Academic literature on the topic 'Historical Administrative Sources'
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Journal articles on the topic "Historical Administrative Sources"
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Perzhun, V. V. "Historical sources of forming of administrative culture." Public administration and customs administration, no. 2(25) (2020): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32836/2310-9653-2020-2.5.
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Rabat, Lujain. "The historical development of decentralisation in Syria." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 6 (2022): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080020201-8.
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This article presents a comparative historical analysis of the development of decentralization in Syria during three historical stages: under the Ottoman empire, during the French mandate, and in the period after the country became independent. The purpose of this research is to reveal patterns that explain the current state of decentralization in Syria today. Primary sources such as legislative decrees and constitutions, as well as secondary scientific and analytical sources are used in this work to analyse the development of decentralization in Syria. This article identifies different aspects, in which the local administration system today has been influenced by previous laws and practices developed by previous governments, namely the country’s administrative-territorial division, the concentration of power at the local level with centrally appointed persons, and the perception of decentralization as a threat to security. Despite many constitutions and legislations throughout Syria’s history mentioning decentralization and empowering local administrative units, governance remains a highly centralized process, giving elected local administrative units limited powers and responsibilities. The securitization of administrative processes as well as prioritizing economic, political, military, and other elite interests throughout Syria’s history have been obstacles to decentralising powers and responsibilities to local administration bodies. However, due to the development of events on the ground in Syria since the beginning of the crisis in 2011, different views on the best form of decentralization for the country’s future, and the role it can play at this important stage of the country's history began to appear in the Syrian society.
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Anum Shahid. "Historical Study of Kohat District: (1849-1947)." Journal of Peace, Development & Communication 07, no. 03 (2023): 43–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.36968/jpdc-v07-i03-04.
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Kohat is the capital of the Kohat District in Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtun Khwa province. The current study investigated Kohat's administrative history during the British period and measured the gradual change in the administrative profile and British-locals relationshop over time. The study's primary focus variables were administrative changes. The study relied on documentary and official sources to collect factual data, while interviews were used to learn about social memory and people's perceptions. The data was arranged thematically and was also cross-checked. Finally the study is written in narrative and descriptive style. Keywords: administrative history, British period, British-locals relationshop
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Orlandi, Marco, and Rosa Smurra. "Digital Humanities for the Heritage of Political Ideas in Medieval Bologna." Heritage 8, no. 7 (2025): 239. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8070239.
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This paper outlines a methodology for creating an educational and informative communication system for non-specialised audiences in order to preserve and pass on the heritage of ideas and practices adopted in the medieval political and administrative sphere. Through the combined use of digital technologies (such as GISs, 3D modelling and virtual tours), historical sources can potentially reveal how political and administrative aspects affected different areas within the medieval city, not just the main seats of power. Bologna, a prestigious medieval university metropolis, is chosen as a case study because of the remarkable wealth of documentation in its archives from the city’s political culture in the Middle Ages. Written historical sources, including documentary and narrative texts, are among the primary tools employed in the study of European medieval urban communities in general. Documentary sources help us understand and reconstruct the complexities of civic administration, urban policies and the economy, as well as how citizens experience them daily. The involvement of citizens in the political and administrative life of late medieval cities is explored through the management and digital processing of historical documentation. Digital humanities tools can facilitate this analysis, offering a perspective that sheds light on the formation of the pre-modern state. Although digital databases and repositories have significantly contributed to preserving and digitally archiving historical sources, these are often aimed exclusively at the academic level and remain underutilised as privileged didactic and educational tools for a broad audience.
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Ihor, Kovbas. "DEVELOPMENT OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW SCIENCE AND EDUCATION AT LVIV UNIVERSITY." Scientific and informational bulletin of Ivano-Frankivsk University of Law named after King Danylo Halytskyi, no. 19(31) (June 13, 2025): 143–51. https://doi.org/10.33098/2078-6670.2025.19.31.143-151.
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The article examines the development of administrative law science and education at Lviv University, which is an integral part of the evolution of the Faculty of Law of Lviv University and public law research in general. It is noted that the Faculty of Law of Lviv University has a long history and plays a significant role in the training of specialists in the field of public administration. The purpose of the study is to trace the influence of historical, political and ideological factors on the formation and development of administrative law science; to clarify the role of Lviv University in training specialists for the field of public administration; to determine the place of administrative law in the structure of public law and to study the formation of scientific schools; to obtain historical experience for reforming modern legal education and science in the field of administrative law; to identify scientific achievements and the contribution of some individual scientists for the development of administrative and legal thought. Methodology. The study is justified by the presence of references to administrative law in scientific sources of various historical periods, the historical mission of the Faculty of Law of Lviv University to train public servants, the affiliation of administrative law to public law, the scientific school of which was actively developing at Lviv University, and the general importance of studying the history of legal education and science for modern reforms. Results. The author identifies several stages in the development of administrative law science and education at Lviv University: the formation of the Faculty of Law and the emergence of legal science and education (XVII-XVIII centuries); the development of public and legal science and education in the Austrian and Austro-Hungarian periods (XIX - early XX centuries); the development of administrative and legal science and education during the period of Soviet influence (1939/1945-1991); the development of administrative and legal education in independent Ukraine (since 1991). Scientific novelty and practical significance. The author emphasizes that the available scientific sources do not cover the development of administrative law as a separate legal discipline, but they allow us to outline key stages: the inclusion of disciplines related to public administration in the program since 1784 as part of public law; the period of the formation of science under ideological influence in Soviet times; the existence of administrative law as a component of the modern law training program.
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ALBOV, ALEXEY. "DISTINCTIVENESS OF SOURCES OF PUBLIC AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW (PHILOSOPHICAL AND LEGAL RESEARCH)." LEGAL BULLETIN 2, no. 6 (2021): 8–15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11184332.
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The article makes an attempt to consider the dialectics of the dualism of private and public law, showing the role of the state and the set of legal norms through which public administration in the state, community and association is carried out and with the help of which the social law of all political communities in the state is and the rights of citizens to their free will. Purpose: to prove that public law, which includes administrative law, is also private law based on reason, if it has become a positive law, since regardless of whether the subject of the law is a state body, a legal entity or an individual, public and administrative law accumulates in itself legal values, and legal doctrines, and moral attitudes of the whole society. Methodology: in the process of preparing the article, the historical-legal method, analysis and synthesis of historical-steam doctrines of German idealism was used. Result: the norms of administrative law serving the public interest belong to public law, and the legal norms serving the individual interest belong to private law, however, various norms of public law are aimed not only at protecting the general, but also the individual interest and, conversely, numerous normative acts, related to private law also serve the public interest. Conclusions: while legitimizing the fundamental rights of the individual, the state at the same time assumes obligations by itself, limiting the sphere of its public influence by means of administrative norms; law, arises in parallel with the state and at the same time becomes a limiter of the arbitrariness of state influence on the subjective private-law relations of free citizens.
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Schenk, Dietmar. "Noten und Akten." Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken 100, no. 1 (2020): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/qufiab-2020-0007.
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AbstractHistorical archives are institutions holding historical sources, in particular deeds and files, that is to say records created in the past for administrative and legal purposes. Today, historical archives are responsible for preserving administrative documents that will become sources of history in the future. This paper reviews the connection – and disconnection – between archives of this type and musicology. In the field of music-historical research, it is most common to use music libraries and other special music collections, particularly to examine original manuscripts of musical compositions. Music historians have focused less on archival sources, though these are increasingly valued thanks to the influence of cultural history. On the other hand, historians dealing with general history have been little interested in the history of the arts and, particularly, in music history, instead focusing mainly on political, social and economic issues. Archivists have shared these preferences. By contrast, this article presents examples of the potential of archival sources for music-historical research, and shows that Archival Science contributes to the management of written cultural heritage in the field of music as well.
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Lee, Mordecai. "When Politics Overwhelms Administration: Historical Proofs for Fesler’s Maxim against State-based Federal Regions, 1934-1943." Public Voices 9, no. 2 (2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22140/pv.215.
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This is an historical inquiry into the events that led to Fesler’s 1949 maxim that federal field administrative regions should always be larger than an individual state. When he proclaimed that principle he concluded that state-based regions caused political problems for personnel and locational reasons, but only presented a single contemporary example for each of those reasons. Relying on primary and archival sources, this article provides additional historical proofs for Fesler’s maxim. It discusses several largely forgotten political controversies that occurred during the Presidency of Franklin Roosevelt regarding state-based federal administrative regions. This reconstruction is a form of forensic public administration history, seeking to give a clearer understanding of why Fesler addressed the subject at all and providing additional factual substantiation for his axiom.
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Sergii, Shkarupa. "Viceroyalty system in the Dnieper Ukraine (1780–1796): historiography of the topic." Yearly journal of scientific articles “Pravova derzhava”, no. 31 (2020): 532–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/0869-2491-2020-31-532-541.
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Introduction. In recent years, more attention has been paid to the exercise of state power in Ukraine. Examples are the special order of local self-government in separate regions of two Ukrainian regions, discussions about introduction of the prefect institute, etc. These factors make the study of this historical experience relevant. Viceroyalty as an administrative-territorial unit were introduced throughout the Russian Empire in the process of administrative reform of Catherine II. This reform aimed at separating the courts from the administration, the electoral status of the state bodies, some decentralization and bringing the authorities closer to the population. However, the viceroys had virtually unlimited power in all areas. The aim of the article. The article is aimed on historiographcal overview of the of the viceroyalty system. Results. The article looks at pre-revolutionary sources on relevant topics that began to appear at the end of the eighteenth century, exploring the Soviet and modern periods. The article also presents the work of foreign researchers. The greatest number of works belongs to the modern period, and it is obvious. Among these sources, special attention is paid to the works related to the functioning of various elements of the administrative reform of Catherine II in the territory of modern Ukraine. These are works related to the coverage of the processes of transformation of Ukrainian autonomy into one of the imperial peripheral territories. Сonclusions. Analysis of the historiography and characteristic of the source base shows that a considerable number of sources have been accumulated in Ukraine and abroad. At the same time, it should be noted that there is still no complex historical legal study on relevant topics, which leads to further in-depth study of the viceroyalty system, to use historical experience, in particular, in modern processes of administrative and territorial reform in Ukraine.
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Begimqulova, Laylo Mashravovna. "ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE AND MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES OF THE STATE OF AMIR TEMUR." INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 3, no. 4 (2023): 932–35. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7877992.
Full textBooks on the topic "Historical Administrative Sources"
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Center for Hospital and Healthcar Administration History. and Hospital Research and Educational Trust., eds. Guide to historical collections in hospital healthcare administration. American Hospital Association Resource Center, 1990.
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Sentā, Ishikawa-ken Maizō Bunkazai, ed. Hakken, kodai no ofuregaki: Ishikawa-ken Kamo Iseki shutsudo Kaga-gun bōjisatsu. Taishūkan Shoten, 2001.
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Berenyi, Monika Erzsebet. What we are about to receive: Historical voices from the United States Farm Security Administration Archival File. Isolde Solange Evangeline Pressworks, 2011.
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MacNeil, Heather. Trusting records: The evolution of legal, historical, and diplomatic methods of assessing the trustworthiness of records, from antiquity to the digital age. National Library of Canada, 2000.
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Library, Alaska Historical. Inventory of the Mary Nan Gamble papers, 1935-1945 (MS 94) and photographs (PCA 270): Concerning her work on the Matanuska Valley Colonization Project for the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. Alaska Historical Library, Division of State Libraries, 1986.
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Administration, United States National Archives and Records. Women's lives--women's voices: Sources in women's history in the records of the National Archives and in editions and records projects. National Archives and Records Administration, 1995.
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Administration, United States National Archives and Records. Women's lives--women's voices: Sources in women's history in the records of the National Archives and in editions and records projects. National Archives and Records Administration, 1995.
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United States. National Archives and Records Administration. Women's lives--women's voices: Sources in women's history in the records of the National Archives and in editions and records projects. National Archives and Records Administration, 1995.
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United States. National Archives and Records Administration. Women's lives--women's voices: Sources in women's history in the records of the National Archives and in editions and records projects. National Archives and Records Administration, 1995.
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United States. National Archives and Records Administration. Women's lives--women's voices: Sources in women's history in the records of the National Archives and in editions and records projects supported by the National Historical Publications and Records Commission. National Archives and Records Administration, 1995.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Historical Administrative Sources"
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Bernheimer, Teresa. "Revisiting Lists in Early Islamic Historiography." In Semitic Languages and Cultures. Open Book Publishers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0375.06.
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Lists form a crucial part of early Islamic historiography: they provide the broad frameworks of organisation of the sources, and are ubiquitous in their content. Bernheimer’s contribution re-examines lists in early Islamic historiographical works as textual practice, that is, as a form of textual communication that is integral to scholarly writing and the creation of a historical narrative. Lists are not simply enumerations of people, events, or tax payments, but an important narrative strategy in the overall historiographic project of early Islam. Understanding lists as textual practice highlights their importance in the forging of a new cultural narrative and memory, and their function as a principal scholarly form. The chapter recapitulates how lists have thus far been understood in the scholarship, and offers some alternative perspectives, before two examples of lists in some of the main Arabic historiographical works of the ninth century ce are examined in more detail—lists of those who died in the battle of the Ḥarra, and the administrative lists for the reign of ʿAbd al-Malik.
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Nyyssönen, Jukka. "Chapter 7. Sámi Frames in the Planning and Management of Nature Protection Areas in Historical Perspective – Environmental Non-conflict in Inari." In Green Development or Greenwashing? The White Horse Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/63824846758018.ch07.
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What kind of framings can be detected in Sámi opinions on conservation of nature in Inari? The region has witnessed recurrent conflicts over land usage, fought between forestry officials and Sami herders. Establishment of nature reserves has aroused severe disputes as well, but conservation enjoys continuing support among the Sámi herders. This article charts the preconditions for this state of affairs through cases of the establishment of the state park of Koilliskaira (1975–1982) and recent administrative measures in park administration by the Sami Parliament (2000s). An analysis is undertaken of whether the frames concerning conservation aligned in the administrative setting and the background reasons for the (non-)alignment. The actors studied are those Sámi included in the establishment processes and the park administration: the Sámi herders and the Sami Parliament. The conservation history is contextualised in the history of the Sámi movement and its relations to state actors, the Forest and Park Service (FPS). The case is one of success for both conservationists and Sámi. The Sámi mostly favoured conservation, because the protection of parks meant protection of reindeer herding from competing land-use forms. Later, conservation became a way to manifest the cultural autonomy, self-determination and cultural rights of the Sámi. An institutional source for this success was the marginalisation of the FPS from park establishment processes. The case was framed mostly economically, as a possibility to safeguard the pastures from forestry, and later as a case of indigenous rights. The economic framing resonated well both with conservationists and the general sentiments of the era; only later did indigenous rights clash with environmental values.
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M’bayo, Tamba. "Chapter 5. Mediating a complex cultural matrix." In Benjamins Translation Library. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/btl.159.05mba.
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The complex cultural matrix within which Muslim interpreters mediated between French colonizers and colonized Africans offers a window through which we see how both unequal relations of power and cultural capital shaped the intercessions of indigenous intermediaries in colonial Senegal. Despite their subordinate position in the French colonial administration, the interpreters held sway over information/knowledge conveyed to their kinfolk, which could influence perceptions about the dynamics of power relations between the French authorities and Africans. Drawing on the mediations of Muslim interpreters in colonial Senegal from 1850 to 1920, this chapter engages broader issues about the provenance of sources, retrieving indigenous voices in historical reconstruction, and producing knowledge and counternarratives in African history.
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Craig, Paul. "Third and Fourth Source Power." In English Administrative Law from 1550. Oxford University PressOxford, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198908326.003.0016.
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Abstract The previous chapter focused on the prerogative. This chapter deals with sources of executive authority in addition to prerogative and statute. There is modern debate concerning a third source of executive power, with much valuable material directly on the topic and closely related thereto. There is, however, little by way of historical examination to determine the provenance of such ideas. This is more particularly surprising given that there is resort to historical concepts, such as corporation sole, with little attention to the origin and applicability of such ideas in the present context. The first half of this chapter explicates the historical material, the second half considers continuity and change in the 20th to 21st centuries. The ensuing analysis will, however, be facilitated by understanding central issues at the outset. They are enduring and endemic. They were present in the 16th and 21st centuries and are explained in the chapter.
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Craig, Paul. "The Administrative State: Subject Matter." In English Administrative Law from 1550. Oxford University PressOxford, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198908326.003.0004.
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Abstract The preceding chapters considered the regulatory state from a vertical and horizontal perspective. An understanding of the historical trajectory of administrative law from the mid-16th century requires analysis of the administrative state. That is the object of this chapter and the next chapter. This chapter offers a ‘vertical’ perspective through consideration of different subject matter areas, while the chapter that follows adopts a ‘horizontal’ perspective, addressing central themes salient to the administrative state that cut across particular domains. Five subject matter areas were selected: bankruptcy, excise, flood protection, poor law, and municipal improvement. The principal criteria informing the selection were the diversity of the administrative regimes, combined with the importance of the regulated area. The study of the five topics considers the administrative system, followed by the powers that were accorded, weaving together the legal and historical sources to produce an informed picture.
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Lau, Maximilian C. G. "Sources." In Emperor John II Komnenos. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198888673.003.0002.
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Abstract One of the central problems with John’s reign is that there is no overarching, dominant historical narrative that, however flawed, gives us at least a skeletal account of what occurred and why; instead, John’s reign must be pieces together from sources not specifically focused on him and his era. Historians have traditionally looked to the broad histories of Niketas Choniates and John Kinnamos, who both open their works with a summary of John’s reign, and so this chapter first highlights the problems with this approach, while also noting what is still to be gained from these texts. But, having freed ourselves from dependence on these two accounts, it turns out that there are actually a lot of other sources on John: notably contemporary court texts, such as occasional poetry not dissimilar from modern press releases, and letters by key figures at court. There are also underused documentary archival texts, as well as legal and administrative manuals. Beyond Byzantium, we have many significant non-Greek voices from neighbouring regions (in Syriac, Turkish, Armenian, and Arabic, in addition to Latin texts from both Western Europe and the Crusader East), in addition to more exotic texts that still provide individual crucial details, such as Norse Sagas or Rus and Georgian chronicles. Finally, of crucial importance is the growing corpus of archaeological evidence, which demonstrates the effect the events in these texts had upon the landscape. Overall, this chapter introduces the reader to all the sources on John and his reign.
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Thompson, Brian, and Michael Gordon. "5. The Royal Prerogative and Constitutional Conventions." In Cases & Materials on Constitutional & Administrative Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198767732.003.0005.
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Extracts have been chosen from a wide range of historical and contemporary cases to illustrate the reasoning processes of the courts and to show how legal principles are developed. This chapter reviews the royal prerogative and constitutional conventions, and the relationship between these two sources of constitutional rules. It identifies the various types of prerogative power, and the attempts to place such powers on a statutory basis, including in the Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010, and the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011. It also examines attempts to codify constitutional practice, including the Crown's personal prerogative of the appointment of the Prime Minister in the Cabinet Manual. The discussion moves on to constitutional conventions as a source of the constitution, their relationship with law, and their nature as rules of political behaviour. The chapter considers the treatment of conventions in the courts, and whether they can obtain legal force. Finally, the chapter discusses the codification of conventions.
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GELLER, M. J. "Akkadian Sources of the Ninth Century." In Understanding the History of Ancient Israel. British Academy, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197264010.003.0012.
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Scholars interested in the history of Israel often select for study relevant passages from Akkadian historical inscriptions, annals, and chronicles referring to biblical events. This process has become more sophisticated of late, particularly with the Texte aus der Umwelt der Alten Testaments series and COS, in which much more of Akkadian and even Sumerian literature is taken into account as directly or indirectly relevant to the Bible. However, the ‘scriptures in context’ approach often pays less attention to the nitty-gritty side of Assyriology, namely, the everyday contracts, administrative documents, lists, letters, receipts, and economic texts. There is a lot to learn from such material, which comprises the bulk of the thousands of Mesopotamian tablets. Biblical scholars tend to concentrate on those sections of the Kurkh and Black Obelisk inscriptions that mention Ahab and Jehu and the regional struggles against Assyria. The questions raised are valid, namely, how solid or fragile was the coalition of states fighting against the Assyrians, and at what point did the coalition break down?
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Kupchenko, Konstantin, and Natalya Nikitina. "Управление Смоленском в период осады 1609–1611 гг." In Oblicza Wojny. Tom 5. Miasto i wojna. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/8220-699-9.06.
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The present article deals with poorly researched questions of the functioning of the administrative bodies of Smolensk during the defence period 1609–1611. The work on the basis of current sources and contemporary historiography deals with the management of the Smolensk period. The relevance of the project stems from the very limited knowledge of day-to-day management issues, which have not been reflected in both ad hoc and comprehensive studies of the history of the region during the Dark Time period. The work is based on strict adherence to the principle of historism. The article uses the most scientific and productive methodological guidelines of modern historical research directions. The integrated approach of the study involves the following methods: historical description, historical analysis, comparative, micro-history. The whole complex of archival heuristics tools is used in working with the documentary material. The authors investigate whether there were any changes in the structure of city administration at that time and which authorities in the defense period exercised authority over the population of Smolensk. The powers, competence and practical activities of the voivodeship administration and the civil administration (Zemstvo, Posad) have been examined. The authors conclude that the entire authority in the city was in the hands of the voivodes. It was from them that all orders and orders on organization of the Smolensk army, strengthening of defense capability and regulation of siege life were issued. But at the same time, it is noted that during the siege of 1609–1611. In Smolensk, a peculiar corporation of military and civilian administrative authorities has been formed to coordinate common efforts for the defence of the city.
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Khanh, Phan Truong, Tran Thi Hong Ngoc, and Sabyasachi Pramanik. "Engineering, Geology, Climate, and Socioeconomic Aspects' Implications on Machine Learning-Dependent Water Pipe Collapse Prediction." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-0892-9.ch010.
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From the impact of several corporeal, mechanized, ecological, and civic conditions, underground water pipelines degrade. A motivated administrative approach of the water supply network (WSN) depends on accurate pipe failure prediction that is difficult for the traditional physics-dependent model to provide. The research used data-directed machine learning approaches to forecast water pipe breakdowns using the extensive water supply network's historical maintenance data history. To include multiple contributing aspects to subterranean pipe degradation, a multi-source data-aggregation system was originally developed. The framework specified the requirements for integrating several data sources, such as the classical pipe leakage dataset, the soil category dataset, the geographic dataset, the population count dataset, and the climatic dataset. Five machine learning (ML) techniques are created for predicting pipe failure depending on the data, like LightGBM, ANN, logistic regression, K-NN, and SVM algorithm.
Conference papers on the topic "Historical Administrative Sources"
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Chivu, Gheorghe. "Place names in old Romanian texts. Between cultural model and administrative constraints." In International Conference on Onomastics “Name and Naming”. Editura Mega, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30816/iconn5/2019/33.
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Research on old Romanian texts, religious or non-religious translations, original writings underlying acts of culture or administrative records, documentary sources authored by Romanians or foreigners (missionaries or mere travellers fascinated by various aspects of Romanian space) brings to the foreground a significant number of toponyms for anyone interested in this onomastic variety. The toponyms in question mainly include names of settlements, provinces, and countries, as well as names of important landforms, most of which are real and can be located. Often recorded as phonetic variants linked to different geographical areas or stages in the evolution of language or influenced by the graphical form of their source and one’s knowledge of the Romanian language, thus with morphological and lexical structures determined by the adaptation, translation or calque of a toponym from a foreign language, many place names recorded are linked to the same referent. Therefore, they are genuine toponymic synonyms. Depending on the type of source, place names in old Romanian texts illustrate a model or cultural attitude, while they may also provide useful information regarding the administrative constraints manifested in specific historical ages or in several provinces of Dacoromanian space.
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CHICU, Silvia. "The role of the external factor in gaining and preserving political power in the Romanian Middle Ages (case study: Alexandru Lapusneanu)." In Ştiință și educație: noi abordări și perspective. "Ion Creanga" State Pedagogical University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46727/c.v3.24-25-03-2023.p131-135.
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The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of external factors in gaining political power by pretenders to the throne in medieval society. The evolution of society was influenced by political power, by those who were in power. Our investigation is focused on the personality and reign of Alexandru Lapusneanu. The historical sources have registered the deterioration of the political situation in the Principality of Moldova in the middle of the 16th century. The Principality was in full process of changing the political and legal status when it comes to external politics. The context was even more complicated due to the discreditation of the Rares family by converting to Islam the Lord of Moldova - Ilie Rares. In this complicated political context, the boyar groups of various political orientation that did not have sufficient human and military potential turned to foreign aid in order to gain power. Alexandru Lapusneanu and his supporters were not an exception. Historical sources have recorded his special ability to balance between different external political options in order to preserve his Reign and not allow Moldova to be turned into a pasalac (Turkish administrative territorial unit). By offering support to obtain the throne, neighboring powers aimed to maintain the East-Carpathian space in the sphere of their influence. A careful analysis of the sources proves that the neighboring powers used the pretenders to the throne of Moldova. Granting political asylum was used as means of coercing the Lord on the throne, thus forcing him to act in accordance with their interests.
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Melchor Monserrat, José Manuel. "La fortificación hispanomusulmana de la madīna de Burriana (Castellón)." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11344.
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The Spanish-Muslim fortification of the Burriana’s medina (Castellón)This communication aims to publicize the latest archeological findings related to the Spanish-Muslim wall of Burriana, obtained thanks to the interventions carried out throughout the twenty-first century, in which new sectors and towers of the wall have been evidenced, and that they also clarify some ancient historical and archaeological news about the fortification. We highlight the documentation of the construction technique of the wall, which provides interesting data on its chronology, recently established around the eleventh century. The relationship between the defensive structure and other recent archaeological findings associated with this period are examined, such as some necropolis and elements of the urban plot. Finally, an analysis of the historical and territorial context of the defensive structure and the Spanish-Muslim city will be carried out, since Burriana’s medina was an important administrative and commercial center, a stopping point on the land route between Tortosa and Valencia, and cited as an amal that also had a seaport, according to some sources. We do not forget that the madīna is also a prominent enclave in the historical events related to the Christian razzias of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, and in the subsequent process of conquest of the kingdom of Valencia at the beginning of the thirteenth century, as reflected in the chronicles of the time.
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Ghilas, Victor. "Musical Chisinau. History Pages (1812-1918)." In Simpozion Național de Studii Culturale, dedicat Zilelor Europene ale Patrimoniului. Ediția III. Institute of Cultural Heritage, Republic of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52603/sc21.01.
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The article subjects to observation some coordinates of Chisinau’s musical life over the course of about a hundred years after the annexation of Bessarabia to the Russian Empire. The sources that served as documentary support for achieving this goal are: historical, literary, and scientific writings, sketches, notes, travel memoirs of some people, passing through our lands, testimonies little known or more difficult to reach the reader. From the synthesis of the most eloquent data and information, inserted in the reference sources, we try to outline a general picture of music in the administrative center of Moldavia on the left bank of the Prut during the years 1812- 1918. The view, resulting from the reconstruction of the musical landscape in the researched urban environment, offers a rich palette of events. Following the chronology of the presence of music in society, we highlight its main forms of expression, including folk music, music of boyar salons (fashionable), religious music, military music, concert activities, musical-theatrical performances. Through the prism of the musical components recorded within the specified time interval, we identify different styles, influences, artistic tastes, as well as the share of music in the urban society. We also draw attention to the social functions that music fulfilled in the Chisinau cultural environment at that time. The undertaken radiography leads us to the finding that European music is beginning to gain more and more ground for assertion in the cultural life of Chisinau with a wider openness to Western civilization and the assimilation of new artistic forms of manifestation.
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Ghilaş, Victor. "Aspects of musical life in Bessarabian culture seen by foreigners. Documentary accounts from the XIX century." In Conferința științifică internațională Patrimoniul cultural: cercetare, valorificare, promovare. Ediția XIV. Institute of Cultural Heritage, Republic of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52603/pc22.14.
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Th e subject addressed exposes some considerations regarding the musical culture of Bessarabia in the XIX century recorded in literary documents, which come from outside the country. Th e analytical selection is based on the information reported by foreign observers – military, ambassadors, historians, biographers, memorialists, etc. In the extracts from the studied sources, we highlight the fl uency of musical manifestations in the time period we are dealing with, the dominants and the bearers, some of their facets, which, as we move towards the next century, will change in form and content, foreshadowing an evolutionary path, which will create premises for the affi rmation of professionalism in Bessarabian musical art. We also discuss the intensifi cation of the artistic dialogue with the European cultural space, its benefi cial confl uences and infl uences. It is true that those, who visited Bessarabia on diff erent occasions, recorded data about the presence and variety of music in the administrative center of the province in their descriptions. However, these notes are not enough to reproduce the complexity of musical life in the entire space to the left of the Prut. Th e interpretive approach combines new elements, bringing to attention the valuable and historical dimension of the national music and, at the same time, makes some additions to the artistic past in our country with the intention of putting little or not at all known to the reader documents into the scientifi c circuit.
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Maximov, O. "Light industry during the years of the Kosygin reform (1965–1970): analysis of the growth rates of the total volume of light industry output based on reference books on Soviet industry and Consolidated reports of the Central Statistical Administration of the USSR Council of Ministers." In Historical research in the context of data science: Information resources, analytical methods and digital technologies. LLC MAKS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1792.978-5-317-06529-4/79-89.
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The article represents indices of the Soviet Union’s light industry, such as gross output, rate of growth of gross output during the eighth five-year plan. The data for statistical analysis were taken from industrial reference books and the Central Statistical Administration of the Council of Ministers of the USSR’s archive fund. Problem of the research is disparity of same indices in different sources. During a statistical analysis arithmetical mean was count for each analysed index, and it was discovered which source’s data were the closest to the means.
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Maximov, O. "Light industry during the years of the Kosygin reform (1965–1970): analysis of the growth rates of the total volume of light industry output based on reference books on Soviet industry and Consolidated reports of the Central Statistical Administration of the USSR Council of Ministers." In Historical research in the context of data science: Information resources, analytical methods and digital technologies. LLC MAKS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1792.978-5-317-06529-4/79-89.
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The article represents indices of the Soviet Union’s light industry, such as gross output, rate of growth of gross output during the eighth five-year plan. The data for statistical analysis were taken from industrial reference books and the Central Statistical Administration of the Council of Ministers of the USSR’s archive fund. Problem of the research is disparity of same indices in different sources. During a statistical analysis arithmetical mean was count for each analysed index, and it was discovered which source’s data were the closest to the means.
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Akram Abdulrahman, Raghad, and Emad Hani Ismaeel. "4D Representation of the Built Heritage Post-Conflict: Interactive Modeling of the Qattanin Mosque in Old Mosul." In 5th International Conference on Architectural and Civil Engineering Sciences (CIC-ICACE'25). Cihan University-Erbil, 2025. https://doi.org/10.24086/icace2025/paper.1640.
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Abstract—The integration of technology in the domain of urban heritage management has witnessed a significant surge, driven by the multifaceted advantages it offers for the administration of conservation efforts. Among the most prominent technological advancements is the application of virtual reality (VR) systems, which facilitate digital preservation through the creation of detailed 3D models of historical edifices. These models can then be embedded within interactive environments, such as those provided by augmented reality (AR) systems. AR enables users to identify and explore historical buildings via tablets and mobile devices, enhancing accessibility and engagement. However, there is a notable dearth of research focused on the interactive reconstruction of historic monuments in the Mosul old city post-conflict. This study aims to address this gap by developing a methodological framework for constructing an interactive model of lost or damaged historical landmarks. The proposed approach involves linking these models to relevant historical texts and sources, allowing users to visualize a three-dimensional representation of the landmark on their mobile devices. This is achieved through the scanning of digital pages and the utilization of the Unite AR application, thereby fostering a more immersive and educational experience in the preservation and understanding of cultural heritage. Keywords: Augmented reality, built heritage, preservation, damaged building, post-conflict.
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Sanzharov, V. "A complex digital model of parallel Franco-Burgundian itinerarii (Louis XI, Philip the Good and Karl the Bold) as a tool for studying administrative institutions, military-political and diplomatic activity." In Historical research in the context of data science: Information resources, analytical methods and digital technologies. LLC MAKS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1826.978-5-317-06529-4/311-316.
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The article is devoted to the GIS cartography of the royal and ducal itineraries of Lous XI, Philip the Good and Charles the Bold (1461–1477). The intinerary is not the simple calendar list of visited places but the source characterizing the implementation of the government strategies – 'the style of governing'. The itinerary allows to satisfy step by step the interest in problems of power, the mechanisms of its implementation, the definition of spaces of real power. The article proposes approaches to creating a complex digital model of parallel Franco-Burgundian itineraries.
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Bátori, Gyopárka. "Possibilities for the translation of toponyms in Anonymus’ work." In International Conference on Onomastics “Name and Naming”. Editura Mega, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30816/iconn5/2019/31.
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Gesta Hungarorum [Deeds of the Hungarians] by Anonymus, the notary of King Béla III, is an important source for the historiography of the nations in the Carpathian Basin. That is why this cronicle can be read in Hungarian, Romanian, English, German and French among other languages. In the gesta written in Latin, there appear several toponyms in the early Hungarian language. Thus, their adaptation to modern texts challenges translators, as they have to be aware not only of the general issues of translation, but also of geographical, historical and administrative changes. The aim of this paper is to highlight the diversity of problems emerging during the translation of the aforementioned toponyms.
Reports on the topic "Historical Administrative Sources"
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Jaramillo-Echeverri, Juliana, and Andrés Álvarez. The persistence of segregation in education: Evidence from historical elites and ethnic surnames in Colombia. Banco de la República, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/chee.58.
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Inequality in access to high-quality education can hinder the ability of education to promote intergenerational mobility. Looking at the case of Colombia, one of the most unequal and least mobile countries in Latin America, we evaluate whether contemporary differences in access to high-quality education have deep roots in the past. We use several past and contemporary sources to define social status attributes for several historical groups. Assuming that sufficiently rare surnames are part of the same extended family, we trace dynasties of indigenous, encomenderos (Spaniard colonial officers), 19th century slave-owners, and members of different educational, social, and business elites of the 17th, late 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. Using microdata from administrative sources, we provide evidence of social segregation in education and test if the historical status of each social group is associated with access to disadvantageous or privileged educational institutions. The results show that the original social status of the historical groups is highly associated with their contemporary performance in educational outcomes. We explore assortative mating as a mechanism for perpetuating segregation in education. We find evidence of homogamy within the historical elites and ethnic surnames. We conclude that the educational system in Colombia reproduces patterns of social exclusion rooted in the past.
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Occhiali, Giovanni, Jalia Kangave, and Hamza Ahmed Khan. Taxing High Net Worth Individuals in Nigeria: Preliminary Insights and the Case of Borno State. Institute of Development Studies, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2024.024.
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This paper gives preliminary insights into the challenges surrounding the taxation of high net worth individuals (HNWIs) in Nigeria – first in general terms, and then with a specific focus on Borno State. The need to diversify revenue sources has become increasingly apparent against the backdrop of Nigeria's historical reliance on the export of crude oil, and is the reason why President Tinubu created a committee to harmonise the fiscal system. However, the committee has not yet touched upon the taxation of HNWIs. Drawing from key informant interviews from north-eastern Nigeria, and a two-day workshop with officials from State Boards of Internal Revenue Service from various part of the country, we shed light on the complexities of increasing the compliance of HNWIs. The study highlights a series of legal, administrative, and political obstacles faced by State Boards of Internal Revenue Service, which have developed dedicated compliance strategies. Many of these are similar across states that otherwise share few characteristics. The paper ends with some tentative suggestions for future research.
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Occhiali, Giovanni, Jalia Kangave, and Hamza Ahmed Khan. Taxing High Net Worth Individuals in Nigeria: Preliminary Insights and the Case of Borno State. Institute of Development Studies, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2024.075.
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This paper gives preliminary insights into the challenges surrounding the taxation of high net worth individuals (HNWIs) in Nigeria – first in general terms, and then with a specific focus on Borno State. The need to diversify revenue sources has become increasingly apparent against the backdrop of Nigeria’s historical reliance on the export of crude oil, and is the reason why President Tinubu created a committee to harmonise the fiscal system. However, the committee has not yet touched upon the taxation of HNWIs. Drawing from key informant interviews from north-eastern Nigeria, and a two-day workshop with officials from State Boards of Internal Revenue Service from various part of the country, we shed light on the complexities of increasing the compliance of HNWIs. The study highlights a series of legal, administrative, and political obstacles faced by State Boards of Internal Revenue Service, which have developed dedicated compliance strategies. Many of these are similar across states that otherwise share few characteristics. The paper ends with some tentative suggestions for future research. Summary of ICTD Working Paper 188.
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Cleary, Summers, and Summers Cleary. Land cover summary statistics for Pacific Island Network park units. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2303772.
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This report documents the acquisition of source data and calculation of land cover summary statistics datasets for 12 National Park Service Pacific Island Network park units: Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail, American Memorial Park, Haleakal? National Park, Hawai?i Volcanoes National Park, Honouliuli National Monument, Kalaupapa National Historical Park, Kaloko-Honok?hau National Historical Park, National Park of American Samoa, Pu?uhonua o H?naunau National Historical Park, Pu?ukohol? Heiau National Historic Site, War in the Pacific National Historical Park, and Pearl Harbor National Memorial, and nine custom areas of analysis. The source data and land cover calculations are available for use within the National Park Service (NPS) Inventory and Monitoring Program. Land cover summary statistics datasets can be calculated for all geographic regions within the extent of the NPS; this report includes statistics calculated for U.S. Pacific Islands. The land cover summary statistics datasets are calculated from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Coastal Management product Coastal Change Analysis Program (C-CAP) data. These summary statistics calculate land cover at up to two classification scales: modified Anderson Level 2, and Natural versus Converted land cover. The output land cover summary statistics datasets produced here for the 12 Pacific Island Network park units and nine custom areas of analysis utilize the most recent versions of the source datasets (C-CAP). These land cover summary statistics datasets are used in the NPS Inventory and Monitoring Program, including the NPS Environmental Settings Monitoring Protocol, and may be used by networks and parks for additional efforts.
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Urzainqui, David Garcés. Symbolic discrimination and material deprivation of historically disadvantaged groups in India. Data and Evidence to End Extreme Poverty, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.55158/deepwp23.
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It is widely understood that the ultimate goal of eliminating material deprivation through broadly shared economic development is giving people the means to lead lives they have reason to value, as formulated in Amartya Sen’s capability approach. However, in ndia, it is critical to keep in mind when evaluating progress in poverty reduction that, for historically disadvantaged groups, economic disadvantage is compounded by the persistence of various forms of derogatory treatment based on their caste identity. It is undeniable that hierarchical elements rooted in the ritual origins of caste continue to be a part of caste’s influence over contemporary India. The most blatant expression of such hierarchical elements is the persistence of extreme forms of derogatory treatment and social exclusion imposed on those in the lowest rank of the ‘traditional’ Hindu social order, Dalits (referred to as Scheduled Castes in administrative data sources, and formerly called ‘Untouchables’). How often do material deprivation and social disabilities come together for those at the bottom of India´s caste hierarchy? This paper aims to investigate the links between the living standards of Dalits and the prevalence of symbolic discrimination against them in India.
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Stampini, Marco, Nadin Medellín, and Pablo Ibarrarán. Cash Transfers, Poverty, and Inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005235.
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We assess the non-contributory cash transfer systems in 17 Latin American and Caribbean countries to identify factors that keep them from reducing poverty and inequality. To perform this assessment, we analyze three dimensions of size (number of beneficiaries, size of transfer per beneficiary, and size of total budget) and three dimensions of targeting (coverage, leakage, and quality of demographic targeting). We identify 67 programs, which fall into three broad categories: conditional cash transfers, non-contributory pensions, and other transfers. We use an international poverty line of 6.85 dollars PPP per day (similar to the average national poverty line of upper middle-income countries) and adjust survey weights to correct for the fact that household survey data often underestimates the official number of transfer beneficiaries compared to administrative sources. We show that two key factors limit the effect of cash transfer programs on poverty and inequality: the small size of their transfers and their historic under-coverage of the population living in poverty. Transfers represent approximately 33% of the poverty gap. Additionally, only 55% of the population in poverty benefits from these programs. Forty-one percent of people living in households that receive at least one non-contributory transfer are above the poverty line. Children and Indigenous people are underrepresented, relative to their poverty rate, in the rosters of beneficiaries. Brazil, Suriname, Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Panama, and Uruguay consistently earn the highest scores across the assessment categories. Our policy recommendations include: (i) intensifying efforts to increase coverage among the poor, using modern poverty mapping techniques along with active, on-the-ground searches and (ii) recertifying eligibility for transfer programs more frequently by using highly interoperable administrative data and social registries. Both efforts are needed to create more efficient income protection systems that address both structural and transient poverty.
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van den Boogaard, Vanessa, Wilson Prichard, Nikola Milicic Nikola, Matthew Benson, and Deanndre Chen. Tax Revenue Mobilisation in Conflict-affected Developing Countries. Institute of Development Studies, 2025. https://doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2025.009.
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Taxation is central to state building in post-conflict states. This reflects both the urgent need for revenue during post-conflict reconstruction and the broader governance implications of taxation related to state capacity building and the expansion of governmental responsiveness and accountability. In European states, taxation was historically central to enabling war and a longstanding literature suggests that conflict, or its threat, may increase tax collection. However, this centrality is not reflected in existing practice or research. It is unclear whether theoretical findings about the relationship between conflict and taxation hold in contemporary developing countries, given the prevalence of intrastate conflict, weak national identities, weak states and access to external sources of funding. It is likely that conflict will actually reduce revenue mobilisation due to its negative effects on economic activity, the tax base, tax collection and public administration. These anticipated findings have not been tested empirically using reliable data that isolates aid and resource revenues and disaggregates tax revenue type. Accordingly, this paper addresses an old question – How does conflict affect revenue mobilisation? – with newly available, high-quality data on government revenues. Using the UNU-WIDER Government Revenue Database, we explore longitudinal trends of tax revenue mobilisation prior to, during and after conflict in selected countries that have experienced conflict since 1980. This medium-N trend analysis explores the relationship between tax revenue performance and conflict characteristics. It provides a contemporary counterpoint to theories of the role of taxation in war making and state building. Summary of article published in the Journal of International Development.
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Report of the Board of Directors to the Congress of Colombia, July 2024. Banco de la República, 2025. https://doi.org/10.32468/inf-jun-dir-con-rep-eng.04-2024.
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In the first quarter of 2024, the figures of the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE in Spanish) showed that the economy achieved annual growth of 0.9%. Although this result was moderate, it confirmed the economy's recovery path. Monetary policy has played a critical role in containing inflationary pressures. This has allowed inflation to trend downwards, continuing into the first half of 2024. Net foreign reserves totaled USD 60,901 million as of 30 June 2024, a slight increase over the course of the year. For 2024, the profit of Banco de la República (the Central Bank of Colombia) is projected at COP 8,795 billion. International macroeconomic environment The global economy would continue to grow in 2024 at a rate slightly higher than 3.0%, according to forecasts from the International Monetary Fund (3.2%) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (3.1%). This dynamic is lower than the pre-pandemic historical average due to the long-term consequences of COVID-19, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, and growing geoeconomic fragmentation, among other reasons. Various advanced and emerging economies, particularly the United States and some Asian countries, have seen favorable growth due to strong aggregate demands, dynamic private consumption, and high public spending. Meanwhile, inflation has been on a downward trend, but with values exceeding the goals of its central banks. In several developing countries, inflationary pressures have been significant due to the transfer of high international food, energy, and fertilizer costs and higher-than-expected currency declines. These factors have affected growth in these economies amid tight monetary policies. Economic activity in Colombia In the first quarter of 2024, DANE figures showed that the economy achieved annual growth of 0.9%. Although the result was moderate, it confirmed the economy's recovery path after the annual contraction in the third quarter of 2023 (-0.7%), followed by 0.4% annual growth in the last quarter of the previous year. On the expenditure side, the annual growth seen in the first quarter of 2024 was driven by net external demand, given an annual drop in imports (-13.3%) and an annual increase in exports (2.4%). On the supply side, the agriculture sector, public administration, health and education services, and arts and entertainment activities grew the most annually. The tight monetary policy and higher tax rates that characterized the 2023 adjustment continued to impact the economy's aggregate spending, which was also affected by low levels of business and consumer confidence. During the second quarter, the economy would have continued to increase its growth rate, driven by the good performance of the agriculture sector and the dynamics of some services related to public administration, health, education, and entertainment. Banco de la República’s (Banrep) technical staff expects that in the second half of the year, the economy will continue to gradually improve its dynamics to achieve growth of around 1.8% throughout 2024 and approach its potential growth in 2025. Employment Early 2024 saw unemployment rate increases driven by deteriorating employment, after which this indicator has remained relatively stable. Thus, between December 2023 and May 2024, the unemployment rate for the domestic aggregate rose 0.2 percentage points (pp) to reach 10.5% in May. The number of employed people remained relatively stable for the domestic aggregate, with levels close to 22.9 million (m) jobs. The reduction in salaried employment, coupled with recent growth in the non-salaried segment, explains the increased informality rate. This rate stood at 56.2% in May 2024, one percentage point higher than in December 2023. Inflation and Monetary Policy Headline inflation in June was 7.2%, lower than that seen in December (9.3%) and well below the high level reached in March 2023 (13.3%). The downward trend in inflation has primarily resulted from tight monetary policy carried out by the Board of Directors of Banco de la República (BDBR) through progressive increases in the benchmark interest rate initiated as of September 2021. The BDBR’s decision to undertake a monetary policy easing cycle as of last December was based on the downward trend that annual inflation had been exhibiting since April 2023 and evidence that tight monetary policy was meeting its goal of reducing excess spending in the economy. A cumulative 2.5 percentage point policy interest rate cut was completed by July 2024, bringing it to 10.75%. Balance of payments As a share of quarterly gross domestic product (GDP), the current account deficit of the balance of payments decreased from 3.7% of GDP in the first quarter of 2023 to 1.9% in the first quarter of this year. The decrease in the current account deficit balance was explained by the favorable variation in factor income, the services trade balance, and net income from current transfers. By 2024, the technical staff projects a current account deficit close to 2.8% of GDP, moderately higher than the 2.5% deficit observed in 2023 and significantly lower than the 6.1% deficit of GDP recorded in 2022. The smaller current account deficit makes the Colombian economy less vulnerable to negative external shocks. Public finance The 2024 Medium-Term Fiscal Framework (MTFF-24), presented by the Ministry of Finance in mid-June, shows that the General Government produced a 2.7% deficit of GDP in 2023, which means a reduction of 3.6 pp vis-a-vis 2022. This adjustment is explained by the improvement in the balances of the social security sub-sector, of the rest of the central level to which the Fuel Price Stabilization Fund (FEPC in Spanish) belongs, and of the Central National Government (CNG). The surplus of the FEPC, which closed at 0.4% of GDP in 2023, stands out in contrast to the 1.3% deficit registered a year earlier. The adjustment of the CNG’s public finances in 2023 was supported by the boost in tax collection derived from the reforms approved in 2021 and 2022, as well as by the good dynamics of economic and oil activity in those years. According to the MTFF-24, in 2023, the CNG's fiscal deficit and net debt reached 4.3% and 53.8% of GDP, respectively. MTFF-24’s fiscal deficit forecasts are consistent with compliance with the fiscal rule. However, as stated by the Independent Fiscal Rule Committee (CARF in Spanish), there are risks around collection and spending expectations. Foreign reserves Net foreign reserves totaled USD 60,901 m as of 30 June 2024, an increase of USD 1,293 m over the course of the year. This increase is primarily due to the program to accumulate international reserves announced by the BDBR in December 2023. The return on the foreign reserves for the year, excluding the foreign exchange component, amounts to 1.43% (USD 864 m). This result is mainly explained by higher interest rates, which have positively impacted the return on foreign reserves. An economy is considered to maintain adequate reserve levels if, among other indicators, the ratio of the reserves to the appropriate level is between 1.0 and 1.5. With information available as of June 2024, the ARA calculated for Colombia by the IMF was 1.24. Profits of Banco de la República Banco de la República's profit at the end of the first half of 2024 amounted to COP 4,088 billion (b), as a result of revenues of COP 5,903 b and expenses of COP 1,815 b. This profit was COP 39 b higher than that recorded in the same period of 2023. Revenues during this period were mainly due to the yield on foreign reserves, which amounted to COP 3,770 b, with an increase of COP 237 b compared to that received in the first half of the previous year. Expenses originated mainly from the remuneration on national government deposits in Banrep, which amounted to COP 683 b with a reduction of COP 812 b compared to the first half of 2023, mainly due to the lower average balances held in Banrep. For 2024, a profit of COP 8,795 b is projected, COP 431 b lower than that observed in 2023. This estimate has a high degree of uncertainty, taking into account the risks associated with the evolution of foreign reserves yield and the growth and sources of expansion of the monetary base. Boxes Box 1: Comments of Banco de la República (the Central Bank of Colombia) regarding its appointment as Administrator of Reserve Fund of the Contributory Pillar - Report of the Board of Directors to the Congress of Colombia, July 2024 Law 2381 of 2024, “Whereby the Comprehensive Social Protection System for Old Age Disability, and Death (Sistema de Protección Social Integral para la Vejez, Invalidez y Muerte, in Spanish) of common origin is established, and other provisions are issued,” creates the Reserve Fund of the Contributory Pillar (Fondo de Ahorro del Pilar Contributivo, in Spanish), hereinafter the Fund, and assigns its administration to Banco de la República (Banrep). This box highlights the main issues involved in the designation of Banrep as the Fund’s administrator within the framework of its constitutional functions: Box 2: Determinants of the Speed of Adjustment of the MPR Box 3: Primary Liquidity Supply by Banco de la República, 2023-2024