrukturer. Andra drag, exempelvis aspiration, retroflexion,och kasuskongruens i nominalfraser, visade större variation och skulle kunna vara relevanta för framtida studier av dessa språk.<br>Language Contact and Relatedness in the Hindu Kush Region, Swedish Research Council (VR 421-2014-631)
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Gricourt, Marguerite. "Le "Sab Ras" de Vajhi, 1634-35 premier exemple de prose littéraire en langue dakkini : présentation, étude linguistique et traduction /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37614030g.
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Liljegren, Henrik. "Towards a grammatical description of Palula : An Indo-Aryan language of the Hindu Kush." Doctoral thesis, kostenfrei, 2008. http://www.diva-portal.org/su/abstract.xsql?dbid=7511.
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Yelle, Robert A. "Explaining mantras : ritual, rhetoric, and the dream of a natural language in Hindu tantra /." New York : Routledge, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39222327q.
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Ogawa, Jane. "Kinship terminology in the greater Hindu Kush." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-157463.
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This is a study of the kinship terminology used for one’s parents and their siblings in the languages in the greater Hindu Kush area (GHK). GHK stretches over the mountainous borderlands of Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, China and India and homes a range of various languages from six different genera, Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Nuristani, Turkic, Tibeto-Burman, and the language isolate Burushaski. The study is based on questionnaires from native speakers of 55 language varieties collected in 2015-2017. The main distinction is one between descriptive and merging systems. The descriptive system have separate terms for all six relations and are found in the outer areas of GHK. The merging systems have terms that refer to two or more relations, and these are found in the center of the area. Within this center-area the languages are then further divided into six different terminologies depending on which relations are merged with one term. Semantic clusters can be observed, based on systematic and lexico-semantic parallels, both within and across family lines. The distribution is discussed from a historical, geographical and social point of view.<br>Language contact and relatedness in the Hindukush region. Vetenskapsrådet (421-2014-631)
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Iyer, Gowri Krovi. "Cross-linguistic studies of lexical access and processing in monolingual English and bilingual Hindī-English speakers." Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to SDSU campuses, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3237601.
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Mudigonda, Ramu. "Svårt val : Analys av Archana Painyulis novellsamling Highway E47." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik och filologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-396319.
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Avadhanam, Ramya. "First -Generation Hindu Indian-American Undergraduates’ Grief After Death of Grandparent(S) in India." W&M ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1530192632.
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The proposed study aims to capture the unique experiences surrounding grief of first-generation Indian-American undergraduate students. Tummala-Narra (2013) defines immigrants as having been raised in the country of origin and migrating to the United States in late adolescence or adulthood and first-generation as those born in the United States or arrived to the United States as young children. Research has shown that bereavement can have profound emotional health consequences for those surviving a loss (W. Stroebe & Stroebe, 1987). Additional components such as loss of expectations, traditions, and culture (Price, 2011) may contribute to mental health challenges for the South Asian population that are often overlooked across the immigrant and first-generations (Tummala-Narra, 2013). The United States Census Bureau (2010 ) stated that the total U.S. population on April 1, 2010 was 308.7 million, out of which 14.7 million or 4.8 percent were Asian. South Asians (i.e., people from India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Nepal) were the fastest growing subgroup among the Asian population. (United States Census Bureau, 2007). Trends in Education shifted for Asians over time. In 1988, at least 38% of Asians had earned at least a bachelor’s degree, whereas in 2015, 54% of Asians who were 25 years old or older had a bachelor’s degree or higher (Ryan & Bauman, 2016) implying that there is a continued increase in the Asian undergraduate student population. Content includes a description of immigrant demographics, reasons for immigration, impact of immigration to the United States on family dynamics across generations, mental health stigma for this population, a review of the literature, gaps in the literature, theoretical foundation for the proposed study, purpose and relevance of the study, and future implications of this research.
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Chacon, Christopher. "The invention of Hindustan| V.D. Savarkar, Subhas Chandra bose, M.S. Golwalkar, and the modernization of Hindu nationalist langauge." Thesis, California State University, Fullerton, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10144643.
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<p> In this thesis I argue that Hindu nationalist terminology, particularly the concepts of <i>Hindutva, Samyavada,</i> and national identity, modernized amid currents of globalization and neocolonialism in the early twentieth-century. In the theoretical section, I examine how systems of knowledge and power in India were directly and indirectly affected by the globalization of western modernity. In the primary source analysis section, I discuss three prominent Hindu nationalists and their ideas in support of the argument made in the theoretical section. Veer Vinayak Damodar Savarkar (1883-1966), the philosopher of Hindutva, represented the ethno-nationalistic component to Hindu nationalism and looked to cultural motifs in order to unify the “true” people of India. Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose (1897-1945), the militant hero who formed the Indian National Army and outright opposed the British, contributed the aggressive discourse of nationalist rhetoric. Sarsanghchalak Madhav Sadashiv Golwalkar (1906-1973), the supreme leader of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), utilized Hindu nationalist rhetoric in order to mesmerize post-independence Indians and lay the foundation for the future of the RSS. Although these individuals represented a current within Indian nationalist history, their lives and literature influenced the language of Hindu nationalism.</p>
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Parvaz, Ahmad Bénédicte. "Production de ressources multilingues pour l'aide à la traduction du droit pénal en hindi, ourdou et français." Thesis, Paris, INALCO, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INAL0017.
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Comment concilier l’impératif d’assistance linguistique à toute personne ne parlant pas français et l’absence de ressources linguistiques standardisées pour traduire des combinaisons de langues génétiquement et culturellement distantes~? C’est le problème posé par la traduction du hindi et de l’ourdou en France dans le contexte judiciaire. Le hindi et l’ourdou, langues sœurs parlées en Inde et au Pakistan, ont des liens distants avec le français. Les systèmes judiciaires dont elles sont le moyen d’expression proviennent de l’héritage colonial britannique qui repose sur la common law. Ce travail propose, à travers l’analyse d’un corpus de documents variés, de créer des ressources terminologiques et phraséologiques afin d’aider le traducteur-interprète à trouver des équivalences de traduction multilingues. Dans un premier temps, nous abordons les différences entre les systèmes judiciaires et le statut des langues de travail dans les trois pays. Nous étudions ensuite leurs procédures judiciaires et observons comment elles s’inscrivent dans des genres définis par un lexique et une phraséologie plus ou moins accessibles aux non spécialistes. Enfin, nous proposons une méthode d’extraction des termes et d’alignement par sous-corpus afin de faire ressortir les équivalences terminologiques ou traductionnelles du genre judiciaire entre ces langues. Ce travail, qui met en lumière les relations entre le texte, le contexte et les mots, fournit aux professionnels de la traduction et de l’interprétation des ressources attestées, adaptées au domaine de spécialité et contextualisées<br>Is it possible to reconcile the need for language assistance to all non-French speakers with the lack of standardized language resources for translating combinations of languages which are genetically and culturally remote? This is the issue raised by Hindi and Urdu translation in France, in the judicial context. Hindi and Urdu are sister languages spoken in India and Pakistan. They have remote links with French. The judicial systems in which they are used come from the British colonial heritage based upon common law. Through the analysis of a corpus of various documents, this work is aimed at producing terms and phraseological resources in order to assist the translator-interpreter in finding out translation equivalences between languages. First, we will explore the differences between the three countries’ judiciaries, as well as the status of the Hindi, Urdu and French languages. Then, we will study the judicial proceedings in all three countries and examine how they are embedded into text genres. We will see to what extent their lexicons and phraseologies are adapted for non-specialists. Eventually, we will propose a method for term extraction and sub-corpus alignment in order to stress term or translation equivalences between these languages in the judicial genre. This work, which sheds light on the relations between text, words and context, provides actual field-specific resources for judicial translation and interpretation professionals
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Husain, Razia A. "Urdu Resultive Constructions (A Comparative Analysis of Syntacto-Semantic and Pragmatic Properties of the Compound Verbs in Hindi-Urdu)." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ltt_etds/10.
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Among Urdu’s many verb+verb constructions, this thesis focuses on those constructions, which combine the stem of a main content verb with another inflected verb which is used in a semantically bleached sense. Prior work on these constructions has been focused on their structural make-up and syntactic behavior in various environments. While there is consensus among scholars (Butt 1995, Hook 1977, Carnikova 1989, Porizka 2000 et al.) that these stem+verb constructions encode aspectual information, to date no clear theory has been put forward to explain the nature of their aspectual contribution. In short, we do not have a clear idea why these constructions are used instead of simple verbs. This work is an attempt to understand the precise function of these constructions. I propose that simple verbs (henceforth SV) in Urdu deal only with the action of the verb whereas (regardless of the semantic information contributed by the second inflected verb,1) the stem+verb constructions essentially deal with the action of the verb as well as the state of affairs resulting from this action. The event represented by these constructions is essentially a telic event as defined by Comrie (1976), whose resultant state is highlighted from the use of these constructions. The attention of the listener is then shifted to the result of this telic event, whose salience in the discourse is responsible for various interpretations of the event; hence my term ‘resultive construction’ (henceforth RC). When these constructions are made using the four special verbs (rah ‘stay’, sak ‘can’, paa ‘manage’ and cuk ‘finish’), the product is not resultive. Each of these verbs behaves differently and is somewhere between a resultive and an auxiliary verb construction.
This work can be extended to other verb-verb construction in Urdu and other related and non-related languages as well. The analysis of the precise function of the RCs can also help in developing a model for them in various functional grammars. The proposed properties of RCs can be utilized in the semantic analysis of the Urdu quantifiers. This work should aid in identification and explanation of constructions in other languages, particularly those that are non-negatable under normal contexts.
[1] All second inflected verbs with the exception of four special verbs rah ‘stay’, sak ‘can’, paa ‘manage’ and cuk ‘finish’. These four special verbs are either auxiliaries or modals as identified in prior literature.
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Oliver, Desmond Mark. "Cultural appropriation in Messiaen's rhythmic language." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:54799b39-3185-4db8-9111-77a8b284b2e7.
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Bruhn (2008) and Griffiths (1978) have referred in passing to Messiaen's use of non-Western content as an appropriation, but a consideration of its potential moral and aesthetic failings within the scope of modern literature on artistic cultural appropriation is an underexplored topic. Messiaen's first encounter with India came during his student years, by way of a Sanskrit version of Saṅgītaratnākara (c. 1240 CE) written by the thirteenth-century Hindu musicologist Śārṅgadeva. I examine Messiaen's use of Indian deśītālas within a cultural appropriation context. Non-Western music provided a safe space for him to explore the familiar, and served as validation for previously held creative interests, prompting the expansion and development of rhythmic techniques from the unfamiliar. Chapter 1 examines the different forms of artistic cultural appropriation, drawing on the ideas of James O. Young and Conrad G. Brunk (2012) and Bruce H. Ziff and Pratima V. Rao (1997). I consider the impact of power dynamic inequality between 'insider' and 'outsider' cultures. I evaluate the relation between aesthetic errors and authenticity. Chapter 2 considers the internal and external factors and that prompted Messiaen to draw on non-Western rhythm. I examine Messiaen's appropriation of Indian rhythm in relation to Bloomian poetic misreading, and whether his appropriation of Indian rhythm reveals an authentic intention. Chapter 3 analyses Messiaen's interpretation of Śārṅgadeva's 120 deśītālas and its underlying Hindu symbolism. Chapter 4 contextualises Messiaen's Japanese poem Sept haïkaï (1962) in relation to other European Orientalist artworks of the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, and also in relation to Michael Sullivan's (1987: 209) three-tiered definitions of japonism.
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Quasnik, Vanessa. "A micro-typological study of Pashai varieties in Afghanistan." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-173541.
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The Hindu Kush region stretches from Afghanistan over Pakistan to North India and is home to what is commonly known as the Dardic languages. The Dardic langagues are a group of Indo-Aryan languages that have in isolation and under contact developed or retained features that can not be found in Indo-Aryan languages outside the region. In the ongoing project ”Language contact and relatedness in the Hindu Kush region” data on over 50 languages has been collected including nine varieties of northwest Indo-Aryan Pashai spoken in west Afghanistan. A cognate analysis and an analysis of phonological, morphological, syntactical and lexical features were conducted. The cognate analysis shows that the Pashai varieties build two clusters, a western group consisting of the three western Pashai varieties and an eastern group consisting of six eastern varieties. The structural analysis shows a more diverse picture with three potential clusters, a group of the two most western varieties, a northeastern group and a central group consisting of one western variety and two southeastern varieties. Some features found to be shared by languages in the region are also found in all Pashai varieties like a subject-object-verb order and postpositions.<br>Hindukushregionen sträcker sig från Afghanistan över Pakistan till norra Indien och hyser de vanligtvis så kallade dardiska språken. De dardiska språken tillhör de indo-ariska språken vilka i isolation och genom kontakt utvecklade eller bevarade drag som inte längre finns i indo-ariska språk utanför regionen. I det pågående projekt “Språkkontakt och språksläktskap i Hindukushregionen” samlades data från mer än 50 språk inklusive nio varietéer av det nordvästra indo-ariska språket Pashai som talas i västra Afghanistan. En kognatanalys och en analys av fonologiska, morfologiska, syntaktiska och lexikala drag genomfördes. Kognatanalysen visar att Pashai varieteterna formar kluster, en västragrupp av de tre västra varieteterna och en östra grupp av de sex östra varieteterna. Struktruanalysen visar en mer skiftande bild av tre potentiella kluster, en grupp av de två mest västra varieteterna, en nordöstra grupp och en centergrupp bestående av en västra varietet och två sydöstra varieteter. Några drag som anses vara delad av språken i regionen kan också konstateras i alla Pashaivarieteter som ensubjekt-objekt-verb följd och postpositioner.
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Zecchini, Laetitia. "Poétique de la relation et de la dissidence dans la poésie indienne contemporaine en anglais et en hindi." Paris 4, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA040204.
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Cette recherche est née du désir de combler le manque de visibilité de la poésie indienne contemporaine en France. Elle se présente comme un travail comparatif entre la poésie indienne de langue anglaise, à travers l’étude des oeuvres d’Arun Kolatkar (1932-2004) et de Keki Daruwalla (né en 1937), et la poésie indienne de langue hindi, à travers celle de Gajanan Madhav Muktibodh (1917-1964) et de Kedarnath Singh (né en 1934). Ces oeuvres illustrent le passage d’une poésie protestataire, ouvertement transitive, à une poésie qui s’écarte de son assujettissement à des idées et de la pression d’événements extérieurs. C’est par une « poétique de la relation », selon laquelle toute identité s’étend dans un rapport à l’altérité et à la diversité, que ces quatre poètes répondent à la fragmentation du champ politique, culturel et social, perçu en termes d’antagonismes et de ruptures au milieu du vingtième siècle en Inde. Cette recherche étudie la relation de la poésie au contexte d’énonciation dans laquelle elle s’inscrit. Celle-ci passe par une forme de dissidence vis-à-vis de l’autorité énonciative que la langue anglaise et la langue hindi représentent, vis-à-vis de l’autorité institutionnelle et vis-à-vis de certains discours idéologiques. Leurs textes sont intertextuels et dialogiques. Ils s’inspirent de l’héritage immédiat de la modernité et de tout un « sous-continent » oral, folklorique, syncrétique et hétérodoxe. Ils déjouent toute tentative d’appropriation exclusive de la langue, du sens, de la vérité, d’une identité ou d’un passé. Cette dissidence poétique est l’instrument d’une conversion du regard, de l’altération et de la pluralisation du réel. En restaurant la poétique, la poésie indienne contemporaine la restaure aussi comme politique<br>This research endeavours to make up for the lack of visibility and of academic attention given to contemporary Indian poetry in France. It is a comparative study between Indian poetry in English, focusing on the works of Arun Kolatkar (1932-2004) and Keki Daruwalla (born in 1937) and Indian poetry in Hindi, focusing on the works of Gagajan Madhav Muktibodh (1917-1964) and Kedarnath Singh (born in 1934). Their works illustrate the evolution of Indian poetry from a transitive protestpoetry, to a more indirect dissidence, which keeps away from ideology and from the pressure of outside events. These four poets respond to the dislocation and the fragmentation of the Indian cultural, political and social field in the middle of the twentieth century by giving shape to a « poetics of relation », to borrow a term from Edouard Glissant, which expresses the idea that without the other there is no language for the self. They claim a hybrid heritage, that of the immediate impact of modernity, but also that of a plural and often heterodox « non-literate sub-continent ». They challenge the purity and the closure of the monolithic text, by asserting overlapping, reflexive, dialogic identities and by creating an intertextual, multilingual fabric for their poetry. These plural belongings and plural identities subvert any kind of exclusive understanding of language, of meaning, of the sacred, of the past or of identity. The emphasis is on the conversion of the act of seeing, on revealing rather than on loudly demonstrating, and this poetic conversion is fundamentally political
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Stefan, Pajović. "ПОЕТСКА ТОПОНИМИЈА ШЕЈМУСА ХИНИЈА". Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Filozofski fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2017. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=104882&source=NDLTD&language=en.
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У дисертацији се путем теорије могућих књижевних светова анализирају имена места (топоними) у читавом поетском опусу ирског песника Шејмуса Хинија (1939–2013). Читањем Хинијеве поезије стиче се утисак да он дословно преноси топониме и догађаје који су се збили у њима, а који су пре свега засновани на његовом сећању или познавању стварног света. Овакав светоназор је у супротности са теоријом могућих књижевних светова коју је најбоље дефинисао Лубомир Долежел, тако да се у дисертацији истиче теорија хронотопа Михаила Бахтина путем које се решава ово питање. Образује се нови термин: хронотопоним, који представља део стварног света који постоји у иначе онтолошки другачијем свету фикције, односно хетерокосмосу. Након дефинисања онтолошке природе овог појма, у наредним потпоглављима проматрају се врсте хронотопонима, попут родног места или нестварних места. Други део дисертације посвећен је појединачној анализи преко две стотине имена места из песама Шејмуса Хинија кроз поглавља која представљају географске области. Најбројнији топоними су они у песниковој родној Ирској, од којих се нарочито истичу имена места из Хинијевог завичаја у округу Дери у Северној Ирској, као што су варош Белахи или оближњи Лох Неј. Након тога, анализирају се све песме у којима се помињу северноирски топоними, а касније и топоними у суседној Републици Ирској, укључујући ту и хронотопониме престонице Даблина, док је засебно поглавље посвећено језички јединственој области Гелтахта. Следи анализа топонима у Енглеској која је заснована на њиховој симболици, а потом се разматрају имена места земаља на северу Европе. Метафора севера је честа код Хинија и пре свега изражена кроз песме посвећене телима из мочваре у Данској, али алегорије Финске или Исланда нису ништа мање важне. Хини је је писао о земљама Западне Европе, пре свега о Француској, Немачкој и Шпанији, али и о средоземним земљама попут Италије и Грчке, истичући античку прошлост хронотопонима ових региона. Такође се анализирају словенске земље, од Пољске, преко Југославије до далеке Русије, јер је ирски песник имао пријатеље и књижевне узоре међу писцима словенског порекла. Нарочит акценат је стављен на песму „Знани свет“ која је посвећена Македонији, односно хронотопонимима Балкана. Преостала поглавља су посвећена симболици Сједињених Америчких Држава на чијим универзитетима је Хини био предавач, као иЈапану и двају највећих светских океана. У закључку дисертације се наводи да се Хини заиста служи стварним топонимима места и да је било оправдано допунити раније дефинисану теорију могућих књижевних светова термином хронотопонима који би објаснио овај феномен и допустио стварности да кроз имена места постоји у поезији и књижевним световима уопште.<br>U disertaciji se putem teorije mogućih književnih svetova analiziraju imena mesta (toponimi) u čitavom poetskom opusu irskog pesnika Šejmusa Hinija (1939–2013). Čitanjem Hinijeve poezije stiče se utisak da on doslovno prenosi toponime i događaje koji su se zbili u njima, a koji su pre svega zasnovani na njegovom sećanju ili poznavanju stvarnog sveta. Ovakav svetonazor je u suprotnosti sa teorijom mogućih književnih svetova koju je najbolje definisao Lubomir Doležel, tako da se u disertaciji ističe teorija hronotopa Mihaila Bahtina putem koje se rešava ovo pitanje. Obrazuje se novi termin: hronotoponim, koji predstavlja deo stvarnog sveta koji postoji u inače ontološki drugačijem svetu fikcije, odnosno heterokosmosu. Nakon definisanja ontološke prirode ovog pojma, u narednim potpoglavljima promatraju se vrste hronotoponima, poput rodnog mesta ili nestvarnih mesta. Drugi deo disertacije posvećen je pojedinačnoj analizi preko dve stotine imena mesta iz pesama Šejmusa Hinija kroz poglavlja koja predstavljaju geografske oblasti. Najbrojniji toponimi su oni u pesnikovoj rodnoj Irskoj, od kojih se naročito ističu imena mesta iz Hinijevog zavičaja u okrugu Deri u Severnoj Irskoj, kao što su varoš Belahi ili obližnji Loh Nej. Nakon toga, analiziraju se sve pesme u kojima se pominju severnoirski toponimi, a kasnije i toponimi u susednoj Republici Irskoj, uključujući tu i hronotoponime prestonice Dablina, dok je zasebno poglavlje posvećeno jezički jedinstvenoj oblasti Geltahta. Sledi analiza toponima u Engleskoj koja je zasnovana na njihovoj simbolici, a potom se razmatraju imena mesta zemalja na severu Evrope. Metafora severa je česta kod Hinija i pre svega izražena kroz pesme posvećene telima iz močvare u Danskoj, ali alegorije Finske ili Islanda nisu ništa manje važne. Hini je je pisao o zemljama Zapadne Evrope, pre svega o Francuskoj, Nemačkoj i Španiji, ali i o sredozemnim zemljama poput Italije i Grčke, ističući antičku prošlost hronotoponima ovih regiona. Takođe se analiziraju slovenske zemlje, od Poljske, preko Jugoslavije do daleke Rusije, jer je irski pesnik imao prijatelje i književne uzore među piscima slovenskog porekla. Naročit akcenat je stavljen na pesmu „Znani svet“ koja je posvećena Makedoniji, odnosno hronotoponimima Balkana. Preostala poglavlja su posvećena simbolici Sjedinjenih Američkih Država na čijim univerzitetima je Hini bio predavač, kao iJapanu i dvaju najvećih svetskih okeana. U zaključku disertacije se navodi da se Hini zaista služi stvarnim toponimima mesta i da je bilo opravdano dopuniti ranije definisanu teoriju mogućih književnih svetova terminom hronotoponima koji bi objasnio ovaj fenomen i dopustio stvarnosti da kroz imena mesta postoji u poeziji i književnim svetovima uopšte.
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Venetz, Jacqueline. "Lexico-Semantic Areality in the Greater Hindu Kush : An Areal-Typological Study on Numerals and Kinship Terms." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-170385.
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The Greater Hindu Kush designates a mountainous area extending from Afghanistan over Pakistan, Tajikistan and India to the westernmost parts of China. It is home to over 50 lan- guages from six different phyla; Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Nuristani, Turkic, Tibeto-Burman and the language isolate Burushaski. Due to its unique geographical setting, it is characterised by language contact and isolation, which lays the perfect ground for research on linguistic diversity, language convergence and genealogical relations. The present study relies on data from the entire region and attempts to identify structural similarities based on lexical items from core vocabulary, numerals and kinship terms. The study reexamines the genealogical affiliation through lexical similarity and investigates areal patterns of vergence, i.e. the branching out or mergence of these patterns. Results reconfirm the established classification of the languages and indicate a certain level of structural simi- larity across language families for some features such as numeral bases, numeral composition and the terms for ‘parents’ and ‘parents-in-law’, yet it also shows great diversity for other features such as ‘grandchildren’ and one’s siblings’ partner.<br>Language contact and relatedness in the Hindukush region (421-2014-631)
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Beitmen, Logan R. "Neuroscience and Hindu Aesthetics: A Critical Analysis of V.S. Ramachandran’s “Science of Art”." FIU Digital Commons, 2014. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1198.
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Neuroaesthetics is the study of the brain’s response to artistic stimuli. The neuroscientist V.S. Ramachandran contends that art is primarily “caricature” or “exaggeration.” Exaggerated forms hyperactivate neurons in viewers’ brains, which in turn produce specific, “universal” responses. Ramachandran identifies a precursor for his theory in the concept of rasa (literally “juice”) from classical Hindu aesthetics, which he associates with “exaggeration.” The canonical Sanskrit texts of Bharata Muni’s Natya Shastra and Abhinavagupta’s Abhinavabharati, however, do not support Ramachandran’s conclusions. They present audiences as dynamic co-creators, not passive recipients. I believe we could more accurately model the neurology of Hindu aesthetic experiences if we took indigenous rasa theory more seriously as qualitative data that could inform future research.
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Azevedo, Amandine d'. "Cinéma indien, mythes anciens, mythes modernes : résurgences, motifs esthétiques et mutations des mythes dans le film populaire hindi contemporain." Thesis, Paris 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA030126.
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Le cinéma populaire indien est à la fois un lieu de création de mythes filmiques puissants et un univers qui interagit avec un autre corpus, celui des mythes et des épopées classiques, plus particulièrement le Ramayana et le Mahabharata. Si ces derniers ont souvent été l’objet d’adaptations, surtout dans les premières décennies du cinéma indien, le cinéma contemporain compose des rapports complexes et singuliers vis-à-vis des héros et de leurs hauts faits. Les mythes traditionnels surgissent au détour d’un plan, à la manière d’une résurgence morale, narrative et/ou formelle, tout comme – dans un mouvement inverse – le cinéma cherche ces mêmes mythes pour consolider son imaginaire. Ce travail sur les relations entre mythe et cinéma croise le champ de la politique et de l’Histoire. Les mouvements pour l’Indépendance, la Partition, les tensions intercommunautaires s’insinuent dans le cinéma populaire. La présence des mythes dans les films peut devenir une fixation esthétique des traumatismes historico-politiques. La difficulté de représenter certains actes de violence fait qu’ils viennent parfois se positionner de manière déguisée dans les images, modifiant irrémédiablement la présence et le sens des références mythologiques. Les mythes ne disent ainsi pas tout le temps la même chose. Ces résurgences mythologiques, qui produisent des mutations et des formes hybrides entre les champs politique, historique, mythique et filmique, invitent par ailleurs à un décloisonnement dans l’analyse de la nature et des supports des images. Ainsi, des remarques sur la peinture s’invitent dans le cours de la recherche aussi naturellement que des œuvres d’art contemporain, des photographies ou l’art populaire du bazar. Un champ visuel indien, large et métissé, remet en scène constamment des combinaisons entre l’arrière-plan et l’avant-plan, entre la planéité et la profondeur de champ, entre l’ornementation d’un décor et son abandon. Le cinéma populaire, traversé par la mémoire des mythes et des formes, devient le creuset d’un renouveau esthétique<br>Indian popular cinema is both a place of filmic mythical creation and a universe interacting with previous bodies of work; the classical myths and epics, and especially the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Although the latter have often been adapted, especially in the early decades of Indian cinema, contemporary cinema builds complex and attitudes towards heroes and their achievements. Traditional myths appear in a shot, in the manner of a moral, narrative and/or formal resurgence. In an opposite movement, this cinema seeks those same myths to strengthen its imagination. Working on the relations between myth and cinema, one has to cross the political and historical field, for Independence movements, Partition and inter-community tensions pervade popular cinema. Myths in movies can become an aesthetic fixation of historical-political traumas. The challenge of some representation of violent acts explain that they sometimes hide themselves in images, irreversibly altering the presence and meaning of mythological references. Therefore, myths don't always tell the same story. Those mythological resurgences, producing mutations and hybrid forms between the political, historical, mythical and film-making fields, also invite a de-compartmentalisation when we analyse the nature of the images and the mediums that welcome them. Our study naturally convenes notes on painting, as well as contemporary art, photography or bazaar popular art. A broad and mixed Indian visual field constantly recombines background and foreground, flatness and depth of field and ornemented and neglected sets. Popular cinema, moved by the memory of myths and forms, becomes the breeding ground of an aesthetic revival
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Perder, Emil. "A Grammatical Description of Dameli." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-93888.
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This dissertation aims to provide a grammatical description of Dameli (ISO-639-3: dml), an Indo-Aryan language spoken by approximately 5 000 people in the Domel Valley in Chitral in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province in the North-West of Pakistan. Dameli is a left-branching SOV language with considerable morphological complexity, particularly in the verb, and a complicated system of argument marking. The phonology is relatively rich, with 31 consonant and 16 vowel phonemes. This is the first extensive study of this language. The analysis presented here is based on original data collected primarily between 2003-2008 in cooperation with speakers of the language in Peshawar and Chitral, including the Domel Valley. The core of the data consists of recorded texts and word lists, but questionnaires and paradigms of word forms have also been used. The main emphasis is on describing the features of the language as they appear in texts and other material, rather than on conforming them to any theory, but the analysis is informed by functional analysis and linguistic typology, hypotheses on diachronical developments and comparisons with neighbouring and related languages. The description is divided into sections describing phonology, morphology and syntax, with chapters on a range of individual subjects such as particular word classes and phrase types, phonological and syntactical phenomena. This is not intended to be an exhaustive reference grammar; some topics are only touched upon briefly while others are treated in more detail and suggestions for further research are given at various points throughout the work.
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Kaul, Sudha. "A comparative study of language use and its effect on communication interaction patterns in two groups of children with cerebral palsy (speaking and nonspeaking) from Hindu speaking families in Calcutta." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299212.
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This study examines the effect of language use on the communication interaction patterns of ten children with cerebral palsy from Hindi speaking families, five children using AAC and five children using speech as their primary mode of communication. Children in both groups were within a chronological age band of six to eleven years with their receptive language levels ranging from three to four + word level. The study was conducted over a nineteen month period. Data was collected at four phases by video recording interactions between the children and their facilitators. Two intervention strategies were applied. The first intervention was the reformatting of individual display boards to include vocabulary that was within the receptive repertoire of each AAC user. The second intervention was a facilitator workshop to suggest strategies that speaking communication partners might use to support and/or augment AAC users communicative and linguistic skills. A three tier model of data analysis (Light, in press) was found to be an effective way of examining the data. The diversity of data gave empirical evidence on the relationship between use of language and communication competence, and the efficacy of the interventions used. The results confirmed existing evidence in literature that social intentions and the functional needs of speakers affect communicative functions. In addition, data provided evidence that communicative context and communicative partners have a direct impact on the communicative interaction patterns of AAC users. Children in the study showed developmental trends that were similar to those of typically developing children. This has important implications for language learning theories in AAC and for classroom practice. The major outcome of the study is the empirical evidence showing that communicative competence in AAC users' is enhanced by access to opportunities for developing and using linguistic skills. This research study has added to the existing knowledge base on the communicative competence of children who use AAC by providing evidence from a different cultural (Indian) and linguistic (Hindi) setting.
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D'souza, Ryan A. "Representations of Indian Christians in Bollywood Movies." Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7772.
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This dissertation uses discursive formation as the methodological approach to examine representations of Indian Christians in eleven Bollywood movies released during the 2004-2014 decade. The decade witnessed the exit and eventual re-entry of the Hindu Right, and the citizenry during that period experienced centrist, liberal, and secular governance. Since the present of Indian Christianity is inextricable from a colonial past, and Bollywood emerges in response to colonialism, a postcolonial intervention in methodology and theory is undertaken. A postcolonial perspective illuminates the discourses that enable the formation of the postcolonial nation, i.e., the ways a nation imagines its culture, people, traditions, boundaries, and Others. There is a suggested relationship between the representations of Indian Christians in Bollywood movies and the decade of secular governance because the analysis is approached from the position that culture and media produce and re-produce each other. The representations of Christians in Bollywood movies are a product of contemporary and historical cultural, legal, political, and social discourses. This dissertation demonstrates that representations of Christians as hypersexual women and emasculated men within an emergent Hindu modernity discursively constructs India as a Hindu nation, and Christians as the westernized Other. The theoretical contributions pertain to belonging in the nation through homonationalism and hypersexualization; the relationship between democratic representations and media; the postcolonial ambivalent identity of the Bollywood industry because of way it represents Indian Christians in response to colonialism; and the Indian Christian community’s postcolonial identity as a way to make sense of their contemporary and historical identity.
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Johansson, Martinelle Cecilia. "Attityder till religiösa personbenämningar." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för nordiska språk, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-373970.
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I denna studie kombineras språkvetenskap och religionsvetenskap i syfte att undersöka studenters undermedvetna språkattityder till tre religiösa personbenämningar: muslim(er), hindu(er) och kristen(-na). Deltagarna består av studenter över hela Sverige och majoriteten har könsidentitet kvinna samt är i åldern 15-25 år. Deltagarnas språkattityder undersöks genom en enkätundersökning med ett matched guise-test och semantisk differential. Resultaten tyder på att personbenämningen kristen(-na) ger upphov till fler negativa konnotationer än framförallt muslim(er) men även hindu(er). Muslimer rankas exempelvis som mer hänsynsfulla och intelligenta än kristna. Hinduer rankas exempelvis som mjuka medan kristna exempelvis rankas som mer dumma än hinduer och muslimer samtidigt som de rankas som hänsynsfulla och sympatiska. Attityderna till dessa tre personbenämningar verkar med andra ord följa ett trestegsmönster där personbenämningen muslim(er) skapar flest positiva konnotationer, tätt följd av hindu(er) och sist personbenämningen kristen(-na) som skapar positiva och negativa konnotationer.
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Björkelid, Joakim. "“In the spirit of the constitution” : A study of Amit Shah’s rhetoric on immigration and Indian identity." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik och filologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-412756.
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The purpose of this paper is to analyse how India’s Minister of Home Affairs, Amit Shah, constructs the image of minorities and refugees in articles, speeches, and on social media platforms. The analysis is performed with the method of qualitative content analysis within a theoretical framework of propaganda put against the backdrop of Hindu nationalism. The main analysis is divided into four categories, based upon Jowett and O'Donnell’s model of analysing propaganda, going into the themes of: context surrounding the speech; communalism; values; and target audience. This paper argues that Amit Shah’s speech in the upper house of the parliament of India, is a part of a larger Hindu nationalist campaign concerning questions of Indian identity that dates back to, at least, the early 20th century.
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Dymén, David. "Dalit Literature and Experience A Journey towards Empathy : Character portrayals in short stories of Jayprakash Kardam and Ajay Navaria." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik och filologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-392447.
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During the last decades, a Hindi Dalit literary movement has emerged in North India. This essay is a study and comparison on character portrayals in short stories by two authors from this movement, Jayprakash Kardam and Ajay Navaria. The aim of this essay is to explore the implications of these portrayals considering these authors’ views on social change, their literary affiliations and a theoretical discussion on Dalit literature. The methodical basis for this study is a detailed character analysis of these short stories’ protagonists, antagonists and other relevant characters, supported by narrative- and conceptual analyses. This essay argues that the theoretical abstraction of Dalit consciousness [cetnā] has a mainstreaming effect on the Dalit experience [anubhūti] when it is portrayed in literature. These dynamics are visible in Kardam’s stories, in which his portrayals of the Dalit protagonist follow the conventional Dalit character template, a forthright and innocent archetype juxtaposed against an evil Brahmin. The pivoting moment in Kardam’s stories is when consciousness awakens in the Dalit protagonist and he joins the corporate resistance against a casteist society. In comparison, Navaria makes the individual the site for change in his stories—reflecting the Gandhian notion of hṛday parivartan (“change of heart”). Navaria foregrounds alternative perspectives to Dalit cetnā in his stories and seeks to understand his characters from a broader human experience. I further argue that Navaria’s stories are suggestive of an expansion of the binary discussion on anubhūti (“experience”) and sahānubhūti (“sympathy”) by the term samānubhūti (“empathy”) since Navaria, by his more complex, nuanced and personalised characterisation of both Dalits and Brahmins, provides a common ground that invites to reconciliation. This study concludes that while Kardam could be designated as a conventional Dalit author, Navaria should rather be situated in the boundaries between the Dalit and the mainstream Hindi literary field. It further concludes that more research is needed on theoretical concepts used in the Dalit literary discourse.<br><p>Kandidatuppsats i indologi</p>
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Shah, Ritesh. "SUFT-1, un système pour aider à comprendre les tweets spontanés multilingues et à commutation de code en langues étrangères : expérimentation et évaluation sur les tweets indiens et japonais." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAM062/document.
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Alors que Twitter évolue vers un outil omniprésent de diffusion de l'information, la compréhension des tweets en langues étrangères devient un problème important et difficile. En raison de la nature intrinsèquement à commutation de code, discrète et bruitée des tweets, la traduction automatique (MT) à l'état de l'art n'est pas une option viable (Farzindar & Inkpen, 2015). En effet, au moins pour le hindi et le japonais, nous observons que le pourcentage de tweets « compréhensibles » passe de 80% pour les locuteurs natifs à moins de 30% pour les lecteurs monolingues cible (anglais ou français) utilisant Google Translate. Notre hypothèse de départ est qu'il devrait être possible de créer des outils génériques, permettant aux étrangers de comprendre au moins 70% des « tweets locaux », en utilisant une interface polyvalente de « lecture active » (LA, AR en anglais) tout en déterminant simultanément le pourcentage de tweets compréhensibles en-dessous duquel un tel système serait jugé inutile par les utilisateurs prévus.Nous avons donc spécifié un « SUFT » (système d'aide à la compréhension des tweets étrangers) générique, et mis en œuvre SUFT-1, un système interactif à mise en page multiple basé sur la LA, et facilement configurable en ajoutant des dictionnaires, des modules morphologiques et des plugins de TA. Il est capable d'accéder à plusieurs dictionnaires pour chaque langue source et fournit une interface d'évaluation. Pour les évaluations, nous introduisons une mesure liée à la tâche induisant un coût négligeable, et une méthodologie visant à permettre une « évaluation continue sur des données ouvertes », par opposition aux mesures classiques basées sur des jeux de test liés à des ensembles d'apprentissage fermés. Nous proposons de combiner le taux de compréhensibilité et le temps de décision de compréhensibilité comme une mesure de qualité à deux volets, subjectif et objectif, et de vérifier expérimentalement qu'une présentation de type lecture active, basée sur un dictionnaire, peut effectivement aider à comprendre les tweets mieux que les systèmes de TA disponibles.En plus de rassembler diverses ressources lexicales, nous avons construit une grande ressource de "formes de mots" apparaissant dans les tweets indiens, avec leurs analyses morphologiques (à savoir 163221 formes de mots hindi dérivées de 68788 lemmes et 72312 formes de mots marathi dérivées de 6026 lemmes) pour créer un analyseur morphologique multilingue spécialisé pour les tweets, capable de gérer des tweets à commutation de code, de calculer des traits unifiés, et de présenter un tweet en lui attachant un graphe de LA à partir duquel des lecteurs étrangers peuvent extraire intuitivement une signification plausible, s'il y en a une<br>As Twitter evolves into a ubiquitous information dissemination tool, understanding tweets in foreign languages becomes an important and difficult problem. Because of the inherent code-mixed, disfluent and noisy nature of tweets, state-of-the-art Machine Translation (MT) is not a viable option (Farzindar & Inkpen, 2015). Indeed, at least for Hindi and Japanese, we observe that the percentage of "understandable" tweets falls from 80% for natives to below 30% for target (English or French) monolingual readers using Google Translate. Our starting hypothesis is that it should be possible to build generic tools, which would enable foreigners to make sense of at least 70% of “native tweets”, using a versatile “active reading” (AR) interface, while simultaneously determining the percentage of understandable tweets under which such a system would be deemed useless by intended users.We have thus specified a generic "SUFT" (System for Helping Understand Tweets), and implemented SUFT-1, an interactive multi-layout system based on AR, and easily configurable by adding dictionaries, morphological modules, and MT plugins. It is capable of accessing multiple dictionaries for each source language and provides an evaluation interface. For evaluations, we introduce a task-related measure inducing a negligible cost, and a methodology aimed at enabling a « continuous evaluation on open data », as opposed to classical measures based on test sets related to closed learning sets. We propose to combine understandability ratio and understandability decision time as a two-pronged quality measure, one subjective and the other objective, and experimentally ascertain that a dictionary-based active reading presentation can indeed help understand tweets better than available MT systems.In addition to gathering various lexical resources, we constructed a large resource of "word-forms" appearing in Indian tweets with their morphological analyses (viz. 163221 Hindi word-forms from 68788 lemmas and 72312 Marathi word-forms from 6026 lemmas) for creating a multilingual morphological analyzer specialized to tweets, which can handle code-mixed tweets, compute unified features, and present a tweet with an attached AR graph from which foreign readers can intuitively extract a plausible meaning, if any
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Pace, Colin Gaylon. "Reflections on Hindi and history." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/26223.
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In this paper, I consider historical periods, linguistic categories, and social theories in relation to Hindi in order to trace out the character and trajectory of the language. From sixteenth-century courtly contexts, to the adoption of the Devanagari script in the twentieth century by nationalists, Hindi has a polyvalent and yet specific history. I discuss these contexts in which social contact led to linguistic change and in which Hindi acquired many of the lexical, syntactical, and phonological characteristics by which it is recognized today. I conclude with a section that considers the motif of language and power, and I suggest that the production of knowledge and power in language use, offers both the means of distinction and expression or, in another sense, of hierarchy and communitas. A thread that runs throughout the paper is attention to the contexts in which language use enables elaboration and in which elaboration is eschewed in order to attain social unity. Pursuing a descriptive historical-linguistic project, I neither affirm nor deny the politics of such language use, but rather I indicate the ways in which actors and agents use Hindi to help articulate their agency.<br>text
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Rao, Chaitra. "Morphology in Word Recognition: Hindi and Urdu." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2010-05-7758.
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The present research examined whether morphology influences word recognition independently of form-level word properties. Prevailing views attribute cross-linguistic differences in morphological processing to variations in morphological structure and/or productivity. This study tested whether morphological processing is additionally influenced by the orthographic depth of written language, by comparing primed word naming among biliterate readers of Hindu and Urdu, languages written in distinct orthographies but sharing a common morphophonology. Results from five experiments supported the view that morphological processing in orthographically shallow (transparent) Hindi script diverged significantly from that in the deeper (opaque) Urdu orthography.
Specifically, morphological priming was differently affected in Hindi vs. Urdu by prim presentation conditions (Exps. 1-3): very briefly exposed (48ms), forward masked morphological primes facilitated word naming in Hindi but not in Urdu. Neither briefly presented, unmasked primes nor longer prime exposures (80ms/240ms) produced priming in Hindi, but Experiment 2 showed priming by unmasked Hindi primes at a 240 ms exposure. By contrast, Urdu exhibited morphological priming only for forward masked primes at the long exposure of 240ms. Thus, early-onset priming in Hindi resembled morpho-orthographic decomposition previously recorded in English, whereas Urdu evinced priming consistent with morpho-semantic effects documented across several languages.
Hemispheric asymmetry in morphological priming also diverged across Hindi and Urdu (Exps. 4 and 5); Hindi revealed a non-significant numerical trend for facilitation by morphological primes only in the right visual field (RVF), whereas reliable morphological priming in Urdu was limited to left visual field (LVF) presentation.Disparate patterns in morphological processing asymmetry were corroborated by differences in baseline visual field asymmetries in Hindi vs. Urdu word recognition- filler words elicited a consistent RVF advantage in Hindi, whereas in Urdu, one-syllable fillers, but not two- and three-syllable words revealed the RVF advantage. Taken together, the findings suggest that the variable of orthographic depth be integrated more explicitly into mainstream theoretical accounts of the mechanisms underlying morphological processing in word recognition. In addition, this study highlights the psycholinguistic potential of the languages Hindi and Urdu for advancing our understanding of the role of orthography as well as phonology in morphological processing.
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Rani, Asha. "Politics of linguistic identity and community formation : north India, 1900-1947 /." 2002. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3039050.
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Bajpai, Samiksha. "A Cognitive Analysis of the Compound Verb in Hindi." Thesis, 2018. http://eprints.nias.res.in/2129/.
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Compound verbs (CV) are single-headed two-verb constructions, in which the first constituent (V1) conveys semantic information and the second constituent (V2) is grammaticalized to add a nuanced meaning to the V1. Bol uThnA, for example, is a kind of bolnaa, speaking out suddenly, without thinking, and spontaneously. The V2 uThA is delexicalised of its regular semantic content of ‘rising, getting up’, yet retains some content that adds to the meaning of a regular V1. Bol bEThA, on the other hand, refers to an act of bolnA that is considered to be improper by the speaker himself as well as others. The V2 again is stripped of its regular semantics of ‘to sit down’ but adds something to the meaning of bolnA. Thus a variation in the V2 adds subtle, yet important nuances to the meaning of the CV.
In this dissertation I explore the CV construction in Hindi from a cognitive viewpoint and go on to experimentally verify the claims I make using psycholinguistic methods.
I situate CVs along Langacker’s symbolic assembly as a combination of open and closed class elements, and go on to discuss why existing models such as ‘Cognitive Blends’, ‘Figure and Ground’ etc. fall short of explaining CVs and why a new ‘Action and Articulator’ model is needed. I also discuss the embodied content of CVs and how it contributes to the meaning of the CV. I show experimentally, using psycholinguistic methods, that CVs are representative of a single eventuality, and cognitively compressed together into a single unit semantically to maximise efficiency and minimize computational costs during access and storage. CVs thus, are representative of single cognitive units of thought.
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Eilert, Rosemarie. "English in India : a study of native Hindi speakers in Delhi." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151748.
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