Academic literature on the topic 'Historia arabska'

Ikona jest formą komunikowania chrześcijańskich dogmatów wiary. Ikona, jako fenomen, rozwinęła się głównie dzięki Bizancjum. Jednak Bizancjum nie było jedynym miejscem twórczości ikonograficznej. Ikony były tworzone zarówno na Zachodzie, jak i na Wschodzie niebizantyjskim. Dla chrześcijan arabskich centrum ikony było Aleppo. Wpływ kultury islamu i świata arabskiego zostawił ślad na sztuce chrześcijańskiej, która stworzyła charakterystyczne formy, zwłaszcza poprzez arabeskową ornamentykę. Pośród znamienitych artystów, tworzących ikony arabskie w Aleppo, najbardziej znana jest rodzina – od dziadka do prawnuka: Youssof, Nemeh, Hannania i Girgis. Dzięki tym ikonografom można śledzić ewolucję ikony arabskiej na przestrzeni XVII i XVIII w. Także w Egipcie powstawały ikony arabskie, które ubogacały przekaz chrześcijańskiej wiary dzięki swej odmiennej specyfice. Arabscy chrześcijanie, którzy dzisiaj w wojnie są mordowani za wiarę, mają wielką historię tradycji chrześcijańskiej, która wyraża się również w ikonografii.

This essay analyzes arabesk, a form of popular music in Turkey, as it pertains to debates around culture, politics, and modernity. I argue that arabesk, rather than being limited to discussions of music as an aesthetic form, reveals important issues as to the historical unfolding of discursive patterns that still very much outline the boundaries of cultural debates in Turkish society. The historic changes of arabesk music corresponds to turning points in the cultural and political history of Turkey. Furthermore, following the historical trajectory of arabesk makes it possible to analyze large-scale transformations in the ideological landscape of Turkey. In order to understand the complexity of these issues, it is important to trace the historical foundations of Turkish cultural politics, especially during the early Republican era (1920-1950), which was formative in establishing and maintaining an extensive regime of cultural classification.

Se exponen las aportaciones científicas del arabista Salvador Vila Hernández (1904-1936), su dedicación docente e investigadora en las Universidades y Escuelas de Estudios Árabes de Madrid y Granada. Se sitúa su figura en el notable ambiente intelectual de aquellos años, en que se abrió de forma muy definida una especialización sobre Historia del Derecho y de las Instituciones islámicas, y especialmente en referencia a al-Andalus.

Adorearen eta haren osagaien errepresentazioek aldaketak izan dituzte historian zehar, egileen, aro historikoaren eta kultur testuinguruaren arabera. Artikulu honetan, lehenik, adorearen errepresentazioen ibilbide historikoa egingo dugu, Greziako Antzinatetik hasi eta Aro Garaikidera arte. Garai ezberdinetako pentsalariek adoreaz emandako deskribapenak agertuko ditugu: heroia jendaurrean bere adorea erakusten, Homeroren arabera; adorearen intelektualizazioa, Sokrates eta Platonen arabera; eremu militarrerako itzulera, Aristotelesen arabera; lanaren eta apaltasunaren etika lehenengo kristauengan; heriotzari bakardadean aurre egiten dion Erdi Aroko adorea; adorearen konstruktuaren desagerpena eta merkataritza-interesen konbinazioaren nagusitasuna, Aro Modernoan; Aristotelesen erdibidearen teoriaren baztertzea, Makiavelorengan;adorearen ikuspegi bitalista, Spinozarengan; adimena askeki erabiltzeko adorea, Kantengan; kaskarkeria gainditzeko adorea, Nietzscherengan; ez-izatearen eta aldaketaren aurrean sortzen den barne-herstura gainditzeko adorea, Tillichengan; modu askean jokatzeko eta bizitzarekiko atxikimendu handiegia gainditzeko adorea, Arendtengan; eta ezberdin pentsatzen duten pertsona boteretsuen aurrean egia esateko adorea, Foucaultengan. Ondoren, adorearen definizio psikologiko batzuk berrikusiko ditugu eta haien osagai nagusiak zein diren ikusiko dugu. Azkenik, teoria filosofikoetan oinarrituta, adorearen definizio psikologikoan beste osagai batzuk sartzea iradokiko dugu.

El texto que se presenta a continuación es uno de los muchos preservados en el Museo Náprstek, en el legajo de Alois Richard Nykl (1885-1958), lingüista y filósofo de origen checo que ganó fama internacional como especialista en la lengua árabe y la religión musulmana, pero cuyo interés se dirigió también a otras regiones del mundo. Ya antes de su muerte, Nykl depositó gran parte de sus manuscritos y de su archivo de recortes y notas en el Museo Náprstek, importante museo de etnología no europea que se ubica en Praga. Este texto deriva de una investigación realizada en el marco del proyecto de la Universidad Carolina, República Checa, que lleva por título "PROGRES Q09: Historia. Llave al entendimiento del mundo globalizado".

En 1857 el arabista malagueño Francisco Javier Simonet inauguró una cátedra de “Historia Literaria de los árabes en España” con un Discurso sobre la importancia de los estudios árabes claramente laudatorio de las virtudes y logros de la civilización árabe. El contenido de esta lección magistral fue dado a la luz en las páginas de la revista El Occidente y fue reproducido por la revista La América en dos números en diciembre de 1858. El interés que presenta para la historia del arabismo estriba en que nos presenta a un joven Simonet muy influenciado por la idealización de los árabes del romanticismo, que insiste en el contraste del desarrollo alcanzado por dicha civilización en contraste con la decadencia de la cultura en la Europa medieval. Simonet evolucionará años después hacia posiciones diametralmente opuestas para convertirse en el detractor por excelencia entre los arabistas españolas de la civilización musulmana. La REIM reproduce las dos entregas del citado Discurso.

El examen somero de cinco figuras sobresalientes en la historia de la traducción del árabe al español (Alfonso X el Sabio, los moriscos Miguel de Luna y Alonso del Castillo, el misionero franciscano del siglo XVIII Fray Francisco de San Juan del Puerto y el arabista decimonónico Emilio Lafuente Alcántara) nos permite defender un doble enfoque narratológico en los estudios de traducción. Por un lado, el relativo a los agentes individuales en los procesos de traducción, cuyas biografías ofrecen una perspectiva privilegiada a su labor en tanto que conflicto social, y, por otro, lo relativo a la construcción de grandes discursos históricos, estructurados en torno a la noción de lo nuevo frente a lo tradicional.

Se suele confundir la historia del arabismo español con la del gremio universitario pero debe tenerse en cuenta también el papel desempeñado por los traductores e intérpretes del árabe, en el que debe recordarse a los hermanos Ruíz Orsatti, Ricardo y Reginaldo. Ricardo Ruíz Orsatti desempeñó un papel importante en las relaciones hispano-marroquíes en la primera mitad del siglo XX. Pero su nombre es especialmente conocido por la correspondencia que mantuvo con el escritor Benito Pérez Galdós entre 1901 y 1910, que sería decisiva para la redacción por el novelista de dos de sus episodios nacionales, Aita Tettauen y Carlos VI en la Rápita. El centenario de la muerte del escritor canario parece una ocasión propicia para situar esta correspondencia en su contexto y rescatar la figura de Ricardo Ruíz Orsatti.

Tesoro de la lengua castellana o española de Covarrubias encubre otro tesoro: una gramática básica del árabe, diseminada en los dos centenares de etimologías árabes proporcionadas por el destacado arabista y arabófono contemporáneo del lexicógrafo, Diego de Urrea. Tal es el planteamiento de nuestro estudio, que se dedicará, gracias al análisis lingüístico, a poner de manifiesto en este corpus la presencia explícita, y la mayoría de las veces implícita, de numerosos datos gramaticales que remiten a pautas fundamentales de la gramática árabe, como son el sistema de derivación y la morfofonología del verbo. La exposición de esos datos en el Tesoro se hace gracias a una terminología original, que solo se puede entender en el marco de la gramática árabe y que constituye una verdadera innovación en el campo de las gramáticas árabes compuestas por los arabistas europeos contemporáneos. Por otra parte, las etimologías de Urrea sostienen la nueva «teoría de la raíz verbal» introducida por Erpenius en su Grammatica Arabica (1613) y sugieren por lo tanto la involucración de aquél en el arabismo contemporáneo. Este estudio arroja nueva luz sobre el papel del árabe en el Tesoro de Covarrubias, papel que había pasado, desde la primera reedición moderna del Tesoro en 1943, completamente desapercibido para los especialistas. Todo ello nos invita a ver en el Tesoro una obra innovadora en el contexto de los nuevos intereses científicos que, a partir de finales del siglo XVI, se encaminarían hacia la emergencia de una nueva ciencia: el orientalismo.

This research was conducted to update previous studies of the springs of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Approach: Revisit every spring that was recorded previously to ascertain the current status, water quality and zooplankton communities. Results: fourteen springs out of forty six were still flowing. Several springs in the Eastern Province were structurally changed into manmade pools. Also, one new spring was located and documented in the northwestern region. Zinc and copper in several springs were the common dissolved heavy metals and have had exceeded the safe drinking water standards according to World Health Organization. Fourteen zooplankton taxa was found, seven belonged to phylum Rotifera (four Lecane spp. and three brachionids). Six belonged to subclasses Phyllopoda and Copepoda. The phyllopod, Pleuroxus sp., belongs to suborder Cladocera. The remaining five were copepods: one in the order Cyclopoida (Halicyclops sp.) and four in the order Harpacticoida (Bryocamptus sp., Schizopera sp., Euterpina sp. and Metis sp.). The remaining taxon was an unidentified species belonging to class Ostracoda. Zooplankton species were present in nine of the fifteen springs; the exceptions were Umm Al-Eyal, Abu-Dhuba and the four geothermal springs. Conclusion/ recommendation: The research concluded that the majority of the springs in the Kingdom have fallen dry between 1990 and 2013. Total dissolved solids as well as electrical conductivity, during the same period, were not significantly different. Zooplankton abundance displayed a positive correlation to Electrical Conductivity. Spring water is an important source of freshwater in the Kingdom; as such, springs must be properly maintained and conserved. More attention should be given to protect this important commodity from becoming obsolete. Groundwater protection is everyone's responsibility

The subject of Saudi theatre has not been very well investigated by scholars and researchers, and many agree that there is a lack of resources concerning theatre in Saudi Arabia. Although there are a few studies about Saudi theatre, more studies in the history of Saudi theatre as well as in different aspects of theatre in Saudi Arabia are needed in order to help readers to further understand this subject. Unfortunately, the international community of theatre has not been able to access information about theatre in Saudi Arabia owing to the absence of studies of Saudi theatre in different languages, especially in English; this lack plays a key role in preventing readers from understanding Saudi theatre. This thesis attempts to play a role in bridging this gap in the area of Saudi theatre. It presents, therefore, a historical study of Saudi theatre from the establishment of Saudi Arabia as a country in 1932 to the period in which the General Presidency for Youth Welfare (GPYW) was established as the first organization that was responsible for supervising and producing theatre in Saudi Arabia, 1974-2004. In particular, the main aim of this research is to study and examine the history of theatre in GPYW from its establishment in 1974 up to 2004 when the Saudi government decided to transfer the responsibility of cultural activities from different institutions, including the GPYW, to the Ministry of Culture and Information. This will offer an important picture of the history of Saudi theatre which previously has not been addressed by scholars and researchers. The thesis is divided into six chapters. Owing to the fact that Saudi Arabia is a part of the Arabic world and has some similarities with the other Arabic countries in terms of language, religion, history, and culture, the first chapter will attempt to familiarize readers with the history of theatre in the Arabic world by providing historical background of the Arabic theatre. The second chapter will offer an outline of the historical, religious and social context of Saudi Arabia. The third chapter will present a detailed picture of the beginning of theatre in Saudi Arabia and the theatrical activities that took place in Saudi Arabia from its establishment until 1974, the year in which the GPYW was established. The fourth chapter will be devoted to exploring and understanding the main tendencies of theatre that emerged in Saudi theatre and dominated the history of theatre in this establishment from 1974 until 2004. In addition, a summary of a play of each tendency will be presented. It is essential for readers to be aware of the nature of these tendencies as they move to explore the history of theatre in the GPYW through the next chapters. The fifth and sixth chapters will concentrate on the history of theatre in the two main parts of the GPYW that produced regular theatre; the General Administration for Cultural Activities and the Saudi Arabian Society for Culture and Arts. Finally, the thesis will conclude by summarizing its main points and ideas and will provide some recommendations that should help the readers, future researchers, and Saudi practitioners to further improve and develop the subject of theatre in Saudi Arabia.

This study initially aimed to look at children's literature, an idea inspired by three factors: 1) Debates about the need to introduce Arabic heritage to children in contemporary Arab societies, including literature. 2) Discussions regarding the need to improve the quality of contemporary Arabic children's literature. 3) My interest in children's literature and my previous experience in writing for children. The debates related to the role of children's literature in contemporary Arab Gulf societies are generated by the socio-economic changes these societies are experiencing. Rising income has helped in providing global contact with other countries, and therefore has led to the emergence of new and foreign cultural patterns. This situation, at the same time, has encouraged an interest in the preservation of local culture and generated various arguments regarding the transition and change in Arab identity across different generations (Alwani, 1995; Muhmmod 1995). Literature, by virtue of being one of the most important elements reflecting social norms and values, can be used as an instrument for measuring social changes and socio-econonic development (Eagleton, 1996: 8-14). Children's literature also could be considered as an element, which affects and at the same time reflects upon children's culture (Hunt, 1994:5). Therefore, I suggested that the changes which occurred in children's literature at different historical periods, might provide indications for changes in the conceptualization of childhood in Arab culture. I wanted to explore the possibility of employing traditional folk tales in contemporary children's literature as part of examining the concurrence between social change and children's literature. A pilot study revealed that folk tales were an important part of children's childhood in traditional society, which reflected family structure and functions, as well as the socialization process and children's role in the family and the local community. The results of the pilot study also indicated some of the obstacles involved in the employment of traditional folk tales in contemporary children's literature. It emphasized the argument which suggest that folk tales are a mode of oral literature where it is the storytellers who give the tales their special unique features; once they are written down into paper, the drama stops and the tales lose some of their power and effect (Ibraheem, 1988; Zipes, 1992). Furthermore, it revealed that story telling in traditional society was a social event and family gathering, which was woven smoothly into the traditional social structure and helped shape traditional understanding and concepts of childhood. Considering these conclusions, instead of starting my study with a strong feeling about the importance of employing Arabic folk tales in contemporary children's literature, I began to question this assumption and, therefore, my research presupposition. It became clear to me that in order to study the possibility of employing folk tales in contemporary children's literature, it would be important to start by examining the changes which have occurred in perceptions towards the child's place in the family, as well as childhood itself. My questions, in this case, should aim to explore: how different children and childhood are today than in previous generations, and how children's daily life is and was constructed and enacted. And, therefore, how possible would it be for the transmission of traditional folk tales to the new generation. I decided therefore to focus my project on studying changes in conceptualizations of childhood, and to see the role of children's literature as an indication for such change. Thus, my project became an historical and comparative study of changing childhood: for three female generations in Saudi Arabia.

Built heritage sites, which symbolise, represent and reveal valuable parts of any nation, require special attention including a visionary policy covering regulations, legislation and so on. Built heritage conservation policy worldwide has developed in the last four decades towards using heritage sites for tourism development. This thesis attempts to explain the evolution of built heritage conservation policy in Saudi Arabia, from the first conservation efforts in the 1970s to 2015, through the case study of Historic Jeddah. Jeddah is an ancient costal city on the Red Sea. Considered the main gateway to the holy cities of Makkah and Al-Medina since the 7th century, it has grown and developed with notable Islamic influence. The defensive wall which stood from 1509 to 1947 preserved the ancient city to the present day, where the remainder of the historic walled city is called Historic Jeddah. This is the only historic urban centre in Saudi Arabia that remains inhabited with its urban and architectural authenticity. The thesis argues that its survival has been assured by three successive built heritage conservation policies: Matthew’s Policy (1970-2006), the SCTA Policy (2006-10) and the UNESCO Policy (2010-20). The research traces these three built heritage conservation policies by investigating in depth three analytical dimensions: the policy contents, the actors involved and the actual impacts (interventions and interactions) on the built environment of Historic Jeddah. The research is based on the hypothesis that the focus of built heritage conservation policy in Saudi Arabia has shifted from preserving national identity and legacy (mainly represented by structures of state power) towards using built heritage sites for the purpose of developing international tourism, especially after the recent attempts to inscribe a number of national heritage sites on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list. The evidence used to test this hypothesis comes from the examination of a range of documents, archives and conservations projects since the 1970s, as well as interviews conducted with various Saudi heritage stakeholders.

This study aims to establish the identity of the Saudi novel, which has been hitherto neglected by scholars whether Saudi or non-Saudi; to consider the emergence and development of tho Saudi novel during the past sIxty years (1930-90) and the reasons for these; to investigate the peculiarities of the Saudi novel as well as the influence on it of the International novel, and the novel in other Arabic-speaking countries; to examine the factors that have led to the growth of the novel as a literary form in Saudi Arabia since the fifties; and appraise the 'artistic" development that has taken place In the novel itself, and in individual novelists since that time.

This thesis highlights the role of urban planners in the revitalization of historic seafronts as creative and attractive places for people and a key factor in the regeneration of the urban economy in the historic seafront areas. The Saudi Arabia historic seafront areas along the North Red Sea have been neglected and are suffering because of slow development and changes to industrial uses. This thesis will focus on the urban design principles that make historic seafronts more attractive and successful, and will use a case study approach of several American waterfront cities such as Baltimore, Maryland; San Francisco, California; and Charleston, South Carolina. These American cities and the urban design principles applied for their successful revitalization were selected for analysis because of their similarities with the Yanbu Al-Bahr's historic seafront. The results of this analysis will enable planners to apply the best of these urban waterfront design models to assist in the revitalization of historic seafronts along the North Red Sea in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).

Political Science
Ph.D.
This project seeks to explain the aggressive turn in Saudi Arabia’s foreign policy after 2011, most drastically exemplified through its 2015 military intervention into Yemen. It does so through a two-case historical comparison between the Saudi interventions in Yemen in 1962 and 2015. Additionally, it compares the nature of internal regime survival strategies within the kingdom during these two distinct time periods of regional revolutionary upheaval: the Nasserist period of the late 1950s to 1960s and the time during and after the Arab uprisings in 2011. It makes the argument that, despite comparable internal and external threats in each time period, Saudi foreign policy is more openly aggressive in the contemporary period as a function of the regime’s ontologically weakened ideological legitimation. Whereas the Nasserist period offered an ontologically distinct threat in the form of a rival state ideology (secular Arab nationalism) that could be strategically co-opted and repressed by the Saudi regime, the Arab uprisings embodied a broader threat. This has included movements that have combined variations of both Islamism and liberal constitutionalism to challenge authoritarianism in the region. It has ultimately been threatening in part because of an ontological similarity to the regime’s own historic use of Islamic legitimacy. Thus, unlike the mediated Saudi approach to the Nasserist threat, the Saudi regime today has opportunistically engaged in an exaggerated aggression abroad as well as more deliberate, open displays of domestic repression at home.
Temple University--Theses

[EN] Over time, the construction potentialities and traditional architecture of Saudi Arabia have declined substantially. The modern generation in Saudi Arabia has neglected the traditional structural and architectural designs for building towns, cities and homes. The materials used in the construction of traditional structures has been replaced by more westernized building materials such as concrete, cement and glass. Westernized methods of design and architecture often fail to last long due to the climatic and topographical conditions of the country, such as extreme heat and fast sand-blowing winds. Reviving traditional architectural and structural building married with westernized building technologies will yield strong structures that are capable of withstanding the harsh conditions of the country. This research seeks to identify the most applicable methods of structural procedures that can be used in historical earthen buildings in Saudi Arabia for conservation purposes. This dissertation addresses the important structural and architectural perspectives of traditional Saudi Arabian buildings. It also examines the perspectives of the Saudi population that affect the selection of building materials and architectural styles that are widely used. An examination of the old techniques employed in traditional Saudi Arabian buildings, how they can help in the formulation of a new approach for contemporary architecture and how this can be implemented in Saudi Arabia are also discussed in this dissertation. In the preparation of this dissertation, conforming processes were performed in order to fulfil the set objectives of the study. The first step was configured to examine different earthen architectural structures in Saudi Arabia. This stage involved travelling to different locations, observing the structures and also conducting interviews with older contractors. To collect more information on the topic, visits to Yemen and South Morocco were made, as these are two countries that have already married earthen architecture with modern architecture. The traditional architecture of Morocco and Yemen is similar to that of Saudi Arabia, but it has taken longer for these countries to shift to modern architecture. A laboratory examination was carried out to examine the relationship between the soil composition, stability, and strength of the structures that are built. Empirical studies were also conducted to examine the compactness, solidity, dimensional steadiness and permeability of the materials used in the constructions. These factors influence the choice of building materials for the conservation of traditional architecture and to solve the current need for cheap housing in the urban fabric. The results of this study indicate that the Adobe and Cob traditional architectural styles are two of the leading architectural styles in Saudi Arabia, with each style symbolizing the perspective of the people living in a particular locality. This dissertation also found that different architectural patterns were influenced by functionality, convenience, efficiency and availability of the construction materials needed. This explains the reason for different structural and architectural patterns in different parts of Saudi Arabia. This study concludes that mixing traditional architectural methods with modern technologies would serve to construct stronger and longer-lasting houses in Saudi Arabia. The new houses would not only serve to conserve the magnificent architecture of the country but would also help in building cheap houses, hence solving the rising demand for housing in urban areas. This study will add to the literature available on architectures in Saudi Arabia.
[ES] Con el tiempo, las posibilidades de construcción con técnicas tradicionales en Arabia Saudita han disminuido considerablemente. La nueva generación de Arabia Saudita ha dejado caer en el olvido los diseños arquitectónicos y estructurales tradicionales a la hora de construir pueblos, ciudades y viviendas. Los materiales utilizados en la construcción de las estructuras tradicionales han sido sustituidos por materiales de construcción más occidentalizados, tales como el hormigón, el cemento y el vidrio. Los métodos arquitectónicos y de diseño occidentalizados no suelen perdurar mucho tiempo debido a las condiciones climáticas y topográficas del país, tales como el calor extremo y las fuertes tormentas de arena. La revitalización de la construcción de estructuras y arquitecturas tradicionales, unida a las tecnologías de construcción occidentalizadas, dará como resultado unas estructuras sólidas capaces de soportar las duras condiciones del país. Esta investigación busca identificar los métodos de construcción de estructuras más aplicables que puedan ser utilizados en edificios históricos de tierra en Arabia Saudita para fines de conservación. Esta tesis aborda la importancia de las perspectivas estructurales y arquitectónicas para los edificios tradicionales de Arabia Saudita. La tesis también analiza el punto de vista de la población saudí frente a la selección de materiales de construcción y a los estilos arquitectónicos utilizados frecuentemente. En esta investigación también se examinan las antiguas técnicas empleadas en los edificios tradicionales de Arabia Saudita, cómo éstas pueden ayudar en la formulación de un nuevo enfoque para la arquitectura contemporánea y cómo pueden introducirse en la construcción actual en Arabia Saudita. En la preparación de esta tesis se ha trabajado con una metodología que permite cumplir con los objetivos establecidos al inicio del estudio. El primer paso fue examinar las diferentes estructuras arquitectónicas de tierra de Arabia Saudita. Esta etapa consistió en viajar a diferentes lugares para observar las estructuras así como para realizar entrevistas a los antiguos constructores. Para recopilar más información sobre el tema se hicieron también visitas a Yemen y al sur de Marruecos, dado que en estos dos países ya se ha unido la arquitectura de tierra con la arquitectura contemporánea. La arquitectura tradicional de Marruecos y Yemen es similar a la de Arabia Saudita, pero en estos países la nueva arquitectura contemporánea se ha desarrollado más tarde. Se han realizado ensayos de laboratorio para determinar la relación entre la composición del suelo y la estabilidad y solidez de las estructuras construidas. También se realizaron estudios empíricos para determinar la compactación, solidez, estabilidad dimensional y la permeabilidad de los materiales utilizados en las construcciones. Estos factores influyen en la elección de materiales de construcción para la conservación de la arquitectura tradicional y para resolver la necesidad actual de construir viviendas económicas en el tejido urbano actual. Los resultados de este estudio indican que las técnicas constructivas tradicionales del adobe y el cob (pared de mano) son dos de las principales técnicas de Arabia Saudita, y cada una de ellas tiene relación con las particularidades de las poblaciones que viven en un determinado lugar. Con esta tesis también se ha determinado que los diferentes patrones arquitectónicos estaban influenciados por la funcionalidad, la comodidad, la eficiencia y la disponibilidad de los materiales de construcción necesarios. Esto explica la razón por la que existen diferentes tipologías estructurales y arquitectónicas en distintas partes de Arabia Saudita. Este estudio concluye que la unión de los métodos arquitectónicos tradicionales con las nuevas tecnologías puede servir para construir viviendas más sólidas y de larga duración en Arabi
[CAT] Amb el temps, les possibilitats de construcció amb tècniques tradicionals a l'Aràbia Saudita han disminuït considerablement. La nova generació d'Aràbia Saudita ha deixat caure en l'oblit els dissenys arquitectònics i estructurals tradicionals a l'hora de construir pobles, ciutats i habitatges. Els materials utilitzats en la construcció de les estructures tradicionals s'han substituït per materials de construcció més occidentalitzats, com ara formigó, ciment i vidre. Els mètodes arquitectònics y de disseny occidentalitzats no solen perdurar molt de temps degut a les condicions climàtiques i topogràfiques del país, com ara la calor extrema i les fortes tempestes d'arena. La revitalització de la construcció d'estructures i arquitectures tradicionals, unida a les tecnologies de construcció occidentalitzades, donarà com resultat unes estructures sòlides capaces de suportar les dures condicions del país. Esta investigació pretén identificar quins són els mètodes de construcció d'estructures més aplicables que es poden utilitzar en els edificis històrics de terra d'Aràbia Saudita amb fins de conservació. Esta tesi aborda la importància de les perspectives estructurals i arquitectòniques per als edificis tradicionals d'Aràbia Saudita. La tesi també analitza el punt de vista de la població saudita front a la selecció de materials de construcció y als estils arquitectònics més àmpliament utilitzats. En esta investigació també s'examinen les antigues tècniques emprades en els edificis tradicionals d'Aràbia Saudita, com estes poden ajudar en la formulació d'un nou enfocament per a l'arquitectura contemporània i com poden introduir-se en la construcció actual a Aràbia Saudita. En la preparació d'esta tesi s'ha treballat amb una metodologia que permet complir amb els objectius establerts a l'inici de l'estudi. El primer pas va ser examinar les diferents estructures arquitectòniques de terra d'Aràbia Saudita. Esta etapa va consistir en viatjar a diferents llocs per a observar les estructures així com per a realitzar entrevistes als antics constructors. Per a recopilar més informació sobre el tema es van fer també visites al Iemen i al sud del Marroc, ja que en aquests dos països ja s'ha unit l'arquitectura de terra amb l'arquitectura contemporània. L'arquitectura tradicional del Marroc i del Iemen és semblant a la d'Aràbia Saudita, però en estos països la nova arquitectura contemporània s'ha desenvolupat més tard. S'han realitzat assajos de laboratori per a determinar la relació entre la composició del sòl i l'estabilitat i solidesa de les estructures construïdes. També es van realitzar estudis empírics per a determinar la compactació, solidesa, estabilitat dimensional i la permeabilitat dels materials emprats en les construccions. Estos factors influeixen en l'elecció de materials de construcció per a la conservació de l'arquitectura tradicional i per a resoldre la necessitat actual de construir cases econòmiques en el teixit urbà actual. Els resultats d'este estudi indiquen que les tècniques constructives tradicionals de l'adob i el cob (paret de mà) són dos de les principals tècniques d'Aràbia Saudita, i cada una d'elles té relació amb les particularitats de les poblacions que viuen en una lloc determinat. Amb esta tesi també s'ha determinat que els diferents patrons arquitectònics estaven influenciats per la funcionalitat, la comoditat, l'eficiència i la disponibilitat dels materials de construcció necessaris. Açò explica la raó per la qual hi ha diferents tipologies estructurals i arquitectòniques en distintes parts d'Aràbia Saudita. Este estudi conclou que la unió dels mètodes arquitectònics tradicionals amb les noves tecnologies modernes pot servir per a construir habitatges més sòlids i de llarga duració a Aràbia Saudita.
Alaidarous, AAH. (2016). Investigating the best methods for structural stabilization procedures for Historical earthen building conservation in Saudi Arabia: a technology-led construction analysis [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/68476
TESIS

The present thesis seeks to understand and explain the rhetoric and behaviour of the rejectionist 'current' within the Palestinian national movement. It proceeds from the view that extant scholarship, primarily from within the fields of terrorism and security studies, has profoundly misunderstood rejectionist speech and behaviour by ignoring the explanatory capacity of Emic - the research subject's perception - as well as the influence of the sociocultural milieu within which rejectionism exists. The thesis proceeds to set up a 'socioculturally sensitive' analytical framework drawn from social identity theory, a heuristic, non-reductionist model for understanding group interaction and conflict. Emphasizing cultural norms and cues identified by anthropologists as salient in the eastern Mediterranean, the thesis suggests that the social value of honour, patron-client dynamics and a firmly entrenched group orientation must be significant elements of a model for understanding rejectionist behaviour. The main analytical narrative suggests that for reasons derived from ideology, patron-client relations and group dynamics, what has distinguished the rejectionists from the mainstream have been a qualitatively different set of preconditions for, and objectives of diplomatic negotiations. To the main rejectionist factions the goal of liberating Palestine has always been inextricably intertwined with the goal of restoring national honour; one without the other has been impossible and to claim otherwise would mean a depletion of factional and personal honour. To the rejectionists, there has never been any question of deviating from the fundamental goals - national recognition, repatriation, self-determination and independent statehood, not even for tactical reasons. This 'higher standard' likely derives from their structurally and politically subordinate position within the national movement, and the need to creatively enhance their own social status and appeal.

This research seeks to understand the reasons for failures of Bill Clinton, Yasser Arafat, and Ehud Barak's Camp David Summit that was held in July, 2000. The Summit was arranged to complete the last phase of Oslo Peace Process. Numerous researches have attempted to reveal the facts of the summit but, so far, they have failed to present the complete details of what happened before, during, and after the summit. This research explores all aspects of the problem including the various variables that would have had effected the breakdown of the Middle East peace process. Finally, the researcher determines the parameters needed to maintain a substantial peace in the Middle East and what proposed strategies might be followed in order to avoid the previous mistakes in future peace negotiations.

Roman historians developed a tradition of placing ethno graphic information into their works. The “Other” was an everyday reality of the Roman state. With its expansion more nations came into its orbit and thus to the attention of its writers. Arabs were among many others whom the Romans confronted. The position of the Arabs changed rapidly since the emergence of Islam in the 7th century. From a peripheral nation they became the major superpower in the East. The Roman/Byzantine perception did change due to various factors, such as the emergence of new religion as well as military expansion of the newly founded Arab state. It was in this period when ethnographic tradition under went a major transformation. Ethnography was in decline with snippets of information throughout literary works instead of vast descriptions of the “Other” as known in antiquity. Merging the snippets, however, a more coher ent image may occur. The aim of this paper is to look on the ethnographic information about Arabs in three literary works of the 10th century Byzantium – the Taktika, De administran do imperio and History of Leo the Deacon. Arabs will be analysed under the scope of elements that affected Byzantine perception on them – religion, military, and ethnic stereotypes. With the analysis I intend not only to gain a more coherent picture about the ethnographic perception of the Arabs in Byzantium, but also the differ ence of the perception among its various social classes.

This study aims to investigate the determinants of short- and long-run investment behavior in Saudi Arabia for eight non-oil sectors. Saudi Arabia is currently proceeding with its historic Vision 2030 reform plan, which aims to significantly increase the private sector’s contribution to the country’s gross domestic product. Thus, analyzing investments at the sectoral level is important for Saudi Arabia. Such an analysis can provide policymakers with a deeper understanding of potential opportunities for boosting private sector growth.