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Journal articles on the topic 'Hippodromes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Khapaev, V. V., and A. M. Glushich. "THE EVOLUTION OF THE SPORTS INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE IN THE IV – XII CENTURIES." Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Historical science 6 (72), no. 4 (2020): 137–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1741-2020-6-4-137-152.

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The article examines the location, design features and evolution of the sports facilities of the Byzantine Empire: the Great Hippodrome and smaller hippodromes of Constantinople and other cities of the empire, stadiums for playing equestrian polo (tzykanisterions) and other buildings used for training and sports competitions of the Byzantines in the IV – XII centuries. Special attention is paid to the constructive features of the Great Hippodrome of Constantinople, both in connection with its special significance for the history of the empire, and also with the abundance of sources on this issue: written and archaeological. It is concluded, that before the beginning of the systemic crisis of the empire in the first half of the 7th century and the massive invasions of the Persians, Avars, Slavs and Arabs into the territory of the empire, sports facilities and sports life (including competitive) were characteristic of all major cities of the empire. Each of them had monumental hippodromes and regular competitions. Their decline is associated both with the capture of most of the territory of Byzantium by the Arabs and (in the cities that remained under the control of Constantinople) with a protracted economic crisis and general de-urbanization. The revival of interest in sports and the need for sports facilities is associated with the strengthening of the economic and geopolitical position of Byzantium in the 9th-10th centuries. During this time many old buildings were restored and used, several new ones were built. The final decline of the empire’s sports infrastructure is associated with its defeat during the IV Crusade.

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2

Patrich, J. "More on the Hippodrome-Stadium of Caesarea Maritima: a response to the comments of Y. Porath." Journal of Roman Archaeology 16 (2003): 456–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759400013283.

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The Herodian multi-purpose entertainment structure under discussion is the earliest and largest of its kind to have been entirely excavated, and it will have far-reaching implications for our knowledge of the development of stadia and hippodromes at the transition between the Hellenistic and Roman worlds. The study and interpretation of its remains therefore deserve care and attention before definitive interpretations are presented and become ‘set in stone’. Unfortunately, Y. Porath's preceding remarks suggest that he will not change his ideas on the identification of the building. However, the chronology which I presented in JRA 14, different from the one he offered in his preliminary report in The Roman and Byzantine Near East (JRA Suppl. 14,1995) 15-27, is not a focus of his objections, and that is encouraging.To name the structure a circus, as Porath is doing, reflects a misconception. A U-shaped entertainment structure of moderate size like this one is a stadium, not a circus. But we are dealing with a special kind of stadium, wider and provided with permanent carceres for chariot races, thereby adapted to serve as a hippodrome. Stadia, Greek in origin, underwent a profound evolution in structure and function during the Hellenistic and Early Roman periods. Conceiving stadia in their Classical Greek forms leads Porath to deny the affiliation of the Herodian structure to Hellenistic/Early Roman stadia. On the other hand, the Circus Maximus, the archetype of Roman circuses, attained its definitive form only under Trajan.

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3

Antikas, G. "Thrills and spills in the horse games at olympia and other Greek hippodromes." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 17, no. 6 (June 1997): 282–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0737-0806(97)80050-0.

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4

Adams, B. ""A Stupendous Mirror of Departed Empires": The Barnum Hippodromes and Circuses, 1874-1891." American Literary History 8, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 34–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alh/8.1.34.

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5

Brisson, Jean Denis, and Michel Racine. "Découverte de Blaps lethifera lethifera Marsham, 1802 (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae : Tenebrioninae : Blaptini) au Canada." Entomologie 137, no. 1 (December 6, 2012): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1013185ar.

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La découverte de larves et d’adultes du ténébrion des écuries (Blaps lethifera lethifera Marsham, 1802 ; Tenebrionidae : Tenebrioninae : Blaptini), à l’hippodrome de Québec, et d’une certaine faune commensale associée à ce ténébrion, constitue l’objet de la première mention de cette espèce de Ténébrionidés pour le Canada. Les « hommes à chevaux » nous ont affirmé spontanément connaître les « barbots » depuis au moins 30 ans pour la majorité d’entre eux dans les vieilles écuries des autres hippodromes de Blue Bonnets, Rockland, Trois-Rivières et Meadowlands (New Jersey). Toutefois, il a été possible de retracer une personne qui avait côtoyé ce ténébrion depuis plus de 85 ans. L’insecte se serait implanté dans d’autres écuries du Québec puisqu’il fut positivement identifié en région, mais ses populations ne semblent pas s’être maintenues dans les écuries modernes étant donné qu’elles n’y furent pas rapportées.

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6

Vojinovic, Dragica, Jadranka Zutic, and Slobodan Stanojevic. "Seroprevalence of leptospirosis in horses in the territory of Belgrade during the period from 1998 to 2008." Veterinarski glasnik 63, no. 3-4 (2009): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0904163v.

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Serological investigations of leptospirosis in horses were carried out in the epizootic territory of Belgrade during the period from 1998 to 2008. Serological examinations were performed on 1701 blood serum samples of horses from private and sociallyowned stables, riding clubs, hippodromes, and from the individual sector. The number of seropositive horses was 107 (6.29%). The most represented serovarieties of the Leptospira species were: Leptospira grippotyphosa 42 (2.47%), Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae 19 (1.12%), Leptospira pomona 16 (0.99%), Leptospira canicola 16 (0.94%), Leptospira bataviae 11 (0.65%), and Leptospira australis 2 (0.1%). Antibodies against Leptospira sejroe were not established in a single sample of the examined horse blood serums. The titer of specific antibodies ranged from 1:100 to 1:10000. The biggest number of serums had an antibody titer of 1:300, then 1:100, and 1:1000. The smallest number of serums had an antibody titer of 1:10000. Horses seropositive to leptospirosis were established only in sporadic cases, so that no major epizooties were established in the territory of Belgrade.

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7

Szczur, Piotr. "Wady ludzi starych w ocenie Jana Chryzostoma." Vox Patrum 56 (December 15, 2011): 371–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/vp.4230.

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From John Chrysostom’s writings – and especially his homilies – quite a picturesque portrait of old people emerges. Generally speaking, in this instance the golden-mouth preacher talks as a representative of early-Christian writers, who gave old people the privileged status. However, along with some praises for the elderly and old age we can also find his comments concerning faults of people of advanced age. Chrysostom talks about these faults especially while speaking about the great responsibility of the elderly for the upbringing of the young. Trying to stress their responsibility the Antiochene exaggerates their faults in order to motivate them to become models and to set an example to the young generation. In this context he judges old people’s disgraceful behaviour that involves surrendering to weaknesses typical of young age, frequenting hippodromes and theatres, giving bad example, lack of proper care about children’s upbringing, or even teaching the young some wrong ways. The consequence of such behaviour is that the old themselves contribute to the process of diminishing the value of ‘silver hair’ and lack of esteem the old demand from the young because of their advanced age.

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8

Trindade, Arnold. "Galactic Hippodrome." Humanistic Mathematics Network Journal 1, no. 25 (August 2001): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5642/hmnj.200101.25.10.

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9

Kern, Laurence, Gayatri Kotbagi, Jean-Jacques Rémond, Philip Gorwood, and Lucia Romo. "Distorsions cognitives des joueurs de jeux de hasard et d’argent hors ligne et mixtes." Drogues, santé et société 13, no. 1 (October 31, 2014): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1027123ar.

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But : Le but de ce travail est de comparer les joueurs qui jouent à de tels jeux sur des sites comme les casinos ou les hippodromes (joueurs hors ligne) et ceux qui jouent en plus en ligne (joueurs mixtes) en traçant les profils de ces joueurs. Méthode : 608 joueurs hors ligne et mixtes ont répondu à plusieurs questionnaires qui ont porté sur : 1) les données sociodémographiques (genre, âge, situation de famille, éducation) ; 2) les mesures de dépistage des usages problématiques des jeux de hasard et d’argent ; 3) la consommation d’alcool ; 4) les mesures d’anxiété et de dépression et 5) les mesures sociocognitives (distorsions cognitives et confiance en soi). Résultats : L’échantillon, d’un âge moyen de 53.0 ans (de 17 à 76 ans ; E.T = 15,9) est composé majoritairement de femmes (femmes : 60 % ; hommes : 39 %) ; 55 % des personnes interrogées vivent en couple. Seulement 23,7 % (N = 144) des participants sont des joueurs mixtes. En ce qui concerne la consommation d’alcool, 31,5 % (N = 191) ont des conduites à risque ou problématiques ; au niveau du jeu 19,6 % (N = 109) sont considérés à risque modéré selon l’indice canadien de jeu excessif (ICJE, 2001), alors que 9 % (N = 55) sont des joueurs pathologiques probables. Les joueurs mixtes sont de façon significative plus jeunes, jouent plus, ont des scores à l’ICJE plus élevés, sont plus anxieux et ont une plus grande consommation d’alcool. Ils présentent également des distorsions cognitives plus intenses (contrôle prédictif), mais ont, en revanche, moins confiance en leur capacité d’arrêter de jouer que les joueurs hors ligne. Conclusion : Une sévérité accrue au jeu pathologique et des distorsions cognitives plus intenses rendent la population des joueurs mixtes fragile. Quelques pistes d’intervention et de prévention seront proposées en guise de conclusion.

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10

Sandor, Bela I. "Tire choices in Roman chariot racing." Journal of Roman Archaeology 29 (2016): 438–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759400072226.

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Formal chariot racing was a sophisticated and popular sport for over 1800 years, from Etruria in the 6th c. B.C. down to the fall of Constantinople, and the races held in a large number of circuses and hippodromes imply that huge numbers of racing chariots were made over the course of those centuries. It may therefore be thought surprising that no racing machine has been found, but the dearth of such hardware is plausible given the perishable wood and leather components of the lightweight vehicles and the desirability of recycling the metal parts. In this situation a particular artifact must be accorded special significance. It is a hand-sized bronze model of a Roman racing biga, known as the Tiber model because found in the river. Dated to the 1st-2nd c. A.D., it is now on display in the British Museum (GR 1894.10-30.1, Bronze 2694). With this model as our guide, all the major dimensions of Roman racing chariots have been reasonably well determined; further, several technical aspects (some obvious, others quite subtle) of actual racing chariots can be established from it. Among the subtle details of the model, one feature is especially intriguing in view of the remarkably realistic work of its maker, who was clearly knowledgeable in matters large and small of vehicular racing. As first mentioned to me by J. Swaddling of the British Museum during our latest study of the model (November 2014), an unusual tire configuration is apparently represented on this all-bronze model: the right wheel has a slightly raised rim, as if to indicate a thin iron tire, but the left wheel lacks this feature (fig. 1). This asymmetrical arrangement is not only curious, it also implies extra work and expense. What, then, could be the reason for it?One possibility for having apparently only one tire on the Tiber model — which was probably a toy for a rich individual; the emperor Nero, an avid racer, was said to play with toy chariots — is that two different castings were used in the toy's production, and either one could have been used in the assembly, in random selection from a box.

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11

Stephenson, Paul. "The Skylla group in Constantinople’s hippodrome." Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta, no. 50-1 (2013): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zrvi1350065s.

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The Skylla group was among the most famous bronze sculptures installed in the hippodrome at Constantinople. This paper suggests that the Skylla was a feature of Constantinople at its re-foundation, but perhaps originally stood facing the Bosphorus. In around AD 400 it was moved to the hippodrome where it stood until its destruction in 1204, and where it may for some time have served as a fountain.

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12

Julanova, Nursulu, Orynbay Tagayev, Mardan Julanov, Meruyert Alimbekova, Kanat Koibagarov, Yessengali Ussenbekov, and Askar Mautenbaev. "The method of preparation and use of vasectomized stallions to regulate the sexual function in mares during hippodrome testing." Acta Veterinaria Brno 85, no. 1 (2016): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201685010063.

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The objective of this study was to develop a method of preparation and use of vasectomized stallions, and to test them as a factor preventing genital functional disorders in mares during training and hippodrome testing. Thoroughbred mares of English, Arabic and Akhal-Teke breeds owned by horse ranches of the Republic of Kazakhstan were used in the research. Vasectomy techniques were mastered on a slaughtering material, and then field tested on stallions. A series of experiments were set for comparative evaluation of various methods of preparation and use of a vasectomized stallion, resulting in a technique based on removing the front section of sperm ducts in the ventro-caudal portion of the scrotum. The developed method is convenient, safe, and easy to perform in field conditions. The surgery is not time consuming, and there are no postoperative complications. We found a positive effect of the vasectomized stallion on the course of the mares’ oestrous cycles, on their performance during hippodrome testing, and their reproductive function. The method reduced the standing heat period, and the mares quickly recovered their performance. Thus, it decreased the time of the mares’ elimination from the training schedule and had a positive effect on the performance during hippodrome testing. The use of a vasectomized stallion during training significantly predetermined the course of the mares’ reproductive cycle after completion of the hippodrome testing. The results of this study are relevant to the practical needs of sport horse breeding.

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13

Ivanov, Sergei A. "Slavic Jesters and the Byzantine Hippodrome." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 46 (1992): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1291646.

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14

BORODIN, Dmitry A. "P.N. Yablochkov s Lighting of the Hippodrome at the Bridge of Alma in Paris." Elektrichestvo 5, no. 5 (2021): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24160/0013-5380-2021-5-56-64.

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145 years ago, in 1876, Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov received a patent number 112024 for an electric candle. This event turned out to be one of the starting points in the history of electrical engineering and human progress. In a short period of time, the importance of electricity in the life of society has increased many times. The article describes one of Yablochkov's many projects of those years ‒ the electrification of the covered Paris hippodrome, located next to the Alma Bridge. The hippodrome was a place of colorful theatrical performances and the world's first circus-theater, lit on a permanent basis by electricity.

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15

Bassett, Sarah Guberti. "The Antiquities in the Hippodrome of Constantinople." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 45 (1991): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1291694.

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16

Morklyanyk, Oksana, and Uliana Havriushyn. "MULTIFUNCTIONAL HIPPODROME COMPLEX WITH FUNCTION OF HYPOTHERAPY." Urban development and spatial planning, no. 75 (November 30, 2020): 262–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2076-815x.2020.75.262-272.

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17

Borkowski, Zbigniew. "Inscriptions on altars from the hippodrome of Gerasa." Syria 66, no. 1 (1989): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/syria.1989.7132.

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18

Meshcheryakov, Alexander Yu. "Leisure on the Chinese Eastern Railway: Yacht Club and Racecourse as “Other Spaces” of Harbin." Journal of Frontier Studies 6, no. 3 (September 16, 2021): 185–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.46539/jfs.v6i3.314.

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Applying Fr. D. Turner's frontier theory and M. Foucault's concept of heterotopic spaces the author studies “other” spaces created by Russian railway men and Cossacks in Northern Manchuria in the late 19th – first half of the 20th centuries. Particular attention is paid to the organization of leisure in Harbin. The article considers two quite interesting spaces: the yacht club on the bank of the river Sungari and the hippodrome. The choice of these leisure spaces was based on a number of important characteristics. The purpose of this study is to analyze the spaces of the yacht club and the hippodrome as heterotopic spaces on the frontier territory. The author reaches several important conclusions about the basic principles of the basic principles of the creation and the functioning of these leisure spaces. Within these spaces, many cultural processes took quite different forms. The article provides numerous previously unknown facts about the development of yachting and trotting in Harbin.

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19

Kehrberg, I. "Selected lamps and pottery from the Hippodrome at Jerash." Syria 66, no. 1 (1989): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/syria.1989.7133.

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20

Wolińska, Teresa, and Katarzyna Gucio. "Constantinopolitan Charioteers and Their Supporters." Studia Ceranea 1 (December 30, 2011): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2084-140x.01.08.

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Support in sport is certainly one of the oldest human passions. Residents of the eastern Roman imperial capital cheered the chariot drivers The passion for supporting the drivers was common for all groups and social classes. The hippodrome was visited by the representatives of the aristocracy, artisans and the poor of the city alike. The popularity of chariot racing is evidenced by their frequency 66 days were reserved for circenses, that is racing. Organizing the competition along with all the accompanying events has been an essential task of circus factions (demes) In the empire, there were four factions named Blues, Greens, Whites and Reds. These factions were real sports associations, which can be compared to modern clubs. They had significant financial resources at their disposal. Each faction had their own racing team. They paid for and supported a number of drivers, runners, trainers of horses and wild animals, mimes, dancers, acrobats, poets, musicians and singers. They cared for their recruitment and training They also employed caretakers, messengers, artisans of various specialties, grooms, etc Expectations of subjects meant that emperors put great emphasis on the organization of shows and they were actively engaged in them themselves The preparation was personally supervised by the city prefect, and in the relations with the factions the emperor was represented by the praepositus sacri cubiculi. The latter managed the Hippodrome staff. Byzantine supporters, like their modern counterparts, had their idols. The object of their worship, and at the same time the elite among those working on the hippodrome, were charioteers. Outstanding competitors enjoyed immense popularity, just like modern stars of football or volleyball. They had monuments and stelae dedicated to them, as well as poems which praised their achievements. The ceiling in the gallery above the imperial kathisma featured images of famous drivers.

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21

Valavanis, Panos. "Topographical indications for the site of the hippodrome of Delphi." Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, no. 141.2 (December 1, 2017): 623–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/bch.565.

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22

Agnosini, Matteo. "Rome in Constantinople: the Hippodrome in John Lydus’ De mensibus." Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire 96, no. 3 (2018): 925–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rbph.2018.9182.

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23

Boeck, Elena. "Simulating the Hippodrome: The Performance of Power in Kiev's St. Sophia." Art Bulletin 91, no. 3 (September 2009): 283–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00043079.2009.10786155.

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24

Patrich, Joseph. "The carceres of the Herodian hippodrome/stadium at Caesarea Maritima and connections with the Circus Maximus." Journal of Roman Archaeology 14 (2001): 269–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759400019929.

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The Herodian hippodrome/stadium at Caesarea was exposed between 1992 and 1998. It runs parallel to the shore between the Herodian harbour and the theatre, at the location specified by Josephus. Josephus refers to the structure as an amphitheatre but it is clear from him and from the archaeological evidence to be described below that equestrian events were an integral part of the games held in it. In the very late Republic and early Empire, the term amphitheatre was used indifferently to designate a stadium or a hippodrome rather than the traditional Roman oval amphitheatrum. Josephus also calls this building ‘the great stadium’ in conjunction with events at the time of the procurator Pontius Pilate in A.D. 26, and it was still known by that name in the 4th c. It was inaugurated in 10/9 B.C. The games held included athletics (gymnika), horse- and chariot-races (hippika), and Roman spectacles (munera gladiatorum and venationes), so the structure had to serve the needs of the contestants and spectators of all these events. The present article is a preliminary report that focuses on the carceres excavated by the team from the University of Haifa, but it will first be helpful to summarize the history of the building as a whole as known from the adjacent work by the Israel Antiquities Authority.

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25

Merriman, Rebecca. "‘Frail but Fearless’: Dichotomies of femininity and strength at the New York Hippodrome, 1905‐17." Studies in Costume & Performance 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 159–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/scp_00002_1.

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This article examines two women who performed athletic feats at the New York Hippodrome between 1905 and 1917, arguing that their approaches to costume and bodily display were integral to their widespread critical and public acclaim. The women examined are lion tamer Claire Heliot and swimmer and diver Annette Kellerman. I contend that these performers occupied a difficult position within the early-twentieth-century entertainment industry. The type of mainstream spectacle that the Hippodrome provided, combined with strict societal ideas of what constituted femininity and masculinity, created an environment that was not conducive to the success of athletic women.Their unusual acts therefore required them to negotiate their public image in such a way that emphasized their inherent femininity. Their costume was an essential element of this negotiation as it exposed the audience to a kind of woman with whom they were already familiar. Claire Heliot did this by occupying a traditional domestic womanhood that sharply contrasted with her dangerous lion-taming act, and Annette Kellerman emphasized her beauty through the sexually charged display of her body in form-fitting costumes and swimsuits. In addition to analyses of their costumes, critical responses to their performances are taken into consideration as evidence of these women’s success as performers. This article highlights how costume and the body can be used as tools to alter identity and reinforce gender norms for the purposes of subverting the physical expectations of women.

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26

Trotsky, Leon. "On Frank Wedekind." New Theatre Quarterly 7, no. 28 (November 1991): 324–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00006023.

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To follow Lenin on the London Hippodrome in TQ40 (1981) and Wedekind on the Middlesex music hall in NTQ16 (1988) – here now is Trotsky on Wedekind. As Edward Braun, Professor of Drama in the University of Bristol, points out in a brief introduction, this assessment by Trotsky follows in a thin line of dramatic criticism by Marx, Engels, Mehring, Plekhanov, and Lunacharsky, and dates from Trotsky's involvement with a number of radical journals during his exile in Vienna. The article first appeared in the Neue Zeit in April 1908.

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27

Ostrasz, Antoni A. "The hippodrome of Gerasa : a report on excavations and research 1982-1987." Syria 66, no. 1 (1989): 51–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/syria.1989.7131.

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28

Giatsis, Sotiris G. "The organization of chariot‐racing in the great hippodrome of byzantine constantinople." International Journal of the History of Sport 17, no. 1 (March 2000): 36–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523360008714113.

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29

GKOUTZIOUKOSTAS, Andreas. ""Judges of the Velum" and "Judges of the Hippodrome" in Thessalonike (11th c.)." BYZANTINA SYMMEIKTA 20 (September 6, 2010): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/byzsym.970.

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<p style="text-align: center; text-indent: 17pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"></p><p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-style: normal">The present study focuses on judicial officers coming from </span><span style="font-style: normal">Constantinople</span><span style="font-style: normal"> to Thessalonike in the 11<sup>th</sup> century. The </span><span>judge of the theme of Thessalonike</span><span style="font-style: normal"> was in charge of trying cases in the region. From the second fifth of the 11<sup>th</sup> century, however, his jurisdiction was extended to the greater financial and judicial unit of </span><span>Boleron, Strymon and Thessalonike </span><span style="font-style: normal">as well. Lead seals and documents from the archives of the monasteries of Athos prove that many of the </span><span>krites of Boleron, Strymon and Thessalonike</span><span style="font-style: normal"> had been previously </span><span>krites of the velum </span><span style="font-style: normal">and </span><span>judges of the hippodrome</span><span style="font-style: normal"> who performed their duties in the capital and belonged to the ranks of the “small judges”. These judicial officers tried cases that were referred to them, while they could also function as assessors of the “great” or superior judges of </span><span style="font-style: normal">Constantinople</span><span style="font-style: normal">, i.e. the </span><span>droungarios of the vigla</span><span style="font-style: normal">, the </span><span>dikaiodotes</span><span style="font-style: normal">, the </span><span>protoasecretis</span><span style="font-style: normal">, the </span><span>eparchos of the city</span><span style="font-style: normal">, the </span><span>koiaistor</span><span style="font-style: normal"> and the </span><span>epi ton kriseon</span><span style="font-style: normal">. The latter could delegate the authority to try cases to the “small” or inferior judges. Consequently, the </span><span>judges of the velum</span><span style="font-style: normal"> and the </span><span>judges of the hippodrome</span><span style="font-style: normal"> could also be sent from </span><span style="font-style: normal">Constantinople</span><span style="font-style: normal"> to the </span><span>themes </span><span style="font-style: normal">by the emperor or other officials, in order to examine some cases and then return to the capital. This is confirmed by the primary sources, which mention for example the case of </span><span>judge of the hippodrome</span><span style="font-style: normal"> Michael Rhodios, who was sent by Alexios I Komnenos in 1084 from </span><span style="font-style: normal">Constantinople</span><span style="font-style: normal"> to the region of Thessalonike, in order to examine a dispute between the Lavra monastery and the brother of the emperor, Adrian. Some years later Michael Rhodios was sent again to try cases in Thessalonike, but this time as </span><span>krites of Boleron, Strymon and Thessalonike</span><span style="font-style: normal">. Consequently, apart from the </span><span>judge of Boleron, Strymon and Thessalonike</span><span style="font-style: normal">, other judges delegated by the emperor or by high officers could also examine cases there, as happened in other </span><span>themes</span><span style="font-style: normal">. F</span><span style="font-style: normal">rom the 14<sup>th</sup> century on, as </span><span style="font-style: normal">Macedonia</span><span style="font-style: normal"> developed its own law schools, a person who had acquired legal training and judicial experience in Thessalonike could continue his judicial career in </span><span style="font-style: normal">Constantinople</span><span style="font-style: normal">.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 17pt" class="MsoFootnoteText"> </p><p style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0cm" class="BodyText2"> </p><p style="line-height: normal" class="BodyText2"> </p><br /><p> </p>

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30

Mount, Andre. "Grasp the Weapon of Culture! Radical Avant-Gardes and the Los Angeles Free Press." Journal of Musicology 32, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 115–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jm.2015.32.1.115.

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In the 17 June 1966 issue of the Los Angeles Free Press, members of a group calling themselves the Los Angeles Hippodrome advertised an upcoming event: an “Homage to Arnold Schoenberg.” The ad seems to suggest nothing out of the ordinary: a recital of the composer’s complete piano works along with a slideshow of his visual art and the playing of a recorded lecture. The facing page, however, paints a very different picture. There, the Free Press reproduced a series of manifestos written by the event’s organizers. The manifestos range in content from lengthy ruminations on the death of art to a cartoon of a dog-like creature brandishing a knife and poised to cut off the head of a snake above the words “GRASP THE WEAPON of CULTURE!” With their absurdist humor and heady, abstract proselytizing, these statements stand in marked contrast to the refined poise of the music of the Second Viennese School. To address this incongruity, one must look beyond the Los Angeles Hippodrome to several other closely related communities. Dorothy Crawford (1995) provides an invaluable account of one such group in Los Angeles, focusing primarily on a circle of modernist music enthusiasts who organized and attended the Monday Evening Concerts series. But the individuals behind the “Homage to Schoenberg” were in equally close contact with participants in the Freak Movement, a Los Angeles manifestation of the 1960s counterculture led by iconoclastic rock guitarist Frank Zappa. Despite superficial differences, the political affinities and geographic proximity of these groups facilitated a free transmission of values and ideas that blurred the boundaries between them.

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Davis, R. "Note. Circus und Hippodrom als politischer Raum. Untersuchungen zum grossen Hippodrom von Konstantinopel und zu entsprechenden Anlagen in Spatantiken Kaiserresidenzen. C Heucke." Classical Review 46, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cr/46.2.384.

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Platonova, N. P., and A. A. Bondar. "DYNAMICS OF THE RESULTS OF TRADITIONAL PRIZES AT 1600 M HORSES OF RUSSIAN TROTTING HORSES FOR 2000-2020." Scientific and Technical Bulletin of the Institute of Animal Science NAAS of Ukraine, no. 125 (2021): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32900/2312-8402-2021-125-154-161.

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In the presented work, the dynamics of the results of the drawing of traditional prizes at a distance of 1600 m by horses of the Russian trotting breed, which were tested from 2000 to 2020 at the Kyiv Hippodrome, was investigated. The main breeding trait of Russian trotting horses is speed. This is a complex trait that is formed during ontogenesis and indirectly includes several other breeding parameters: the correctness of the exterior, the level of health. The results of the prizes were analyzed: Ideal (stallions and mares 2 years old), Govorukhi (mares 2 years old), Three-year open, Derby (4 years old), Elite (for older horses). Future (for stallions and mares 3 years old). The data of the primary zootechnical registration of the Kyiv hippodrome were analyzed based on the results of the traditional prizes for a distance of 1600 m for the period 2000-2020. Statistical analysis of the collected data was carried out using classical biometric methods. At the same time, there is a tendency to improve speed in the Derby prize (4 years old) (p<0.1) and in prizes for two-year-old horses: the Ideal prize (stallions and mares 2 years old) (p<0.1) and Govorukha prize (mares 2 years old) (p<0.1). The resulting tendency may indicate the total effect of genetic (an increase in early maturity and the formation of working qualities of 2-year-old Russian trotting horses) and phenotypic factors (improvement of the technology of feeding, raising and training horses of this age group). In all the studied prizes, a speed improvement was observed, which indicates a successful selection and breeding work with the Russian trotting breed in this direction.

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33

Weiss, Zeev. "Actors and Theaters, Rabbis and Synagogues." Journal of Ancient Judaism 8, no. 2 (May 19, 2017): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/21967954-00802010.

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The paper discusses the opposition of the rabbis in late antique Palestine to Roman public spectacles and their intentional incorporation of references to the theater, hippodrome, and amphitheater, and their performances, into their sermons. By speaking about these very same issues in their sermons, the rabbis essentially, and perhaps deliberately, became actors in their own communal theater – the synagogue. Based on a careful reading of the literary sources, it is argued that with the ironic use of the same tools and props employed in the theater the rabbis not only sought to condemn public entertainment, including theatrical performances, but also urged their communities to shun this leisure activity in favor of other “spectacles” more conducive and appropriate to the religious realm.

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34

SPANOUDES (Κ. ΣΠΑΝΟΥΔΗΣ), K., and N. DIAKAKIS (Ν. ΔΙΑΚΑΚΗΣ). "Equine doping: perceptions, adverse effects and Cyprus hippodrome case review for the years 2001-2010." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 66, no. 1 (December 27, 2017): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15578.

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Doping in race horses affects thousands of equine athletes worldwide. Illicit administration of medical compounds aims to improve the horse’s performance either through altering the athletic capacity, or through covering the symptoms of pathologic conditions. Nicosia race track has a significant number of confirmed doping cases when considering the small equine population of the island, reflecting the lack of credibility of racing in Cyprus. The most frequently administered medications are anabolic steroids, human recombinant erythropoietin, stimulants, diuretics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, local anesthetics, bronchodilators and coagulants. Interestingly, published literature on the effectiveness of these substances is inconclusive or contradictory. This article constitutes a cumulative presentation of confirmed doping cases in Nicosia race track and a brief review on the published literature regarding the effectiveness of the most commonly administered compounds.

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Baer, M. "Death in the Hippodrome: Sexual Politics and Legal Culture in the Reign of Mehmet IV." Past & Present 210, no. 1 (January 20, 2011): 61–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtq062.

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36

Giatsis, Sotiris G. "The massacre in the riot of nika in the great hippodrome of constantinople in 532 ad." International Journal of the History of Sport 12, no. 3 (December 1995): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523369508713914.

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37

Hitchon, Patrick. "Roman Hippodrome, Tyre, Lebanon: Racing up to Five Chariots at a Time, Seating for 20,000 Spectators." Spine 34, no. 17 (August 2009): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000358884.86355.8d.

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38

Senelick, Laurence. "Wedekind at the Music Hall." New Theatre Quarterly 4, no. 16 (November 1988): 326–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00002906.

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In the valedictory issue of the first Theatre Quarterly, TQ40 (1981). we included a fascinating glimpse of a highly unlikely convergence – between Lenin and the London Hippodrome, where the Russian revolutionary leader found music hall an intriguing phenomenon, exemplifying ‘the anarchy of production under capitalism’. The author of that article, Laurence Senelick, now introduces the experiences of a contemporary of Lenin's who, though a dramatist himself, at first appears almost as unlikely a visitor to the ‘Old Mo’, the Middlesex Music Hall in late-Victorian London – the German playwright Frank Wedekind, author of Spring Awakening and the Lulu trilogy. Long before those plays brought him notoriety, Wedekind visited London, and recorded his views of music hall in his journal. Laurence Senelick, an Advisory Editor of NTQ, teaches in the Drama Department at Tufts University, and has published widely, mainly in the fields of Russian theatre and popular entertainment.

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39

Everest, G. J., and P. R. Meyers. "Kribbella hippodromi sp. nov., isolated from soil from a racecourse in South Africa." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY 58, no. 2 (February 1, 2008): 443–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.65278-0.

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40

Kehrberg, I. "Flaked glass and pottery sherd tools of the late roman and byzantine periods from the hippodrome at Jerash." Syria 69, no. 3 (1992): 451–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/syria.1992.7298.

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41

Groot, H. Jonathan, and Russell S. Richardson. "The skeletal muscle microcirculation: if this is the hippodrome for the chariots of vasoactivity, who is the charioteer?" Experimental Physiology 99, no. 1 (November 4, 2013): 78–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2013.076372.

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42

Ramírez-Guerrero, Gema, Javier García-Onetti, Juan Adolfo Chica-Ruiz, and Manuel Arcila-Garrido. "Concrete as Heritage: The Social Perception from Heritage Criteria Perspective. The Eduardo Torroja’s Work." International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics 15, no. 6 (December 26, 2020): 785–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijdne.150603.

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Eduardo Torroja Miret (1899-1961) was one of the most important Spanish engineers. His understanding of structures and materials made him a world reference in the field of engineering and architecture. Due to the lack of ornamentation in his works and the lack of heritage interpretation aimed at a non-specialist public, many of his works sometimes go unnoticed by inexperienced eyes and, despite his important legacy, Torroja remains a great unknown. This paper reports on the existing heritage perception of two of his most outstanding works in Spain, the Zarzuela Hippodrome and the Instituto Técnico de la Construcción y el Cemento (Eduardo Torroja Institute). To this end, surveys and interviews were carried out with visitors to both buildings based on different heritage criteria, such as their architectural importance, aesthetics, significance or representativeness, but also from the point of view of the available tourist infrastructure. The results show a lack of appreciation in the heritage criteria related to its architectural, historical and aesthetic values, combined with a lack of knowledge about Torroja and its way of understanding architectural beauty.

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Madden, Thomas F. "The Serpent Column of Delphi in Constantinople: Placement, Purposes, and Mutilations." Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 16 (1992): 111–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307013100007564.

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Between the two great obelisks of Istanbul’s Atmeidan, rests the battered and truncated remains of one of western civilization’s most intriguing and important artifacts: the Serpent Column of Delphi. With its two companions, the ancient bronze pillar marks the spina of the Byzantine hippodrome around which the chariots of the Empire once raced. Today only tour buses make the circuit. The Serpent Column is all the more extraordinary simply by its continued existence. On public display for over 2300 years, it somehow escaped the fires, earthquakes, and lootings which destroyed almost all other Hellenic bronze masterpieces. As one author at the turn of the twentieth century noted, ‘Nothing in Constantinople, perhaps in the world, has such a history.’ It is not, however, the purpose of this study to present that history, but rather to examine new evidence and make new arguments concerning crucial points in it. More specifically, this article will concentrate on the column’s physical state, as well as some local folklore surrounding it, from its removal to Constantinople in the fourth century until its truncation in 1700.

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44

Biville, Frédérique. "Latinité d’occident, latinité d’orient: Le ‘latin’ du Livre des cérémonies de Constantin Porphyrogénète." Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 59, no. 1-4 (September 25, 2020): 575–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/068.2019.59.1-4.50.

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SummaryAfter the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the imperial ritual was preserved and systematized in the East, in the ‘Byzantine’ Empire, by intensifying and Christianizing. The Book of Ceremonies by Constantine Porphyrogennetos, written in Greek in Constantinople in the 10th century, by compiling protocols of the previous centuries, gathers a rich collection of court rituals to be observed during the great religious and civil ceremonies which accompanied the important events of the reigns of the sovereigns, and the sportive events at the Hippodrome. We investigate about the permanence and the future of the Latin language in the ceremonial of the Byzantine Court: the survival of formulaic expressions of order and acclamation in Latin (rhômaïzein), Latin phrases underlaying the Greek text, and a great lot of Latinisms (rhômaï(k)a lexis) in the institutional and technical lexicon, sometimes unknown in Latin, which attest integrational processes, lexical creation, and phenomens of ‘aller-retour’ (round trip) between the West and the East, and between the Greek and the Latin languages.

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45

Jin, Ying, Nuerbiye Aobulikasimu, Zengguang Zhang, Chengbin Liu, Bixuan Cao, Bin Lin, Peipei Guan, et al. "Amycolasporins and Dibenzoyls from Lichen-Associated Amycolatopsis hippodromi and Their Antibacterial and Anti-inflammatory Activities." Journal of Natural Products 83, no. 12 (November 20, 2020): 3545–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00547.

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46

Shpyrnya, O. V. "Tourist-recreational projection of creative excursion routes in Krasnodar." Scientific bulletin of the Southern Institute of Management, no. 1 (April 27, 2019): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31775/2305-3100-2019-1-104-109.

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In this article, an analysis of the tourist and recreational potential of the city of Krasnodarhas been conducted, and the possibility of developing various types of tourist and excursion services has been noted. The conclusion is made about the prospects of designing creative excursion routes in the city of Krasnodaras a factor in the development of domestic and inbound tourism. The problems of the development of domestic and inbound tourism, as well as the fact of increasing competition between the regions of Southern Russiafor the preferences and loyalty of tourists, are noted. It was revealed that there are no excursion routes that make it possible to most effectively and comprehensively use the tourist potential not only of the KrasnodarTerritory, but also of the city of Krasnodar.A justification of the relevance and necessity of tourist and recreational design of creative excursion routes in the city ofKrasnodarhas been carried out. In cooperation with the tourist information center of the city ofKrasnodar, the following excursion routes were offered: «Krasnodar Hippodrome», «Path of Health», «KrasnodarGastronomic», «Cycling around the city», «Walk alongAlexander Boulevard», «Main Krasnaya Street», «Flowers at obelisks», «Domes over the city», «Meet – the city ofKrasnodar».

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47

Porath, Y. "Herod's Circus at Caesarea: a response to J. Patrich (JRA 14, 269-83)." Journal of Roman Archaeology 16 (2003): 451–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759400013271.

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Over the last decade, a Herodian facility for chariot racing has been excavated at Caesarea Maritima by two different teams. A team of the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) under my direction has been responsible for excavating the cavea and most of the arena (fig. I), while the Combined Caesarea Expedition under J. Patrich has excavated the carceres and a small portion of the arena. Patrich recently published (JRA 14, 269-83) the archaeological evidence for the carceres, but some of his conclusions about how the facility as a whole operated, especially those relating to the larger area excavated by the IAA, are misleading, and I would like to discuss and correct them.Patrich calls the stone-built facility for chariot racing a “hippodrome/stadium”, although that is not a commonly accepted term among the types of ancient entertainment buildings. The sources and archaeological evidence make it clear that an entertainment building belonging to a particular building type could house a wider variety of performances than just those chiefly associated with that type. Thus, in addition to chariot races, a circus could legitimately hold athletic contests typical of the stadium in front of the longitudinal sections of the cavea, and it might even hold performances typical of theatre and amphitheatre in its semicircular end opposite the start.

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Korn, Lorenz. "The “German Fountain” in Istanbul: Object of Transfer in the Age of Historicism and Diplomacy." Der Islam 95, no. 2 (November 8, 2018): 549–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/islam-2018-0034.

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Abstract The “German Fountain” on the Hippodrome in Istanbul, commissioned by the German Emperor Wilhelm II, has been perceived (and sometimes ridiculed) as a marginal by-product of imperialism and historicism. However, the history of its origins, construction and inauguration highlights significant aspects of German-Ottoman relations in the Hamidian period. The fountain is an example of the role that art and architecture played in these relations. The history of its planning indicates in which way the urban history of Istanbul was perceived and how a new monument was inserted, under the particular conditions of patronage by a foreign monarch. For the present article, German archival sources have been utilized to reconstruct the events and to interpret underlying attitudes. These sources elucidate the process of veritable trans-cultural negotiations, in which numerous partners with differing agendas participated. Besides, an art historical glance at the design of the fountain permits conclusions on choices that were made by the patron and the architect, significant for the understanding of the monument by its contemporaries. The particular conditions of the Ottoman Empire struggling for survival vis à vis European powers, and German foreign politics, become visible in the location and style of the fountain as well as in the protocol of its inauguration.

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Mohammadipanah, Fatemeh, Javad Hamedi, Markus Göker, Anne Fiebig, Rüdiger Pukall, Cathrin Spröer, and Hans-Peter Klenk. "Kribbella shirazensis sp. nov., isolated from Iranian soil." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 63, Pt_9 (September 1, 2013): 3369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.046847-0.

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The taxonomic position of a strain isolated from soil in Shiraz, Fars province, Iran, was investigated. Strain UTMC 693T produced an extensively branched substrate mycelium and aerial hyphae consisting of hyphae that fragment into short to elongated rod-like elements. The chemotaxonomic characteristics of the isolate matched those described for the genus Kribbella . Strain UTMC 693T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Kribbella karoonensis DSM 17344T (98.3 %), K. swartbergensis DSM 17345T (98.2 %), K. hippodromi S1.4T (98.0 %), K. aluminosa HKI 0478T (98.0 %) and K. jejuensis HD9T (98.0 %). DNA–DNA hybridization studies with closely related type strains showed 56.3 % relatedness to K. karoonensis , 21.3 % to K. swartbergensis , 39.0 % to K. jejuensis and 42.0 % to K. aluminosa . Thus, strain UTMC 693T can be considered to represent a novel Kribbella species. Strain UTMC 693T showed the typical morphology found among members of Kribbella , but can be differentiated easily from closely related species by genotypic characteristics, chemotaxonomic results and other phenotypic markers. Based on these results, strain UTMC 693T ( = DSM 45490T = CCUG 61792T) is considered the type strain of a novel species of the genus Kribbella , for which the name Kribbella shirazensis sp. nov. is proposed.

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Niewöhner, Philipp. "Historisch-topographische Überlegungen zum Trierer Prozessionselfenbein, dem Christusbild an der Chalke, Kaiserin Irenes Triumph im Bilderstreit und der Euphemiakirche am Hippodrom." Millennium 11, no. 1 (November 1, 2014): 261–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mill-2014-0110.

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