Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Histoire – Méthodologie'
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Fisler, Marie. "Histoire de la métaphore de l'arbre dans les sciences naturelles." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MNHN0024.
Full textIn History of Science, we usually form "groups" of thinkers: Evolutionists, Lamarckians, Darwinians or Teleogians. But, although these categories are fully described, they are neither formalized nor transparent. Before the 1960's, it was the same in the field of Systematics (the science of classification of life): taxonomic groups were not formalized. But the rise of rigorous comparative methods allowed taxonomists to create nested groups by coding the anatomical similarities. Those methods are here reused. With it, we encode the similarities among the trees developed by different Natural History authors. Then, we compare 234 trees drawn between 1555 and 2012. This produces a "tree of trees": a hierarchical representation of the sharing of ideas among authors. This tree allows us to formally find categories already known, to discover new categories, and even see that some categories are not homogeneous. But it also allows us to study the circulation of ideas among authors and to investigate historical controversies
Fillieule, Renaud. "La question de la rationalité dans les sciences sociales : histoire et bilan." Paris 4, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA040218.
Full textThe term "rationality" has different meanings according to the research programme in which it is used (philosophy of science, cognitive psychology, economies, sociology of knowledge, anthropology). We show that one can regroup the various conceptions of rationality in two broad categories: "rationality of frame" (rationality of the choice between conceptual frames) and "rationality of inference" (rationality of the choice between inference rules which, in a given conceptual frame, permit to reach a decision or to solve a problem). We make clear that there exists reciprocal misunderstanding or ignorance between most research programmes interested in rationality. Those misunderstandings or ignorances are particularly important when the programmes do not belong to the same category (that is, when one is about rationality of frame and the other about rationality of inference)
Christopoulou, Vassiliki-Piyi. "La vérité en histoire et en psychanalyse : convergences et divergences." Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA070064.
Full textThe object of this dissertation lies at the intersection of Freudian psychoanalysis, epistemology of history and philosophy, with the assistance of philology. In particular, the present work is a tentative enquiry into the interaction of psychoanalysis with the epistemology of history, with regard to a presupposed "historical truth" which is necessary to define and clarify. The method adopted is based on the so-called loan of models, which gives a direction to the research, without posing an initial hypothesis having an axiomatic value. This way to proceed confers epistemological legitimacy to the problematic comparative study of two heterogeneous disciplines, which would otherwise be problematic. This work contains four parts. The first part traces the evolution of the relations between history and psychoanalysis. The second part considers the complexity of the concept of truth in philosophy and history. The third part discusses the same concept in psychoanalysis and the fourth part (historical and psychoanalytical truth) develops some paradigmatic questions and finally embraces the problem of the transmission of psychoanalysis itself, throughout its own history
Meyer, Carole. "Histoire naturelle de cinq groupes autonomes dans une organisation industrielle." Nancy 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NAN21023.
Full textMore and more often, organizations resort to work groups, so it is necessary to study the performance of work groups in the long term. Our presence in the field made it possible for us to get a two year long longitudinal study taking into account the whole of the measurable and quantifiable aspects of the setting up of work groups inside an industrial organization. We have carried out a sort of experiment as we were there before the setting up of work groups. This enabled us to collect empirical data before the organization changed and therefore, to compare them to those collected after the setting up of work groups. This research is concerned, on the one hand, with the estimation of economic factors such as production and absenteeism, the assessment of the social climate and of the parts of the individuals inside the group and, on the other hand, with the combination of those different factors
Gosselin, Louis Pierre. "Analyse des processus de recherche et de modélisation du patrimoine à partir de deux cas : l’écluse Saint-Gabriel du canal de Lachine et la gare Montreal and Southern Counties Railways Co." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/100.
Full textXu, Yan. "Histoire des méthodologies de l'enseignement du français en Chine (1850-2010)." Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE2056/document.
Full textFor this study, we propose to study the concept of “Chinese methodology” demanded by Chinese actors working in the teaching of foreign languages in general and the French in particular. For years, the term is made and repeated, without any serious research is conducted on its legitimacy and its definition. For the elucidation of this blurred vision, we strive to adopt an approach that is both historical and didactic by digging methodologies that have been adopted in the teaching of French in China since its origin, that is to say, the year 1850 to today. By this time rebuilding effort, we seek to reveal whether a “Chinese methodology” was well formed on the ground at some point in history, and if necessary, to clarify its meaning. During the research, we were able to identify valuable ideas and teaching practices that are born of the land by translating them into countless precious historical documents. And by this “pass meta”, we try, even if it is for a small part, to fill the empty damaging to the conceptualization of local experiences suffered by the discipline of the ELF in China, and than to empty, to make some personal reflections on the question of the identity of any particular method of teaching foreign languages in a globalized world
Zeze, Beke Pascal. "Sources orales et histoire du peuplement du pays Nyabwa (Côte d'Ivoire) : essai de méthodologie." Paris 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA010655.
Full textStories of origin, migrations and wars are familiar documents of oral history but other types of sources exist for the rechercher. One can for instance study the numerous genres of oral literature
Safou, Jean-Aimé. "Les reconstructions rationnelles et les apories méthodologiques en histoire des sciences." Aix-Marseille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX10104.
Full textGomes, Paulo Cesar da Costa. "Géographie et modernité." Paris 4, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA040070.
Full textThis thesis deals with the development of geography and its numerous connections with modernity over the last two centuries. Our first step was to identify the major directions which orientated the many methodological debates. Enlightment and romanticism can be considered as the two polarities. We analysed this period through epistemological duality which results in two opposite models, both claiming scientific legitimacy. We found that this duality lies behind all epistemological debates in geography, be it classical or modern geography. Thus we came to the conclusion that the myth of modernity based on a dual dynamic reproduces the same structure in the main controversies that took place in the history of geography
Pisano, Jean-Baptiste. "Histoire, histoires et outil informatique : l'application Tabellion pour l'étude du Sartenais : une région périphérique de la France bourgeoise, d'après les actes notariés : dynamique interne, permanences, et mutations socio-économiques." Nice, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NICE2043.
Full textCariou, Didier. "Le raisonnement par analogie : un outil au service de la construction du savoir en histoire par les élèves." Amiens, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AMIE0004.
Full textThis research is about activities to build up historical knowledge by pupils in the 5th year. They appear in reasoning by analogy, bringing together a situation of the past or of the present, already known, and a situation in the past, to be known. The reasoning constitute then, virtually experimental situations by which pupils mobilise the thought processes of conceptualisation and explanation. The analogies found are analysed in the light of a transformational model of the appropriation of knowledge in history, inspired by the theory of learning of Vygostki and of the theory of social representations of Moscovici. In a first stage, practised by the whole group of pupils, scientific information are transformed in a common sense knowledge, by bringing them together with elements of their representative social thoughts or of their historical knowledge. A second stage involves the control and the formalisation of this knowledge by activities of historicism supervised by the teacher. Those two stages articulate themselves by the recording of the pupils' writings in the style of the historical story, defined by Ricoeur
Bonneau, Gomes Lucie. "Le développement des compétences critiques des élèves : une étude didactique sur l'enseignement de l'histoire au lycée." Thesis, Nantes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NANT2048.
Full textThe study of documents occupies an important place in the teaching of history.However, in the light of historical epistemology, the usual classroom practices do not allow students to approach them historically. With a corpus of five sequences, we wanted toexperiment the development of the critical study skills of documents in « Seconde » in highschool. Indeed, the identification of contextual data and the collection of information are often treated in a ritualized way and do not allow to develop this critical sense devolved to the history lesson. In reference to what historians do, we postulate that we must ensure that questionsabout the past and its traces be held together as part of a problematizedhistorian inquiry to produce knowledge. But this corpus is experimental. The results we reach show obstacles to this development, such as the questioning of the objectivity or not of a document in history, but also the posture of the teacher who seeks to produce tearable. This prevents students from recognizing situations in which to mobilize this skill, yet they have learned to master the procedures. With our results wepropose a possible curriculum to allow the development of the competence of critical studyof the document in history class
Marsollier, Christophe. "Histoire personnelle des instituteurs et attitudes à l'égard de l'innovation : études de représentations." Lyon 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO20005.
Full textThe oral life accounts gathered through primary school teachers enable to understand the reasons which oppose their attitude, either innovating or resistant to innovation, through three main of hypotheses : - at the affective level, childhood woold seem to play a discriminant role. - At the ideological level, innovating people would defend human walues where as resistant subjects would perpetuate educational methods "which have prover them selves". - At the professional level, some would be emergized by circumstances which would allow them to blossom out in this job they dreamt of, so to innovate. As for the others, their opposition to progress would ensue from circumstancial or institutional factors
Cichocka, Marta. "Entre la nouvelle histoire et le nouveau roman historique : réinventions, relectures, écritures." Paris 8, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA082997.
Full textThe subject of this study is a theoretical approach of the complex panorama of the contemporary metahistorical fiction. The field of specialization is twentieth-century Latin American literature, with an emphasis on the reconstructing the official history and new ways of rewriting the past. The crucial issue that needs to be explained is why the contemporary historical novel appears to be so different, in many ways, from its classical form. Exploring this issue will serve to bring out the constitutive features of the poetics of what should be called the New Historical Novel
Lorent, Marie-Françoise. "Le cimetière du Dieweg à Uccle (1868-1946). Proposition pour une méthode d’approche de l’art funéraire dans sa dimension sociologique." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/248053.
Full textDoctorat en Histoire, histoire de l'art et archéologie
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Vannier, Patricia. "Un laboratoire pour la sociologie ? : le Centre d'études sociologiques (1946-1968) ou les débuts de la recherche sociologique en France." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05H014.
Full textThis dissertation bears reference to the history of sociological studies center (CES), the first laboratory of sociological created by the CNRS, from 1946 to 1968. Contributes to the field history of sociology and we want to show how cognitive and social dimensions are connected in the reconstruction of French sociology after 1945. With about fifty researchers of the CES interviews and some autobiographies, we have constituted a basis of biographical data. The pioneers of sociological research come from different disciplines, owing to political or artistical involvements, to a vocation for research or the progress of sociological formation. An analysis of sociological production and about four hundred articles reveals the characteristics of the CES sociology : a sociology where coexist two patterns of production, one traditional the other modern, a sociology where predominates the working class study, durkheimien and marxist references, organized in fields of research, where innovation and accumulation associate, where networks and structures of sociability inform on the sociological production. At once the sociological studies center was the place of constitution of sociological trade, the place of reconstruction of the French and modern sociology and the experimental place, pattern and anti-pattern, of a laboratory of sociology
Charpigny, Florence. "Tisser son passé : approche théorique et méthodologique d'un corpus d'ethnotextes." Lyon 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO20060.
Full textThis work, interested in the history of the lyons' traditional silk industry, wants to describe the whole research work, organized round oral documents. First, an epistemological, theoretical and methodological frame must be erected, in order to see through the oral documents and to reflect on the processus to make a source from documents. Secondly, after the description of interviews, their actors and intention to try save a community's memory and culture - my purpose is to show the sense and originality of the oral talmk. Among many possibilities, three came to light, as fit to invest the last traditional industry's workers identity : speeches about the community's places, as district and worksop; speeches about production, fabrics in every form; and mytical speech : throught it, traditional relationships inside and outside the community take roots. This methodological and theoretical experience results are examined in conclusion, and in the same time new questions are proposed. Lastly, an appendix tome presents a trascript amply annotated for three interviews
Decobert, Jean-Christophe. "Méthodologie du traitement informatique des documents d'archives publiques et privées d'un pharmacien d'officine au XIXéme siécle." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05P221.
Full textMontal, Fabrice. "Un village à deux têtes (1850-1970) : histoire orale, écomuséalisation et communication de l'histoire en Haute-Beauce." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29491.
Full textAmrani, Khalid. "Méthodologie des anciens dans la transmission de la poésie arabe anté-islamique des origines jusqu'à la fin du IIIème siécle de l'Hégire." Bordeaux 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR30018.
Full textThe transmision had a prominent role in the preservation and the diffusion of the old arabic poetry. However, as was at its first steps, transmission did not experience any particular evelution at the pre-islamic era. With the advent of islam, poetry transmission remained after the initial islamic era and with the advent of the ymayyad dynasty, transmission experienced its first evolution signs. Despite this prominent development, not very important development of the poetic transmision could be realized before the second and the third centuries
Cavazzini, Andrea. "Lo statuto del racconto nella storiografia contemporanea." Paris, EHESS, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007EHES0129.
Full textThe present work is a science-theoretical study about a number of contemporary historians (Marc Bloch, Georges Duby, Ariette Farge, Carlo Ginzburg); it aims to delineate a symptomathological approach to techniques of archives' reading. The aforementioned approach consists in detecting within the "lapsus" of narrative sources, the traces of historical reality the archive can neither see nor think because of its relationship with social powers and institutions. This viewpoint enables the analysis of many historical works to deal with such themes as the relationship between past and présent, between historical knowledge and affects, between historians and power, between narration an reality, between cultures and singularities
Ebah, Mathias Codjo. "L'Afrique au fond des yeux : conceptions contemporaines de l'histoire africaine." Reims, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993REIML006.
Full textFor centuries africa has been at the center of european preocupations. It is evidentz when we study the manuscrit from the fifteenth to the twentieth century. But this continent had rathes been studied with prejudices than with reliable scientific methods. An ever if africa is closer to europe than the other continents, it is presented as isolated un-welcoming, without a true history and above all culturraly empty. If then proved to be of some interest being a continent rich in slaves and manpower. On the contrary, in asia systematic excavations were soon carried out, granding in the title of cradle of civilization. But in fact, for several de cades, thanks to scientific discoveries made by french and americans researchers, we begin to see africa with different way. It is nowadays proved that africa has not only been the cradle of civilization, but also the starting point of cultural and agricultural seats which had a universal unfluence. Africa once more saw itself propelled on the international scene with the colonization which gave the african people the opportunity to regain the control of their destinies. Therefore it is totaly lawful that every partenaires know each other at last, to examine objectiviely of the futur of humanity. For the african people the remebrance of things past must not lead to dejection. It is an exhortation to work. That's why have analized the present economical, social and political situation which is problematic. This report made us elaborate a cultural and economical recovery plan. We do know the difficulties and pitfalls, but thanks to a true awareness and good collaboration with the occident, the african continent can recover its dignity
Savatovsky, Dan. "L'invention du français : pour une histoire des exercices dans l'enseignement classique au XIXe siècle." Paris 8, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA081301.
Full textThis research is based on three hypothesis. The exercises have a central role in the organisation of a subject matter or a discipline. The changes introduced in humanities occurred prior to the innovations in the curricula without latin. Disciplines are autonomous with regard to scientific theories, but only to a certain extent. Among the sources investigated, particular attention is devoted to the examination questions given in the agregation, and the licence. Showing how teachers in the classics stream, as of 1850, created french as a discipline, distinct from a simple subject matter or an object of study (french language), the conditions of emergence of this new discipline are identified. This is illustrated in particular by the changes affecting the older exercices such as verse, discourse, cacography/cacology, etc. Then exercices pertaining specifically to french are analysed, stressing reading aloud, "explication de textes" (critical analysis of literary texts), procedures of grammatical and literary comparison, the study of old french and translation exercises. To both stages of this historical development corresponds, but only in part, a different type of division that applies whatever the languages studied (french, latin, or greek): on the one hand "composition exercises" based on imitation, interiorisation of models, transformation of themes or texts; on the other, the "meta- (or trans-) exercises" resting on an analysis that develops its own procedures, and solving the specific "problems" raised by the study of literature or grammar. Though this division occurred before the xixth century, the teaching system of the xixth century organised it in an original way according to new paradigms. Thus beyond the specific techniques of each exercise the stress is laid on the interdependence, the complementarity of exercises within the paradigms they belong to
Rosset, Arnaud. "Pour la construction d'une histoire globale : critiques et usages possibles du concept d'Histoire d'après sa déconstruction." Nice, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NICE2010.
Full textThis study shows that the deconstruction of the concept of History ignores its own limits. From this diagnosis emerges the possibility of building a global history that respects the intrinsic incompleteness of the historical process—avoiding, thus, any teleogical divergence—while transcending restrictive investigations (narrative history, local history, regional history). This demonstration is composed of four parts: after having shown the methodological necessity of a global history, we confirm it’s epistemological compatibility with the standards of scientific history. We then engage in a reconstruction of global history by producing categories (inspired by the “world-systems” theory) that are flexible enough to conceive of the historical process in its entirety without paralyzing its dynamic. Lastly, we demonstrate the experimental significance of this categorical table through a study of contemporary capitalism
Couzinet, Marie-Dominique. "Connaissance des histoires et idéal méthodique dans la Methodus ad facilem historiarum cognitionem de Jean Bodin." Paris 4, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA040052.
Full textIn the methodus ad facilem historiarum cognitionem (1566), bodin grants history the central position in his project of totalyzing knowledge by the means of method. This thesis tries to demonstrate that the application of the methodical tool to history relies on the spatial nature of both method and historic al object. Applying method to history in bodin, results from an evolution which we may characterize as a gradual identification of history and method anf as transfer of method from law to history. Within this process, the geographical reference plays an essential part. This thesis shows how bodin finds in polybius a model for a geographical unifying of history, on the scale if the inhabited world, a unifying which he extends from roman to universal history, according to a process similar to that already used in passing from roman to universal law. He also finds in alexandrine geography a model for an order of methodical reading. Thus, bodin contributes to studying the place of the spatial concept in the encyclopeadia of knoxledge and to determine the points on which it served as a model for a conception of historical knowledge and the representation of time
Peretti, Isabelle de. "Histoire littéraire, nouvelles critiques et scolarisation de Racine au lycée : deux études sur une discipline en quête d'identité." Lyon 2, 2001. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2001/deperetti_i.
Full textDupont-Delaleuf, Armance. "Styles techniques des céramiques de la protohistoire en Asie centrale : méthodologie et études de cas." Thesis, Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100190/document.
Full textCentral Asia is geographically and historically a large area unfairly overlooked. Yet, it is a huge territory formerly framed by the brilliant civilisations of the Indus and Mesopotamia. Since Neolithic, this region was the centre of population migrations and was a crossroad for the circulation of finished artefacts and raw materials.The pottery is in its way another set equally wide. It has become the reference artefact archaeologists working on for the periods without writing. For the analysis of forms, sets, clay and techniques, they constitutedthe artefact the most talkative.For many years, the techniques analysis strongly developed through the development of actualist frame of referencesuch as ethnography and experimentation. However, the technological approach has had a little opportunity to cross the Central Asia moving border. This work is the first meeting between those two giants. Ulug-Depe is an important site since it delivered the longest chrono-stratigraphy of Central Asia, from the Chalcolithic to the Iron Age. This site has become a pretext for a technological study on the long term, study that naturally blends the look of the potter. The question of the emergence and development of methods involving the rotary motion found here a fertile ground to address these issues in the long term and touch the social and anthropological implications of this innovation
Laffitte, Pierre Johan. "Le sens du précaire." Paris 4, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA040219.
Full textAs an introduction to a praxical analysis of discourse, this thesis focuses on the praxis of primary school classes referring to the "Pédagogie institutionnelle", as well as on the speeches related to this praxis (children's sayings and writings, group discourse, theoretical corpus). The first aim is to establish an epistemology able to conceptualise faithfully the complexity of both an anthroposocial situation, and the relation that is being established within this situation between practices, anthropological dimensions (the symbolic, singularity, culture) and its institutionalised organisation. A situation, the structure of which respects such points, will be called praxis. Its complexity has an influence on the discourse that is being made about it by its own practitioners. Thus, the second goal is to establish the specificity of such discourses stemmed from the praxis and aimed at going back into it. A praxical circuit is being established between practice and theory. Split those two moments means to have vanished three things: sense, which the subject considers into attending that praxis, ethics, which impose respect and autonomy for this subject (both in his action and thought), and relevance, which only a discourse stemming from one situation can show. Sense, ethics and relevance are thus the nucleus of a macro-concept which represents the basic level for any study of the complex relations between praxis and its discourse. What makes the singularity of a praxical machine, its autonomy and its capacity to both taking care of what alienates the subject and helping what defines he or she the most to express itself? In which way discourse is of any useful help for such a project of getting the subject less alienated ?
Lintz, Yannick. "Traditions anatoliennes, iraniennes et grecques en Anatolie achéménide : catalogue raisonné des objets conservés dans les musées de Turquie occidentale." Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010597.
Full textRiopel, Marc. "L'historien et le milieu : réflexions sur l'application de l'histoire : la publication d'une synthèse historique sur le Témiscamingue." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28575.
Full textCantier, Jean. "Samuel Hahnemann et Claude Bernard : quelques données bibliographiques pour un essai de méthodologie comparée de l'homéopathie et de la médecine expérimentale." Montpellier 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON11173.
Full textBécousse, Gérard. "Mémoire et autonomie en contexte scolaire : néophyte, praticien ou expert : les effets de situations de travail en autonomie sur les conduites de mémorisation des collégiens en histoire et en géographie." Lille 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LIL30025.
Full textMemorization is considered as a complex general effect of mechanisms and processes referred to pupil's level of implication : neophyte, practician, expert. Cognitive, contextual, and motivational dimensions of these three levels are also referred to autonomy in a pedagogical device including memorization of declarative and procedural knowledge. Three points of support form the structure of that organization (pupils, the others, knowledge and documents in classroom) creating three interactions (teaching, training, learning). Research combines three types of proceeding in history and geography (secondary French school, sixth to third forms) : autonomy supportive teaching (memorization of dates and places) autonomous learning (memorization of savoir-faire, analysis and description). Different effects on conducts are analysed : keeping, changing, selecting, differentiating, giving explicit, identifying
Escudier, Alexandre. "Le récit historique comme problème théorique en France et en Allemagne au XIXe siècle." Paris, EHESS, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999EHES0027.
Full textPalsky, Gilles. "La Cartographie thématique en France : recherches sur ses origines et son évolution jusqu'à la fin du 19è siècle." Paris 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA010508.
Full textIn the 19 century, cartographic language is not solely employed for the traditional geometric description of the earth's surface, but is a mean to express, as well, a new knowledge and original themes. The elements of a "thematic style" are created, which leads to a deep renewal of the cartographic code. This was prepared, in form and esprit, by special maps of the 17th and 18th centuries, and the first statistical diagrams. Then in the first part of the 19th century pioneer authors invented the basic methods in quantitative cartography. They were used to illustrate demonstrations in the field of economics, moral and social statistics, and medicine. After 1850, apprehensive reflexes were acquired, and cartographic methods widely diffused, particularly in the publications by the statistical offices of the great public administrations,and, later, in geographical works. That profusion led the statisticians to lay the foundations of a graphic semiology, to study the classification and standardization of graphic processes
Tabatchnikova, Svetlana. "Le Cercle de méthodologie de Moscou (1954-1988) : sa formation, son expérience et son projet philosophique." Paris, EHESS, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002EHES0081.
Full textNoël, Patrick Michel. "Épistémologie, histoire et historiens : considérations conceptuelles, méthodologiques et empiriques autour du discours que les historiens tiennent sur leur savoir." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25426.
Full textIn conjunction with the recent – and not so recent – reflections on the relation between epistemology – understood here in its restricted meaning of philosophy of sciences – and history that focus on the history of epistemology, the epistemology of history, and the place of history in epistemology or historical epistemology, this thesis proposes to examine the place of epistemology in history or historian epistemology, namely the discourse (logos) that historians hold on their knowledge (episteme). Both ignored by proponents of historical epistemology and by philosophers interested in the epistemology of history, historian epistemology is the blind spot of the reflection on the relation between epistemology and history. Two interrelated objectives structure this thesis: enrich the dialectical understanding between epistemology and history – the general objective – by highlighting the discursive relation that historians have with their knowledge, historian epistemology – the particular objective. We do not attempt ourselves to elucidate the nature of history as disciplinary knowledge, but to examine, under the rubric of a meta-epistemology of history, the elucidation of it made alternately by philosophers, but also and mainly by historians through the discourse they hold on their knowledge – their epistemology. Our argument is divided into three parts in order to better define the general and particular objectives above-mentioned. They offer conceptual, methodological and empirical sketches through which, on the one hand, we examine the dialectic between epistemology and history and what we see as its blind spot, the historian epistemology (I) and, on the other hand, we define a methodology (II) to identify, through a documented study anchored in the Quebec disciplinary field of history, the reflexive resources of historians (III). The study of these resources calls into question the traditional caricatured representation of the historian as a hopeless empiricist and, therefore, the highly prevalent conviction that the historian is formed and asserts himself only by the execution of his know-how. We conclude this thesis by highlighting the importance of historian epistemology in disciplinary socialization and the key place its study should have in the historian training that should not be reduced to a learning-on-the-job process.
Calabrese, Laura. "Le rôle des désignants d'événements historico-médiatiques dans la construction de l'histoire immédiate: une analyse du discours de la pensée écrite." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210172.
Full textLa réflexion théorique sur l’événement a également permis d’observer le fonctionnement singulier du discours d’information, notamment en regard du discours historique, tout spécialement à partir de leur saisie particulière du temps, à savoir, les temps courts des médias et les temps long ou mi-longs de l’histoire. Cette forme d’appréhender le temps n’est pas sans conséquences sur les modes de nomination des médias, car ils ont besoin de nommer toute occurrence jugée événementielle, souvent sans le recul nécessaire pour les intégrer dans un récit global. La pratique conduit en effet le discours de l’information à produire une grande quantité de désignants qui pourront être mémorisés par les lecteurs sans pour autant produire de véritables connaissances. Malgré cette hypertrophie, l’événement médiatique constitue un repère collectif primordial pour organiser le vécu public. En ce sens, il est à distinguer du fait divers, qui n’organise pas le temps social mais produit, au contraire, des discours répétitifs, ancrés sur des archétypes et non sur l’actualité. Dans sa fonction cathartique, le fait divers présente une mise en récit du dysfonctionnement de la société et, dans sa répétitivité, n’a pas besoin d’être mémorisé par le discours social. Comme corollaire, il produit moins de dénominations et plus de séquences narrativisées. Ainsi, un fait divers peut accéder au statut d’événement en fonction de la place que le discours d’information −et la société− lui accorde, à la fois dans l’espace public et dans la matérialité du support écrit.
En tant que construction sociale, l’événement médiatique n’est pas un objet discret. Non seulement il n’est pas disponible tel quel avant l’acte de nomination, mais il n’est pas immédiatement disponible et perceptible. Comme d’autres réalités sociales ou institutionnelles, les événements ont une « ontologie subjective » mais sont perçus comme objectifs. Dans ce cadre, l’instance de médiatisation est fondamentale pour donner corps à l’événement et l’ériger en objet d’intérêt public. La question qui se pose est celle de la mise en forme de l’événement en consensus avec le corps social. Si nous considérons les événements comme des faits institutionnels, il devient évident que leur mode de donation est médiatisé par le biais d’une instance socialement légitimée à laquelle on accorde cette mission :les médias. Le mécanisme de médiation qui intervient ici est la déférence :nous déférons aux journalistes la tâche d’identifier, de décrire et de nommer les événements publics.
L’analyse des désignants d’événements dans une perspective linguistique (sémantique et syntaxique) s’avère ainsi fondamentale pour interroger les représentations mobilisées par le média. En effet, ces séquences linguistiques, largement partagées par le corps social, sont des prêts-à-dire capables de condenser une énorme quantité d’information sur l’événement, de ses données les plus objectives (où, quand, quoi) aux plus subjectives (images, représentations) mais partagées intersubjectivement. La deuxième partie de cette thèse aborde la description de ces séquences linguistiques, dans une démarche qui va de la sémantique lexicale à la sémantique discursive. Les désignants d’événements sont envisagés sous leur forme expansée, c’est-à-dire comme des expressions définies formées à partir d’un nom événementiel, nom qui dénote un événement en langue (attentat, catastrophe, crise, etc.). Cette base lexicale sert à catégoriser l’événement −en fonction de cadres cognitifs communs−, orientant le sens et affectant les représentations des lecteurs.
Parmi les différentes formes, nous distinguons des expressions définies complètes (la guerre en Irak, le massacre de la place Tiananmen, les attentats du 11 septembre, l’affaire du voile) et incomplètes (la crise, la canicule, le tsunami). Ces dernières se caractérisent par la présence d’un opérateur indexical qui fait référence au moment de l’énonciation et ont donc une capacité plus faible à stocker la mémoire de l’événement. Une fois le moment discursif passé, ces expressions ont tendance à être complétées par un complément (i. e. la canicule de 2003). Les expressions définies complètes présentent, elles, une tendance à la condensation. Elles produisent ainsi des mots-événements :des toponymes et des dates en fonction événementielle (que nous appelons héméronymes), ainsi que des désignants occasionnels (Tiananmen, le 11 septembre, le voile, respectivement). Malgré l’effacement du nom événementiel présent dans la dénomination originelle (massacre, attentat, affaire), celui-ci est pour ainsi dire enregistré par l’expression restante, et sert par là à orienter le sens de l’expression. La preuve qu’un sens notionnel a été enregistré par ces expressions est qu’elles peuvent être réutilisées dans des emplois métaphoriques, pour des événements de même nature (le 11 septembre de l’Europe, un Tiananmen à l’iranienne, tsunami financier). L’approche discursive permet également de distinguer des dénominations et des désignations, moins figées et à plus forte valeur axiologique, mais qui contribuent également à la construction de l’événement. Si Mai 68 peut être catégorisé comme une révolte, une révolution ou un mouvement par la presse et par les principaux acteurs sociaux, il peut également être qualifié de coup d’épée dans l’eau ou de rupture culturelle. Les premières constituent des séquences largement partagées dont le but est de catégoriser, mémoriser et retracer l’événement, tandis que les secondes expriment surtout le point de vue d’un énonciateur ou groupe, et ont par là un contenu axiologique plus évident.
Nous essayons de montrer que la description linguistique est une condition nécessaire pour décrire la capacité mémorielle de ces désignants, qui ont des degrés de stabilité et de figement différents. L’établissement des différentes catégories (expressions définies complètes et incomplètes, xénismes, mots-événements accidentels, toponymes événementiels et héméronymes) permet d’étudier leur capacité mémorielle en fonction de leur morphologie. En effet, moins le désignant a de contenu lexical, plus il a de facilité à circuler dans des contextes qui ne sont pas celui d’origine. Ainsi, les toponymes et les héméronymes ont une plus grande capacité d’évocation, en raison de leur proximité avec le nom propre. Dans le discours d’information, ils fonctionnent comme des outils cognitifs qui servent à mémoriser des événements, des images et des discours sur les événements.
Doctorat en Langues et lettres
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Dupont-Kieffer, Ariane. "Ragnar Frisch et l'économétrie : l'invention de modèles et d'instruments à des fins normatives." Paris 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA010025.
Full textSt-Jacques, François. "Étude comparative de trois traductions de Paradise Lost de l'anglais au français : définition d'une méthodologie quantitative de l'équivalence en traduction littéraire." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27977/27977.pdf.
Full textDelluc, Claire. "Les pays arctiques du continent américain : histoire d'un savoir géographique jusqu'à l'aube du XXe siècle." Paris 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA010631.
Full textThe investigation of the history of the geographical knowledge of the American artic lasted for 4 years. It was surely too short, considering how complex the topics to be discovered were. Which steps the western thought had to go by to integrate the nordic immensity which seemed so strange to it. I thus went back to the first echoes we heard of : "the heroic times" - throughout fifteen hundred years, few names of those times paved the way to exploration. In the 14th and 15th centuries, the west had a certain knowledge of the accross- the-seas lands. The people and their leaders were seized by a strong curiosity : the way to cathay's land brought the european leadership to its discoverer. Through the 17th and 18th centuries, the map of the artic world was set up, as expeditions succeeded one another, the english and the french fight but the perception of another world is born. The map technics improve, sailing and the ships improve. Important names of discoverers are found throughout the 19th century. Thanks to the technical means of the 20th century, the big north is no longer unknown, including Alaska and Labrador
Romero, Chacon Angel Enrique. "La mécanique d'Euler : prolégomènes à la pensée physique des milieux continus (principes et concepts physiques, et analytisation mathématique)." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA070088.
Full textLeonhard Euler (1707-1783) is regarded as one of the main developers of the Newtonian paradigm at de European continent, because the systematization of the foundations and main concepts of Newton's Mechanics following Newton's conceptions are attributed to him. We intend to show in this work that, on the contrary, an historical and epistemological analysis of Euler's work on Mechanics shows that Euler's conceptions about mechanics cannot be seen as just a continuation of the Newtonian tradition but, rather, as an alternative conceptual reorganization of the results obtained by Newton closely bound to the Leibnizian and Cartesian traditions. We follow Euler's research on the inner structure and development of Mechanics from his first works of 1736 as far as those of his mature years in 1750. In so doing, it is possible better to understand the historical evolution of his thought and, thus, better and more precisely compare his work with the contemporary works on the subject, specially D'alembert's. We show three dimensions of Euler's contribution to the science of mechanics: the nature an the roll of the epistemological assumptions underlaying his world's conception and their effects on his scientiflc work; the formulation and creation of his own physical concepts for the analysis of continuous mediums (as the strength and the internal pressure); the way he implements, by using the analysis, his conceptions of the relation of Physics and Mathematics. At the end of this work an idea stand out: Euler's Conception of space and bodies and the mathematical models he uses are quite adequate for the analysis of continuous mediums, as were developed afterwards in Physics
Morel, Yves. "Charles seignobos devant ses contradicteurs : analyse de la controverse intellectuelle francaise du debut du xxe siecle sur l'histoire." Paris, EHESS, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997EHES0028.
Full textPenna, Maria-Teresa. "L'archéologie historique aux Etats-Unis." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010641.
Full textIn the United States, historical archaeology is one of the fastest growing disciplines in the field of archaeology. From its origins in the early twentieth century with the reconstruction and restoration of historical sites associated with the founding fathers, historical archaeology has expanded its perspectives to encompass archaeological investigations of all strata of American society. The development of the discipline over the past thirty years is a mirror of the transformations which have taken place in American society. The manner in which historical archaeology reflects and contributes to the American identity is explored
Marcel, Jean-Christophe. "Les avatars de l'héritage durkheimien : une histoire de la sociologie en France (1920-1958)." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010540.
Full textThe destiny of Durkheim's sociology after his death is not the inevitable decline some described and blamed as the result of the lack of intellectual inactivity of collaborators, busy to relentlessly defend the frail since more and more controversial position of their sociology, both from the intellectual and institutionnal point of view. The examples of Mauss, Simiand Halbwachs and Bougle prove that sociology evolved between world war I and world war II. These authors, each in his own ways, pave the way for a "collective psychology" which suppresses the hiatus Durkheim had set between the individual and society, by observing the collective psychical states shared by individuals in certain situations. However this attempt at reviewing concepts remains uncompleted. That is why the second world war may not be the break - marked by the end of durkheimism and the need to rebuild french sociology - it has often been assimilated to. Eager to face the issues of European reconstruction, criticized by a commited philosophy which denies their discipline the status of a science, impressed by an empirical social science from across the atlantic standing as a new model for research, authors such as Gurvitch, Friedmann, Stoetzel, although willing to build a new and more empirical sociology able to better comprehend the experienced meaning of human behaviours, are led to defend a French conception of their discipline. Then, they all keep an epistemological position, which somewhat reminds of the durkheimian rationalism, since it tries to put individual thougts and behaviours back in the whole society in order to understand them. In this content, the works the durkheimians started a decade ago, raising these issues for the first time, remain up to date until the end of the fifties
Bressani, Martin. "Sciences, histoire et archéologie : sources et généalogie de la pensée organiciste de Viollet-le-Duc." Paris 4, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA040022.
Full textThe dissertation explores the organic metaphor in Viollet-le-Duc’s theory of architecture, showing how his rationalism, far from a narrow positivism, proceeds from a reflection on both the nature of living beings and the structure of historical development. Two sources have shaped Viollet-le-Duc’s discourse: the natural sciences and historical studies. First, and most immediately, the new theories of the organism developed by French biologists provide Viollet-le-Duc with a scientific model for his analysis of medieval architecture and his theory of "style. " secondly, the study of romantic historiography and a survey of the archeological movement in France since the late-XVIIIth century, provides the broader cultural context to understand Viollet-le-Duc’s organicism
Aim, Marie-Anastasie. "De la socialisation sanitaire à la santé comme phénomène représentationnel : socio-construction d'une "évidence"." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0350.
Full textThis thesis aims to question the genesis of the “common sense” meanings associated with health per se. Particular attention will be paid to the integration of health systems and socio-cultural systems into the content and processes of this phenomenon. It also explores the relationship between sex/gender and health, the issues of which are still relatively invisible. Motivated by the objectives of this thesis and by the characteristics specific to our research subject, “integrative” socio-representational approaches and pluri-methodological approaches were adopted. Thus, this thesis seeks to study the meanings associated with health while developing a theoretical-methodological reflection on the field of social representations. Nine studies were conducted with various populations. Results enabled to highlight the close link between health education and health for education. In general, participants have health-related knowledge that is both polysemic and polyphasic, and this from childhood. This active learning is the result of real-life experiences and “scientific” knowledge relayed by various actors. Health-related knowledge is embodied in and through the social roles and places that people occupy, particularly in relation to their imposed identities such as sex/gender and age group. At a theoretical-methodological level, this thesis invites us to consider the relevance of using an integrative socio-representational approach to think about complex phenomena as well as the need to articulate characteristics of the methods and characteristics of the research objects studied
陈, 寒. "《红楼梦》诗性美翻译研究"Hong lou meng" shi xing mei fqn yi yan jiu." Paris, INALCO, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INAL0016.
Full textThis dissertation is made of an introduction and five chapters. The introduction highlights above all the reason why we have chosen the perspective of "poetic beauty" as our main approach to the translation of this novel. Therefore, our discussions of theory and skills are confined to the esthetic framework. After introducing the history of the translation and studies of Hong Lou Meng in France to serve both as the basis of our demonstration and contribution to the "Redology" (the study of the novel A Dream of Red Mansions) in China, we have announced the contents and the connections of the five chapters, so as to clarizy the general structure of the dissertation. Finally, we have summarized the main arguments defended in the thesis. The first chapter tries to elucidate several theoretical problems. After having clarified the main target, the principal mission and the process, and put forward hypotheses concerning the unit of translation of Hong Lou Meng, we have set out arguments for our new strategy of translation based on three elements : image of word, image of rhetoric and image of rhythm. Besides, the translator should also pay attention to the coherence of the images, thereby completing the "atmosphere" of the translated work and achieving the core objective which consists in the representation of the artistic vision of the riginai work. In summary, the demonstration of the five chapters in this dissertation has presented a circular operation of "mindmosphere - image - discourse - image- mindmosphere", which corresponds with our interpretation of the bi-directional circular movement of the subjective and objective factors in the translation of Hong Lou Meng
Jouin, Serge. "Biographie d’un enseignant : Max Marchand (1911-1962) : de la France à l’Algérie." Paris 8, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA080848.
Full textThis thesis of doctorate is founded upon a book of which i am the author and publisher: the tragic destiny of Maxime Marchand. . . And Algeria; this biography is meant to recall the main outlines of his life and career in a more complete, more acute and more scientific way; Max Marchand was born in 1911 in the department of the Eure and shot down in Algiers in 1962 by an CAS commando; it recalls his life as a schoolboy, a student at the training college, a primary schoolmaster in the Eure, a teacher in the department of Seine-maritime, a soldier and prisoner of war and from 1948 onwards a primary school inspector in Oand thenin the educational districts of Bône (Annaba) and Algiers ; it studies his historical, pedagogical and literary works and critical books about A. Gide, his writings about the problems of colonization and decolonization, the Algerian war he had to endure and that led him to his death. This biography of a man who isn't well-known doesn't want to be a mere description but it raises a question about this exceptional man Max Marchand standing at a given time at the intersection of the Algerian and French nationalisms: is he going to be the representative?
Charafeddine, Bulamah Rodrigo. "Ruínas circulares : vida e história no norte do Haiti." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH212.
Full textThis thesis is an investigation about the problem of history in contemporary Haiti. Drawing from a total of one year and a half of fieldwork in the commune of Milot, Norther Haiti, as well as archival research in France, Haiti and the United States, I propose an anthropology of history or, more specifically, an anthropology of knowledge, practice and representations that assert different meanings to the past
Dujardin, Laurent. "Carrières de pierre en Normandie : Contribution à l'étude historique et archéologique des carrières de pierre à bâtir à Caen (calvados) et en Normandie aux époques médiévale et moderne." Caen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998CAEN1253.
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