Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Historia arabska'

This research was conducted to update previous studies of the springs of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Approach: Revisit every spring that was recorded previously to ascertain the current status, water quality and zooplankton communities. Results: fourteen springs out of forty six were still flowing. Several springs in the Eastern Province were structurally changed into manmade pools. Also, one new spring was located and documented in the northwestern region. Zinc and copper in several springs were the common dissolved heavy metals and have had exceeded the safe drinking water standards according to World Health Organization. Fourteen zooplankton taxa was found, seven belonged to phylum Rotifera (four Lecane spp. and three brachionids). Six belonged to subclasses Phyllopoda and Copepoda. The phyllopod, Pleuroxus sp., belongs to suborder Cladocera. The remaining five were copepods: one in the order Cyclopoida (Halicyclops sp.) and four in the order Harpacticoida (Bryocamptus sp., Schizopera sp., Euterpina sp. and Metis sp.). The remaining taxon was an unidentified species belonging to class Ostracoda. Zooplankton species were present in nine of the fifteen springs; the exceptions were Umm Al-Eyal, Abu-Dhuba and the four geothermal springs. Conclusion/ recommendation: The research concluded that the majority of the springs in the Kingdom have fallen dry between 1990 and 2013. Total dissolved solids as well as electrical conductivity, during the same period, were not significantly different. Zooplankton abundance displayed a positive correlation to Electrical Conductivity. Spring water is an important source of freshwater in the Kingdom; as such, springs must be properly maintained and conserved. More attention should be given to protect this important commodity from becoming obsolete. Groundwater protection is everyone's responsibility

The subject of Saudi theatre has not been very well investigated by scholars and researchers, and many agree that there is a lack of resources concerning theatre in Saudi Arabia. Although there are a few studies about Saudi theatre, more studies in the history of Saudi theatre as well as in different aspects of theatre in Saudi Arabia are needed in order to help readers to further understand this subject. Unfortunately, the international community of theatre has not been able to access information about theatre in Saudi Arabia owing to the absence of studies of Saudi theatre in different languages, especially in English; this lack plays a key role in preventing readers from understanding Saudi theatre. This thesis attempts to play a role in bridging this gap in the area of Saudi theatre. It presents, therefore, a historical study of Saudi theatre from the establishment of Saudi Arabia as a country in 1932 to the period in which the General Presidency for Youth Welfare (GPYW) was established as the first organization that was responsible for supervising and producing theatre in Saudi Arabia, 1974-2004. In particular, the main aim of this research is to study and examine the history of theatre in GPYW from its establishment in 1974 up to 2004 when the Saudi government decided to transfer the responsibility of cultural activities from different institutions, including the GPYW, to the Ministry of Culture and Information. This will offer an important picture of the history of Saudi theatre which previously has not been addressed by scholars and researchers. The thesis is divided into six chapters. Owing to the fact that Saudi Arabia is a part of the Arabic world and has some similarities with the other Arabic countries in terms of language, religion, history, and culture, the first chapter will attempt to familiarize readers with the history of theatre in the Arabic world by providing historical background of the Arabic theatre. The second chapter will offer an outline of the historical, religious and social context of Saudi Arabia. The third chapter will present a detailed picture of the beginning of theatre in Saudi Arabia and the theatrical activities that took place in Saudi Arabia from its establishment until 1974, the year in which the GPYW was established. The fourth chapter will be devoted to exploring and understanding the main tendencies of theatre that emerged in Saudi theatre and dominated the history of theatre in this establishment from 1974 until 2004. In addition, a summary of a play of each tendency will be presented. It is essential for readers to be aware of the nature of these tendencies as they move to explore the history of theatre in the GPYW through the next chapters. The fifth and sixth chapters will concentrate on the history of theatre in the two main parts of the GPYW that produced regular theatre; the General Administration for Cultural Activities and the Saudi Arabian Society for Culture and Arts. Finally, the thesis will conclude by summarizing its main points and ideas and will provide some recommendations that should help the readers, future researchers, and Saudi practitioners to further improve and develop the subject of theatre in Saudi Arabia.

This study initially aimed to look at children's literature, an idea inspired by three factors: 1) Debates about the need to introduce Arabic heritage to children in contemporary Arab societies, including literature. 2) Discussions regarding the need to improve the quality of contemporary Arabic children's literature. 3) My interest in children's literature and my previous experience in writing for children. The debates related to the role of children's literature in contemporary Arab Gulf societies are generated by the socio-economic changes these societies are experiencing. Rising income has helped in providing global contact with other countries, and therefore has led to the emergence of new and foreign cultural patterns. This situation, at the same time, has encouraged an interest in the preservation of local culture and generated various arguments regarding the transition and change in Arab identity across different generations (Alwani, 1995; Muhmmod 1995). Literature, by virtue of being one of the most important elements reflecting social norms and values, can be used as an instrument for measuring social changes and socio-econonic development (Eagleton, 1996: 8-14). Children's literature also could be considered as an element, which affects and at the same time reflects upon children's culture (Hunt, 1994:5). Therefore, I suggested that the changes which occurred in children's literature at different historical periods, might provide indications for changes in the conceptualization of childhood in Arab culture. I wanted to explore the possibility of employing traditional folk tales in contemporary children's literature as part of examining the concurrence between social change and children's literature. A pilot study revealed that folk tales were an important part of children's childhood in traditional society, which reflected family structure and functions, as well as the socialization process and children's role in the family and the local community. The results of the pilot study also indicated some of the obstacles involved in the employment of traditional folk tales in contemporary children's literature. It emphasized the argument which suggest that folk tales are a mode of oral literature where it is the storytellers who give the tales their special unique features; once they are written down into paper, the drama stops and the tales lose some of their power and effect (Ibraheem, 1988; Zipes, 1992). Furthermore, it revealed that story telling in traditional society was a social event and family gathering, which was woven smoothly into the traditional social structure and helped shape traditional understanding and concepts of childhood. Considering these conclusions, instead of starting my study with a strong feeling about the importance of employing Arabic folk tales in contemporary children's literature, I began to question this assumption and, therefore, my research presupposition. It became clear to me that in order to study the possibility of employing folk tales in contemporary children's literature, it would be important to start by examining the changes which have occurred in perceptions towards the child's place in the family, as well as childhood itself. My questions, in this case, should aim to explore: how different children and childhood are today than in previous generations, and how children's daily life is and was constructed and enacted. And, therefore, how possible would it be for the transmission of traditional folk tales to the new generation. I decided therefore to focus my project on studying changes in conceptualizations of childhood, and to see the role of children's literature as an indication for such change. Thus, my project became an historical and comparative study of changing childhood: for three female generations in Saudi Arabia.

Built heritage sites, which symbolise, represent and reveal valuable parts of any nation, require special attention including a visionary policy covering regulations, legislation and so on. Built heritage conservation policy worldwide has developed in the last four decades towards using heritage sites for tourism development. This thesis attempts to explain the evolution of built heritage conservation policy in Saudi Arabia, from the first conservation efforts in the 1970s to 2015, through the case study of Historic Jeddah. Jeddah is an ancient costal city on the Red Sea. Considered the main gateway to the holy cities of Makkah and Al-Medina since the 7th century, it has grown and developed with notable Islamic influence. The defensive wall which stood from 1509 to 1947 preserved the ancient city to the present day, where the remainder of the historic walled city is called Historic Jeddah. This is the only historic urban centre in Saudi Arabia that remains inhabited with its urban and architectural authenticity. The thesis argues that its survival has been assured by three successive built heritage conservation policies: Matthew’s Policy (1970-2006), the SCTA Policy (2006-10) and the UNESCO Policy (2010-20). The research traces these three built heritage conservation policies by investigating in depth three analytical dimensions: the policy contents, the actors involved and the actual impacts (interventions and interactions) on the built environment of Historic Jeddah. The research is based on the hypothesis that the focus of built heritage conservation policy in Saudi Arabia has shifted from preserving national identity and legacy (mainly represented by structures of state power) towards using built heritage sites for the purpose of developing international tourism, especially after the recent attempts to inscribe a number of national heritage sites on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list. The evidence used to test this hypothesis comes from the examination of a range of documents, archives and conservations projects since the 1970s, as well as interviews conducted with various Saudi heritage stakeholders.

This study aims to establish the identity of the Saudi novel, which has been hitherto neglected by scholars whether Saudi or non-Saudi; to consider the emergence and development of tho Saudi novel during the past sIxty years (1930-90) and the reasons for these; to investigate the peculiarities of the Saudi novel as well as the influence on it of the International novel, and the novel in other Arabic-speaking countries; to examine the factors that have led to the growth of the novel as a literary form in Saudi Arabia since the fifties; and appraise the 'artistic" development that has taken place In the novel itself, and in individual novelists since that time.

This thesis highlights the role of urban planners in the revitalization of historic seafronts as creative and attractive places for people and a key factor in the regeneration of the urban economy in the historic seafront areas. The Saudi Arabia historic seafront areas along the North Red Sea have been neglected and are suffering because of slow development and changes to industrial uses. This thesis will focus on the urban design principles that make historic seafronts more attractive and successful, and will use a case study approach of several American waterfront cities such as Baltimore, Maryland; San Francisco, California; and Charleston, South Carolina. These American cities and the urban design principles applied for their successful revitalization were selected for analysis because of their similarities with the Yanbu Al-Bahr's historic seafront. The results of this analysis will enable planners to apply the best of these urban waterfront design models to assist in the revitalization of historic seafronts along the North Red Sea in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).

Political Science
Ph.D.
This project seeks to explain the aggressive turn in Saudi Arabia’s foreign policy after 2011, most drastically exemplified through its 2015 military intervention into Yemen. It does so through a two-case historical comparison between the Saudi interventions in Yemen in 1962 and 2015. Additionally, it compares the nature of internal regime survival strategies within the kingdom during these two distinct time periods of regional revolutionary upheaval: the Nasserist period of the late 1950s to 1960s and the time during and after the Arab uprisings in 2011. It makes the argument that, despite comparable internal and external threats in each time period, Saudi foreign policy is more openly aggressive in the contemporary period as a function of the regime’s ontologically weakened ideological legitimation. Whereas the Nasserist period offered an ontologically distinct threat in the form of a rival state ideology (secular Arab nationalism) that could be strategically co-opted and repressed by the Saudi regime, the Arab uprisings embodied a broader threat. This has included movements that have combined variations of both Islamism and liberal constitutionalism to challenge authoritarianism in the region. It has ultimately been threatening in part because of an ontological similarity to the regime’s own historic use of Islamic legitimacy. Thus, unlike the mediated Saudi approach to the Nasserist threat, the Saudi regime today has opportunistically engaged in an exaggerated aggression abroad as well as more deliberate, open displays of domestic repression at home.
Temple University--Theses

[EN] Over time, the construction potentialities and traditional architecture of Saudi Arabia have declined substantially. The modern generation in Saudi Arabia has neglected the traditional structural and architectural designs for building towns, cities and homes. The materials used in the construction of traditional structures has been replaced by more westernized building materials such as concrete, cement and glass. Westernized methods of design and architecture often fail to last long due to the climatic and topographical conditions of the country, such as extreme heat and fast sand-blowing winds. Reviving traditional architectural and structural building married with westernized building technologies will yield strong structures that are capable of withstanding the harsh conditions of the country. This research seeks to identify the most applicable methods of structural procedures that can be used in historical earthen buildings in Saudi Arabia for conservation purposes. This dissertation addresses the important structural and architectural perspectives of traditional Saudi Arabian buildings. It also examines the perspectives of the Saudi population that affect the selection of building materials and architectural styles that are widely used. An examination of the old techniques employed in traditional Saudi Arabian buildings, how they can help in the formulation of a new approach for contemporary architecture and how this can be implemented in Saudi Arabia are also discussed in this dissertation. In the preparation of this dissertation, conforming processes were performed in order to fulfil the set objectives of the study. The first step was configured to examine different earthen architectural structures in Saudi Arabia. This stage involved travelling to different locations, observing the structures and also conducting interviews with older contractors. To collect more information on the topic, visits to Yemen and South Morocco were made, as these are two countries that have already married earthen architecture with modern architecture. The traditional architecture of Morocco and Yemen is similar to that of Saudi Arabia, but it has taken longer for these countries to shift to modern architecture. A laboratory examination was carried out to examine the relationship between the soil composition, stability, and strength of the structures that are built. Empirical studies were also conducted to examine the compactness, solidity, dimensional steadiness and permeability of the materials used in the constructions. These factors influence the choice of building materials for the conservation of traditional architecture and to solve the current need for cheap housing in the urban fabric. The results of this study indicate that the Adobe and Cob traditional architectural styles are two of the leading architectural styles in Saudi Arabia, with each style symbolizing the perspective of the people living in a particular locality. This dissertation also found that different architectural patterns were influenced by functionality, convenience, efficiency and availability of the construction materials needed. This explains the reason for different structural and architectural patterns in different parts of Saudi Arabia. This study concludes that mixing traditional architectural methods with modern technologies would serve to construct stronger and longer-lasting houses in Saudi Arabia. The new houses would not only serve to conserve the magnificent architecture of the country but would also help in building cheap houses, hence solving the rising demand for housing in urban areas. This study will add to the literature available on architectures in Saudi Arabia.
[ES] Con el tiempo, las posibilidades de construcción con técnicas tradicionales en Arabia Saudita han disminuido considerablemente. La nueva generación de Arabia Saudita ha dejado caer en el olvido los diseños arquitectónicos y estructurales tradicionales a la hora de construir pueblos, ciudades y viviendas. Los materiales utilizados en la construcción de las estructuras tradicionales han sido sustituidos por materiales de construcción más occidentalizados, tales como el hormigón, el cemento y el vidrio. Los métodos arquitectónicos y de diseño occidentalizados no suelen perdurar mucho tiempo debido a las condiciones climáticas y topográficas del país, tales como el calor extremo y las fuertes tormentas de arena. La revitalización de la construcción de estructuras y arquitecturas tradicionales, unida a las tecnologías de construcción occidentalizadas, dará como resultado unas estructuras sólidas capaces de soportar las duras condiciones del país. Esta investigación busca identificar los métodos de construcción de estructuras más aplicables que puedan ser utilizados en edificios históricos de tierra en Arabia Saudita para fines de conservación. Esta tesis aborda la importancia de las perspectivas estructurales y arquitectónicas para los edificios tradicionales de Arabia Saudita. La tesis también analiza el punto de vista de la población saudí frente a la selección de materiales de construcción y a los estilos arquitectónicos utilizados frecuentemente. En esta investigación también se examinan las antiguas técnicas empleadas en los edificios tradicionales de Arabia Saudita, cómo éstas pueden ayudar en la formulación de un nuevo enfoque para la arquitectura contemporánea y cómo pueden introducirse en la construcción actual en Arabia Saudita. En la preparación de esta tesis se ha trabajado con una metodología que permite cumplir con los objetivos establecidos al inicio del estudio. El primer paso fue examinar las diferentes estructuras arquitectónicas de tierra de Arabia Saudita. Esta etapa consistió en viajar a diferentes lugares para observar las estructuras así como para realizar entrevistas a los antiguos constructores. Para recopilar más información sobre el tema se hicieron también visitas a Yemen y al sur de Marruecos, dado que en estos dos países ya se ha unido la arquitectura de tierra con la arquitectura contemporánea. La arquitectura tradicional de Marruecos y Yemen es similar a la de Arabia Saudita, pero en estos países la nueva arquitectura contemporánea se ha desarrollado más tarde. Se han realizado ensayos de laboratorio para determinar la relación entre la composición del suelo y la estabilidad y solidez de las estructuras construidas. También se realizaron estudios empíricos para determinar la compactación, solidez, estabilidad dimensional y la permeabilidad de los materiales utilizados en las construcciones. Estos factores influyen en la elección de materiales de construcción para la conservación de la arquitectura tradicional y para resolver la necesidad actual de construir viviendas económicas en el tejido urbano actual. Los resultados de este estudio indican que las técnicas constructivas tradicionales del adobe y el cob (pared de mano) son dos de las principales técnicas de Arabia Saudita, y cada una de ellas tiene relación con las particularidades de las poblaciones que viven en un determinado lugar. Con esta tesis también se ha determinado que los diferentes patrones arquitectónicos estaban influenciados por la funcionalidad, la comodidad, la eficiencia y la disponibilidad de los materiales de construcción necesarios. Esto explica la razón por la que existen diferentes tipologías estructurales y arquitectónicas en distintas partes de Arabia Saudita. Este estudio concluye que la unión de los métodos arquitectónicos tradicionales con las nuevas tecnologías puede servir para construir viviendas más sólidas y de larga duración en Arabi
[CAT] Amb el temps, les possibilitats de construcció amb tècniques tradicionals a l'Aràbia Saudita han disminuït considerablement. La nova generació d'Aràbia Saudita ha deixat caure en l'oblit els dissenys arquitectònics i estructurals tradicionals a l'hora de construir pobles, ciutats i habitatges. Els materials utilitzats en la construcció de les estructures tradicionals s'han substituït per materials de construcció més occidentalitzats, com ara formigó, ciment i vidre. Els mètodes arquitectònics y de disseny occidentalitzats no solen perdurar molt de temps degut a les condicions climàtiques i topogràfiques del país, com ara la calor extrema i les fortes tempestes d'arena. La revitalització de la construcció d'estructures i arquitectures tradicionals, unida a les tecnologies de construcció occidentalitzades, donarà com resultat unes estructures sòlides capaces de suportar les dures condicions del país. Esta investigació pretén identificar quins són els mètodes de construcció d'estructures més aplicables que es poden utilitzar en els edificis històrics de terra d'Aràbia Saudita amb fins de conservació. Esta tesi aborda la importància de les perspectives estructurals i arquitectòniques per als edificis tradicionals d'Aràbia Saudita. La tesi també analitza el punt de vista de la població saudita front a la selecció de materials de construcció y als estils arquitectònics més àmpliament utilitzats. En esta investigació també s'examinen les antigues tècniques emprades en els edificis tradicionals d'Aràbia Saudita, com estes poden ajudar en la formulació d'un nou enfocament per a l'arquitectura contemporània i com poden introduir-se en la construcció actual a Aràbia Saudita. En la preparació d'esta tesi s'ha treballat amb una metodologia que permet complir amb els objectius establerts a l'inici de l'estudi. El primer pas va ser examinar les diferents estructures arquitectòniques de terra d'Aràbia Saudita. Esta etapa va consistir en viatjar a diferents llocs per a observar les estructures així com per a realitzar entrevistes als antics constructors. Per a recopilar més informació sobre el tema es van fer també visites al Iemen i al sud del Marroc, ja que en aquests dos països ja s'ha unit l'arquitectura de terra amb l'arquitectura contemporània. L'arquitectura tradicional del Marroc i del Iemen és semblant a la d'Aràbia Saudita, però en estos països la nova arquitectura contemporània s'ha desenvolupat més tard. S'han realitzat assajos de laboratori per a determinar la relació entre la composició del sòl i l'estabilitat i solidesa de les estructures construïdes. També es van realitzar estudis empírics per a determinar la compactació, solidesa, estabilitat dimensional i la permeabilitat dels materials emprats en les construccions. Estos factors influeixen en l'elecció de materials de construcció per a la conservació de l'arquitectura tradicional i per a resoldre la necessitat actual de construir cases econòmiques en el teixit urbà actual. Els resultats d'este estudi indiquen que les tècniques constructives tradicionals de l'adob i el cob (paret de mà) són dos de les principals tècniques d'Aràbia Saudita, i cada una d'elles té relació amb les particularitats de les poblacions que viuen en una lloc determinat. Amb esta tesi també s'ha determinat que els diferents patrons arquitectònics estaven influenciats per la funcionalitat, la comoditat, l'eficiència i la disponibilitat dels materials de construcció necessaris. Açò explica la raó per la qual hi ha diferents tipologies estructurals i arquitectòniques en distintes parts d'Aràbia Saudita. Este estudi conclou que la unió dels mètodes arquitectònics tradicionals amb les noves tecnologies modernes pot servir per a construir habitatges més sòlids i de llarga duració a Aràbia Saudita.
Alaidarous, AAH. (2016). Investigating the best methods for structural stabilization procedures for Historical earthen building conservation in Saudi Arabia: a technology-led construction analysis [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/68476
TESIS

The present thesis seeks to understand and explain the rhetoric and behaviour of the rejectionist 'current' within the Palestinian national movement. It proceeds from the view that extant scholarship, primarily from within the fields of terrorism and security studies, has profoundly misunderstood rejectionist speech and behaviour by ignoring the explanatory capacity of Emic - the research subject's perception - as well as the influence of the sociocultural milieu within which rejectionism exists. The thesis proceeds to set up a 'socioculturally sensitive' analytical framework drawn from social identity theory, a heuristic, non-reductionist model for understanding group interaction and conflict. Emphasizing cultural norms and cues identified by anthropologists as salient in the eastern Mediterranean, the thesis suggests that the social value of honour, patron-client dynamics and a firmly entrenched group orientation must be significant elements of a model for understanding rejectionist behaviour. The main analytical narrative suggests that for reasons derived from ideology, patron-client relations and group dynamics, what has distinguished the rejectionists from the mainstream have been a qualitatively different set of preconditions for, and objectives of diplomatic negotiations. To the main rejectionist factions the goal of liberating Palestine has always been inextricably intertwined with the goal of restoring national honour; one without the other has been impossible and to claim otherwise would mean a depletion of factional and personal honour. To the rejectionists, there has never been any question of deviating from the fundamental goals - national recognition, repatriation, self-determination and independent statehood, not even for tactical reasons. This 'higher standard' likely derives from their structurally and politically subordinate position within the national movement, and the need to creatively enhance their own social status and appeal.

This research seeks to understand the reasons for failures of Bill Clinton, Yasser Arafat, and Ehud Barak's Camp David Summit that was held in July, 2000. The Summit was arranged to complete the last phase of Oslo Peace Process. Numerous researches have attempted to reveal the facts of the summit but, so far, they have failed to present the complete details of what happened before, during, and after the summit. This research explores all aspects of the problem including the various variables that would have had effected the breakdown of the Middle East peace process. Finally, the researcher determines the parameters needed to maintain a substantial peace in the Middle East and what proposed strategies might be followed in order to avoid the previous mistakes in future peace negotiations.

The aim with this research essay is to examine how Muslims and Arabs are depicted in aselection of four American newspapers following the terror attack on the World Trade Center andthe Pentagon. In order to examine my two main question, I have two theories in which myresearch is based on and they are the framing theory and the postcolonial theory. Said’s theorieson orientalism are also big part of this research essay. For my method, I have chosen a qualitativecontent analysis. This form of method gives me the opportunity to study the newspaper in depthand to identify the framework in which the newspaper operates in. It is my aim to showcase howMuslims and Arabs are seen by the American media landscape and how news media can shapeour understanding of the world we live in. Be using word such as terrorism, Middle Easternbased when writing about Muslims and Arabs, the general public will associate Islam withterrorism. How we interpret the news is largely due to how we view the world around us, and byusing hidden codes news media can shape one’s perspective on the world.

This research explores the possibilities and challenges of using social media as a tool in English language education in Saudi women's higher education via teachers' perceptions and practices. Research on social media in English language education in the Western context has demonstrated its benefits in language learning, yet limited research exists in the Saudi context. Among the scant research on social media in the EFL context, quantitative approaches through surveys have sought to elicit teachers' and students' perceptions of using social media in language education (Allam and Elyas 2016; Ahmed and Hassan 2017). However, such research has not investigated how social media is actually implemented and the factors and barriers that were observed from study in this area. This research examines implementation of social media by adopting case study design to understand in depth a particular community of teachers. The primary research methods used are interviews and classroom observations to understand teachers' perspectives, practices and any potential for transformation. The study also investigates the contradictions that may occur as a result of introducing social media in Saudi women's context. The participants are six female novice teachers who work together to implement technologies in their classrooms. Cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT) is used in the study as an interpretative framework, to explore and investigate the entire activity system of implementing social media (Engeström 2001). Looking at the system as a whole contributes to our understanding of teachers' belief within the activity system. It also helps to explain how the cultural history of the participants comes to the activity system and the significance of its role in achieving the object of the activity. A number of historically accumulated contradictions are evident from the research that frequently prevents teachers from using social media in their teaching. Nevertheless, the study also reveals different types of transformations that occur as a result of the use of social media. These are individual (e.g. changes in value belief), collective (e.g. sharing one object) and systemic transformations (e.g. changes in the University rules). This research therefore makes a significant contribution to knowledge in three different areas. It enriches the literature on the use of CHAT to investigate the factors that support and hinder the implementation of social media in English language education, specifically in regard to women's teaching practices. The study also reveals how teachers' beliefs can take into account the broader sociocultural context by bringing cultural history into the activity system. The research similarly contributes methodologically by which an approach (abduction, deduction and induction) is used towards data analysis. A number of practical implications are addressed and limitations together with the potential for future research are identified.

The Roshan represents one of the most characteristic aspects of traditional architecture in Hejaz region in Saudi Arabia and a frequent feature in most of the Historical Jeddah’s heritage buildings. The old city has witnessed continued degradation recently, which has caused the loss its traditional architecture and hundreds of these projected wooden windows. Documentation is a major step towards heritage preservation, whether threatened by manmade or natural factors. However, due to the absence of specialists and experts an architectural database of the roshans does not exist. Surveying these architectural elements is a very laborious and difficult process when using conventional methodologies including the laser sensors approach mainly due to the onsite limitations. Establishing an architectural database of the roshans is the main objective in this investigation. Thus, this research presents a new strategy of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) integrated methodologies based on the continuous development of data capture and modelling methodologies that allows the accurate recording the most complex parts even intricate details and ornaments which are typically found in roshans. Recent advances in image based techniques (digital close-range photogrammetry and computer vision) such as the semiautomated and automated solutions of Dense Stereo Matching (DSM), Structure from Motion (SfM) and 3D modelling software has offered an accurate, inexpensive and practical solution to surveying, documenting and reconstructing these architectural heritage features. In this research the application of these methods is tested and evaluated on the roshans in the historical city of Jeddah. In addition, there is an immediate need for training new technicians and architects who could ensure documentation and conservation of remaining heritage. Thus, we propose an integration of new technologies, flexible, high interconnectivity, and high usability data formats to capture, model, and simulate these elements of heritage interest. For this purpose, an academic experiment involving architecture students from Jeddah was designed. The experiment required students to engage with a new integration of ICT-Hybrid technologies that incorporate dynamic and fast processes for 3D documentation and modelling. In this research, we evaluate the usability of the proposed strategy as well as In addition, there is an immediate need for training new technicians and architects who could ensure documentation and conservation of remaining heritage. Thus, we propose an integration of new technologies, flexible, high interconnectivity, and high usability data formats to capture, model, and simulate these elements of heritage interest. For this purpose, an academic experiment involving architecture students from Jeddah was designed. The experiment required students to engage with a new integration of ICT-Hybrid technologies that incorporate dynamic and fast processes for 3D documentation and modelling. In this research, we evaluate the usability of the proposed strategy as well as investigate ideas that may bring us closer to the goal of effective heritage documentation.
El Roshan o mirador de madera es uno de los atributos más característicos de la arquitectura tradicional de la región de Hiyaz en Arabia Saudita y un rasgo frecuente en la mayoría de los edificios patrimoniales del conjunto histórico de Yida. Esta vieja ciudad ha sido objeto de la degradación continuada hasta fechas recientes, lo que ha causado la pérdida de mucha de su arquitectura tradicional y de cientos de estas ventanas o miradores en voladizo de madera finamente ornamentada. La documentación de los mismos es el primer paso hacia su preservación, ya que actualmente están muy amenazados tanto por la acción del hombre como por factores ambientales. Por otra parte debido a la ausencia de especialistas y expertos en el tema y a la falta de interés de las autoridades locales no existe un catálogo de protección ni una base de datos de dicha arquitectura tradicional ni de los roshans. La catalogación y levantamiento de estos elementos arquitectónicos es un proceso muy laborioso y difícil dadas sus especiales características de ubicación y complejidad formal cuando se utilizan metodologías convencionales, incluso si se intenta realizar exclusivamente con los nuevos escáner láser. El establecimiento de una base de datos de los Roshans es el principal objetivo en esta investigación. El segundo, el desarrollo y ensayos de una nueva estrategia TIC híbirida, en la que se integran la captura de datos masiva mediante técnicas fotográficas y las metodologías de modelado, lo cual permite desde el registro y modelización precisa de los roshan ubicados en lugares poco accesibles y la representación de las partes más complejas, incluidos los intrincados detalles y adornos. Todo ello merced a los recientes avances en las técnicas de imagen digital y de fotogrametría de corto alcance digital, tales como los procesos semi-automáticos y automáticos de procesamiento, tales como el Dense Stereo Matching (DSM) y Structure from Motion (SFM) así como el software de modelado 3D. Lo cual, todo ello combinado nos ha permitido crear una metodología precisa, barata y una solución práctica para la documentación y la reconstrucción de estos elementos del patrimonio arquitectónico. Para ello se ha procedido al levantamiento de diversos miradores singulares y característicos del núcleo histórico de Yida. Por otra parte y dada la falta de experiencia en estos temas en todo el país, existe una necesidad imperiosa de formación de nuevos técnicos y arquitectos que puedan asegurar la documentación y conservación del patrimonio arquitectónico. Por eso en esta tesis, se propone también una evaluación de las estrategias y metodologías propuestas para estudiar su flexibilidad, la interconexión de datos y formatos así como su usabilidad para capturar, modelado virtual y simulación visual de estos elementos de interés patrimonial. A tal efecto, se ha llevado a cabo un experimento educativo con estudiantes de arquitectura de Yida. El experimento ha requerido que los estudiantes integrasen diversas de las tecnologías TIC en un proceso híbrido, dinámico y rápido para documentar y modelar diversos roshans, proceso que debidamente estudiando mediante encuestas, ha puesto en evidencia la utilidad de la estrategia propuesta, así como el incremento de la motivación e interés de los alumnos hacia el patrimonio arquitectónico y su documentación.
El Roshan o mirador de fusta és un dels atributs més característics de l'arquitectura tradicional de la regió de Hiyaz a Aràbia Saudita i un tret freqüent en la majoria dels edificis patrimonials del conjunt històric de Yida. Aquesta vella ciutat ha estat objecte de la degradació continuada fins fa poc recents, la qual cosa ha causat la pérduda de molta de la arquitectura tradicional i de centenars de aquestes finestres o miradors en voladís de fusta finament ornamentada. La documentació dels mateixos és el primer pas cap a la seva preservació, ja que actualment estan molt amenaçats, tant per l’acció de l'home de com per factors ambientals. Per altra banda a causa de la absència d'especialistes i experts en el tema i a la falta d’interès de les autoritats locals, no existeix cap catàleg de protecció ni una base de dades d'aquesta arquitectrua tradicional ni dels roshans. La catalogació i aixecament d’aquests elements arquitectònics és molt laboriosa i difícil donades les especials característiques d’ubicació i complexitat formal quan s’utilitzen metodologies convencionals, fins i tot quan s’intenta realizar emprant exclusivament els nous escàner làser. L'establiment d'una la base de dades dels Roshans és el principal objectius d’aquesta recerca. El segon, el desenvolupament i assaig d’una nova estratègia TIC híbrida en la que s’integren la presa de dades massiva mitjançant tècniques fotogràfiques i les metodologies de modelatge la qual cosa permet el registre i modelització precisa dels Roshan ubicats en llocs poc accessibles i la representació de les parts més complexes inclosos els intricats detalls i ornaments. Tot això gràcies als recents avenços en les tècniques d'imatge digital i de fotogrametria digital de curt abast així, com dels processos semi-automàtics i automàtics de processament, tals com el Dens Matching Stereo (DSM) i Structure from Motion (SFM) així com el programari de modelatge 3D. Tot plegat y i combinat adientment ens ha permès crear una metodologia precisa, barata i una solució pràctica per la documentació i la reconstrucció de aquests elements del patrimoni arquitectònic. Per això s’ha procedit a l'aixecament de diversos miradors singulars i característics del nucli històric de Yida. Pels altra banda donada la manca d’experiència en aquests temes a tot el país, existeix una necessitat imperiosa de formació de nous tècnics i arquitectes que puguin assegurar la documentació i conservació del patrimoni arquitectònic. Per això en aquesta tesi es proposa també una evaluació de les estratègies i metodologies proposades per estudiar la seva flexibilitat, la interconnexió de dades i formats així com la usabilitat en la captura, modelat virtual i simulació visual de aquests elements d'interès patrimonial. Amb aquest objectiu s’ha dut a terme amb estudiant d’arquitectura de Yida un experiment educatiu el qual ha requerit que els alumnes integrin diverses tecnologies TIC en un procés híbrid, dinàmic i ràpid per documentar i modelar diversos Roshan, procés que degudament estudiant mitjançant enquestes, ha posat en evidència la utilitat de l'estratègia proposada així l'increment de la motivació i l’Interès dels alumnes vers el patrimoni arquitectònic i la seva documentació

Lorsqu’on s’interroge sur l’essor du mouvement féministe dans les pays musulmans, d’autres questions, lancinantes, se font jour. Car l’enjeu culturel, sur fond religieux, d’un islam souvent imbriqué dans la vie politique elle-même, interpelle les féministes et les penseurs de tout l’Occident. En effet, contrairement à ce qui se passe au sein de la civilisation occidentale où généralement s’est transmise une idée de la laïcité bien précise, il n’en ira guère de même dans les pays à prédominance musulmane. Dans ces contrées, la problématique féministe différera sensiblement de celle en vigueur dans les pays occidentaux. Pour les nations soumises à la loi de la charia, le champ d’action du mouvement féministe visera avant tout à libérer les femmes d’une emprise patriarcale qui se réfèrera le plus souvent à de libres interprétations des textes sacrés pour exiger de leur part une soumission absolue.

Dans les études sur le féminisme et le genre, l’Arabie Saoudite, il est vrai, constitue « une énigme ». Et c’est précisément ce qui nous a incité à explorer cet univers « voilé » dont nous allons, au gré de notre étude, tenter de « dévoiler » un tant soit peu le mystère.

Nous avons entrepris dans ce but une recherche approfondie à propos de l’écriture-femmes saoudienne romanesque depuis son essor en 1958 jusqu’à 2008. Ce sont donc cinquante années d’écriture-femmes saoudienne sur lesquelles nous nous pencherons au cours de notre étude. Le lecteur l’aura compris :le fil conducteur de notre recherche reposera sur l’écriture en tant que vecteur de prise de conscience féministe.

En définitive, ce travail se composera donc de trois grandes parties, chacune subdivisée en chapitres. Dans la première partie, nous développerons la question du féminisme en rapport avec l’islam. Le premier chapitre exposera le féminisme et le genre en tant qu’approche méthodologique des discours et des arguments féministes. Le deuxième chapitre traitera de la question de l’islam et de la laïcité. En effet, pour la plupart des pays musulmans, l’islam est une religion d’Etat. La charia est la source principale du droit, voire exclusive dans certains pays, comme en Arabie Saoudite où elle est considérée comme complète, suprême, supérieure à toute loi. Logiquement, une autre question surgira, celle qui sous-tend le troisième chapitre de cette première partie, au cours duquel nous nous demanderons si un « féminisme musulman » représente une réalité vraiment envisageable. La deuxième partie sera censée investiguer le contexte idéologique en vigueur en Arabie Saoudite. Ensuite, nous évoquerons une esquisse de la littérature en Arabie Saoudite et les orientations des écrivains saoudiens et saoudiennes. La troisième partie se centrera sur une analyse thématique de l’écriture-femmes romanesque saoudienne s’étalant sur une période allant de 1958 à 2008. Nous nous étendrons d’abord sur un panorama de cette écriture dans les contrées en général, avant d’aborder les thématiques les plus spécifiques de cette écriture, approuvant qu’il s’agisse d’un pays encore très mystérieux aux yeux des étrangers: l’Arabie Saoudite.

Il apparaîtra qu’une parenté certaine entre « écriture » et « militantisme féministe » sous-tend, à l’évidence, l’univers romanesque des femmes saoudiennes. En clair, l’apport de l’écriture-femmes saoudienne a été considérable :elle nous a offert une peinture vivante de l’Arabie Saoudite et de la condition féminine. Elle contribue à l’émergence d’un style de militantisme marqué par son berceau saoudien et, de ce fait, elle participe à l’avènement d’un féminisme proprement saoudien.

Doctorat en Langues et lettres
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This thesis is focused on the israeli-palestinian conflict, which is an often discussed topic, but especially in the Czech literature the perspective of common people is missing. The main focus will be on family memory and how it transfers within the generations. This will be demonstrated on an analysis of interviews with members of four families (of three generations: grandparent, parent, child) living in the West bank. That is why the method of oral history will be used. The main timeline will be year 1967 which is remembered by the oldest member of the interviewed families. In 1967 the third arab-israeli war took place when Israel defeated Egypt, Syria and Jordan and started occupying the Golan Heights, Sinai peninsula and a large part of the Palestinian territory including the eastern part of Jerusalem. This war caused another exodus of Palestinians and the beginning of building illegal settlements in the West Bank. This event is usually described from the political point of view but little is known about what happened to common people. The point of this thesis is to view this issue from different than official sources and give the topic a new dimension.

Au Tchad, depuis l’époque précoloniale, la transhumance permet aux éleveurs d’exploiter les ressources pastorales dispersées et de tisser des liens avec les sédentaires. Dans les zones où l’eau et le pâturage sont disponibles en toute saison, l’accès aux ressources était régulé par un système traditionnel fondé sur le compromis et les alliances entre les communautés. Depuis les sécheresses successives des années 1970 et 1980, le tarissement rapide des ressources dans les zones pastorales du Nord oblige les éleveurs à descendre plus tôt que prévu dans les zones agricoles. Cette dérégulation du calendrier de la transhumance suscite des débats contradictoires entre les éleveurs et les agriculteurs, au sein de la classe politique, intellectuelle et dans les médias. De nos jours, il y a une tendance à la montée des conflits pour l’accès aux ressources et à la remise en cause des alliances qui constituent au-delà des problèmes, le socle sur lequel se fondent les relations entre les éleveurs et les agriculteurs. Dans les débats parfois houleux sur la question de la transhumance, certains affirment que la transhumance est un mode de vie archaïque qu’il faut dépasser, d’autres soutiennent qu’elle demeure le seul système adapté à la variabilité des ressources pastorales dans un Sahel incertain. À partir d’une étude historique et ethnographique auprès des Arabes du Batha, cette thèse est une contribution au débat sur la question de la transhumance au Tchad. Elle tente de répondre à la question principale : comment évoluent les rapports entre les transhumants et les agriculteurs dans un contexte sociopolitique et environnemental en pleine transformation ?
In Chad as in other Sahelian countries, transhumance enables pastoralists to exploit the fluctuating and scattered pastoral resources. For generations, pastoralists have established linkages among themselves and with sedentary farmers along transhumance routes. In areas where water and pasture are available in every season, access to resources was regulated by a traditional system based on arrangements and alliances between communities. Since the successive droughts of the 1970s and 1980s, the rapid depletion of resources in northern pastoral areas forces farmers to make their way earlier than expected into agricultural areas. This deregulation of transhumance patterns raises debates between pastoralists and farmers as well as in the political, intellectual and media spheres. There is nowadays a trend of rising conflicts over access to resources and the disruption of the alliances on which relationships between herders and farmers were based. In the sometimes deleterious discussions on the issue of transhumance, some argue that transhumance is an archaic way of life that must be changed, and others argue that it is the only system adapted to the variability of pastoral resources in the Sahel context. This thesis is a modest contribution to the exciting and passionate debate on transhumance in Chad. It attempts to answer the main question: how is the relationship between transhumant and farmers evolving in a changing environmental sociopolitical context?

La présente thèse étudie à la fois les réalités de la présence chrétienne en Mésopotamie ainsi que l’image que les chrétiens se sont données d’eux-mêmes. Installé sur les rives du Tigre et de l’Euphrate, le christianisme de l’empire perse s’est diffusé à l’ombre d’un pouvoir non chrétien, comme dans l’empire romain. Toutefois les destinées des deux christianismes, celui d’Occident et celui d’Orient, se sont séparées lorsque l’empire romain est devenu chrétien. Les chrétiens de la Mésopotamie sassanide ont dû alors osciller entre l’hostilité franche du pouvoir et les périodes de tolérance jusqu’à la chute de la dynastie au milieu du VIIe siècle. Le christianisme mésopotamien fut caractérisé par une forme de diversité à la fois linguistique et religieuse, marqué par la porosité avec les autres groupes, contre laquelle les autorités religieuses n’ont cessé de délimiter des frontières claires. Il s’est progressivement étendu à l’ensemble des couches de la société sassanide, jusqu’aux élites dirigeantes, et jusqu’aux campagnes. Alors, une production littéraire et historiographique d’ampleur a contribué à la formation d’un portrait cohérent et linéaire dans la documentation syro-orientale dominante, issue de l’Église de l’Est. Ailleurs, des mémoires divergentes des chrétiens de Perse nous sont parvenues
This dissertation looks at both the realities of the Christian presence in Mesopotamia and how the Christians constructed their own image. Established on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, Christianity during the Persian Empire it developed under a shadowy non-Christian power, as with the case with the Roman Empire. However, the fate of Western and Eastern Christianities diverged when the Roman Empire became Christian. In Sasanian Mesopotamia, the treatment of Christians wavered between direct hostility from Zoroastrian power and periods of tolerance, until the fall of the dynasty in the middle of the 7th century. A form of linguistic and religious diversity characterized Mesopotamian Christianity. The lines between Christians and the other communities were narrow, which caused religious authorities to draw clear boundaries between Christians and non-Christians. Christianity expanded into the whole Sasanian society, including the peasantry and ruling elites. Therefore, after the 5th century, there was a large proliferation of East-Syrian literature and historiography, which had a key role in the development of the dominant Christian image within the Church of Persia. However, other literary traditions passed down different views of the Christians of Sasanian Mesopotamia

Cette thèse traite de la question de la traduction arabe du Roman d’Alexandre du Pseudo-Callisthène. Le passage du grec à l’arabe est décrit à travers l’examen philologique des différentes recensions grecques (α, β (L, λ), ε, γ) ainsi que de nombreuses sources arabes. Le Roman d’Alexandre présente un cas spécifique dans le domaine des Graeco-Arabica. A côté de la transmission écrite, que ce soit sous forme d’une traduction ou d’une réélaboration thématique, un rôle particulier doit être accordé à la transmission orale basée sur la Sourate de la Caverne du Coran. Non seulement une recension grecque du Roman d’Alexandre s’est manifestée dans les sources arabes, mais plusieurs (α, β, ε, γ), parmi lesquelles la recension β occupe une place importante dans l’Orient. Le but consiste à présenter un aperçu des chapitres du Roman qui ont fait l’objet d’une réception orientale afin de fournir une contribution à la survie de l’antiquité grecque dans l’Islam
This thesis deals with the issue of the Arabic translation of the Greek Alexander Romance by Pseudo-Callisthenes. By a philological study of the various Greek recensions (α, β (L, λ), ε, γ) as well as numerous Arabic sources it will be shown how the Alexander Romance, as a special example of the Graeco-Arabic translation movement, was rendered into Arabic. Apart from the written tradition, either in the form of a translation from the Greek or a paraphrase, the oral tradition based on Surah 18 of the Quran plays a central role. The influence of not just one but several recensions (α, β, ε, γ) of the Greek Alexander Romance can be traced in various Arabic sources. Especially the Byzantine β-recension must have played an important part in the East. The aim of the dissertation is to give a detailed overview of those chapters of the Alexander Romance which have been received in the Orient in order to illustrate how ancient Greek literature made its way into the Islamic world

Cette thèse propose une analyse de l’alliance stratégique américano–saoudienne depuis la fondation du royaume saoudien en 1932. Les fonctionnements sont traités à la lumière de périodes d’entente, de moments diffractés et de situations éclatées. L’histoire saoudienne contemporaine s’est mêlée intimement à la politique extérieure américaine. Si le pacte de Quincy (1945) représente la pierre angulaire d’une alliance stratégique marquée par l’équation du « pétrole saoudien contre protection américaine », cinq phases se dégagent. La première est celle des années 1960, avec l’arrivée du roi Fayçal et la promotion du panislamisme en support idéologique justifiant l’alliance avec les États-Unis contre le communisme et le nassérisme. La deuxième phase d’embellie débute à la fin des années 1970 avec le triomphe de l’imam Khomeiny et la guerre d’Afghanistan. La troisième phase est concomitante à la deuxième guerre du Golfe (1990-1991) : l’intervention américaine contre l’Irak et l’installation des troupes américaines sur le sol saoudien. La quatrième phase historique liée aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, balaie beaucoup d’atouts du passé de la relation spéciale. Enfin, la phase actuelle qui dure depuis fin 2001 est riche d’enseignements pour les ratés et les intérêts vitaux mutuels. Au terme de cette recherche : la menace iranienne, la sécurité énergétique, les évolutions internes, la question palestinienne et le « printemps arabe » représentent autant de facteurs qui vont peser sur les liens entre Riyad et Washington. Le constat d’une alliance demeurant pour le moment indispensable pour les deux parties, n’empêche pas de s’interroger sur sa capacité à être remodelée et renouvelée
This thesis proposes the analysis of the strategic alliance between the USA and Saudi Arabia from the foundation of the Saudi kingdom in 1932. The mechanisms are studied in the light of periods of understanding, cooler relations, and broken out situations. Contemporary Saudi history mingled closely with American foreign policy. If the Quincy Agreement (1945) represents the fundamental principle of a strategic alliance based on the system of “Saudi oil in exchange for American protection”, five stages can be brought out. The first stage starts in the 1960’s, when Faisal became king and when the promotion of Pan-Islamism was an ideological support for justifying the alliance with the USA against communism and nasserism. The stronger second stage began at the end of the 1970’s with the triumph of Imam Khomeini and the war in Afghanistan. The third stage is simultaneous with the Second Gulf War (1990-1991): the USA got involved against Iraq and American troops were sent to Saudi Arabia. The fourth historical stage related to the September 11, 2011 attacks, cancels many of the previous assets of this special relationship. Finally, the current stage which goes on from the end of 2001 is an enriching experience regarding the hiccups and the mutual and vital interests. At the end of this research: the Iraqi menace, the energy security, the internal evolutions, the Palestinian issue and the “Arab Spring” represent so many factors which will have a decisive influence on the links between Riyadh and Washington. If for the time being, we observe that the alliance remains essential for both parties, this should not prevent from wondering about its capacity to be restructured and renewed

La bande dessinée hébraïque, entre médium transnational et singularité locale : la représentation de l’Arabe palestinien de 1934 à nos jours.La bande dessinée hébraïque émerge au milieu des années 1930 dans la Palestine mandataire. Les rares artistes travaillant dans ce domaine servent le projet national juif (sioniste) par conviction, notamment le premier bédéiste, Arié Navon et l’auteure de textes pour enfants,la poétesse Léah Goldberg. La bande dessinée locale se réapproprie les codes narratifs du genre, importés d’Europe et des États-Unis, regroupant des composantes graphiques universelles et singulières juives hébraïques. D’un statut marginal avant 1948, elle s’affiche dans la presse israélienne des années 1970 et alimente vingt ans plus tard un marché rentable.Jusqu’alors un ou deux artistes - Ouri Fink - vivent de leur art seul sans recourir à des activités annexes (caricature, illustration, enseignement). La bande dessinée s’institutionnalise dans les années 2000 (expositions, festival, prix). Le parcours humain et professionnel de l’artiste impacte directement sur les choix esthétiques et idéologiques privilégiés dans le contenu de sa série. La bande dessinée hébraïque est à l’image de la société où il vit et qui, par ses normes,autorise (ou non) sa diffusion. Y étudier la représentation de l’Arabe, c’est repérer les contours d’un stéréotype visuel. L’Arabe imaginaire résulte d’une transposition graphique de la projection artistique que s’en fait l’artiste. Essentiellement faire-valoir du héros juif israélien,dans un récit où il met le plus souvent en valeur ce dernier, le personnage de l’Arabe est catégorisé positif, neutre, négatif selon les images auxquelles il est associé. La déformation physique est le plus souvent absente, n’excédant pas certaines conventions caricaturales, à l’exception notable de Dry Bones (Ya‘aqov Kirschen) et Tsoutiq ou le secret du château d’Ismaïl El-Badr (Élichéva / Yariv Amatsiah). Dans un contexte de guerre, ce personnage échappe difficilement à une catégorisation négative car il symbolise souvent l’ennemi réel (ou imaginaire) du pays
The Hebrew comic strip emerged in the mid-1930s in Mandate Palestine. The few graphic artists who worked in this field serves by conviction the Jewish national project (Zionist). Among them the first cartoonist, Arié Navon and the author of children's texts, the poet Léah Goldberg. The local comic strips follow the genre's narrative codes imported from Europe and from the United States and bring together universal graphical components and singular Jewish-Hebrew ones.Initially considered marginal, criticized before 1948, by comparison with the supposedly noble and beautiful Hebrew letters, the comic strips display in the Israeli press of the seventies and nourishes twenty years later a profitable market. Till then, one or two artists (Ouri Fink) live off their art without having to resort to other side activities (caricature, illustration, teaching). The comic strip becomes institutionalize in the years 2000 (exhibitions, festival, awards). The artist's human and professional career has a direct impact on the aesthetic and ideological choices he puts forward in the content of his series. The Hebrew cartoon reflects the society the authors live in, whose standards authorize (or not) art's dissemination. The imaginary Arab results from a transposition of the artist's artistic projection. Essentially confined to a role of the Israeli Jewish hero's stooge, in the context of a story where its participation aims to highlight the latter, the Arab character is categorized as positive, neutral or negative accordingto the images associated with it. The physical deformation is mostly absent, other than through the caricatural conventions, with the significant exception of Dry Bones (Ya‘aqovKirschen) and Tsutsiq or the secret of the castle of Ismail El-Kaader (Élichéva / Yariv Amatsiah).In a war context, this character avoids the negative categorization because it often symbolizesthe real enemy (or an imaginary one) of the country

Le travail a consisté à réaliser l’édition commentée de l’Itinerario de Vartema (Rome,1510), compte-rendu écrit par Vartema à l’issue de son voyage, qui le mena de Venise aux Indes en passant par l’Arabie (1503-08). Bien que ce texte ait donné lieu à plusieurs éditions dans plusieurs langues européennes, il n’a en effet jamais fait l’objet d‘une édition critique. Le voyage eut lieu au moment où les grandes découvertes bouleversèrent l’image du monde: il s’agissait du premier voyage par voie de terre effectué par un occidental au moment où les Portugais créèrent la route commerciale maritime des épices. Vartema est un homme fascinant qui a endossé avec aisance des rôles très éloignés de la mentalité occidentale, nous laissant un document unique dans sa manière de reformuler son expérience. L’objet de la recherche se situe au carrefour de plusieurs disciplines: l’histoire littéraire, la philologie, la littérature de voyage, l’histoire de la géographie, du livre et des sciences
The aim of this research is the preparation of an annotated critical edition of the de Ludovico de Vartema bolognese of Bologna (1st ed. Rome, 1510). This is a record written by Vartema on his way back from a journey which took him from Venice to the East Indies and through Arabia between 1503 and 1508. It gives an account of the first journey made by a western man after the Portuguese created their commercial empire. Although in the sixteenth century several editions of this work in many languages were issued, it has never before been the subject of a critical edition. Vartema’s Itinerario is the account of a charming man who was able to get inside the minds of people distant from the western mentality. He has left us a unique document since the way his experiences have been told is poised among many disciplines including: political philology, language history, text analysis, history and geography, science book history, travel literature
Copo del presente lavoro di ricerca è stata la realizzazione dell’edizione critica commentata dell’Itinerario de Ludovico de Vartema bolognese (Roma,1510). Si tratta del resoconto scritto da Vartema al ritorno dal suo viaggio, che lo portò da Venezia alle Indie orientali, passando per l’Arabia, tra il 1503 e il 1508. Si tratta del primo viaggio effettuato da un occidentale nel momento in cui i Portoghesi crearono il loro impero commerciale. Sebbene nel sedicesimo secolo questo testo abbia visto numerose edizioni in molte lingue, non è mai stato oggetto di un’edizione critica. Lo studio dell’Itinerario di Vartema - uomo affascinante che si cala facilmente in ruoli molto lontano dalla mentalità occidentale e che ci lascia un documento unico per il modo in cui l’esperienza vi è raccontata - si situa al centro degli sguardi incrociati di molte discipline: filologia politica, storia della lingua, analisi del testo, storia e geografia, storia del libro delle scienze, letteratura di viaggio

Cette recherche porte un regard holistique sur la ville actuelle de Djeddah, notamment sur ses parties construites après la révolution industrielle — des pays du Golfe en général et l’Arabie Saoudite en particulier — pour comprendre le décalage entre la forme urbaine dominante et les besoins des habitants. Pour répondre à cette question, nous examinons les évolutions politiques, démographiques et technologiques qui ont produit cette forme spatiale dans l’optique d’identifier les sources de ce décalage et de scruter la nature du refus exprimé par les habitants et les penseurs locaux de la ville. Un des résultats importants de cette analyse est l’identification de la fracture entre l’habitat et le quartier. Dans les quartiers planifiés, on constate un refus des habitants manifesté par des dysfonctionnements et une inadaptation aux pratiques coutumières des habitants. En ce qui concerne les quartiers non planifiés, si leur existence a contribué aussi à la résolution du problème de logements pour la partie de la population la plus fragile, on constate une dégradation importante des habitations. Mais dans ces deux tissus urbains différents, il existe des avantages et des inconvénients qui sont analysés dans ce travail de recherche
This research presents a holistic view of the current city of Jeddah, in its parts built after the Industrial Revolution – Gulf countries in general and Saudi Arabia in particular – to understand the gap between the dominant urban form and the needs of the inhabitants. To answer this question, we examine the political, demographic and technological developments that have produced this spatial form in order to detect the sources of this gap and to examine the nature of the rejection expressed by the inhabitants and local thinkers of the city. One of the important results of this analysis is the identification of the gap between the residence and the neighbourhood. In the planned neighbourhoods, there is a refusal manifested by dysfunctions and a maladjustment to the customary practices of the inhabitants. In the case of unplanned neighbourhoods, while their existence has also contributed to solving the housing problem for the most vulnerable part of the population, there is a significant deterioration of housing. But in these two different urban fabrics, there are advantages and disadvantages that are analysed in this research work
يقدم هذا البحث نظرة شمولية لمدينة جدة الحالية ، في أجزائها التي بنيت بعد الثورة الصناعية - دول الخليج بشكل عام والمملكة العربية السعودية بشكل خاص - لفهم الفجوة بين الشكل الحضري السائد واحتياجات السكان. للإجابة على هذا السؤال ، نحن ندرس التطورات السياسية والديموغرافية والتكنولوجية التي أنتجت هذا الشكل المكاني من أجل اكتشاف مصادر هذه الفجوة ودراسة طبيعة الرفض الذي عبر عنه سكان المدينة والمفكرون المحليون. واحدة من النتائج المهمة لهذا التحليل هو تحديد الفجوة بين الإقامة والحي. في الأحياء المخططة ، هناك رفض يتجلى في خلل الوظائف وخلل في الممارسات المعتادة للسكان. في حالة الأحياء غير المخطط لها ، في حين أن وجودها قد ساهم أيضًا في حل مشكلة الإسكان لأضعف السكان ، هناك تدهور كبير في الإسكان. ولكن في هذين النسيجين الحضريين المختلفين ، هناك مزايا وعيوب يتم تحليلها في هذا العمل البحثي

Cette thèse se propose de montrer, à partir d’exemples concrets de textes anti-Šu‘ūbiyya tirés des œuvres d’al-Ğāḥiẓ (m. 255/869) et d’Ibn Qutayba (m. 276/889), la prégnance de la période préislamique sur l’adab du IIIe/IXe siècle. La méthode retenue est la confrontation critique notamment de la version numérisée de ces textes. Cette approche permet d’alimenter l’hypothèse d’une représentation magnifiée de l’Arabie préislamique : une image qui a fondé une part non négligeable des symboles identitaires de la culture arabo-musulmane, nourrie d’un passé mythique dans lequel peuvent se retrouver tous les musulmans sans préjuger de leurs ascendances.En effet, entendant par « mythe » les récits des origines qui cherchent à expliquer des données de la réalité en les inscrivant dans une dimension transcendée et surnaturelle, le symbolisme de l’adab situe l’essence des valeurs qu’il défend dans l’héritage des anciens Arabes. Cherchant à expliquer le monde, les udabā’ feront de la ğāhiliyya la source des vertus et le berceau de la langue arabe la plus pure. Inventant de nouvelles généalogies « fédératrices », ils s’attacheront à mettre en avant la maîtrise des traditions arabes préislamiques. Ainsi, nos deux auteurs situent la naissance de la civilisation arabo-musulmane dans des récits hors du temps et en rupture avec le présent. Les musulmans non-arabes peuvent donc ne plus se réclamer de leurs passé « réaliste » et prendre plutôt racine dans un passé qui favorise une culture commune inscrite dans un temps autre que le temps historique. Nos auteurs inventent une manière de culture vierge qui, seule, peut permettre à leurs yeux le commencement absolu. Par conséquent, les référents à la supériorité devraient être bouleversés par « l’effet anti-Šu‘ūbiyya » puisque l’origine ethnique ou la réalité historique ne sont plus le seul sens de l’existence
Based on concrete examples from anti-Šu‘ūbiyya texts pulled from works of al-Ğāḥiẓ (d. 255/869) and Ibn Qutayba (d. 276/889), this thesis aims to demonstrate the pre eminence of the pre-Islamic period on the adab of the IIIe/IXe century. From a methodology which consists in a critical confrontation between these texts (especially the digitalized version of the texts), our point is to fuel the hypothesis of an adorned representation of pre-Islamic Arabia : This image produced a very important part of identical symbols of the Arab-Muslim culture, based on a mythical past in which all the Muslims without prejudice to their ancestries can find themselves."Myth" meaning the narratives of the origins created to explain data of the reality by registering them in a transcent and supernatural dimension, the symbolism of the adab places the essence of the values it is based on in the inheritance of the former Arabs. Trying to explain the world, the udabā’ made of the ğāhiliyya the source of the virtues and the cradle of the purest Arabic language. They devised new common genealogies to put forward the knowledge of the pre-Islamic Arabic traditions. Our two authors stand out the birth of the Arab-Muslim civilization in timeless narratives and in breach with the present time. Thus the non-Arabic Muslims can not refer anymore to their "historical" past and to take rather roots in a past which supports a common culture registered in a not historical time. Only this kind of blank culture, invented by our two authors, could allow the absolute beginning. Consequently, the markers of the supposed superiority could be shaken by the "anti-Šu‘ūbiyya effect" since the ethnical origin or the historical reality are not the only sense of the existence anymore

Bibliographic Note Sundal, Kendra. 2013. La Frontière/Il Confine: French and Italian Migration Discourse. 85 pages. Master's thesis. Charles University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Political Studies. Supervisor doc. PhDr. RNDr. Nikola Hynek, M.A., PgDipRes, PhD Abstract This work analyzes the historical background and discourse on migration in Italy and France, focusing on migration from and through former colonies in North Africa. Drawing on a feminist methodological approach, the work discusses how migrants may be perceived or treated differently based on gender, and how this impacts (or is impacted by) policies. In particular, one illustrative event, the closure of the Franco-Italian border in April 2011, is analyzed more deeply using the theory of domopolitics as introduced by William Walters. By tracing the history and the discourse about migration and integration from colonial times to the present, this event and other recent debates related to Mediterranean migration are contextualized. Key Terms: migration, France, Italy, borders, Arab Spring, domopolitics, feminist methodology, discourse analysis, historical representation