Academic literature on the topic 'Historical Conflict'

The scientific category of conflict is considered. The development of knowledge about the conflict in different historical formations is highlighted. It is found that the conflict is interdisciplinary and uses methods of research of various Sciences. The points of view on the place of conflict in the social life of scientists of different eras and specializations are analyzed. It was proved that the theme of the conflict was actual in different stages of the historical development of society. The importance of the study of the conflict in the period of formation of the Ukrainian conflictology is revealed. It is established that at the present stage in Ukraine the analysis and development of foreign experience is carried out, there are original theoretical and methodological developments of various aspects of the conflict. Today, science faces an important problem related to the emergence of conflicts – the study of factors that contribute to their emergence. Scientific interest is largely related to the growth of tension in various spheres of socio-economic and socio-political interaction, aggression and terrorism, ethnic conflicts. Our society, political elite, political scientists were unprepared for this difficult situation. Orientation to the” conflict-free ” development of society made the problems of conflicts unpromising. This led not only to its de facto exclusion from the field of scientific research but also to the fact that society has not formed mechanisms for predicting the emergence of conflicts. Attempts to copy the experience of foreign conflictologists in the field of socio-political problems are not designed for universal complement in any socio-cultural conditions, are unsuccessful. This contradiction lies in the awareness of the need for scientific understanding and practical work on the issue related to the collection of information, it’s systematization, analysis and forecasting of possible conflicts. The practical significance of the work lies in the conclusions about the need for a more in-depth and comprehensive approach to the study of factors contributing to the emergence of conflicts by effective, qualitative methods on the basis of knowledge of history, political science, sociology, psychology, social geography, political economy, political marketing in order to prevent and quickly eliminate them.

This article exploits variation between and within countries to examine the legacy of recorded conflicts in Africa in the precolonial period between 1400 and 1700. There are three main findings. First, we show that historical conflict is correlated with a greater prevalence of postcolonial conflict. Second, historical conflict is correlated with lower levels of trust, a stronger sense of ethnic identity, and a weaker sense of national identity across countries. Third, historical conflict is negatively correlated with subsequent patterns of development looking at the pattern across grid cells within countries.

The subject of this research is the conflicts generated by mythological and historical space in Kashmir Valley, which is one of the central artistic images in the novel “Midnight's Children” by the British writer of Indo-Pakistani descent Salman Rushdie. Conflict situation within the framework of Kashmir’s topos is sense-making, as it is associated with the problem of choice and acquisition of cultural wholeness by the character of the novel. The historically substantiated propensity towards conflict of the actual geographical region, which became the cause for interethnic hostility between Pakistan and India, is complicated by the conflict of Western and Eastern cultures. The "East – West" opposition implies the conflict between the conservatory intentions of the Eastern autochthonous culture and the attempts of it suppression by pro-Western migrants. The author applies historical and literary, hermeneutical and mythopoetic methods. It is determined that involvement of Kashmir’s topos in the artistic world of the novel is substantiated by the historical and interethnic conflicts in the region related to acquisition of independence by India. On the mythological level, Kashmir manifests as a space that synthesizes the ambivalent forces of destruction and creation, which reveals the latent propensity towards conflict that underlies the world. The clash of cultures and worldviews is described in the novel through the symbolic pair of characters – Indian Westerner Adam Aziz and the local boatman Tai. Relations between the characters actualize the stratified systemic conflict (interpersonal, internal, religious-mythological, problem of choice). Subsequently, this conflict propels to the ontological level, reflecting the problem of heroes of finding their place in postcolonial world

The article analyzes the historical law bases of legal responsibility of servicemen during armed conflicts. The typification of armed conflicts is classified and carried out on various grounds, including on the basis of evolutionary nature (four generations of wars). It is concluded that in the XXI century armed conflicts have a number of fundamentally new features (unconventionality, nonlinearity, irregularity, asymmetry and non-military nature), which distinguishes them from the armed confrontations of previous epochs and refers to the fourth generation wars. The analysis described the following similar terms: «war», «military conflict», «armed conflict», and identified similarities, identities or substantive differences between them, which is important for the correct legal classification of war crimes. The relevance of the research topic is due to the fact that today the aggressor states in armed conflicts use the so-called «hybrid means of warfare», which include, in addition to confrontation on the battlefield in the classical sense, confrontation on economic, informational, political and cultural fronts. The emergence of these new weapons requires the study of the essence of «hybrid» confrontation: the means, methods and tactics used, the purpose of defeat by one means or another to deter the aggressor states, as well as to counter them. The urgency of the topic is also due to the fact that Ukraine today, unfortunately, found itself in a state of armed confrontation, fell victim to a «hybrid conflict» on the part of the Russian Federation. As practice shows, the nature of the discussion of this problem and the process of developing and approving specific measures aimed at counteracting and deterring the aggressor state proves the inability of most international organizations responsible for international peace and security to address such issues in practice. From this point of view, a historical and legal analysis of the formation of the institution of legal responsibility of servicemen during armed conflicts, given the crucial importance of bringing to justice those guilty of war crimes.

This paper explains how the ethnic conflict process that occurred in the Southern Province of Thailand to the process of resolving conflicts between the Government of Thailand and local residents in the Southern Province of Thailand. The conflict is based on the history of the Southern Thailand region between the Thai Government and the Malay Muslim population. Then, it caused conflicting attitudes and behaviors in responding to this conflict from each of the warring parties. This paper uses the concept of the conflict triangle from Johan Galtung where this conflict comes from perceptions based on historical differences, then followed by differences in conflicting behavior from each party and differences in interests. Then, using the concept of the source of conflict from Bernard Meyer, the source of the conflict that comes from historical differences so that it affects how to communicate, emotional reactions, values ??and structures owned. Then, using the concept of the stage of conflict resolution from Johan Galtung, this conflict is at the peacekeeping level where Malaysia is the mediator between the two warring parties. In resolving conflicts, both parties need to change attitudes and behavior in transforming different interests.

Cyber conflict is a factor in modern politics. There is often a synergy between historical political issues and current cyber conflicts. Saudi Arabia and Iran have a long-standing mutual animosity that is now being expressed via cyber operations. This study provides a context for current cyber conflicts between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Iran. The political history of both countries is briefly explored. Then specific cyber incidents are examined within that existing political conflict. The current state of affairs between Saudi Arabia and Iran can best be described as a cyber cold war. This study provides both current cyber incidents as well as the political and historical context in which these incidents occur. The history of the modern states of Iran and Saudi Arabia provide a context for the political strife between the two countries.

The current conflict between Islam and Christian (west) originally rooted from the historical conflict which has happened for a long time ago. The conflict has been begun from the success of Islam expansion to western countries. The conflict has got worse when the west enables to move Islam domination in which it affected on the stigmatization on the followers. They discredited each other both in theology and other aspects. All conflicts, including Islam-Christian conflict is 'sunnatullah', something unavoidable, which bring both negative-destructive and positive-constructive effect. In fact,the conflict tends to be negative-destructive. Colonialism, which has been continually followed with missionarism and orientalism worsen the situation. This article discusses the implication of historical conflict on stigmatization done by the followers. Moreover, it tries to offer an alternative solution, that is, providing a dialogue as a bridge to resolve the conflict. It is expected to stifle the conflict and gradually to shift the conflict into a mutual understanding relationship.

In the development of modern society, the growing interest in conflict and conflictology is known, which has several grounds for it. An important feature of modernity is the increase in the number of conflicts that arise in various spheres of social interaction. The main signs of the emergence and manifestation of the conflict is the lack of mutual understanding between people, various forms of violence, aggression, terrorist acts, the presence of people in uncertainty in the future, fear of the future, the very problem of conflict in real life becomes more complicated, which leads to the relevance and importance of studying this phenomenon. We present a retrospective analysis of many researches, which examine the stages of development and formation of conflictology as an independent science, and sports conflictology as one of the emerging sectors of conflictology as a whole. It should be noted that the results of the theoretical study provide an opportunity to identify the prerequisites for the formation of the sports conflictology, which in turn allows approaching the study and the resolution of the conflict in sports overall and multi-disciplinary. Since conflictology is considered as interdisciplinary science, where large numbers of scientific disciplines studies the issue of conflict, as it is a universal phenomenon.