Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Hippocampe (anatomie) – Physiologie'
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Liautard, Camille. "Mécanismes physiopathologiques dans deux modèles murins d'épilepsie liée à la mutation des canaux sodiques 1. 1." Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE4080.
Full textDravet Syndrome (DS), a very severe pharmaco-resistant epilepsy of infancy, and Genetic Epilepsy with febrile Seizures Plus (GEFS+), presenting a moderate phenotype, are two epilepsies linked to an heterozygous mutation of SCN1A, the gene coding for voltage-dependent sodium channels 1. 1. To better understand the pathogenic mechanisms in these epilepsies, electrophysiological recordings in brain slices from two animal models with altered SCN1A were performed. Our data have shown a specific implication of the hippocampus in the generation of epileptic seizures in mice models of DS. This structure presents a hyperexcitability of the neuronal network due to an inhibitory transmission defect linked to the Nav1. 1 loss of function. In epileptogenic conditions, an activity specific to our model was identified. In GEFS+ mice models, the thalamo-cortical network, implied in the generation of absence seizures observed in patients, was studied. A spontaneous neuronal hyperexcitability in the circuit was detected. This hyperexcitability could be correlated to the specific alteration of the inhibitory neurons present in the different structures of the circuit. This alteration may be responsible for the inhibitory transmission dysfunction observed in the thalamo-cortical network. In conclusion, we have characterized the pathogenic mechanisms present in these neuronal networks. These mice models will be used in the future to develop new therapeutic strategies
Ledoux, Erwan. "Etude théorique de la dynamique des réseaux de neurones et application aux oscillations physiologiques de l'hippocampe." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066234.
Full textDaoudal, Gaël. "Plasticité bidirectionnelle de l'intégration synaptique dans la région CA1 de l'hippocampe." Aix-Marseille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX20655.
Full textDemont-Guignard, Sophie. "Interprétation des évènements inter critiques dans les signaux EEG intra cérébraux : apport des modèles détaillés de réseaux neuronaux." Rennes 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REN1S068.
Full textThis work deals with the analysis of particular electrophysiological events of intracerebral signals recorded in the pre-surgical evaluation of patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Our objective was to to explain specific mechanisms involved in the interictal transient events production (epileptic spikes). In order to meet this objective, we have developed a model, at the cellular level, of neuronal network including pyramidal cells and interneurons. This model was able to bridge between recorded signals with intracerebral electrodes and network activity, from the reconstruction of the local field potential (dipole theory). This work is focused on the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus, a structure often involved in temporal lobe epilepsy. At cellular level, a new pyramidal neuron model with two compartments was proposed and validated by comparison with real intracellular recordings, in normal and pathological conditions. At network level (including a large number of cells), the model was able to simulate events that closely resemble actual epileptic spikes
Djebaili, Myriam. "Etude des phénomènes de mort neuronale induits in-vivo et in-vitro après l'action de l'acide kai͏̈nique ou du N-méthyl-D-aspartate dans l'hippocampe de souris : implication des protéines p53, bax et caspase-3 dans les phénomènes de mort neuronale par apoptose." Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20088.
Full textGastrein, Philippe. "Courant H et rythmes 0 dans les structures corticales : un exemple du rôle des courants intrinsèques dans l'organisation temporelle de l'activité de réseau." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX20665.
Full textDer durch Hyperpolarisation aktivierte, kationische Einwärtsstrom (H-Strom) ist in die zeitliche Organisation neuronaler Aktivität involviert. Wir zeigen, dass der H-Strom die Synchronisation und die Regelmäßigkeit der Theta-Oszillationen im Hippocampus und im Neocortex in vitro verbessert. Er beeinflußt die Theta-Oszillationen durch die Vorgabe einer intrinsischen elektrischen Resonanz, desweiteren durch die Genauigkeit der Aktionspotentialausl ¨osung sowie durch die Kopplung zwischen den postsynaptischen Potentialen und der Aktionspotentialausl¨osung. Die Kinetik des H-Stromes wird durch cAMP moduliert. Wir zeigen, dass die Steigerung der synaptischen Aktivität eine Steigerung der intrazellulären cAMP-Konzentration verursacht, welche die oszillierende Netzwerkaktivität regulieren könnte. Diese Ergebnisse veranschaulichen die Schlüsselrolle eines intrinsischen Stromes wie der IH in der zeitlichen Organisation einer Netzwerkaktivität von Nervenzellen wie die kortikale Theta-Oszillationen. Unsere Studium läßt uns vorschlagen, dass die Modulation der kinetischen Eigenschaften des H-Stromes hierbei wie ein Frequenzstimmer wirken
The hyperpolarisation-activated current (h-current) is involved in the temporal organisation of neuronal activity. We show that h-current enhances synchronisation and regularity of theta oscillations in the hippocampus and in the neocortex in vitro. It locks theta oscillations via intrinsic resonance and enhanced temporal spiking fidelity. Kinetics of h-current is modulated by cAMP. We show that increased synaptic activity evokes an increase in intracellular cAMP concentration which could regulate network activity oscillations. These results illustrate the key role of an intrinsic current in the temporal organisation of neuronal network activity. The modulation of h-current kinetics can act as a frequency tuner
Lucas, Morgan. "Sustrats neuronaux des mémoires émotionnelles associées au sevrage des opiacés : analyse des réseaux de l'amygdale et des structures associées." Bordeaux 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR21470.
Full textIn opiate addiction, a withdrawal syndrome emerges when stopping drug consumption, and the aversive properties of the withdrawal state can be conditioned to the environment. Indeed, environmental stimuli associated with drug taking or withdrawal are known to influence addictive behaviours, via associative learning and long term memory processes. The processes involved neural networks that must be characterized to better understand the persistence of this pathology. Our work intended to analyze, by using anatomo-functional approaches, the neuronal processes underlying opiate withdrawal conditioning within amygdala nuclei and associated stuctures. For this, we used a conditioned place aversion model induced by opiate withdrawal in morphine-dependent rats that allowed the study of withdrawal aversive state memory by reexposure to the conditioned environment, in both dependent and abstinent rats. During morphine withdrawal conditioning, our data reveal neuronal plasticity processes in the amygdala nuclei which could underlie withdrawal memory formation, but also the retrieval of this memory in dependent rats during reexposure to the conditioned stimuli. We also show a dopaminergic activation in such processes, although it seems not necessary in the amygdala for withdrawal memory formation. Finally, the retrieval aversive memories in abstinent ats involves neuronal networks partly different from those in dependent rats. This suggests an anatomo-functional reorganization of the networks underlying the retrieval memories associated with morphine withdrawal depending on the dependance state
Renaudineau, Sophie. "Flexibilité fonctionnelle des cellules de lieu et mémoire spatiale : étude des mécanismes d’adaptation et des aspects moléculaires." Aix-Marseille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX11084.
Full textThe objective of this work was to study two hippocampal aspects of the flexibility of the hippocampal place cell system and its contribution to spatial memory: the adaptative response to environmental change and the molecular determinants of synaptic plasticity. In a first study, we investigated the ability of place cells to maintain a stable spatial representation following various manipulations of environmental cues. In particular, we asked how place fields could be controlled by a configuration of a distal and proximal set of cues. To do this, a conflict was produced by rotating the two kinds of cues in opposite direction. The results show a reorganization of the representation (remapping) in a majority of cells suggesting a control by the whole cue configuration. Less often, cells were controlled by proximal cues only, and yet more rarely, by distal cues only. Furthermore, additional tests involving removal of a specific set of cues revealed a competition between pattern completion and pattern separation processes. In a second set of study, we examined the impact of zif268 on short term and long term spatial memory. Zif268 is an immediate early gene of the Egr family, that plays a crucial role in late LTP and in long term memory. First, we tested the hypothesis that place cell long term spatial memory would require activation of Zif268 gene, by recording CA1 place cells in mice lacking the Zif268 gene. Zif268 gene deletion did not prevent formation of the representation of a novel environment and did not affect its stability after a short delay (1 h). Stability of the representation of the novel environment was affected after a long delay (24 h). The results suggest that Zif268 gene is a critical element for expression of long term memory in hippocampal place cells and support the notion that place cell activity requires LTP-like mechanisms to maintain spatial representation. Thus, the absence of Zif268 prevents the normal consolidation process. Second, using an object exploration task, we showed that zif268 mutant mice displayed a deficit in detecting spatial novelty after reactivation of the initial context. This suggests a role of zif268 in re-consolidation processes. Together, these results suggest that zif268 is as a key element of a universal molecular pathway responsible for long term memory formation
Fiorentino, Hervé. "Rôle de l'activité synaptique dans la maturation fonctionnelle des synapses gabaergiques de l'hippocampe en développement." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2009AIX22071.pdf.
Full textNeuronal activity is required for the correct development of neuronal networks. In the hippocampus, most of the developmental activity exists as bursts of synchronous activity known as GDPs (Giant Depolarizing Potentials), whose function remains to be determined. I present in my thesis two distinct mechanisms that establish a link between activity and synaptic maturation. I first show that endogenous activation of GABAB receptors during GDPs induces a BDNF (Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor) release that is necessary for the development of a population of GABAergic synapses. Next, I show that spontaneous glutamatergic activity plays a role in the plasticity of GABAergic synapses, whose induction also required BDNF release; GDPs are not involved in this phenomenon though. Thus, both mechanisms are complementary aspects of the functional synaptic maturation in the developing hippocampus
Koenig, Julie. "Implication des récepteurs 5-HT1A du septum médian dans la mémoire spatiale chez le rat." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2007/KOENIG_Julie_2007.pdf.
Full textThis thesis aims at characterizing the implication of 5-HT1A receptors of the medial septum in spatial memory in the Rat. We investigated the effects of an intraseptal infusion of 8-OH-DPAT, a mixed 5HT1A and 5-HT7 receptors agonist, on reference memory performances in the Morris Water Maze. The 8-OH-DPAT-induced deficits in this test cannot be explained by a perturbation of anxiety, locomotor activity, sensorimotor or motivational abilities. However, our results show that 8-OH-DPAT impairs declarative-like information encoding or consolidation within a given postacquisition time window. Moreover, 8-OH-DPAT-induced deficits involve activation of 5-HT1A receptors but not of 5-HT7 receptors by a mechanism to which cholinergic neurons of the medial septum are not essential
Campanac, Emilie. "Plasticité intrinsèque des neurones de la région CA1 de l'hippocampe de rat." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX20656.
Full textIn parallel to synaptic activity, neuronal activity induces modifications in intrinsic excitability (IE) of neurons and so properties of integration. In CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons, changes in synaptic transmission and integration follow the same common learning rule. One of the mechanisms accountable to this plasticity of integration involves voltage-gated ions channels. We have demonstrated the role of the Ih current in the potentiation of integration associated to LTP. An increase in IE is also observed in some GABAergic interneurons after HFS, allowing the maintenance of the excitation/inhibition balance. Our results show that in addition to modification of synaptic efficacy, changes of the neurons IE participate to long-lasting storage processes and probably maintain neuronal activity in a physiological range
Pouille, Frédéric. "Circuits inhibiteurs élémentaires de l'hippocampe." Strasbourg 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR13106.
Full textElementary inhibitory circuits of the hippocampus: Feed-forward inhibitory (FFi) circuits and recurrent inhibitory (RECi) circuits are among the simplest connectivity pattern ubiquitously found in the central nervous system. In FFi circuits, excitatory projecting neurons provide inhibition to their target. In RECi circuits, excitatory projecting neurons provide inhibition to themselves. These circuits are disynaptic because inhibition is mediated by intercalating an inhibitory interneuron (IN) between the projecting neuron and its targets/themselves. The function of these circuits has been initially addressed in the spinal chord. Their purpose in cortical areas remains poorly understood. We studied FFi and RECi circuits in vitro, using rat hippocampal slices. We used patch-clamp techniques to record from pyramidal cells (PCs) and INs. In the hippocampus PCs project to several morphological classes of GABAergic INs, some of which project back to PCs, suggesting their involvement in RECi while other project to the targets of the PCs, suggesting their involvement in FFi. Through simultaneous somatic and dendritic recordings from PCs, we show that FFi is much stronger in the soma than in the dendrites. Furthermore we demonstrate that the sub-cellular partitioning of FFi is necessary for precise coincidence detection in the soma, while allowing dendrites to sum incoming activity over broader time windows. In contrast to FFi that appears to be confined to the somatic or peri-somatic compartment of PCs, we found that RECi can shift along the somato-dendritic axis depending on the spiking frequency of PCs. At low frequencies RECi is confined to the compartments that are proximal to the soma while at higher frequencies RECi shifts to more distal dendritic compartments. This is due to the selective, frequency-dependent recruitment of distinct GABAergic INs projecting to either proximal or distal compartments of PCs
Machado, Marie-Laure. "Influence du système vestibulaire dans la stratégie et les performances de mémoire spatiale dans deux modèles rongeurs vestibulo-déficients." Caen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CAEN3166.
Full textThe vestibular system is the sensory organ of balance. It is able to encode head movements, body acceleration and gravity. The function of the vestibular system allows it to play a major role in the perception of verticality, navigation, spatial orientation, and spatial memory. We have shown that the loss of vestibular information selectively decreased spatial memory performance regardless of the disturbances related to the vestibular syndrome. We have shown in a KO mouse model devoid of otoconia that the otolithic system appears to play a role in spatial memory. We have also shown that vestibular-deficient rats adopted a change in striato-dependent procedural memory strategy. NMDA receptors are increased in the hippocampus after vestibular lesion which suggests that the hippocampus may be compensating for the loss of vestibular signals. Through both behavioral and neurobiological approaches we have highlighted the crucial role of the vestibular system in hippocampal-dependent spatial memory. We are currently working on the role of the otolithic system in the motor development of KO mice
Bétourné, Alexandre. "Etude pharmacologique de la synapse Fibres Moussues / CA3 : rôles de la dynorphine, du zinc et des canaux KATP KIR6.2/SUR1 dans la mémoire contextuelle chez la souris." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/419/.
Full textThis work analyses the putative involvement of several actors of the mossy fibers/CA3 synapse in the processing of contextual memory in mice. The CA3 of hippocampus forms a structured autoassociative network thought to process complex learning and episodic-like memories. Mossy fibers (MF), the main excitatory projections from dentate gyrus granule cells to the CA3, are essential for driving the storage of informations. MF terminals contain high amounts of vesicular zinc co-released with glutamate. Zn2+ has been shown to play the role of an atypical neurotransmitter in the hippocampus and might be required for the processing of memory at MF/CA3 synapses. 1- The hippocampus contains high amounts of Dynorphin, an opioid peptide co-released with glutamate from mossy fiber synapses. We performed transient pharmacological modulation of MF presynaptic Kappa opioid receptors (KOR) using bilateral microinjections in the CA3. Single injections of a selective agonist, antagonist or both, were performed immediately after conditioning C57BL/6J mice in a fear conditioning paradigm (FC). The agonist specifically decreased context-induced response suggesting that CA3-KOR are involved in the early consolidation of contextual memory processing. Importantly, among many other targets, KOR are sensitive to zinc modulation. 2- Previous works in our laboratory have shown the involvement of zinc released by MF in contextual memory (Daumas et al. , 2004). In order to improve our knowledge on the role played by MF-Zn2+ in memory, we injected specific naked siRNAs targeting the ZnT3 transporter, a protein internalizing zinc in MF synaptic vesicles. Repeated injections of different siRNAs either in the dentate gyrus or in the lateral ventricles were nearly without effects on mice behaviour in the FC and failed to alter hippocampal zinc levels. Meanwhile, we adapted the well known electropulsation technique in order to introduce nucleic acids in restricted brain areas of adult mice under brief anaesthesia. We will apply this technique for the delivery of anti-ZnT3 siRNAs in future experiments. 3- Finally, we evaluated the involvement of hippocampal ATP-sensitive potassium Kir6. 2/SUR1 channels (KATP) in learning and memory. .
Epsztein, Jérôme. "Rôle des récepteurs kainate dans la transmission synaptique : une étude dans l'hippocampe de rat contrôle et dans un modèle animal d'épilepsie du lobe temporal." Aix-Marseille 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX11057.
Full textGoutierre, Marie. "Contribution of the potassium / chloride cotransporter KCC2 to hippocampal rhythmopathy." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS600.
Full textIn the CNS, synaptic release of GABA neurotransmitter is mainly responsible for fast inhibitory transmission. This is mediated by chloride flow through GABAARs. Hence, tight control of chloride homeostasis is critical for maintenance of the efficacy of GABAergic transmission. In mature neurons, this is primarily achieved by the activity of the potassium – chloride transporter KCC2 which extrudes chloride from the cells. Expression of KCC2 is compromised in numerous neurological disorders including epilepsy, Rett syndrome or neuropathic pain. Subsequent alterations of GABAergic signaling through accumulation of intraneuronal chloride are thought to underlie many of the pathological symptoms observed in these conditions. However, KCC2 is also highly expressed in the vicinity of glutamatergic synapses where it plays a major role in controling the efficacy of glutamatergic transmission and gates long-term potentiation of excitatory synapses. Remarkably, these functions did not depend on chloride transport but rather on KCC2 interaction with several protein partners. Hence, KCC2 can be classified as a moonlightning protein with multiple functions at excitatory and inhibitory synapses. This complicates predictions of the overall effect of its suppression on a neuronal network. During my PhD, I characterized the effects of KCC2 downregulation in dentate granule cells at the cellular, synaptic and network levels. Unexpectedly, lack of KCC2 did not impact steady-state GABAergic transmission. In contrast, my work shed light on a novel critical role of KCC2 in controling neuronal excitability through its interaction with the leak-potassium channel Task-3. This in turn alters hippocampal rhythmogenesis. My results thus described a novel mechanism through which KCC2 influence neuronal activity indepently of its transport function. They predict that deficits associated with KCC2 downregulation may be at least partly explained by regulation of cell excitability and point to Task-3 as a new potential therapeutic target in the treatment of these pathologies
Khalaf-Nazzal, Reham. "Caractérisation ultrastructurale, morphologique, et moléculaire des cellules hétérotopiques dans un modèle d'épilepsie hippocampique, chez les souris inactivées pour le gène Dcx." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00831664.
Full textBouhsira, Emilie Sautet Jean. "Interaction Zinc-Glutamate dans l'hippocampe dorsal de la souris." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/1805/1/debouch_1805.pdf.
Full textBenmaamar, Ramla. "Role of neuropeptide Y and its receptors in the development of epileptogenesis in mice and rats." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR13007.
Full textGiovannini, Francesco. "Modélisation mathématique pour l'étude des oscillations neuronales dans des réseaux de mémoire hippocampiques pendant l'éveil et sous anesthésie générale." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0182/document.
Full textMemory is commonly defined as the ability to encode, store, and recall information we perceived. As we experience the world, we sense stimuli, we witness events, we ascertain facts, we study concepts, and we acquire skills. Although memory is an innate and familiar human behaviour, the interior workings of the brain which provide us with such faculties are far from being fully unravelled. Experimental studies have shown that during memory tasks, certain brain structures exhibit synchronous activity which is thought to be correlated with the short-term maintenance of salient stimuli. The objective of this thesis is to use biologically-inspired mathematical modelling and simulations of neural activity to shed some light on the mechanisms enabling the emergence of these memory-related synchronous oscillations. We focus in particular on hippocampal mnemonic activity during the awake state, and the amnesia and paradoxical memory consolidation occurring under general anaesthesia. We begin by introducing a detailed model of a type of persistent-firing pyramidal neuron commonly found in the CA3 and CA1 areas of the hippocampus. Stimulated with a brief transient current pulse, the neuron displays persistent activity maintained solely by cholinergic calcium-activated non-specific (CAN) receptors, and outlasting the stimulus for long delay periods (> 30s). Our model neuron and its parameters are derived from experimental in-vitro recordings of persistent firing hippocampal neurons carried out by our collaborators Beate Knauer and Motoharu Yoshida at the Ruhr University in Bochum, Germany. Subsequently, we turn our attention to the dynamics of a population of such interconnected pyramidal-CAN neurons. We hypothesise that networks of persistent firing neurons could provide the neural mechanism for the maintenance of memory-related hippocampal oscillations. The firing patterns elicited by this network are in accord with both experimental recordings and modelling studies. In addition, the network displays self-sustained oscillatory activity in the theta frequency. When connecting the pyramidal-CAN network to fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons, the dynamics of the model reveal that feedback inhibition improves the robustness of fast theta oscillations, by tightening the synchronisation of the pyramidal CAN neurons. We demonstrate that, in the model, the frequency and spectral power of the oscillations are modulated solely by the cholinergic mechanisms mediating the intrinsic persistent firing, allowing for a wide range of oscillation rates within the theta band. This is a biologically plausible mechanism for the maintenance of synchronous theta oscillations in the hippocampus which aims at extending the traditional models of septum-driven hippocampal rhythmic activity. In addition, we study the disruptive effects of general anaesthesia on hippocampal gamma-frequency oscillations. We present an in-depth study of the action of anaesthesia on neural oscillations by introducing a new computational model which takes into account the four main effects of the anaesthetic agent propofol GABAergic hippocampal interneurons. Our results indicate that propofol-mediated tonic inhibition contributes to enhancing network synchronisation in a network of hippocampal interneurons. This enhanced synchronisation could provide a possible mechanism supporting the occurrence of intraoperative awareness, explicit memory formation, and even paradoxical excitation under general anaesthesia, by facilitating the communication between brain structures which should supposedly be not allowed to do so when anaesthetised. In conclusion, the findings described within this thesis provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying mnemonic neural activity, both during wake and anaesthesia, opening compelling avenues for future work on clinical applications tackling neurodegenerative memory diseases, and anaesthesia monitoring
Gouny, Claire. "Propriétés morpho-fonctionnelles des neurones GABAergiques générés tôt dans la région CA1 de l'hippocampe adulte et en développement." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0378/document.
Full textThe remarkable diversity of cortical GABAergic neurons is rooted, at least in part, in their embryonic origins. Adding to the spatial control of interneuron specification is a temporal schedule that has significant impact on their fate. In the CA3 region of the hippocampus, GABAergic cells born the earliest (ebGABA) form a sparse subpopulation acting as ‘hubs’ during development and surviving until adulthood. However, their properties and function in adulthood remain elusive. Using a combination of techniques, we demonstrate that ebGABA neurons also operate as “hubs” in the developing CA1 region in vitro and that they seem to maintain such remarkable functional connectivity into adulthood as observed during quiet rest in vivo. EbGABA display a lower spontaneous activity rate, as expected from their lower intrinsic excitability and are preferentially recruited during the synchronous calcium events previously shown to be associated with SWRs. EbGABA also display a remarkable synaptic connectivity scheme as they receive long-range GABAergic septal inputs but are almost excluded from thalamic afferents. Locally, they receive fewer spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents, indicating a particular integration into local GABAergic circuits. Moreover, using combinatorial immunohistochemistry, we have shown that a majority of these ebGABA neurons are long-range projection GABAergic neurons. We conclude that, ebGABA cells are predetermined to become exceptional nodes in the functional and structural organization of the hippocampus, throughout their lifetime
Janác̆ková, Son̆a. "Functional maturation of postnatal hippocampus in rodents : electrophysiological approach." Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05T050.
Full textNeuronal networks spontaneously generate “immature” patterns of activity during development, which are thought to participate on the formation of neural circuits. Local neocortical as well as hippocampal circuits generate synchronised neuronal discharges providing support for Hebbian plasticity. Studies of sensory systems showed that local pauci-neuronal circuits were able to generate synchronous activity while isolated from other brain structures. Isolated spinal cord produces bursts evoking muscle twitching, light insensitive retina generates waves of activity, as well as other brain regions generate synchronous activities before fulfilling the function for which they are intended. Similarly, the hippocampus of newborn rat or premature primate in vitro, as well as immature neocortex in vitro, generates synchronised neuronal activity called giant depolarising potentials (GDPs). Based solely on these studies and taking into account the delayed maturation of certain long-distance neuronal projections, it would be tempting to conclude that the immature brain functions as a set of small functional modules that self-maintain their intrinsic activity before connecting together to create a functional adult brain. However, some long-distance connections are formed very early during development and allow the propagation of oscillations between immature connected structures. Indeed, retinal waves propagate to the lateral geniculate nucleus and then to the visual cortex, hippocampal GDPs propagate to the contralateral hippocampus, septum and entorhinal cortex, and finally, twitching, creating a sensory feedback, triggers immature gamma oscillations and spindle bursts in the thalamo-cortical network. A similar functioning is described in the premature newborn. It therefore seems more likely that the brain is, during the early stages of development, organised into functional subsystems interconnected anatomically and functionally. Within functional units are generated immature patterns of synchronous activity to create topographically organised connections that serve as anatomical basis of the final function. If these developmental stages are disturbed during critical periods, the system cannot perform its function adequately in mature stage. The mature hippocampus, or more precisely the cortico-hippocampal circuits, plays a key role in declarative memory, spatial organisation and behavioural inhibition. The establishment of these functions is progressive during development. For example, human adults rarely have personal memories dating before the age of three years. However, we now know that the human baby is able to keep memories in declarative memory (hippocampus-dependent) during the first year of life with increasing efficiency, but will not remember them in the adulthood. We do not know if the encoding of the memories is different or a secondary process inhibits the access to the early memories. We can assume that changes in electrophysiological activity during development support modification of these functions. In this thesis, we wanted to know how and from when the hippocampus, which receives convergent information from many cortical areas, acquires his adult mode of functioning. To answer this question we studied the entorhinal cortex-hippocampus system, entorhinal cortex being the main excitatory input to the hippocampus and receiving afferents from many parts of the neocortex. We were able to distinguish several periods in the development of the immature hippocampus: Period from P1 till P12 characterised by the sole presence of immature sharp waves triggered by the entorhinal cortex. Period from P13, when two types of sharp waves coexisted: the immature sharp waves and sharp waves as described in the adult animals newly emerged. The mature sharp waves, unlike the immature, can be accompanied by ripples. (...)
Daumas, Stéphanie. "Analyse pharmacologique du rôle de l'hippocampe dorsal dans le traitement de la mémoire contextuelle : du rôle des afférences sensorielles aux neuromodulateurs des fibres moussues." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30239.
Full textThe thesis focuses on the role played by the autoassociative CA3 network in contextual memory processing in C57Bl/6J mice. The hippocampal CA3 area shows a particular architecture which define it as an autoassociative network where multimodal sensory information could be processed and autoassociative memory formed. These associative capacity of the CA3 area is supposed to be necessary for contextual memory processing. By using a pharmacological approach, allowing reversible inactivations, we demonstrated the prominent roles played by the (1) CA3 subregion, (2) its inputs and two special neuromodulators present in this network, (3) dynorphin and (4) free zinc in the acquisition, consolidation and retrieval phases of a contextual memory. In conclusion, we can argue for a major role played by the CA3 network, and in particular the mossy fiber pathway, in the acquisition and consolidation phases of relational memory processing
Colavita, Michelangelo. "Dynamics of hippocampal networks revealed by voltage sensitive dye imaging." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0424.
Full textIn order to better understand brain functioning we need to investigate all the structural domains present in it, from single cell to interconnected entire brain regions. However, while our knowledge in terms of single/few cells functioning is vast, very little is known about neuronal networks, which are interacting collections of neurons functionally related to the same task. Moreover, the balanced and concerted activity of excitatory and inhibitory networks plays a key role for proper cortical computations. However, while exist several tools to record excitatory networks activity, this is not the case for inhibitory networks. Voltage sensitive dye imaging (VSDI) is a technique that allows the recording of neuronal activity by mean of proportional emission of fluorescence according to changes in membrane potential. The advantage of using VSDI over other recording techniques using electrodes is that VSDI allows not invasive recording of neuronal activity from hundreds of sites at the same time. During my doctoral course I aimed at studying in detail excitatory and inhibitory neuronal networks in the CA1 area of mouse hippocampus with VSDI. To study excitatory networks more comprehensively, in collaboration with a team of mathematicians, we developed a mathematical algorithm that allowed measuring the velocity and the direction of spreading of the VSDI signal and it represents a new method to determine an optical flow. After successful validation of the algorithm with surrogate data to test its accuracy, we analysed two set of experiments in which network excitatory activity has been manipulated either by increasing Schaffer’s collaterals stimulation intensity or by blocking GABAergic transmission with the GABAA receptor antagonist picrotoxin in order to increase the depolarization in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. The results of these manipulations significantly decreased signal velocity whereas picrotoxin application significantly modified the direction of spreading, making the depolarization-mediated VSDI signal less dispersed compared to control. Using VSDI I was able to fully characterize GABAA receptor-mediated hyperpolarizing signals in all the CA1 sublayers (field IPSPs), thus providing a new way of monitoring inhibitory events at network level. Moreover, I found that the activation of mGluR5 receptors induced an increase in a long-lasting manner of the VSDI-recorded field IPSPs, with duration and magnitude that relied on the specific CA1 sublayer considered. Overall, my work shows new methodologies and new findings that may represent a step forward in the quest for a better understanding of neuronal networks, both excitatory as well as inhibitory, which hopefully can contribute to reduce the gap of knowledge between single cell activity and behaviour
Dubanet, Olivier. "Dynamique des interactions entre excitation et inhibition périsomatique dans le circuit hippocampique normal et épileptique in vivo." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0259.
Full textThe hippocampus is a key structure for learning and memory. The function of this neuronal circuit is based on complex interactions between excitatory glutamatergic pyramidal cells and various types of inhibitory GABAergic interneurons. The precise roles fullfiled by interneuron subtypes is still unclear because it is challenging to study in vivo the inhibitory function of specific interneurons. Alterations of the synaptic interactions between pyramidal cells and interneurons in the hippocampus also underlie neurological pathologies such as epilepsy, neurodevelopmental diseases such as autism, or neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Among the different types of interneurons, those that express parvalbumin (PV) and project to pyramidal cell bodies (perisomatic inhibition) are particularly efficient in blocking action potential generation in their target cells. PV interneurons therefore play a central role in neuronal coding (by controlling which cell can fire or not) but also in the balance between global excitation and inhibition within the circuit, prevention runaway excitation between interconnected pyramidal cells and the generation of epileptic seizure. Functional perisomatic inhibition directly depends on Cl- electrochemical gradient, or the interaction between membrane potential and Cl- distribution across the membrane of the target neuron. However, these parameters change continuously during neuronal activity, and it has been shown that the Cl- gradient can be reversed, resulting in paradoxically excitatory GABAergic transmission. This phenomenon, which contributes to the physiological maturation of neuronal circuits during early development, is also considered as a major source of neuronal circuit dysfunction in various pathologies such as epilepsy, autism or schizophrenia. This field of research is therefore clinically relevant, and the research for drugs restoring a physiological Cl- gradient is very active. However, a direct assessment of the excitatory GABA hypothesis has been hindered by the technical difficulty of probing endogenous GABAergic synaptic function in vivo, and contradictory data in the literature call for a direct evaluation. During my PhD, using electrophysiological, opto- and pharmaco-genetic techniques, I have contributed to develop a new and sophisticated methodological approach to evaluate the perisomatic GABAergic transmission in the hippocampus, respecting the complexity of spontaneous neuronal activity dynamics in vivo. I have studied the functional role of perisomatic inhibition from PV interneurons in the adult hippocampal circuit, in physiological conditions and in two models of epileptic mice in which I was able to detect an excitatory GABAergic transmission in vivo. However, excitatory GABA was unlikely to participate in epileptogenesis because it was expressed only during the period of post-ictal silence after acute seizures, or in a potentially negligible minority of pyramidal cells one week post-status epilepticus during the latent period that precedes the emergence of chronic epilepsy, a stage during which I also demonstrated that the majority of CA3 pyramidal neurons were no longer under perisomatic inhibitory control. In addition to contribute to a better understanding of epileptogenesis, this approach constitutes an invaluable tool to quantify the actual in vivo efficacy of drugs designed to modulate Cl- homeostasis and restore physiological GABAergic inhibition, thereby meeting high clinical and therapeutical expectations
Trébuchon-Da, Fonseca Agnès. "Organisation anatomo-fonctionnelle du langage dans l'épilepsie temporale." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20661.
Full textDrieu, Céline. "Neurophysiological bases of memory formation and consolidation : contents and dynamics of hippocampal cell assembly sequences in rats." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066486.
Full textIn the late 50's, the first descriptions of anterograde amnesia in patient H.M. have highlighted the crucial role of the hippocampus in memory. These seminal works have been extended with brain electrophysiological recordings in freely moving rats, with the striking discovery that hippocampal neurons code for the location of the animal in the environment (‘place cells'). When a rat runs through a trajectory, it successively crosses multiple ‘place fields', and the corresponding place cells fire one after the other in sequence, in an order corresponding to the trajectory of the rat. Strikingly, when the place cell firing is observed relative to the ongoing theta rhythm (~8 Hz) recorded in the hippocampus when the rats is exploring its environment, the order in which the cells fire is maintained at a much shorter time scale (~150 ms), in each cycle of the theta oscillations. These ‘theta sequences' thus reflects the past, present and future locations of the animal, anchoring locations in their temporal context. During subsequent sleep, the sequences of hippocampal cell activity are spontaneously reactivated, virtually reproducing the trajectory of the rat during its previous exploration. This replay occurs during transient hippocampal activity patterns called sharp wave-ripples (SPW-Rs). Repetitive reinstatement of experience-related sequential activity may strengthen synaptic connections between cells. Moreover, SPW-Rs and their associated replay have been causally linked to memory consolidation. How does such replay occur during sleep? Interestingly, during exploration, theta sequences allowed the temporal compression of the animal’s trajectory at a time-scale compatible with synaptic plasticity processes. Therefore, these theta sequences have been hypothetized to support sequential structure learning during exploration, and might underlie the initial encoding of memory traces. However, direct evidence supporting this scenario remains elusive
Mayat, Ebrahim. "Rôles des récepteurs métabotropiques du glutamate dans deux formes de plasticité neuronale : développementale et post-lésionnelle." Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20134.
Full textAussel, Amélie. "Computational modeling of healthy and epileptic hippocampal oscillations." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0202.
Full textThe hippocampus can exhibit different oscillatory rhythms within the sleep-wake cycle, each of them being involved in cognitive processes. For example, theta-nested gamma oscillations, consisting of the coupling of theta and gamma rhythms, are produced during wakefulness and are associated with spatial navigation and working memory tasks, whereas sharp-wave-ripple complexes, consisting of fast oscillatory events occurring during low frequency waves, are produced during slow-wave sleep and quiet waking and play an important role in memory consolidation. Models exist to reproduce and explain the generation of each of these rhythms, yet the mechanisms involved in their generation and the transitions between them are not yet fully understood. This question is all the more important that altered hippocampal rhythms are involved in drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, a common form of epilepsy which cannot be controlled by existing pharmaceutical treatments. Some models have also been previously developed to reproduce epileptic seizures (episodes of excessive neural activity) or interictal discharges (brief peaks of synchronous activity), but these models cannot fully explain the links between neuropathological conditions of the hippocampus, physiological processes such as the sleep-wake cycle, and the resulting oscillations. In this context, the main objective of this thesis is to provide better understanding of various hippocampal oscillations, both physiological and pathological. To do so, we first design a full computational model of the healthy hippocampal formation including the entorhinal cortex, the dentate gyrus and the CA3 and CA1 regions. This model includes more than thirty thousand Hodgkin-Huxley point neurons, represented by tens of thousands differential equations to be solved numerically, as well as an estimation of the extracellular potentials (LFP) generated by the dipolar neurons as measured by a macroscopic electrode, so as to be more easily interpretable. We perform a thorough study of our model's activity based on design of experiments techniques to identify the role of each of its intrinsic parameters and the importance of input stimulation in the production coupled oscillatory outputs. We then evaluate our model in a realistic context : its activity under realistic input stimulation is compared with intracranial recordings obtained in epileptic patients. We demonstrate that our model is able to reproduce both sleep and wakefulness oscillations with temporal and frequential similarities with the clinically measured signals. We link the modification of some parameters of the model (synaptic gains and ion channel conductances) with cholinergic modulation, and show how single neuron dynamics are mostly responsible for the frequency of slow oscillations of our network, while network functional connectivity controls its fast oscillations. Finally, we detail our model further to include four pathological modifications of the hippocampus seen in mesial temporal lobe epilepsies, that is hippocampal sclerosis, mossy fiber sprouting, and impaired potassium and chloride dynamics in pyramidal neurons (which are modeled by changing the network connectivity or the parameters of individual neuron dynamics), and show how these mechanisms can interact with the previously described sleep-wake cycle and lead to pathological synchrony and rhythms such as seizures, interictal spikes and fast ripples. In conclusion, we propose in this thesis a unique model of the hippocampus regrouping many mechanisms previously described in separate works, and analyze its oscillatory activity as we vary different parameters representing either structural or functional properties of the network, as well as pathological modifications observed in epilepsy. Our results provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the generation of various hippocampal oscillations, which could open the way to future clinical applications
Champelovier, Dorian. "Développement d'un microscope bi-photon à front d'onde optimisé pour l'imagerie calcique profonde dans le cerveau de souris." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4077/document.
Full textThe hippocampus, a cortical structure located in the temporal lobe, is at the heart of the management of many cognitive functions such as spatiotemporal information encoding or episodic memory. At present, the hippocampus is studied through many methods including fluorescence imaging, and used on awake animals, allows access for the study of the neural network function. Despite this, a sub-region: the dentate gyrus has still a poorly elucidated role because it is deeply buried in the brain. His study would bring new elements on the hippocampus functioning. Due to its depth of about 1 mm, its imagery remains very difficult. Indeed, scattering as well as optical aberrations introduced by the successive layers of matter strongly degrade the imaging quality. Yet adaptive optics, a technique inherited from astronomy, could change that. By integrating it into a bi-photon microscope, it would be possible to compensate optical aberrations introduced by the brain and thus to achieve the in vivo imaging of the dentate gyrus. During my PhD, I worked on the complete design both in hardware and software of a bi-photon microscope suitable for in vivo imaging and equipped with a wavefront correction device. I also developed a promising optimization method based on the modal approach of optical aberration correction coupled with the use of a metric adapted to nonlinear depth imaging. Finally, I was able to apply this method in in vitro and in vivo conditions to show its effectiveness
Lopez, Joelle. "Dynamique mnésique du traitement de l'information spatiale chez le rat : approche systémique de la consolidation." Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6146.
Full textThis thesis aimed at studying the spatio-temporal reorganization of a remote spatial memory in the Rat, and more particularly the roles of the hippocampus and the medial prefrontal cortex in systems consolidation. We first showed, in the Morris water maze, that contextual cue saliency affected the precision and thus the quality of memories. This is important as the degree of trace degradation determined the outcome of extinction of a remote memory. Furthermore, we found that the degree of trace degradation determined the level of participation of the hippocampus and the anterior cingulate cortex during remote memory retrieval. Lastly, whereas most studies in the literature focused on the role of neocortical areas in systems consolidation, we demonstrated that the intralaminar/lateral thalamic nuclei may also participate in systems consolidation and/or retrieval of a remote memory. In conclusion, taken together, these results do not fully corroborate the main theories on systems consolidation. Instead, it seems that the way in which the spatio-temporal reorganization of a memory takes place could depend on the conditions in which memories are formed and subsequently recalled
Hok, Vincent. "Bases neurales des comportements orientés vers un but : étude des corrélats de l'activité unitaire préfrontale et hippocampique dans une tâche de navigation." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/174/.
Full textThe hippocampus is well known to play a key role in spatial information processing as shown by the existence of place cells. Such cells are active when the animal occupies particular locations in particular behavioural contexts. However, little evidence has been found in support of the hypothesis that the hippocampus could be involved in the generation of navigation paths and coding of spatial goals. On the other hand, the prefrontal cortex, in line with its role in planning, could be a key structure in the mechanisms involved in goal-directed behaviour. The objective of the research carried out during this thesis is thus to attempt to understand how these two structures (hippocampus and prefrontal cortex) take part in the emergence of goal-directed behaviour. In a first study, we show that prefrontal cortex neurons recorded while the animal performed a goal-oriented navigation task, display spatio-selective activity, especially at locations with a high motivational value. In a second study, we show that hippocampal place cells recorded in animals trained in the same goal navigation task do have a goal firing pattern, i. E. Out-of-field goal related activity, that is time-locked to particular phases of the task. This kind of signal could serve for path planning in combination with prefrontal neurons activity. In the last study, we present recent data that deal with the interactions between these two structures in the same task, looking for particular modulations of hippocampal place cells activity after prefrontal inactivation. .
Saint, Blanquat Paul de. "Les comportements orientés vers un but : implication de l'hippocampe et du cortex préfrontal chez le rat." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10129/document.
Full textGoal-directed behaviors are complex and involve a variety of cognitive processes. Medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) plays a key role in behavioral planning. More over, cells in the rat mPFC show specific firing modulations at location with a high motivational value. Such neuronal activity could be essential for the setting up installation of a goal-directed behavior. Further more, navigating to a spatial goal requires the building of a stable presentation of the environment which is hippocampus-dependent. So far however, only few studies have addressed the respective role of these two structures, and their interaction, during the acquisition and the consolidation of a goal directed-behavior. The work conducted during my PhD thesis aimed at studying the role of hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in this process. In a first study,we showed the existence of a prospective coding by mPFC neurons when the rat performs a working memory task. Neuronal activity signals both, the temporal sequence of the behavior, and the prediction of reward. These neurons would play a role inexecutive functions. In a second study, we focused on cerebral structures involved in the updating of the value of a goal as well as in its long-term retention. Our results showed that the inactivation of the intermediate hippocampus causes deficit in the short-term processing of a change in the goal value. On the other hand, the inactivation of the mPFC prevents long-term consolidation of this change. Integrity of this two structures would therefore be essential to perform an on-line updating of the goal value and for its long-term consolidation. Their interaction would be necessary to rapidly adapt, and in a lasting manner, the behavioral strategy of the animal when it faces an environmental change
Allerborn, Marina. "Recent and remote episodic-like memory : characteristics and circuits : approach via multi-site recordings of oscillatory activity in rat hippocampal and cortical brain regions." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1207.
Full textEpisodic memory, our capacity to recollect particular life episodes, has been initially defined in terms of the information it contains, what kind of event, where and in which context/when did it take place. Pioneering studies on food-caching birds have demonstrated that animals are also able to form such complex memories, referred to as episodic-like memories in animals, however its modelling in rodents has proved challenging. The aim of this thesis was twofold: further development and validation in rats of a new episodic-like memory paradigm and study of neural circuits involved in formation and retrieval of this particular memory. The first part of the thesis presents the original behavioral paradigm developed in our group. In our task we tried to minimize training procedure in order to preserve the nature of episodic memory which is the memory for unique life episodes. Hereby rats were exposed to two different episodes, during which unique odor-place combinations (“what and where” information) were presented in different enriched multisensory contexts (“in which context” information). We found that some rats (“ww” group) were indeed able to form episodic-like memory associations which can be recalled after short (24 h) and long delays (24 days) in different experimental situations, while other animals (“rest” group) remembered only parts of the information contained in the initial episodes. Using pharmacological inactivation of dorsal hippocampus we have demonstrated that hippocampus is required specifically for retrieval of associated episodic-like memory information, but not for retrieval of single elements of the presented episodes in our task. In an extended version of the protocol in which rats were exposed to two additional episodes we found that previously acquired experience of the rats facilitates the encoding of new episodes and that the memory of these new episodes is more stable. The second part of the manuscript presents the first approach to study neural circuits involved in episodic-like memory encoding and retrieval in our task. Electrophysiological methodology was based on local field potential recordings obtained in parallel in several brain regions in behaving animals. The network of structures investigated included olfactory neocortical brain areas, brain regions in lateral and medial prefrontal cortex and the dorsal and ventral part of the hippocampus. The analysis was based on the estimation of magnitude of the oscillatory activity (described as power changes) in theta and beta frequency bands using Hilbert and Morlet wavelet transform for the analyses. The power analysis evolved around odor sampling event which constituted the last piece of information required for recollection of the whole episodic-like memory association. The odor-induced changes in power were compared between “ww” and “rest” animals in different experimental situations. We found that the network of activated brain regions in beta frequency band differed as a function of the memory profile of the rats (complete episodic-like memory recollection versus remembering partial information of the episodes) during both memory encoding as well as retrieval. We have also demonstrated that this active network changes when memory becomes consolidated (recent versus remote memory). Additionally we have shown that the activity in the network depends on the type of the response (hit versus correct rejection) given by the rat during memory encoding and retrieval. The network of brain regions that showed changes in theta power during memory formation and retrieval differed strongly from beta band network. In contrast to beta, the memory profile effect was much less prominent for theta band. However similarly to beta, there were also significant changes in network depending on the encoding session and the age of memory at test
Nadjar, Yann. "Susd2 et Susd4 sont deux nouveaux gènes codant pour des protéines avec domaines CCP (Complement Control Protein) jouant un rôle dans plusieurs étapes du développement des circuits neuronaux au sein de cultures d'hippocampe de rat." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066664/document.
Full textDuring brain development, several steps precisely coordinated lead to establishment of a functional neuronal network. Many molecules participate to this process, including adhesion proteins mediating interactions between neurons and their environment. Involvement of numerous genes coding for adhesion proteins in neuropsychiatric diseases such as autism argue for usefulness of identifying new ones. During my PhD, I characterized two new genes, Sud2 and Susd4, coding for proteins containing CCP domains (Complement Control Protein), classically described in proteins involved in Complement regulation system. Recently, in mammals, CCP containing proteins were shown to be involved in neuronal development. Identification of several predicted CCP containing proteins without a known function prompted me to characterize Susd2 and Susd4 which are part of them.Susd2 is expressed in neurons from hippocampal cell cultures. Its peak of expression takes place in early post natal period, suggesting a developmental function. Susd2 recombinant protein has a diffuse neuronal localization, but is particularly enriched in excitatory synapses. Decreased expression of Susd2 leads to decreased axonal growth, increased dendritic growth, and specific inhibition of excitatory synaptogenesis. Susd4 is also expressed in neurons, with a peak of expression during embryonic development, and seems to act as a regulator of dendritic growth
Girardeau, Gabrielle. "Neural bases of memory consolidation in rats : a focus on hippocampal sharp wave-ripples." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066302.
Full textDrapeau, Elodie. "Contribution à l'étude de la neuroplasticité hippocampique : relations entre neurogénèse et apprentissage spatial." Bordeaux 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR21075.
Full textNeurogenesis occurs in discrete regions of the adult mammalian brain including the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation. We have studied the mutual interactions between this neurogenesis and hippocampal-mediated spatial learning in young adult and aged rats and have shown that distinct phases of learning have different effects on neurogenesis. Conversely, by taking advantage of the existence of interindividual differences in spatial memory abilities observed in a population of aged rats, we shown that the cognitive status of aged rats is predictive of neurogenesis. These differences could be due to a deregulation of the corticotropic axis indeed, long term lowering of corticosterone secretion increases neurogenesis and prevents age-related cognitive impairments. These results renforce the assumption suggesting that neurogenesis is involved in memory processes and open new insights into the mechanisms by which neurogenesis can modulate normal and pathological behaviors
Blandin, Elise. "Rôle des sous-types cliniques versus un effet cumulatif dans l'explication des anomalies de la mémoire et de l'hippocampe chez le sujet déprimé." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066729/document.
Full textThrough its cerebral localization, its anatomical and functional connectivity, the hippocampus is involved in memory (coding and storing) and in emotion regulation. Cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus, new synaptic connections and the modulation of the efficiency of existing synaptic connections by the Long Term Potentiation and Long Term Depression, participate in memory function. Negative retro feedback that the hippocampus has on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis allows a regulation of the reaction of the organism to stress it undergoes. Depression can in fact be considered as a state of stress for the organism.Neuron progenitor proliferation and neuronal plasticity are essential characteristics of the hippocampus ‘functioning. The effect of antidepressant therapeutics, medicinal ones as well as electro convulsive therapy, underlies the importance of this characteristic.Concerning more precisely an endogenous subtype of depression, melancholia, numerous genetic factors have been found as being vulnerability factors. Traumatic events, especially during childhood, are at the origin of the expression of this vulnerability.Memory impairments are found inconstantly in relation to depression. The repetitive character of depression, which is pathology with a high rate of recurrence, could explain that these impairments are only found after several depressive episodes. This is a cumulative or quantitative hypothesis. Or, specificities linked to melancholia could make this subtype more neurotoxic and could explain that memory impairments would be linked to melancholia. This is a qualitative hypothesis.Willing to explore the influence of each of these hypotheses, but one of them requiring studying subjects with different lifetimes being depressed and different ages, we first studied the impact of age on memory impairment. Age is not an independent factor explaining worse memory recovery after a depressive episode once remaining symptoms and memory at baseline are controlled for.Studying the respective influence of the quantitative hypothesis and the qualitative hypothesis we found that the lifetime being depressed is correlated to delayed verbal memory impairment and size of the right hippocampus, whereas the score at scale of melancholia is not. However, lifetime being depressed and the rate of melancholia are correlated.Depression appears to be neurotoxic through a cumulative mechanism, each depressive episode being a stress for the organism with a hyper activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and a hyper secretion of cortisol. But taking into account the genetic vulnerability factors, which are linked to endogenous subtype of depression, and the kindling hypothesis with smaller and smaller stressful life events preceding a depressive episode, it could be the same subjects that both have depressive episodes with melancholic characteristics and depression with a high rate of recurrence. This is only a statistic correlation between lifetime being depressed and hippocampal atrophy, biological mechanisms explaining causality for this correlation are not yet known. Only a part of the subjects could be exposed to genetic vulnerability and high recurrence of the depressive episodes or depressive episodes could become melancholic after several recurrences. Further research on this topic is needed. Moreover, looking at the high cost of depression and the high influence of life conditions during childhood, maternal care and traumas, special attention must be payed to them
Takillah, Samir. "Investigation électrophysiologique de la boucle méso-cortico-limbique dans des contextes de stress et d'incertitude." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066412/document.
Full textCurrently, there is a renewed interest in studying extracellular field potentials (EFP). This signal and the oscillations associated with it are the basis of many studies on the mechanisms underlying cognitive processes in cortical networks. Three key functional roles of oscillations recorded in the nervous system have been proposed: i) encoding specific information ii) modulation of attentional states of the brain, but also iii) creating dynamic assemblies. Although the interest for EFP continues to grow, the interpretation of these signals are sparse. During my prject I focused on the interpretation of EFP patterns under stress and uncertainty and specifically studied neocortex, hippocampus (HPC) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) signals in these two experimental settings.Firstly, we recorded and analyzed the activity in the dopaminergic circuits including the VTA, PFC (prefrontal cortex) and OFC (orbitofrontal cortex) in a probabilistic decision-making paradigm for mice. We demonstrated that the PFC, OFC and VTA circuit shows specific time-dependent activation sequences depending on the anticipated choice per trial. Secondly, I was interested to measure, in awake animals, the effects caused by a stressful situation at different ages on the PFC and HPC signals. Our results demonstrate major effects at the level of the power spectral analysis. We identified that particularly high amplitudes in the range (7-12 Hz) vary according age and context (rest, stress)
Zinebi, Fatiha. "Mécanismes amino-acidergiques cellulaires impliqués dans l'hyperexcitabilité du système nerveux central de mammifère sous haute pression d'hélium : étude électrophysiologique in vitro des transferts synaptiques et électrotoniques dans l'Hippocampe de rat." Aix-Marseille 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX11141.
Full textManganaro, Alessia. "Functional differentiation along the dorso-ventral axis of the hippocampus." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a7b47ea6-d9f4-4999-a0be-12980ea81d90.
Full textTukker, Jan Johan. "Determinants of neuronal firing patterns in the hippocampus." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0c0c8f92-e146-4e2a-b7f3-6d27a9b12387.
Full textGutwein, Amanda Brooke. "Characterization of Stimulation-induced Volume Changes in the Ca1Region of Rat Hippocampus Slices." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1369704794.
Full textJourquin, Jérôme. "Système MMP/ TIMP et implication des gélatinases et de TIMP-1 dans la mort neuronale et la plasticité réactive suite à des lésions excitotoxiques dans l'hippocampe." Aix-Marseille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX20664.
Full textMatrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in tissue homeostasis and are controlled by the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). An imbalance in the MMP/TIMP system seems to be involved in neuronal death and plasticity. After kai͏̈nate : sequential and cell-type dependent increase of gelatinolytic activity ; neuronal increase of gelatinolytic activity is neuronal-activity dependent ; broad inhibition of MMPs, or of MMP-9, protects against excitotoxicity ; MMP-9 induces cell death in the hippocampus ; the TIMP-1 KO mice : no gross phenotypic difference ; hyper-resistance to neuronal death ; reduced axonal sprouting,The TIMP-1 KO mice present an impaired learning and the TIMP-1 overexpressing mice present an improved learning
Shipton, Olivia Ashley. "Asymmetry of hippocampal function in mice : left-right differences in memory processing and vulnerability to amyloid beta." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:972d7dbf-fcf1-4f84-9a84-406418dbc7fb.
Full textDupret, David. "Etude des relations réciproques entre neurogénèse adulte et fonctions hippocampiques." Bordeaux 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR21431.
Full textThe dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampal formation (HF) is one of the few regions where an ongoing neurogenesis persists throughout adulthood. So far, the functional implication of hippocampal newborn neurons remains misunderstood. My work aimed to examine the reciprocical relationship adult neurogenesis and hippocampal functions. In particular I examined : 1) the causal relationship between adult neurogenesis and both the physiology and pathophysiology of hippocampal functions and, 2) whether hippocampo-dependent spatial learning influences the different steps of neurogenesis. First, we developed an original transgenic approach allowing specific ablation of adult hippocampal precursors cells. We found that depleted adult neurogenesis impairs spatial relational memory and increases anxiety-like responses. We discussed the putative implication of hippocampal newborn neurons in information processing. Second, we found that adult neurogenesis is regulated by spatial learning. Indeed, learning in the water maze modulates the fate of new neurones by selecting them for either survival or death depending on their level of integration when performances are stabilized. More precisely, apoptotic removal of young newborn neurones is required for both the survival of older ones and the stabilization of spatial performances. Such a learning-dependent regulation of adult neurogenesis is discussed in the context of selective stabilisation. Overall, my work shows that adult neurogenesis is a unique example of structural plasticity involved in both the physiology and pathophysiology of hippocampal functions
Thomas, Adam G. "Brain plasticity and aerobic fitness." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c941d5b2-4b37-420a-be3f-d71e753fc8d6.
Full textVerhaeghe, Rémy. "Role of early-life stress and metabotropic glutamate receptors in the developmental trajectory of the central nervous system." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1S104.
Full textStressful events occurring during perinatal life programs the emergence of pathological phenotypes later in life. By using the perinatal stress rat model, we investigated the long-lasting effects of perinatal stress (PRS) on the glutamatergic synapse in males and females. Remarkably, we demonstrated that long-term programming of PRS is strictly sex-dependent and induce a dysmasculinization of the glutamatergic synapse whereas old females PRS rats were protected. Because motor functions decrease during aging, we further investigated the long-term effects of PRS on the basal ganglia, a group of subcortical nuclei involved in motor functions. We could demonstrate that perinatal programs an accelerated aging of the basal ganglia motor system. Since metabotropic glutamate receptors 2/3 (mGlu2/3) are constantly decreased by PRS across lifespan in both sexes, we studied the role of mGlu2 and mGlu3 in brain development. We showed that mGlu3 receptors shape the developmental trajectory of cortical GABAergic system. Considering our findings showing that mGlu3 receptors and early life stress influence the brain development, we investigated how the interplay between these environmental and genetic factors impact neuroplasticity markers during development in hippocampus, a central region in stress response. We observed that mGlu3 and maternal restraint stress (MRS) alter GABAergic interneurons related genes expression, stress and epigenetic markers. Surprisingly, mice lacking mGlu3 receptors submitted to MRS showed compensatory mechanisms during specific time window during development. Taken together our results strengthen the idea that nature and nurture shape brain development
Evola, Christopher Mark. "Exploring Gender Differences Throughout Normal Rat Aging - A Role for Estrogen Signaling in the Brain." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1525089104502219.
Full textHernandez, Magali. "Effets de l’administration chronique de corticostérone sur le développement postnatal du cervelet." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0304.
Full textDuring the prenatal period, the cerebellum is immature and particularly vulnerable to stressors such as repetitive maternal deprivation or supra-physiological glucocorticoid exposure that might impact the normal cerebellar development and its functions. However, the potentials effects of glucocorticoids during the postnatal developmental window from postnatal day 8 (PND8) to PND29 that corresponds to 1) the set-up of climbing fiber innervation on the dendritic arborization of Purkinje cells, 2) granule cell proliferation and migration and 3) Purkinje cell – parallel fibers synaptogenesis, are not well established. So the purpose of the present study was to determine whether 1) chronic corticosterone treatment during this period could affect the development and the maturation of the cerebellum; 2) glucocorticoids could change the expression of genes encoding for several factors involved in the different steps of the cerebellar development; and 3) chronic corticosterone administered during the postnatal period could have long-term effects on cerebellar functions. In the present study, mice were injected with corticosterone (20 mg/kg) or dimethylsulfoxyde (control group) from PND8 to PND29. Results show that chronic corticosterone delivered from PND 8 to 29 affect the cerebellar and hippocampal development: morphological changes and downregulation or upregulation of gene encoding for neurotrophic factor, corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), were observed at PND 15 and 29. Furthermore, changes in morphological, regional metabolic activity, gene expression, and sensori-motor phenotype were also highlighted at adult period, illustrating the long-term impact of early corticosterone administration on cerebellar development. Finally, chronic corticosterone injection during the postnatal period modified the stress response at adulthood as shown by the stress hormones assays performed in the hypothalamus and hippocampus. This study illustrates the long-effect impact of early in life corticosterone administration on the structure of the cerebellum and cerebellar-mediated functions