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1
Kindratt, Tiffany, Florence Dallo, and Laura Zahodne. "Cognitive Disability Among Arab Americans by Nativity Status: Lack of Evidence for the Healthy Migrant Effect." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (2020): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2078.
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Abstract Limited research exists on cognitive disabilities among foreign-born adults, particularly non-Hispanic Arab Americans. We analyzed 10 years (2008-2017) of data from the American Community Survey (ACS) Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) (n=5,011,469; ages >45 years). In US-born adults, the age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of cognitive disability among non-Hispanic Arab Americans was 5.3%, which was lower than non-Hispanic whites (6.5%), blacks (10.8%), and Hispanics (10.0%). Among foreign-born adults, the prevalence of cognitive disability was highest, 7.3%, for non-Hispanic Arab Americans compared to all other racial and ethnic groups. Among foreign-born adults, non-Hispanic Arab Americans had 1.24 times greater odds (95% CI=1.12, 1.37) of having a cognitive disability compared to foreign-born non-Hispanic whites. This is the first study to examine cognitive disabilities among US- and foreign-born Arab Americans. More research is needed to better understand factors that may contribute to the increased prevalence of cognitive disabilities for foreign-born adults.
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Haxton, Clarisse L., and Kristen Harknett. "Racial and Gender Differences in Kin Support." Journal of Family Issues 30, no. 8 (2009): 1019–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x09333946.
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This article uses qualitative and quantitative data for a recent birth cohort from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study to compare kin support patterns between African Americans and Hispanics. It focuses on financial and housing support from grandparents and other kin during the transition to parenthood. Qualitative analysis ( n = 122 parents) uncovers distinctions in the way African American and Hispanic parents discuss their family networks, with African Americans emphasizing relations with female kin and Hispanics emphasizing a more integrated system. Consistent with these findings, quantitative analysis ( n = 2,472 mothers and n = 2,639 fathers) finds that compared with Hispanic parents, African American parents are more likely to receive financial and housing support from grandmothers and less likely to receive support from both grandparents. Contrary to expectations that fathers would be the primary support recipients in Hispanic households, the authors find that mothers are the more common recipients of support among African Americans and Hispanics.
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Price, Matthew, Tatiana M. Davidson, Jeannette O. Andrews, and Kenneth J. Ruggiero. "Access, use and completion of a brief disaster mental health intervention among Hispanics, African-Americans and Whites affected by Hurricane Ike." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 19, no. 2 (2013): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1357633x13476230.
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Sumary African-Americans and Hispanics are disproportionally affected by disasters. We evaluated differences in the use and completion of a web-based mental health intervention, Disaster Recovery Web (DRW), by White, African-American and Hispanic adults in the aftermath of Hurricane Ike. Approximately one year after the hurricane, a telephone survey was carried out with adults from Galveston and Chambers counties. A total of 1249 adults participated in the survey (80% White, 14% African-American and 6% Hispanic). Mental health and mental health service utilization were assessed. Whites were more likely to have previously used the Internet to obtain general health information than African-Americans or Hispanics ( P < 0.001). A logistic regression was used to identify differences in the use of the Internet intervention after controlling for covariates. There were no differences in rates of non-use and dropout attrition between Whites, African-Americans and Hispanics. Thus the findings suggest that web-based mental health interventions can be used to reach African-American, Hispanic and White adults at similar rates after a disaster.
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Walczuk Beltrão, Ana Carolina. "Aquí no se habla Spanglish: the issue of language in US Hispanic media." Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, no. 21 (November 15, 2008): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/raei.2008.21.11.
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A strong and still growing ethnic community in the United States, Hispanic Americans, with a common language but culturally diverse, have for years constituted a challenge for the media. How to communicate with them? With the development of Spanish-language print, broadcast, and cable outlets within American territory, communication became easier. Some of these media, however, have for years denied Hispanic Americans one of their most genuine forms of expression: namely, the use of Spanglish, a language generated by immigrants. The two major Hispanic American television networks in particular have adopted the policy of vetoing the use of Spanglish. The issue may be very upsetting for many Hispanic Americans who consume information on a daily basis. It becomes even more upsetting, then, when the same media also self-appoint themselves as “representatives of the Hispanic American population”. If the hybrid language is one of the few elements that indeed unite and represent the Hispanic group in America, shouldn’t these media rethink their practices? This is exactly what this article intends to answer, taking the case of Hispanic American television, from an initial description of Hispanics in America, to a closer analysis of the major media outlets available in the country.
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Mendes de Leon, Carlos F., Karl Eschbach, and Kyriakos S. Markides. "Population Trends and Late-Life Disability in Hispanics From the Midwest." Journal of Aging and Health 23, no. 7 (2011): 1166–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898264311422100.
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Objectives: To describe the growth of the Hispanic population in the Midwest states of the United States, to present disability levels in older Mexican and non-Mexican-origin Midwest Hispanics by place of birth and poverty status, and compare disability levels among older Midwest Hispanics with those among Southwest Hispanics as well as non-Hispanics Whites and African Americans in each region. Method: Population data come from decennial U.S. Census Bureau surveys. Disability data for adults ≥ 50 years old come from the 2008 American Community Survey. Results: The Hispanic population in the Midwest has tripled since 1980 and now constitutes 6.6% of the entire Midwest population. Older Midwest Hispanics are somewhat younger, have a higher male–female ratio, and are more likely to be born outside the continental United States than Southwest Hispanics. In the Midwest, foreign-born Mexican American men report the lowest disability levels. Foreign-born Hispanic women of non-Mexican origin report the highest disability levels. Overall, older Hispanics have intermediate disability levels relative to non-Hispanic Whites and African Americans. Midwest Hispanics report less disability than Southwest Hispanics. Discussion: There is substantial heterogeneity in late-life disability among Midwest Hispanics, which may be related to place of birth and of origin. Future research is needed to examine age at immigration and health selection as potential reasons for low disability levels among foreign-born Mexican American men.
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Guendelman, Sylvia, and Barbara Abrams. "Dietary, Alcohol, and Tobacco Intake among Mexican-American Women of Childbearing Age: Results from HANES Data." American Journal of Health Promotion 8, no. 5 (1994): 363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-8.5.363.
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Purpose. Dietary intake and substance abuse are important predictors of pregnancy outcome yet little is known about these behaviors in Mexican Americans. Dietary, tobacco, and alcohol intake of Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white women were compared across the reproductive cycle. Design. Four cross-sectional groups—interconceptional, pregnant, lactating, and postpartum non-lactating—were compared within and between ethnic groups. Subjects. A stratified sample of 682 women, 16 to 44 years old, of Mexican birth or origin from the Hispanic HANES was contrasted with a similarly stratified sample of 1,396 white non-Hispanic women from the NHANES. Measures. Demographic, behavioral and health characteristics, food practices, and fluid intake were examined. Data on food servings were combined into five major food groups. Results. Compared with white non-Hispanics, Mexican-American women had lower socioeconomic status and worse perceived health. However, Mexican Americans reported lower consumption of tobacco, alcohol, diet soda, and caffeine, particularly during pregnancy and lactation. Although portion sizes for the foods consumed were not assessed, frequency of consumption of fruits and vegetables and milk was lower and meat higher among Mexican Americans. Conclusions. Despite socioeconomic disadvantages, Mexican-American women have better health habits than white non-Hispanic women. From these data it is unclear how diet affects pregnancy outcomes in Mexican Americans.
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Webb Hooper, Monica, Patricia Calixte-Civil, Christina Verzijl, et al. "Associations between Perceived Racial Discrimination and Tobacco Cessation among Diverse Treatment Seekers." Ethnicity & Disease 30, no. 3 (2020): 411–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.30.3.411.
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Objectives: This study investigated a) racial/ethnic differences in past-year discrimination experiences and b) associations between discrimination and smoking abstinence.Design: Prospective, longitudinal analysis of smoking status. Perceived past-year discrimination was assessed at baseline. ANCOVAs and intent-to-treat hierarchical logistic regressions were conducted.Setting: Dual-site (Tampa, FL and Miami, FL) randomized controlled trial testing the effects of a group cessation intervention plus pharmacotherapy.Participants: Treatment-seeking adult smokers (N=347; non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic African American/Black, or Hispanic).Main Outcome Measures: Biochemically verified 7-day point prevalence abstinence (7-day ppa) was assessed immediately post-intervention and at 6-month follow-up.Results: After controlling for covariates, African Americans/Blacks reported greater perceived discrimination compared with non-Hispanic Whites (P=.02), and Hispanics (P=.06). Non-Hispanic Whites and Hispanics did not differ in perceived racial/ethnic discrimination experiences over the past year. Irrespective of race/ ethnicity, past-year perceived discrimination was inversely associated with 7-day ppa, both post-intervention (AOR=.97, CI: .95-.99) and at 6-months (AOR=.98, CI: .96-.99). Among African Americans/Blacks, past-year perceived discrimination was inversely associated with 7-day ppa, both post-intervention (AOR=.95, CI: .92-.97) and at 6-months (AOR=.97, CI: .94-.99). Perceived discrimination was unrelated to 7-day ppa among Hispanics. Among non-Hispanic Whites, past-year perceived discrimination was inversely associated with post-intervention 7-day ppa (AOR=.95, CI: .91-.99), but not 6-months.Conclusions: Perceived racial/ethnic discrimination was greater among African American/Black smokers compared with non-Hispanic Whites. Perceived discrimination was negatively associated with tobacco cessation in the full sample, and for African Americans at 6-months post-intervention. These data have implications for intervention delivery and health disparities.Ethn Dis. 2020;30(3):411-420; doi:10.18865/ed.30.3.411
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Berry, Cherisse, Ali Salim, Eric J. Ley, et al. "Organ Donation and Hispanic American High School Students: Attitudes, Beliefs, Perceptions, and Intent to Donate." American Surgeon 78, no. 2 (2012): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481207800232.
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The growing need for transplantable organs continues to outpace supply. This discrepancy is most pronounced in minority populations. Hispanic Americans, however, are significantly less likely to donate their organs for reasons that remain poorly understood. We sought to identify factors that influence Hispanic American high school students’ intent to donate organs. A prospective observational study was conducted in five Los Angeles high schools within four separate zip codes known for a high percentage of Hispanic Americans. High school students, ages 15 to 20 years, were surveyed to assess demographic factors, cultural factors, awareness and knowledge, perception, and belief regarding organ donation and the intent to donate. A total of 5444 surveys were collected over a 4-month period. After logistic regression analysis, independent risk factors for predicting the intent to donate were: family support, 11th and 12th grade high school students, being female, religion, and the belief that Hispanics are more likely to need an organ transplant. This study represents the largest study to date examining factors associated with the intent to donate in Hispanic American high school students. To address the organ shortage crisis in Hispanic Americans, these risk factors should be considered using specific, effective educational programs.
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Dennis, Jennifer H., and Bridget K. Behe. "The Changing Face of the American Gardener." HortScience 40, no. 4 (2005): 1139C—1139. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1139c.
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As the diversity of the American population increases, so should efforts to understand gardening behavior of different subcultures. Businesses need this information to effectively target these consumer groups, and improve their level of product satisfaction. An Internet study of gardening activities was conduced in Sept. 2004, with a sample of 1591 individuals, but over sampled for African-, Hispanic-, and Asian-Americans. Results showed many differences in the purchases, enjoyment, expenditures, and product satisfaction for these groups compared to the Caucasian sample. More Caucasians had mowed their own lawn in the year prior to the study (60.2%) than African-Americans (47.1%), Hispanics (50.4%), or Asians (50.5%). More Caucasians (58.2%) had participated in flower gardening than African-Americans (33.5%) or Hispanics (44.1%), but similar to the percentage of Asian-Americans (50.9%). However, a similarly high percentage of Asians had participated in fruit, vegetable, or herb gardening (33.8%), compared to Caucasians (33.5%). Both groups participated in fruit, vegetable, or herb gardening more than African-Americans (16.3%) or Hispanics (26.7%). Hispanic gardeners spent 7.3 hours in the garden on average each week, compared to 6.7 hours for Caucasians, 6.5 for Asians, and 4.7 for African-Americans. Yet, Hispanic (3.8) and Asian (3.8) gardeners rated their level of outdoor gardening enjoyment (7-point Likert scale) higher than African-Americans (3.1) but lower than for Caucasians (4.0). This first glimpse of non-Caucasian gardeners shows businesses should target these groups for specific gardening products and may have some extra work to do to improve their level of satisfaction and enjoyment.
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Stock, L. "Hispanic Americans: A Brief Profile." Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 81, no. 6 (1987): 262–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x8708100608.
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The latest population statistics show the Hispanic population in the US to be fast-growing, young and very diverse in nature. While the Hispanic group lags behind the general population in average education and employment rates, many gains have been made in the past decade. The growing numbers and attainments of Hispanics will mean an increased demand for better education, employment and training programs, housing and family services.
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Choula, Rita. "The Unique Challenges and Contributions of Diverse Caregivers." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (2020): 681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2373.
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Abstract Caregiving in the U.S. 2020 oversampled African Americans, Hispanics, Asians, and people over the age of 75. Six in ten caregivers report being non-Hispanic white, 17% are Hispanic, 14% non-Hispanic African-American or black, 5% Asian/Pacific Islander, and 3% some other race or ethnicity, including multiracial. The session will emphasize the unique context of diverse caregivers, including African American, Hispanic, Asian, and LGBT+ caregivers. The session will begin by discussing the portrait of the typical caregiver of each of these groups. It will follow with a discussion of the challenges facing diverse caregivers in the aggregate and the opportunities to recognize and support them across settings.
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Hunt, Bijou R. "Breast Cancer Prevalence and Mortality among Hispanic Subgroups in the United States, 2009–2013." Journal of Cancer Epidemiology 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8784040.
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Background. This paper presents data on breast cancer prevalence and mortality among US Hispanics and Hispanic subgroups, including Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, Central American, and South American.Methods. Five-year average annual female breast cancer prevalence and mortality rates for 2009–2013 were examined using data from the National Health Interview Survey (prevalence) and the National Center for Health Statistics and the American Community Survey (mortality rates).Results. Overall breast cancer prevalence among US Hispanic women was 1.03%. Although the estimates varied slightly by Hispanic subgroup, these differences were not statistically significant. The breast cancer mortality rate for Hispanics overall was 17.71 per 100,000 women. Higher rates were observed among Cubans (17.89), Mexicans (18.78), and Puerto Ricans (19.04), and a lower rate was observed among Central and South Americans (10.15). With the exception of the rate for Cubans, all Hispanic subgroup rates were statistically significantly different from the overall Hispanic rate. Additionally, all Hispanic subgroups rates were statistically significantly higher than the Central and South American rate.Conclusion. The data reveal significant differences in mortality across Hispanic subgroups. These data enable public health officials to develop targeted interventions to help lower breast cancer mortality among the highest risk populations.
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LeBlanc, Sandra, and Julie F. Smart. "Power, Perception, and Privilege: White Privilege and the Rehabilitation of Mexican Americans." Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 36, no. 2 (2005): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.36.2.12.
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Rehabilitation counselors are gatekeepers to services in the state/federal vocational rehabilitation agency. Further, it is safe to state that the majority of these counselors are white, non-Hispanic Americans. Juxtaposed with these twin realities is the growing number of Hispanic/Latino Americans with disabilities, the greatest number of whom are of Mexican origin. Therefore, it becomes necessary for rehabilitation counselors to examine the concepts, history, and results of white privilege. In rehabilitation, white privilege may affect the higher rates of disabilities experienced by Mexican Americans and the fact that once Mexican Americans acquire these disabilities, they experience more secondary conditions and complications (than white, non-Hispanics). Acceptance for services in the state/federal VR system can be influenced by white privilege. Once accepted for services, white privilege can create distance and a power differential between the rehabilitation counselor and the Mexican American client. In addition, biases and inaccurate (and unconscious) perceptions of the counselor may lead to inaccurate assessments and underestimation of the Mexican American client's potential for rehabilitation. Practice recommendations which empower the Mexican American client are presented.
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Valencia, Dora, Javier Mendoza, Denise Rodriguez Esquivel, William D. S. Killgore, M. Denisse Armenta, and Michael Grandner. "0942 Sleep duration benefits for Spanish-speaking Hispanic/Latine respondents of the 2020 BRFSS." SLEEP 46, Supplement_1 (2023): A415—A416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsad077.0942.
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Abstract Introduction Habitual sleep duration is associated with many aspects of health. Previous studies show that some groups of Hispanic/Latine Americans are somewhat protected from sleep disparities seen in other groups, but also that this may depend on acculturation. This study expanded this finding to nationally-representative data and explored some potential pathways that may link acculturation and sleep in Hispanics/Latinos. Methods Data from the 2020 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) were used (N=309,548 provided complete data). Habitual sleep duration was self-reported in hours and converted to minutes for analysis. Race/ethnicity was self-reported as Non-Hispanic White, Black/African American, Hispanic/Latine, Asian/Pacific-Islander, American Indian/Alaskan Native, and Multiracial/Other. The Hispanic/Latine group was further divided into those who chose to complete the survey in English versus Spanish. Covariates included age, sex, education level, household income, employment status, overall health, and mental health. Linear regression examined sleep duration (minutes) as the outcome, with race/ethnicity as the predictor. Race/ethnicity-by-covariate interactions were explored. Results Compared to non-Hispanic Whites, Blacks/African Americans reported 7.4 minutes less sleep (p&lt; 0.0005), English-speaking Hispanics/Latine reported 4 fewer minutes (p=0.038), Spanish-speaking Hispanic/Latine reported 16.9 more minutes (p&lt; 0.0005), Asians/Pacific Islanders reported 4.7 fewer minutes (p=0.042), no difference was seen for American Indians/Alaskan Natives, and Multiracial/Others reported 9.5 fewer minutes (p&lt; 0.0005). Significant interactions were seen for age, education, income, employment, health, and mental health (all p&lt; 0.05). Sleep duration benefits of speaking Spanish were evident especially in younger groups (under age 50, peaking age 30), those with more education, those with higher income, those in better health, those with fewer mental health problems, and those who were employed or were students. Conclusion Spanish-speaking Hispanics/Latine Americans were the only race/ethnicity group to report more sleep than non-Hispanic White adults and showed markedly different relationships versus when including English-speaking Hispanic/Latine adults. This advantage was differentially experienced, though, and depended on age, socioeconomics, and health status. Also, the BRFSS did not ask about primary household language nor English fluency. Future research is needed to explicitly explore acculturation-related explanations and develop linguistically- and culturally-targeted interventions for sleep health, especially for addressing apparent generational and socioeconomic differences. Support (if any)
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Antman, Francisca M., Brian Duncan, and Stephen J. Trejo. "Hispanic Americans in the Labor Market: Patterns over Time and across Generations." Journal of Economic Perspectives 37, no. 1 (2023): 169–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.37.1.169.
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This article reviews evidence on the labor market performance of Hispanics in the United States, with a particular focus on the US-born segment of this population. After discussing critical issues that arise in the US data sources commonly used to study Hispanics, we document how Hispanics currently compare with other Americans in terms of education, earnings, and labor supply, and then we discuss long-term trends in these outcomes. Relative to non-Hispanic Whites, US-born Hispanics from most national origin groups possess sizeable deficits in earnings, which in large part reflect corresponding educational deficits. Over time, rates of high school completion by US-born Hispanics have almost converged to those of non-Hispanic Whites, but the large Hispanic deficits in college completion have instead widened. Finally, from the perspective of immigrant generations, Hispanics experience substantial improvements in education and earnings between first-generation immigrants and the second-generation consisting of the US-born children of immigrants. Continued progress beyond the second generation is obscured by measurement issues arising from high rates of Hispanic intermarriage and the fact that later-generation descendants of Hispanic immigrants often do not self-identify as Hispanic when they come from families with mixed ethnic origins.
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Becker, Thomas M., Jonathan M. Samet, Charles L. Wiggins, and Charles R. Key. "Violent Death in the West: Suicide and Homicide in New Mexico, 1958–1987." Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 20, no. 4 (1990): 324–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1943-278x.1990.tb00220.x.
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ABSTRACT: We examined New Mexico vital statistics data for suicides and homicides among the state's Hispanics, Native Americans, and non‐Hispanic whites collected from 1958 to 1987. We found high age‐adjusted rates for both suicides and homicides among Hispanic and Native American males, in comparison with rates for non‐Hispanic white males. Suicide rates among Native American women were comparatively low, contrasting with their high homicide rates. Homicide rates for males in all three ethnic groups increased substantially over the 30‐year study period. We conclude that death from violent causes, both suicide and homicide, is a major public health problem in New Mexico, and disproportionately affects minority males.
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Miller, E. A., D. M. West, and M. Wasserman. "Health information Websites: characteristics of US users by race and ethnicity." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 13, no. 6 (2007): 298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/135763307781644852.
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We conducted a national public opinion survey of adults aged 18 years or older in the continental US to determine their use of health Websites. Of the 928 individuals contacted, 868 (94%) reported their race/ethnicity. More non-Hispanic Whites reported using the Internet (34%) than African Americans (31%) and Hispanics (20%). We used logistic regression to estimate adjusted odds ratios describing the relationship between Website usage and covariates across the racial/ethnic subgroups. Whereas better perceived health was associated with greater Website use among Hispanics and Whites, stronger health literacy was associated with greater use among Hispanics. No African American or Hispanic respondent aged 65 years or older reported going online. The relationship between education and use was more than twice as strong for African Americans and Hispanics than other groups. That some minority groups are less likely to use the World Wide Web for health information may further compound existing disparities. One place where this problem may be addressed is in the nation's schools.
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Rumrill, Phillip D., Han Zhang, Jian Li, et al. "Workplace discrimination allegations and outcomes involving Caucasian Americans, African Americans, and Hispanic/Latinx Americans with multiple sclerosis: A causal comparative analysis." Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 56, no. 1 (2022): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jvr-211175.
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BACKGROUND: Although African Americans and Hispanic/Latinx Americans with multiple sclerosis (MS) frequently cite workplace discrimination as a major concern, the specific nature of this discrimination is not yet well understood. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate racial/ethnic differences in allegations of workplace discrimination by Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic/Latinx American individuals with MS. METHODS: The United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) Integrated Mission System (IMS) database was used to describe and compare the frequency and characteristics of discrimination allegations filed by people with MS in the three race/ethnicity groups. Quantitative analyses, including a one-way analysis of variance and Chi-square tests, were used to examine 2009–2016 Americans with Disabilities Act Amendments Act (ADAAA) Title I complaints. These complaints were received by the EEOC from people with MS who identified themselves as Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic/Latinx American (N = 3,770). RESULTS: Both African Americans and Hispanic/Latinx Americans tended to encounter discrimination at a younger age than Caucasian Americans. African American and Hispanic/Latinx American charging parties were more likely to be women than were Caucasian charging parties. The size and location of employers against whom allegations were filed varied significantly among the three racial/ethnic groups. The EEOC was more likely to resolve allegations in the charging parties’ favor when the allegations were filed by Caucasians. CONCLUSION: The present study revealed modest but significant differences in the workplace discrimination experiences of the three groups under study. More research is needed to determine why racial/ethnic status bears on the discrimination experiences of Americans with MS.
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O’Bryant, Sid E., Fan Zhang, Melissa Petersen, et al. "Proteomic Profiles of Neurodegeneration Among Mexican Americans and Non-Hispanic Whites in the HABS-HD Study." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 86, no. 3 (2022): 1243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-210543.
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Background: Hispanics are expected to experience the largest increase in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and AD related dementias over the next several decades. However, few studies have examined biomarkers of AD among Mexican Americans, the largest segment of the U.S. Hispanic population. Objective: We sought to examine proteomic profiles of an MRI-based marker of neurodegeneration from the AT(N) framework among a multi-ethnic, community-dwelling cohort. Methods: Community-dwelling Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic white adults and elders were recruited. All participants underwent comprehensive assessments including an interview, functional exam, clinical labs, informant interview, neuropsychological testing, and 3T MRI of the brain. A neurodegeneration MRI meta-ROI biomarker for the AT(N) framework was calculated. Results: Data was examined from n = 1,291 participants. Proteomic profiles were highly accurate for detecting neurodegeneration (i.e., N+) among both Mexican Americans (AUC = 1.0) and non-Hispanic whites (AUC = 0.98). The proteomic profile of N + was different between ethnic groups. Further analyses revealed that the proteomic profiles of N + varied by diagnostic status (control, MCI, dementia) and ethnicity (Mexican American versus non-Hispanic whites) though diagnostic accuracy was high for all classifications. Conclusion: A proteomic profile of neurodegeneration has tremendous value and point towards novel diagnostic and intervention opportunities. The current findings demonstrate that the underlying biological factors associated with neurodegeneration are different between Mexican Americans versus non-Hispanic whites as well as at different levels of disease progression.
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McConnel, Charles E., and Rosemary W. Wilson. "Racial and Ethnic Patterns in the Utilization of Prehospital Emergency Transport Services in the United States." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 14, no. 4 (1999): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00027680.
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AbstractIntroduction:This descriptive research used a large, urban population-based data set for prehospital emergency medical transports to examine racial/ethnic patterns of access and utilization for several broad categories of emergency medical transport services.Methods:Fire department files of approximately 39,000 reports on service provision were used to establish rates of transport utilization per 1,000 population in 1990, the most recent year for which reliable citylevel census data were available. Data were categorized by three age groups (< 25 years 25–64years,≥ 65years), three racial/ethnic groups (non-Hispanic whites, African-Americans, Hispanics), and gender. Transport rates were computed for total utilization, trauma incidents, and incidents due to medical conditions. Racial/ethnic rates were analyzed for each age and gender group and age- and gender-standardized rates were analyzed and presented in a graphical comparison. Statistical analyses of racial/ethnic differences were conducted using Tukey-type tests of multiple comparisons of proportions, with significant differences evaluated at the p = 0.001 level of significance.Results:Significant differences between racial/ethnic groups in the utilization of emergency transport services existed for all pair-wise comparisons including comparisons by each of the three age groups and gender. For total utilization, unadjusted rates are highest for African-Americans (65.9/1,000) and lowest for Hispanics (25.8/1.000). Likewise, African-American rates were substantially higher for both gender groups and across all age groups. Categorized by gender and age group under age ≥ 65 years, non-Hispanic whites are observed to have the lowest rates for both males and females under the age 65 years, while Hispanics have the lowest rates in the group 65 years old However, when rates are age- and gender- standardized, compared to African-Americans and Hispanics, rates for non-Hispanic whites are significantly lower for total transports and for trauma and medically related transports (p = 0.001).Conclusion:Age- and gender- standardized rates for emergency medical transport were found to be lowest for non-Hispanic whites, moderately higher for Hispanics, and subsantially higher for African-Americans, who experienced transport rates nearly three times higher than were the rates for non-Hispanic whites. Further research is required to establish the extent to which racial/ethnic differences observed in this geographically restricted study reflect variations between racial/ethnic groups in the underlying need for services.
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Assari, Shervin, and Mohsen Bazargan. "Educational Attainment Better Reduces Disability for Non-Hispanic than Hispanic Americans." European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 10, no. 1 (2019): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe10010002.
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Objectives: Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) refers to the weaker protective health effects of socioeconomic status (SES) for minorities, particularly educational attainment for racial and ethnic minorities, compared to the general population. This pattern has been documented among African-Americans compared to Whites, however, we know very little about MDRs for educational attainment on disability among Hispanics compared to Non-Hispanic Whites. Aims: This cross-sectional study explored ethnic variation in the effects of educational attainment on severity of disability in the United States of America (USA). Materials and Methods: The 2015 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) was a national survey of the general population in the USA. The total sample was 1021 American adults that reported some disability. Of the 1021 participants, 855 identified as Non-Hispanic and 165 identified as Hispanic. The independent variable was educational attainment. The main outcome was severity of disability measured using self-reported data. Age, gender, and race were covariates. Ethnicity was the effect modifier. Results: Among individuals with a disability, higher levels of educational attainment were associated with fewer disabilities, independent of all confounders. When ethnicity and educational attainment were interacted on severity of disability, the results indicated a smaller protective effect for Hispanics than for Non-Hispanics with a disability. Ethnicity-stratified models showed an effect for Non-Hispanics but not for Hispanics. Conclusions: The protective effects of educational attainment against severity of disability are smaller for Hispanics than for Non-Hispanics. To prevent health disparities, there is a need to minimize MDRs of SES for ethnic minorities. To do so, there is a need for innovative economic, public, and social policies that are not limited to equalizing educational attainment but that also help minorities leverage their resources and gain tangible outcomes.
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Saulsberry, Loren, Robert J. Blendon, and John M. Benson. "Challenges confronting African Americans and Hispanics living with chronic illness in their families." Chronic Illness 12, no. 4 (2016): 281–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1742395316653452.
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Objective To examine the life experiences of African American and Hispanic adults whose personal chronic illness and/or that of a family member is the biggest health problem for their families. Data source Telephone (landline and cell phone) interviews of random, nationally representative samples of 1081 African-American and 1478 Hispanic adults, age 18 and older. We evaluated the responses of 757 African-American and 697 Hispanic participants who reported a chronic illness as the biggest health problem in their families. Methods Weighted analysis of cross-sectional survey responses from African-American and Hispanic adults. Results African Americans and Hispanics with chronic illness in their families reported experiencing challenges with the health care delivery system, with financial/economic insecurity, and with their communities that may influence how they live with chronic disease. Discussion Policymakers and clinicians should be aware that some African-American and Hispanic patients face obstacles within and beyond the health care system that are relevant to how they live with chronic conditions affecting their families. Additional tools and supports may need to be identified and supplied to effectively manage chronic illness in these communities. The payment system for physicians should account for the supplementary supports and services these patients might require.
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Yao, James C., Jennifer F. Tseng, Samidha Worah, et al. "Clinicopathologic Behavior of Gastric Adenocarcinoma in Hispanic Patients: Analysis of a Single Institution's Experience Over 15 Years." Journal of Clinical Oncology 23, no. 13 (2005): 3094–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2005.08.987.
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Purpose To determine the clinicopathologic behavior of gastric adenocarcinoma in Hispanics by comparing Hispanic and non-Hispanic patients treated at a single cancer center. Patients and Methods Medical records of patients with invasive gastric cancer treated from 1985 to 1999 were reviewed. Diagnoses were pathologically confirmed. Differences in categorical variables were assessed using the χ2 test. Logistic regression was used for multivariate analyses. Median survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to assess the impact of covariates. Results Of 1,897 patients, 301 (15.9%) were Hispanic. Hispanics were significantly younger at diagnosis than non-Hispanic whites (53.1 ± 14.4 years v 59.4 ± 12.7 years, respectively; P < .005) or African Americans (57.6 ± 15.3 years, P < .005). Hispanics were less likely to have proximal gastric cancers compared with whites (38.9% v 59.5%, respectively; P < .005). Hispanics were more likely to have mucinous/signet-ring type histology (42.5%) than whites (27.4%) and African Americans (32.5%; P < .005). Hispanics were more likely to require total gastrectomy (51%) compared with whites (38%), African Americans (38%), and Asians (36%; P = .039). Among patients with metastases at diagnosis, Hispanics were less likely to have liver metastasis than whites (30% v 44%, respectively; P = .009) but more likely to have peritoneal metastasis than whites and African Americans (54% v 41% and 47%, respectively; P = .002). In Cox analyses, Asian race, earlier stage, papillary/tubular histology, distal location, and younger age were favorable predictors of survival. Conclusion Hispanic ethnicity does not impact survival in gastric adenocarcinoma. However, histology, metastasis pattern, tumor localization, and other clinical parameters differ sufficiently to warrant further investigation into the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and molecular biology of gastric cancer in this population.
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Gilbertson, Greta A., Joseph P. Fitzpatrick, and Lijun Yang. "Hispanic Intermarriage in New York City: New Evidence from 1991." International Migration Review 30, no. 2 (1996): 445–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839603000203.
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This study replicates research on Hispanic intermarriage by Fitzpatrick (1966) and Gurak and Fitzpatrick (1982) using 1991 marriage records from New York City. It examines trends in marital assimilation among Puerto Ricans and the non-Puerto Rican Hispanic population. The prevalence of intermarriage varies among the six Hispanic national-origin groups. Changes in intermarriage patterns since 1975 are documented. Results show very high rates of intermarriage with non-Hispanics among Cubans, Mexicans, Central Americans, and South Americans. Considerable intermarriage among Hispanics of different national origins is characteristic of all Hispanics. Finally, Puerto Ricans and Dominicans have distinct patterns of intermarriage, characterized by high rates of intermarriage with each other, lower rates of intermarriage with non-Hispanics, no intergenerational increase in exogamy, and higher rates of nonmixed ancestry among the second generation. Implications of these trends are discussed.
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Dallo, Florence, and Tiffany Kindratt. "THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE AND RELATED DEMENTIAS AMONG ARAB AMERICANS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (2019): S463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1731.
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Abstract In the United States (U.S.), Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias (ADRD) afflict over 4.7 million individuals ages 65 or older. Most studies compare the prevalence of ADRD between minorities and whites. Arab Americans are a subgroup of whites, and ADRD is not understood among Arab Americans. The overall goal of this study is to estimate the prevalence of and risk factors for ADRD among Arab Americans ages 45 or older compared to non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, Hispanics and Asian Americans. Data for 2000-2017 from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) using the region of birth question was be used (N=222,219). Percents, chi-square and logistic regression will be estimated. Age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of ADRD was 10.3% for foreign-born Arab Americans compared to approximately 7.5% for US-born non-Hispanic whites (NHW), blacks and Asians. The prevalence of ADRD was 8.6% for Hispanics (all p-values &lt;.0001). When controlling for age and sex, Arab Americans were 1.4 times (OR=1.02,1.93) more likely to have ADRD compared to US-born NHW. This is the first study to focus on ADRD among Arab Americans and the findings suggest ADRD is a burden in this population. Future studies should capture other generations of Arab Americans to better understand the trend of ADRD among this understudied, often invisible population.
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Candelaria-Greene, Jamie. "Misperspectives on Literacy." Written Communication 11, no. 2 (1994): 251–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0741088394011002004.
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This article argues that historians of literacy, including Carl Kaestle, Harvey Graff, Suzanne de Castell, and Allan Luke, have not taken into account America's Hispanic literacy legacy. Drawing examples from historical accounts, diaries, and Spanish civil law, the author illustrates the depth and breadth of Hispanic contributions to American literacy. The article sharply contrasts the (relatively recent) image of “literacy deficient” Hispanic Americans with the rich legacy of their forebearers, who brought a new world of literacy to early America.
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Margolis, Karen L., Linda B. Piller, Cora E. Lewis, et al. "Blood Pressure Control in Hispanic Participants in the Antihypertensive and Lipid Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT)." Circulation 103, suppl_1 (2001): 1348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circ.103.suppl_1.9999-21.
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0021 In contrast to Black non-Hispanics (BNH), Hispanic Americans have a prevalence of hypertension that is similar to the White non-Hispanic (WNH)population. However, compared to BNH and WNH, hypertension awareness, treatment and control are much lower in Hispanics. ALLHAT is a double-blind randomized controlled trial in high-risk hypertensives age >=55, comparing the effects of treatment with chlorthalidone, amlodipine, doxazosin and lisinopril (Step 1) on cardiovascular events. Open label treatment with atenolol, clonidine, reserpine (Step 2), and hydralazine (Step 3) may be added as necessary to achieve the goal of <140 systolic (SBP) and <90 diastolic (DBP). There are 32,398 participants with follow-up data at 24 months. Both White and Black Hispanics had similar SBP and BP control to WNH at 24 months of followup. Fewer Hispanics were taking maximal dose Step 1 or Step 2/3 medications. These results suggest that equal access to care can lead to equal BP control in White non-Hispanic and Hispanic Americans. Table 1.
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Springer, Mellanie V., Daniel L. Labovitz, and Ethan C. Hochheiser. "Race-Ethnic Disparities in Hospital Arrival Time after Ischemic Stroke." Ethnicity & Disease 27, no. 2 (2017): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.27.2.125.
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<p class="Pa7"> <strong>Objective: </strong>Conflicting reports exist about hospital arrival time after stroke onset in Hispanics compared with African Americans and Caucasians. Our current study investigates race-ethnic disparities in hospital arrival times after stroke onset.</p><p class="Pa7"><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a retrospective analysis of hospital arrival times in Hispanic, African American, and Caucasian acute ischemic stroke patients (N=1790) presenting to a tertiary-care hospital in the Bronx, New York. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify the association between race-ethnicity and hospital arrival time adjusting for age, sex, socioeconomic status (SES), NIH stroke scale (NIHSS), history of stroke, preferred language and transportation mode to the hospital.</p><p class="Pa7"><strong>Results: </strong>There were 338 Caucasians, 662 Hispanics, and 790 African Americans in the cohort. Compared with Caucasians, African Americans and Hispanics were younger (P&lt;.0001 respectively), had lower SES (P&lt;.001 respectively) and were less likely to use EMS (P=.003 and P=.001, respectively). A greater proportion of Hispanic and African American women had delayed hospital arrival times (≥3 hours) after onset of stroke symptoms compared with Caucasian women (74% of Hispanic, 72% of African American, and 59% of Caucasian women), but this difference between race-ethnicities is no longer present after adjusting for socioeconomic status. Compared with Caucasian men, hospital arrival ≥3 hours after symptom onset was more likely for African American men (OR 1.72, 95% CI:1.05- 2.79) but not Hispanic men (OR .80, 95% CI .49-1.30).</p><p class="Default"><strong>Conclusions: </strong>African American men and socially disadvantaged women delay in presenting to the hospital after stroke onset. Future research should focus on identifying the factors contributing to pre-hospital delay among race-ethnic minorities. <em></em></p><p class="Default"><em>Ethn Dis. </em>2017;27(2):125-132; doi:10.18865/ed.27.2.125.</p>
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Lee, David J., Orlando Gómez-Marín, and Byron L. Lam. "Current Depression, Lifetime History of Depression, and Visual Acuity in Hispanic Adults." Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 94, no. 2 (2000): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x0009400203.
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This study used data from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to examine associations between bilateral visual acuity and depression among Cuban American, Mexican American, and Puerto Rican adults. Among Mexican Americans, the odds of current depression were significantly higher for those with moderate and greater impairment distance acuity (20/80 or worse). Among Cuban Americans, the odds of lifetime history of major depressive disorder were significantly higher for those with a distance visual acuity worse than 20/50. There were no significant associations between either past or current depression and impaired visual acuity in Puerto Ricans. These findings provide only limited support for the hypothesis that odds of past and current depression are greater in Hispanics with impaired visual acuity than in Hispanics who are fully sighted.
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Thomas, Erik R., and Phillip M. Carter. "Prosodic rhythm and African American English." English World-Wide 27, no. 3 (2006): 331–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.27.3.06tho.
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Prosodic rhythm was measured for a sample of 20 African American and 20 European American speakers from North Carolina using the metric devised by Low, Grabe and Nolan (2000), which involves comparisons of the durations of vowels in adjacent syllables. In order to gain historical perspective, the same technique was applied to the ex-slave recordings described in Bailey, Maynor and Cukor-Avila (1991) and to recordings of five Southern European Americans born before the Civil War. In addition, Jamaicans, Hispanics of Mexican origin who spoke English as their L2, and Hispanics speaking Spanish served as control groups. Results showed that the North Carolina African Americans and European Americans were both quite stress-timed overall, with no significant difference between them. Spanish emerged as solidly syllable-timed, while Jamaican English and Hispanic English were intermediate. The ex-slaves were significantly less stress-timed than either younger African Americans or European Americans born before the Civil War. This finding suggests that African American English was once similar to Jamaican English in prosodic rhythm.
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Lee, Jaewon, and Jisuk Seon. "Racial/Ethnic Differences in Health Behaviors and Its Roles on Depressive Symptoms among Young Female Adults." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19 (2020): 7202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197202.
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This study explores the role of health behaviors on depressive symptoms across young adult females and differences in the relationship across race/ethnicity. The data come from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Child and Young Adult. Seven hundred and seven non-Hispanic White females, 592 African American females, and 349 Hispanic females were selected. Multiple linear regression and logistic regression analyses were conducted. African American and Hispanic females were more likely to eat fast food than non-Hispanic Whites. African Americans reported that they ate fruit less frequently in comparison with non-Hispanic Whites. Fruit intake was related to lower levels of depressive symptoms. Hispanics moderated the association between fruit intake and depressive symptoms. Females should be encouraged to eat more fruit during young adulthood in order to diminish the likelihood of depressive symptoms. In addition, strategies for promoting healthy behaviors should consider the varied effects of race/ethnicity on depressive symptoms among young female adults.
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Kibe, Lucy W., and Mohsen Bazargan. "Fruit and Vegetable Intake Among Older African American and Hispanic Adults With Cardiovascular Risk Factors." Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine 8 (January 2022): 233372142110577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23337214211057730.
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African Americans and Hispanics are disproportionately burdened by cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity. There is evidence that fruits and vegetables have protective benefits for cardiovascular health. Factors associated with fruit and vegetable intake among older minority adults are not well established. A cross-sectional analysis of African American and Hispanic adults >55 years with diagnosis of hypertension and/or diabetes was conducted. Daily intake of fruits and vegetables was analyzed by socio-demographic, health status, health behaviors, and access to fruits and vegetables. 77% of participants did not meet the United States Department of Agriculture ≥5 a day serving guidelines. Fruit and vegetable consumption was not associated with having hypertension or diabetes. Body mass index >25 and regular exercise were significantly associated with more vegetable intake, but not fruit. African Americans consumed significantly less fruits and vegetables than Hispanics. Among those with access to fruits and vegetables, 78% did not meet the guidelines. Many older African American and Hispanic adults with cardiovascular disease risk factors do not meet the fruit and vegetable intake guidelines. Inadequate intake is worse among African Americans, sedentary, and non-overweight/obese adults. Studies are needed to understand the barriers associated with fruit and vegetable intake in this population.
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Antman, Francisca, Brian Duncan, and Stephen J. Trejo. "Ethnic Attrition and the Observed Health of Later-Generation Mexican Americans." American Economic Review 106, no. 5 (2016): 467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20161111.
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Numerous studies find that U.S.-born Hispanics differ significantly from non-Hispanic whites on important measures of human capital, including health. Nevertheless, almost all studies rely on subjective measures of ethnic self-identification to identify immigrants' U.S.-born descendants. This can lead to bias due to “ethnic attrition,” which occurs whenever a U.S.-born descendant of a Hispanic immigrant fails to self-identify as Hispanic. This paper shows that Mexican American ethnic attritors are generally more likely to display health outcomes closer to those of non-Hispanic whites. This biases conventional estimates of Mexican American health away from suggesting patterns of assimilation and convergence with non-Hispanic whites.
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Hem-Lee-Forsyth, Shivaughn, Bibiana Sandoval, and Hanna Bryant. "A tridimensional view of the Hispanic Health Paradox: Its relationship with faith, the enclave theory, and familism." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, no. 12 (2021): 317–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.812.11476.
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This paper examines the "Hispanic (American) Health Paradox," the juxtaposition of Hispanics’ longer lifespan than the average American amid numerous inequities regarding social determinants of health. Hispanic Americans endure multiple health disparities with a higher incidence and prevalence of chronic conditions. They also experience multiple psychosocial and physical health challenges, including higher rates of food insecurity, poverty, segregation, discrimination, and limited or no access to medical care. Nevertheless, Hispanics enjoy better physical well-being and lower mortality rates when compared to non-Hispanics in the United States (Ruiz et al., 2021). This project aims to analyze the sources of this group’s biosocial advantages and resilience, allowing them to have a longer lifespan amidst their lower health status and increased risk for chronic conditions. It explores the political and social justice implications of these inequities. It also examines the strategies to close the gap on Latinos' current health care disparities via public policy aspects of federal and state legislature. A narrative review method was utilized to examine the existing literature on this paradoxical effect. Keywords based on Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) used to search resources for relevant studies included: Hispanic health paradox (health paradox, immigrant paradox), ethnic minorities (Latinos, LatinX), health disparities (disproportionate health, health inequities), social justice (healthcare stakeholders, health inequities solutions, inequities recommendations), mental health, physical health, and co-morbidities. A quality assessment of full-text peer-reviewed articles yielded 80 articles to compile this narrative review. The research revealed that, despite glaring disparities in social determinants of health, Hispanic Americans have overall experienced better health outcomes through a culture that emphasizes spirituality, community support, and strong family ties.
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Abukhalil, Fawzi, Bijal Mehta, Erin Saito, Sejal Mehta, and Aaron McMurtray. "Gender and Ethnicity Based Differences in Clinical and Laboratory Features of Myasthenia Gravis." Autoimmune Diseases 2015 (2015): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/197893.
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Background. Previous reports describe ethnicity based differences in clinical and laboratory features between Caucasians and African Americans with myasthenia gravis. However, it is not known whether these findings apply to other ethnicities.Methods. Retrospective analysis of all patients treated for myasthenia gravis during a three-year period at a community based medical center.Results. A total of 44 patients were included, including 19 of Hispanic, 16 of African American, 6 of Caucasian, and 3 of Asian ethnicities. Female gender was more common among those with Hispanic, Asian, and African American ethnicities compared to Caucasian ethnicity (p=0.029). Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody subtypes demonstrated no significant ethnicity based differences in either generalized or ocular myasthenia gravis. A trend was noted towards greater frequency of blocking antibodies among Hispanics (52.6%) compared to African American (37.5%) and Caucasian (33.3%) patients (p=0.059). Generalized but not ocular myasthenia patients showed greater frequency of anti-muscle specific kinase antibodies in Asians and Hispanics compared to African Americans and Caucasians (p=0.041).Conclusions. The results of this study support the existence of ethnicity based differences in clinical and laboratory features of myasthenia gravis. Further study of genetic factors influencing clinical features of myasthenia gravis is indicated.
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Mathiyalakan, Sathasivam, George E. Heilman, and Sharon D. White. "Facebook Privacy Attitudes." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 2, no. 11 (2014): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol2.iss11.266.
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Because of Facebook’s ubiquitous nature, users who fail to properly configure their Facebook account privacy settings could be unintentionally revealing personal information to millions of people. This study analyzes data collected from African American and Hispanic college students regarding Facebook privacy setting attitudes and use. The findings indicate African American students have been members of Facebook longer and have more “Friends” than Hispanic students. Both ethnic groups spend about the same amount of time on Facebook during each session, although Hispanics log on more frequently. Virtually all the students claim awareness and use Facebook privacy settings. Hispanics have more restrictive Facebook privacy settings than African Americans. Neither ethnic group trusts Facebook to protect privacy, but African Africans show less concern while Hispanics indicate greater worry about Facebook privacy and data security. Both ethnic groups are more concerned about Internet privacy than Facebook privacy, Hispanics significantly more so.
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Kindratt, Tiffany, Florence Dallo, Laura Zahodne, and Kristine Ajrouch. "Disparities in Cognition Among U.S. and Foreign-Born Minority Populations With and Without Diabetes." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (2021): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.289.
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Abstract Adults with cognitive limitations and diabetes may be less able to adhere to treatment recommendations. Our aims were to: 1) estimate and compare the prevalence of cognitive limitations and diabetes among foreign-born non-Hispanic whites, blacks, Hispanics, Asians, and Arab Americans to US-born non-Hispanic whites; and 2) examine associations after controlling for covariates. We linked 2002-2016 National Health Interview Survey and 2003-2017 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data (ages &gt;=45 years, n=122,898). The prevalence of cognitive limitations was highest among foreign-born non-Hispanic whites (9.71%) and Arab Americans (9.40%) and lowest among foreign-born blacks (5.19%). Foreign-born non-Hispanic whites had higher odds (OR=1.36; 95% CI=1.05-1.49) of cognitive limitations than their US-born counterparts. Foreign-born Hispanics with diabetes had greater odds of cognitive limitations (OR=1.91; 95% CI=1.63, 2.24) compared to US-born non-Hispanic whites. Additional findings will be discussed focused on stressors that may contribute to cognition disparities using the immigrant health paradox framework.
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Adams, Scott V., Polly A. Newcomb, and Andrei R. Shustov. "Racial Patterns of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Incidence and Survival in the United States." Journal of Clinical Oncology 34, no. 9 (2016): 963–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.63.5540.
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Purpose To compare incidence and survival of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) subtypes among US racial/ethnic groups. Methods Patients with PTCL (age ≥ 15 years; 2000 to 2012) were identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries. Race/ethnicity was categorized as non-Hispanic white, black, Asian/Pacific Islander, Hispanic white, or American Indian/Alaskan native. Age-standardized annual incidence rates and incidence rate ratios were estimated with 95% CIs, and case-case odds ratios were estimated by race/ethnicity using polytomous regression. Survival was estimated from SEER follow-up data with Cox regression. Results Thirteen thousand one hundred seven patients with PTCL were identified. Annual PTCL incidence was highest in blacks and lowest in Native Americans. Compared with non-Hispanic whites, blacks had a higher incidence of PTCL not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS), anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and a lower incidence of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL); Asians/Pacific Islanders had a higher incidence of AITL, extranodal nasal-type natural killer/T-cell lymphoma and NK-cell leukemia (ENKCL), and ATLL and a lower incidence of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma; Hispanics had a higher incidence of AITL and ENKCL; and Native Americans had a lower incidence of PTCL-NOS (all P < .05). The ratio of ENKCL to PCTL-NOS among Native Americans, Asians/Pacific Islanders, and Hispanic whites was approximately three- to four-fold the same ratio among non-Hispanic whites. Survival varied significantly by race/ethnicity (P < .001), with blacks in particular experiencing shorter survival for most subtypes. Conclusion Striking variation in incidence, proportions of PTCL subtypes, and survival was observed. Aspects of these PTCL subtype patterns, such as for ENKCL and ATLL, were similar to corresponding global populations. Despite the small population size and limited number of Native American patients, PTCL subtype frequencies in this group were distinct but most similar to Hispanic whites. Survival disparities were evident, especially for blacks compared with non-Hispanic whites.
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Roess, Amira A., Rebecca C. Robert, Doris Kuehn, et al. "Disparities in Breastfeeding Initiation Among African American and Black Immigrant WIC Recipients in the District of Columbia, 2007–2019." American Journal of Public Health 112, no. 4 (2022): 671–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2021.306652.
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Objectives. To estimate differences in breastfeeding initiation (BFI) rates between African Americans and Black immigrants enrolled in the District of Columbia Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) between 2007 and 2019. Methods. We used data collected as part of routine WIC program activities for first-time mothers (n = 38 142). Using multivariable logistic regression models, we identified determinants of BFI for African Americans, Black immigrants, non-Hispanic Whites, and Hispanics. To assess the trend in BFI over time, we calculated the average of the annual percentage changes. Results. Compared with African Americans, Black immigrants had a 2.7-fold higher prevalence and Hispanics had a 5.8-fold higher prevalence of BFI. The average of the annual percentage changes was 0.85 for Hispanics, 3.44 for Black immigrants, 4.40 for Non-Hispanic Whites, and 4.40 for African Americans. African Americans had the only statistically significant change (P < .05). Disparities in BFI persisted over the study period, with African Americans demonstrating the lowest rates each year. Conclusions. Significant differences exist in BFI between Black immigrants and African Americans. Combining African Americans and Black immigrants masks important differences, overestimates rates among African Americans, and may lead to missed opportunities for targeting interventions and policies to improve breastfeeding. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(4):671–674. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306652 )
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Smith, Krissy E., Tara L. Victor, Chelsea McElwee, and Daniel W. Lopez-Hernandez. "24 The Influence of Acculturation in Neuropsychological Test Performance of Hispanic-Americans." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 29, s1 (2023): 437–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617723005751.
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Objective:Stephenson (2000) suggested that acculturation is a phenomenon that immigrants and refugees ubiquitously experience. The level of acculturation is impacted by a person’s choice to allow how much of their cultural traits they decide to keep while adapting to the dominant society cultural traits. Depending on what immigrants find to be important or unimportant, it can influence future generations (i.e., their children) in how they will be developed and adapt into a dominant society. Hispanic-Americans are individuals that were born and reside in the United States and have a family background that extends to one of the Spanish speaking countries in Latin America or Spain. The typical language spoken by Hispanic families other than English is Spanish. It has been reported that Hispanics that are capable of speaking English may be afforded better and greater opportunities to resources. Research shows that a person level of acculturation can influence their cognition. In fact, in one study using a Mexican-American sample that was divided into two groups: high and low. Researchers found that highly acculturated Mexican-Americans outperformed lower acculturated Mexican-Americans on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. We evaluated the influence of acculturation in Hispanic-Americans neuropsychological test performance. It was predicted that highly acculturated Hispanic-Americans to American culture would demonstrate better cognitive abilities compared to lower acculturated Hispanic-Americans.Participants and Methods:The present study sample consisted of 75 neurologically and psychologically healthy Hispanic-American undergraduate students with a mean age of 19.44 (SD = 1.37). Participants were divided into two acculturation groups: high (n = 39) and low (n = 36). In addition, all the participants completed a comprehensive neuropsychological battery and background questionnaire in English. The Acculturation Rating Scale for Hispanic/Latino Americans is a 20-item scale that was utilized to create our acculturation groups. ANOVAs were used to evaluate cognitive differences between our acculturation groups.Results:Results revealed that the highly acculturated group outperformed the lower acculturated group on the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition vocabulary task and the Boston Naming Test, p’s<.05, n.p’s2=.06. Furthermore, results revealed that the lower acculturated group outperformed the highly acculturated group on the Trail Making Test part A and B, and Comalli Stroop part A, p’s<.05, np’s2=.06-.07.Conclusions:As expected, the highly acculturated group demonstrated better language abilities compared to the lower acculturated group. However, in the opposite direction, the lower acculturated group outperformed the highly acculturated group on several speed attention tasks and one executive functioning task. A possible explanation why the highly acculturated participants demonstrated better language abilities may be attributed that their dominant language is English or they only spoke English. Meanwhile, the opposite could be said for lower acculturated participants that English was not their dominant language or they were bilingual speakers, for that reason they demonstrated better processing speed and executive functioning abilities. Research shows that monolinguals demonstrate better language abilities compared to bilinguals, but the opposite is found on processing speed and executive functioning tasks. Future research should investigate the relationship between bilingualism and acculturation in neuropsychological testing performance of Hispanic-Americans.
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Nichaman, M. Z., and G. Garcia. "Obesity in Hispanic Americans." Diabetes Care 14, no. 7 (1991): 691–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.14.7.691.
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Staub, Lara, and Lewis B. Morgenstern. "STROKE IN HISPANIC AMERICANS." Neurologic Clinics 18, no. 2 (2000): 291–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8619(05)70193-6.
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Cangiano, J. L. "Hypertension in Hispanic Americans." Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 61, no. 5 (1994): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.61.5.345.
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Perimbeti, Stuthi, Erika Correa, Kathleen Degen, et al. "Racial differences of iron deficiency anemia in gastric cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (2017): e15564-e15564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.e15564.
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e15564 Background: One of the six domains of health care quality identified by the Institute of Medicine in 2001 was equitable care.1 While disparities in cancer are often expressed in terms of mortality, comorbidities such as iron deficiency anemia (IDA) that can be caused by less comprehensive or less timely treatment of gastrointestinal malignancies also impact quality of life and may be considered as a metric of equitable care. Methods: Using data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), total numbers of U.S. admissions with gastric cancer listed as primary diagnosis were recorded for each year between 1999-2014. The subset of these numbers with IDA listed as a secondary diagnosis were recorded to derive a prevalence of IDA within this gastric cancer population. The relative rate of African American and Hispanic IDA prevalence were compared to Caucasians for each year. Within each ethnic subset, cost, length of stay, and inpatient mortality were compared. Results: The relative rate of iron deficiency in gastric cancer for African Americans versus Caucasians was 1.745 and for Hispanics versus Caucasians was 1.665. Hospital cost by ethnic group: Caucasians $55,359, African Americans $62,020, Hispanics $83,914. Length of stay in days by ethnic group: Caucasians 9.13, African Americans 10.12, Hispanics 10.17. Inpatient mortality by ethnic group: Caucasians 4.51%, African Americans 4.02%, Hispanics 2.29%. All values were significant (p < 0.05). Conclusions: African American and Hispanic populations are at increased risk of iron deficiency anemia in the setting of gastric cancer as compared to Caucasians. This was associated with increased cost and length of stay to a lesser degree. Surprisingly, Caucasians still demonstrated the highest mortality rate, followed by African Americans and Hispanics. This suggests that though ethnic disparities are still evident as of 2014 they may not accurately reflect mortality but still continue to impact morbidity. As this comorbidity impacts quality of life, it may be a target for future metrics or interventions.
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Rawat, Priyanka, Ujala Sehar, Jasbir Bisht, and P. Hemachandra Reddy. "Support Provided by Caregivers for Community-Dwelling Diabetic Hispanic Adults with Intellectual Disabilities and Comorbid Conditions." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 4 (2023): 3848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043848.
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Diabetes is an age-related chronic health condition and a major public health concern. Diabetes is one of the significant causes of morbidity and mortality and a major contributing factor to dementia. Recent research reveals that Hispanic Americans are at an increased risk of chronic conditions such as diabetes, dementia, and obesity. Recent research also revealed that diabetes develops at least ten years earlier in Hispanics and Latinos than in neighboring non-Hispanic whites. Furthermore, the management of diabetes and providing necessary/timely support is a challenging task for healthcare professionals. Caregiver support is an emerging area of research for people with diabetes, mainly family caregiver support work for Hispanic and Native Americans. Our article discusses several aspects of diabetes, factors associated with diabetes among Hispanics, its management, and how caregivers can support individuals with diabetes.
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Arango-Lasprilla, Juan Carlos, Elizabeth da Silva Cardoso, Lisa M. Wilson, Maria G. Romero, Fong Chan, and Connie Sung. "Vocational Rehabilitation Service Patterns and Employment Outcomes for Hispanics with Spinal Cord Injuries." Rehabilitation Research, Policy, and Education 25, no. 4 (2011): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/2168-6653.25.4.149.
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PurposeThis study examined demographic and rehabilitation service variables affecting employment outcomes of people with spinal cord injury (SCI) receiving services from state vocational rehabilitation agencies. A secondary purpose was to determine whether there are disparities in services and outcomes between European American and Hispanic clients.MethodThe sample included 3,119 European Americans and 395 Hispanics who were closed either as rehabilitated (Status 26) or not rehabilitated (Status 28) by their state vocational rehabilitation agencies in the fiscal year 2005. The dependent variable is employment outcomes. The predictor variables include a set of personal characteristic variables and rehabilitation service variables.ResultsLogistic regression analysis results indicated that education, on-the-job training, job search assistance, job placement assistance, on-the-job support, maintenance services, assistive technology and other services were significant predictors of successful employment outcomes for individuals with SCI. European Americans were more likely to receive assistive technology services, and Hispanics were more likely to receive support services related to basic living needs.ConclusionsAssistive technology services, basic support services, and job placement support services were found to contribute significantly to successful rehabilitation outcomes. Minor disparities in case expenditures and service patterns were found between Hispanic and European American clients.
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Wang, Sharron Xuanren, and Arthur Sakamoto. "Can Higher Education Ameliorate Racial/Ethnic Disadvantage? An Analysis of the Wage Assimilation of College-Educated Hispanic Americans." SAGE Open 11, no. 2 (2021): 215824402110091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211009197.
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Hispanics are the largest minority group in the United States, but quantitative research on the various components of this population has not received extensive investigation. College-educated Hispanics have been particularly neglected due to exaggerated and negative stereotypes. This present study uses data from the 2010 National Survey of College Graduates to investigate wage attainments among college-educated Hispanics. Hispanic Americans are categorized based on their place of birth and age in which they entered the U.S. education system. Results indicate that native-born and foreign-born Hispanic women who have at least a college degree have reached approximate wage parity with comparable native-born non-Hispanic White women. By contrast, native-born Hispanic men face a 10% wage penalty relative to comparable native-born non-Hispanic White men. In addition, foreign-born Hispanic men who immigrated as adults and obtained their college degree outside of the United States face larger wage penalties that are augmented by a lack of citizenship. Theoretical and empirical implications are discussed.
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Assari, Shervin, Sharon Cobb, Mohammed Saqib, and Mohsen Bazargan. "Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment on Heart Disease among Black Americans." Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal 14, no. 1 (2020): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874192402014010005.
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Background: Socioeconomic Status (SES) indicators, such as educational attainment, are social determinants of heart disease. Marginalization related Diminished Returns (MDRs) refer to smaller health benefits of high SES for racial and ethnic minorities compared to the majority group. It is still unknown, however, if MDRs also apply to the effects of education on heart disease. Purpose: Using a nationally representative sample, we explored racial/ethnic variation in the link between educational attainment and heart disease among American adults. Methods: We analyzed data (n=25,659) from a nationally representative survey of American adults in 2013. The first wave of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health - Adult (PATH-Adult) study was used. The independent variable was education (college graduate, high school graduate, less than a high school diploma). The dependent variable was any heart disease. Age and gender were the covariates. Race, as well as ethnicity, were the moderators. Logistic regressions were used to analyze the data. Results: Individuals with higher educational attainment had lower odds of heart disease. Race and ethnicity showed statistically significant interactions with education, suggesting that the protective effect of higher education on reducing odds of heart disease was smaller for Hispanic and Black people than for non-Hispanic and White individuals. Conclusion: Education reduces the risk of heart disease better among non-Hispanic Whites than for Hispanics and Blacks. Therefore, we may expect a disproportionately higher than expected risk of heart disease in Hispanics and Blacks with high educational attainment. Future research should test if the presence of high levels of environmental and behavioral risk factors contribute to the high risk of heart disease in highly educated Black and Hispanic Americans. Policymakers should not reduce health inequalities to just gaps in SES because disparities are present across SES levels, with high SES Blacks and Hispanics remaining at risk of health problems.
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Assari, Shervin, Shanika Boyce, Mohsen Bazargan, and Cleopatra H. Caldwell. "Mathematical Performance of American Youth: Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment of Asian-American Parents." Education Sciences 10, no. 2 (2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci10020032.
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The Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDR) phenomenon refers to the weaker effects of parental educational attainment for marginalized groups, particularly ethnic minorities. This literature, however, is limited to Blacks and Hispanics; thus, it is not clear if the MDR phenomenon also applies to the educational performance of Asian Americans or not. To explore ethnic differences in the association between parental educational attainment and youth mathematical performance among 10th-grade American high schoolers, this cross-sectional study used baseline data from the Education Longitudinal Study, a national survey of 10th-grade American youth. The analytical sample included a total number of 10,142 youth composed of 1460 (14.4%) Asian-American and 8682 (85.6%) non-Hispanic youth. The dependent variable was youth math performance (standard test score). The independent variable was parental education. Gender, both parents living in the same household, and school characteristics (% students receiving free lunch, urban school, and public school) were the covariates. Ethnicity was the moderating variable. Linear regression was used for data analysis. Overall, parental educational attainment was positively associated with math ability (test score). We observed a statistically significant interaction between ethnicity (Asian American) and parental education attainment on the results of math test scores, indicating that the boosting effect of high parental educational attainment on youth math function is smaller for Asian-American youth than for Non-Hispanic White youth. While high parental educational attainment contributes to youth educational outcomes, this association is weaker for Asian-American youth than non-Hispanic White youth. Diminished returns (weaker effects of parental education in generating outcomes for ethnic minorities) that are previously shown for Hispanics and Blacks also apply to Asian Americans.
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Emerson, Kerstin G., Anqi Pan, and Hanwen Huang. "LIFE EXPECTANCY WITH CHRONIC DISEASE AMONG OLDER MEXICAN AMERICANS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (2019): S248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.931.
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Abstract The Hispanic Paradox research consistently shows a survival advantage among Hispanics, where they have significantly longer life expectancy compared to non-Hispanic Whites. However, less is known about the quality of these additional years of life. Our goal was to calculate life expectancy for older Hispanics in the US, and to determine what proportion of their lives they could expect to live with chronic conditions. We used data from 2004-5 of the Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiological Study of the Elderly (Hispanic-EPESE), linked to vital status data through 2016. To determine life expectancy with/without chronic conditions, we used Sullivan’s method. Chronic conditions included: diabetes, stroke, heart attack, arthritis, hypertension, and cancer. Finally, we mapped life expectancy without chronic conditions across neighborhood characteristics. The sample consisted of 2,069 Mexican Americans aged 75 and older. Results showed that at age 75, Mexican Americans could expect to live a large portion of their lives with at least one chronic condition (88%). The largest proportion of life lived with disease was for hypertension (61%), arthritis (59%), and diabetes (33%). There was no pattern by neighborhood characteristics for disease-free life expectancy. Gender differences could not be examined because of small sample sizes. Our findings show that regardless of neighborhood characteristics, Mexican Americans can expect to live a high proportion of their life with at least one chronic condition. This is particularly high for hypertension, diabetes, and arthritis. It is important to consider quality as well as quantity of life when exploring the Hispanic Paradox.