Journal articles: 'Historical Conflict'

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Zavarika, G. "HISTORICAL EYES OF CONFLICT RESEARCH AND ITS INTERDISCIPLINARY CHARACTER." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 72 (2018): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2018.72.10.

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The scientific category of conflict is considered. The development of knowledge about the conflict in different historical formations is highlighted. It is found that the conflict is interdisciplinary and uses methods of research of various Sciences. The points of view on the place of conflict in the social life of scientists of different eras and specializations are analyzed. It was proved that the theme of the conflict was actual in different stages of the historical development of society. The importance of the study of the conflict in the period of formation of the Ukrainian conflictology is revealed. It is established that at the present stage in Ukraine the analysis and development of foreign experience is carried out, there are original theoretical and methodological developments of various aspects of the conflict. Today, science faces an important problem related to the emergence of conflicts – the study of factors that contribute to their emergence. Scientific interest is largely related to the growth of tension in various spheres of socio-economic and socio-political interaction, aggression and terrorism, ethnic conflicts. Our society, political elite, political scientists were unprepared for this difficult situation. Orientation to the” conflict-free ” development of society made the problems of conflicts unpromising. This led not only to its de facto exclusion from the field of scientific research but also to the fact that society has not formed mechanisms for predicting the emergence of conflicts. Attempts to copy the experience of foreign conflictologists in the field of socio-political problems are not designed for universal complement in any socio-cultural conditions, are unsuccessful. This contradiction lies in the awareness of the need for scientific understanding and practical work on the issue related to the collection of information, it’s systematization, analysis and forecasting of possible conflicts. The practical significance of the work lies in the conclusions about the need for a more in-depth and comprehensive approach to the study of factors contributing to the emergence of conflicts by effective, qualitative methods on the basis of knowledge of history, political science, sociology, psychology, social geography, political economy, political marketing in order to prevent and quickly eliminate them.

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BESLEY, TIMOTHY, and MARTA REYNAL-QUEROL. "The Legacy of Historical Conflict: Evidence from Africa." American Political Science Review 108, no. 2 (2014): 319–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055414000161.

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This article exploits variation between and within countries to examine the legacy of recorded conflicts in Africa in the precolonial period between 1400 and 1700. There are three main findings. First, we show that historical conflict is correlated with a greater prevalence of postcolonial conflict. Second, historical conflict is correlated with lower levels of trust, a stronger sense of ethnic identity, and a weaker sense of national identity across countries. Third, historical conflict is negatively correlated with subsequent patterns of development looking at the pattern across grid cells within countries.

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Phelps, Don. "Water and Conflict: Historical Perspective." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 133, no. 5 (2007): 382–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(2007)133:5(382).

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Chuvanova, Olga Igorevna. "Kashmir as the center of conflict in the novel “Midnight's Children” by Salman Rushdie." Litera, no. 11 (November 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2020.11.34154.

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The subject of this research is the conflicts generated by mythological and historical space in Kashmir Valley, which is one of the central artistic images in the novel &ldquo;Midnight's Children&rdquo; by the British writer of Indo-Pakistani descent Salman Rushdie. Conflict situation within the framework of Kashmir&rsquo;s topos is sense-making, as it is associated with the problem of choice and acquisition of cultural wholeness by the character of the novel. The historically substantiated propensity towards conflict of the actual geographical region, which became the cause for interethnic hostility between Pakistan and India, is complicated by the conflict of Western and Eastern cultures. The "East &ndash; West" opposition implies the conflict between the conservatory intentions of the Eastern autochthonous culture and the attempts of it suppression by pro-Western migrants. The author applies historical and literary, hermeneutical and mythopoetic methods. It is determined that involvement of Kashmir&rsquo;s topos in the artistic world of the novel is substantiated by the historical and interethnic conflicts in the region related to acquisition of independence by India. On the mythological level, Kashmir manifests as a space that synthesizes the ambivalent forces of destruction and creation, which reveals the latent propensity towards conflict that underlies the world. The clash of cultures and worldviews is described in the novel through the symbolic pair of characters &ndash; Indian Westerner Adam Aziz and the local boatman Tai. Relations between the characters actualize the stratified systemic conflict (interpersonal, internal, religious-mythological, problem of choice). Subsequently, this conflict propels to the ontological level, reflecting the problem of heroes of finding their place in postcolonial world

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Fenukhin, V. I., and N. V. Goncharova. "DIALECTICS OF THE CONFLICT: HISTORICAL ASPECT." National Association of Scientists 1, no. 42 (2019): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/nas.2413-5291.2019.1.42.2.

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Severinova, Oleksandra. "LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY OF MILITARY SERVANTS: HISTORICAL LAW ASPECTS." Ukrainian polyceistics: theory, legislation, practice 1, no. 1 (2021): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32366/2709-9261-2021-1-1-116-122.

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The article analyzes the historical law bases of legal responsibility of servicemen during armed conflicts. The typification of armed conflicts is classified and carried out on various grounds, including on the basis of evolutionary nature (four generations of wars). It is concluded that in the XXI century armed conflicts have a number of fundamentally new features (unconventionality, nonlinearity, irregularity, asymmetry and non-military nature), which distinguishes them from the armed confrontations of previous epochs and refers to the fourth generation wars. The analysis described the following similar terms: «war», «military conflict», «armed conflict», and identified similarities, identities or substantive differences between them, which is important for the correct legal classification of war crimes. The relevance of the research topic is due to the fact that today the aggressor states in armed conflicts use the so-called «hybrid means of warfare», which include, in addition to confrontation on the battlefield in the classical sense, confrontation on economic, informational, political and cultural fronts. The emergence of these new weapons requires the study of the essence of «hybrid» confrontation: the means, methods and tactics used, the purpose of defeat by one means or another to deter the aggressor states, as well as to counter them. The urgency of the topic is also due to the fact that Ukraine today, unfortunately, found itself in a state of armed confrontation, fell victim to a «hybrid conflict» on the part of the Russian Federation. As practice shows, the nature of the discussion of this problem and the process of developing and approving specific measures aimed at counteracting and deterring the aggressor state proves the inability of most international organizations responsible for international peace and security to address such issues in practice. From this point of view, a historical and legal analysis of the formation of the institution of legal responsibility of servicemen during armed conflicts, given the crucial importance of bringing to justice those guilty of war crimes.

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Firmansah, Andi. "The Dynamics of Ethnic Conflict in Southern Province Thailand." Nation State Journal of International Studies 2, no. 2 (2019): 210–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24076/nsjis.2019v2i2.167.

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This paper explains how the ethnic conflict process that occurred in the Southern Province of Thailand to the process of resolving conflicts between the Government of Thailand and local residents in the Southern Province of Thailand. The conflict is based on the history of the Southern Thailand region between the Thai Government and the Malay Muslim population. Then, it caused conflicting attitudes and behaviors in responding to this conflict from each of the warring parties. This paper uses the concept of the conflict triangle from Johan Galtung where this conflict comes from perceptions based on historical differences, then followed by differences in conflicting behavior from each party and differences in interests. Then, using the concept of the source of conflict from Bernard Meyer, the source of the conflict that comes from historical differences so that it affects how to communicate, emotional reactions, values ??and structures owned. Then, using the concept of the stage of conflict resolution from Johan Galtung, this conflict is at the peacekeeping level where Malaysia is the mediator between the two warring parties. In resolving conflicts, both parties need to change attitudes and behavior in transforming different interests.

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Easttom, Chuck, and William Butler. "The Iran-Saudi Cyber Conflict." International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism 11, no. 2 (2021): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcwt.2021040103.

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Cyber conflict is a factor in modern politics. There is often a synergy between historical political issues and current cyber conflicts. Saudi Arabia and Iran have a long-standing mutual animosity that is now being expressed via cyber operations. This study provides a context for current cyber conflicts between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Iran. The political history of both countries is briefly explored. Then specific cyber incidents are examined within that existing political conflict. The current state of affairs between Saudi Arabia and Iran can best be described as a cyber cold war. This study provides both current cyber incidents as well as the political and historical context in which these incidents occur. The history of the modern states of Iran and Saudi Arabia provide a context for the political strife between the two countries.

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Yusuf, Muhammad. "IMPLIKASI KONFLIK HISTORIS ISLAM-KRISTEN BARAT TERHADAP MUNCULNYA STIGMATISASI PERMUSUHAN." ULUL ALBAB Jurnal Studi Islam 9, no. 2 (2018): 157–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/ua.v9i2.6213.

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The current conflict between Islam and Christian (west) originally rooted from the historical conflict which has happened for a long time ago. The conflict has been begun from the success of Islam expansion to western countries. The conflict has got worse when the west enables to move Islam domination in which it affected on the stigmatization on the followers. They discredited each other both in theology and other aspects. All conflicts, including Islam-Christian conflict is 'sunnatullah', something unavoidable, which bring both negative-destructive and positive-constructive effect. In fact,the conflict tends to be negative-destructive. Colonialism, which has been continually followed with missionarism and orientalism worsen the situation. This article discusses the implication of historical conflict on stigmatization done by the followers. Moreover, it tries to offer an alternative solution, that is, providing a dialogue as a bridge to resolve the conflict. It is expected to stifle the conflict and gradually to shift the conflict into a mutual understanding relationship.

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BOUSSAHA, Amir, and Marina Vladimirovna GILLARD. "HISTORICAL PRECONDITIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND FORMATION OF SPORTS CONFLICTOLOGY." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 174 (2018): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2018-23-174-64-70.

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In the development of modern society, the growing interest in conflict and conflictology is known, which has several grounds for it. An important feature of modernity is the increase in the number of conflicts that arise in various spheres of social interaction. The main signs of the emergence and manifestation of the conflict is the lack of mutual understanding between people, various forms of violence, aggression, terrorist acts, the presence of people in uncertainty in the future, fear of the future, the very problem of conflict in real life becomes more complicated, which leads to the relevance and importance of studying this phenomenon. We present a retrospective analysis of many researches, which examine the stages of development and formation of conflictology as an independent science, and sports conflictology as one of the emerging sectors of conflictology as a whole. It should be noted that the results of the theoretical study provide an opportunity to identify the prerequisites for the formation of the sports conflictology, which in turn allows approaching the study and the resolution of the conflict in sports overall and multi-disciplinary. Since conflictology is considered as interdisciplinary science, where large numbers of scientific disciplines studies the issue of conflict, as it is a universal phenomenon.

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Shikhmanter, Rima. "History as Politics: Contemporary Israeli Children's and Young Adults' Historical Fiction and the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict." International Research in Children's Literature 9, no. 1 (2016): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ircl.2016.0184.

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Historical fiction serves as a powerful source for the dissemination of historical images and the determination of collective memory. These roles are of particular significance in the context of severe political conflicts. In these cases historical fiction shapes the narrative of the conflict, explains its source and central events, and therefore forms the readers' political stances towards the conflict and its consequences. This article examines the role contemporary Jewish Israeli historical fiction for young adults plays in presenting the Israeli–Palestinian conflict to young readers. It discusses two of the political perspectives this fiction addresses: the traditional hegemonic narrative and the left-wing narrative. Associated with the right-wing sector of Israeli politics, the former promotes the Zionist myth and seeks to justify the necessity and morality of its premises while ignoring and/or dismissing the legitimacy of the Palestinian narrative. The lack of a consensual Jewish historical narrative that does not negate the Palestinian narrative on the one hand, and the ongoing public delegitimisation of the left-wing on the other, forces historical-fiction authors to place their plots at a historical remove, locating them in other places and times.

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12

Crowley, Peter. "The Integral Nature of Ethnicity and Religion during Northern Ireland’s Troubles." Ethnic Studies Review 41, no. 1-2 (2018): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2018.411204.

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Northern Ireland’s Troubles conflict, like many complex conflicts through the world, has often been conceived as considerably motivated by religious differences. This paper demonstrates that religion was often integrated into an ethno-religious identity that fueled sectarian conflict between Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland during the Troubles period. Instead of being a religious-based conflict, the conflict derived from historical divides of power, land ownership, and civil and political rights in Ireland over several centuries. It relies on 12 interviews, six Protestants and six Catholics, to measure their use of religious references when referring to their religious other. The paper concludes that in the overwhelming majority of cases, both groups did not use religious references, supporting the hypothesis on the integrated nature of ethnicity and religion during the Troubles. It offers grounding for looking into the complex nature of sectarian and seemingly religious conflicts throughout the world, including cases in which religion acts as more of a veneer to deeply rooted identities and historical narratives.

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KIM, IL SOO. "Daegu's Historical Conflict and Historical Reconciliation -Focusing on the October Struggle." Institute of Korean Cultural Studies Yeungnam University 76 (December 31, 2020): 367–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15186/ikc.2020.12.31.12.

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Milchakova, N. N. "TRANSFORMATION OF CAPITALISM AND SOCIALISM: HISTORICAL CONFLICT." Social - Economic Phenomena and Processes 11, no. 2 (2016): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1819-8813-2016-11-2-36-42.

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Mohan, Anand. "The historical roots of the Kashmir conflict." Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 15, no. 4 (1992): 283–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10576109208435908.

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Sawant, Ankush B. "Ethnic Conflict in Sudan in Historical Perspective." International Studies 35, no. 3 (1998): 343–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020881798035003006.

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Arreguín-Toft, Ivan. "Contemporary Asymmetric Conflict Theory in Historical Perspective." Terrorism and Political Violence 24, no. 4 (2012): 635–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2012.700624.

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Johnston, Michael. "Historical Conflict and the Rise of Standards." Journal of Democracy 2, no. 4 (1991): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jod.1991.0052.

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Panchuk, Ekaterina. "ATTITUDE TO CONFLICTS IN ETHICS OF BUSINESS COMMUNICATION." Modern Technologies and Scientific and Technological Progress 2020, no. 1 (2020): 324–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36629/2686-9896-2020-1-324-325.

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The interdisciplinary importance of studying the problem of conflict is emphasized. The historical analysis of the attitude to conflicts is given. The negative and positive functions of conflicts in business communication, the role of ethics in the prevention and resolution of conflicts are examined.

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De Juan, Alexander. "“Traditional” Resolution of Land Conflicts: The Survival of Precolonial Dispute Settlement in Burundi." Comparative Political Studies 50, no. 13 (2017): 1835–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414016688006.

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Where and how have precolonial institutions of conflict resolution remained intact? Although it is often argued that “traditional” institutions can play a key role in managing communal conflicts, little is known about the conditions of their “survival.” This article argues that historical, political, and cultural topographies are essential to understanding patterns of the persistence and demise of precolonial institutions. Traditional modes of conflict resolution remain strong where they have been internalized over centuries: in the cultural and political centers of precolonial states. I use original geocoded survey data and historical spatial information on precolonial Burundi to analyze this hypothesis. The estimations yield robust correlations between the geographic patterns of the precolonial kingdom and current modes of resource-related conflict resolution.

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Voropayeva, Tetiana. "CONFLICTIZATION OF THE CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL SPACE OF UKRAINIANNESS UNDER CONDITIONS OF MODERN THREATS: THEORY AND PRACTICE." Almanac of Ukrainian Studies, no. 25 (2019): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2019.25.6.

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The article deals with the theoretical and practical aspects of the problem of conflictization of the cultural and historical space of Ukrainianness under conditions of modern threats. The essence of conflicts is revealed in the article, the interpretation on the conflict as an attribute of social life is done, its influence on the processes of social transformations is traced. The causes and conditions of the emergence, escalation and resolution of conflicts on various levels are analyzed, the possibility and necessity of managing them is substantiated. The article is devoted to theoretical and methodological analysis of contemporary studies in conflictology. It is proved that it is reasonable to apply an integrative approach to classification of social conflicts. An integrative approach to the analysis of conflicts is the methodological basis of research, which involves its consideration not only as a source of destruction and death, but also as the initial place of development of society. The autor comes to conclusion that the term of conflictization processes has considerable scientific potential for study of social conflicts. The analysis of the essence of conflictization’s processes, their specific character and sources of emergence is done on the base of conflictological theories. The article analyzes special features of contemporary conflicts in the context of global processes. The specificity of conflictization in interstate relations in the era of globalization raise this phenomenon to transnational and even planetary scale. Under conditions of militarization of conflict interaction, the level of conflict potential also increases. The escalation of tension and the use of violence through militarization of conflict interactions leads to armed confrontation. Contemporary armed conflicts pose a significant threat to humanity as they may expand in the context of globalization. The formulating of a row of measures (of humanitarian, socio-economic and politico-military nature) is aimed to prevent challenges, dangers and threats to the national interests of Ukraine. It is also necessary to maintain a balance of forces, values, resources, political, legal and socio-economic problems in the society and the state. The importance of a comprehensive strategy of counter the destructive actions of foreign mercenaries in Ukraine has been substantiated. The focus is on the use of political and diplomatic means through the active participation of the international community and the strengthening of economic sanctions against the Russian Federation. «Smart power» is interpreted as the ability to combine the resources of «hard» and «soft» power in order to strengthen the position of Ukraine on the international scene. The importance of the strategy of «smart power» as a basis for overcoming the armed conflict on the territory of Ukraine and the reintegration of the occupied territories was substantiated. We have made an attempt to interpret conflictization processes in the framework of an integrative approach. The proneness to conflict is now playing a distinctive role in the social and political life of the Ukraine. The discursive-consensus and assertive strategies for successful solution of a social conflict is considered to be an optimal one.

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Fakurdinova, Alla G. "Resolution of labor conflicts in pricing and conflict commissions in the early Soviet period." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 186 (2020): 216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2020-25-186-216-223.

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We analyze the historical regulatory framework of the activity of pricing and conflict commissions of the early Soviet period, which existed during the period of the new economic policy. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that the quasi-judicial activity of pricing and conflict commissions is poorly studied, in this regard, the study of the quasi-judicial functions of pricing and conflict commissions is of historical importance, and also has parallels with the practice of modern labor dispute commissions. The aim of the work is to study the activity of pricing and conflict commissions during the period of the new economic policy with the study of the first Soviet regulatory documents, as well as the reconstruction of their history on archival materials of the Tambov Governorate. The research methods were the formal legal analysis of historical and legal acts of the Soviet era: a comparative analysis of the powers and activities of quasi-judicial bodies and people’s courts. Conclusions are drawn about the full formal conformity of the judicial process in modern world courts and historical quasi-judicial bodies that resolved labor disputes in the 1920s, the hierarchy of these bodies and the regulatory legal framework of their activities, as well as their integration into the system of Soviet public authorities, were reconstructed. We analyze the principles of the judicial process implemented in the activities of the commissions, such as the principles of openness, transparency, equality of parties.

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SURYATWAN, AAN, and Adis Imam Munandar. "TRANSFORMASI KONFLIK DENGAN PENDEKATAN MEDIASI PADA KONFLIK BUTON." Journal Publicuho 3, no. 2 (2020): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.35817/jpu.v3i2.12324.

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Horizontal conflict in the form of ethnicity and religion still occurs today as inter-ethnict conflict between Gunung Jaya and Sampoabalo villages. In addition to the litigation process, non-litigation steps such as mediation in conflict resolution can play an important role. This study aims to describe how the process of conflict transformation with the mediation approach to conflict that occurs in the Buton district. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method through literature studies and observations on the events of Buton and its historical social conflicts. The result of the study illustrates that conflict transformation with a mediation approach is a very effective solution to the conflicts that occur in Buton between Gunung Jaya and Sampoabalo villages by looking at the initial process to the end of conflict resolution efforts. The mediation steps in Buton conflict resolution efforts include are the Introductions stage, storytelling stage, problem solving stage and agreement stage.

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Crawford, Emily. "Tracing the Historical and Legal Development of the Levée en Masse in the Law of Armed Conflict." Journal of the History of International Law 19, no. 3 (2017): 329–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718050-12340084.

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Levée en masse – the spontaneous uprising of the civilian population against an invading force – has long been a part of the modern law of armed conflict with regard to determining who may legitimately participate in armed conflict. The concept originated during the revolutionary wars in America and France, and was incorporated into the first codified rules of armed conflict. However, despite the prevalence of the category of levée en masse in the modern laws of armed conflict, there have been few, if any, instances of levée en masse taking place in modern armed conflicts. This article examines how and why the category of levée en masse developed. In doing so, this article situates the concept and evolution of levée en masse within the history of international humanitarian law more generally.

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O'Leary, Brendan. "Europe's Embers of Nationalism." Current History 114, no. 770 (2015): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2015.114.770.101.

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There are dangerous sparks and embers of national, ethnic, and cultural conflict throughout the continent, capable of causing new conflicts and reanimating old ones, but they are mostly subdued by historical standards.

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Chernobrov, D. V. "Identity in contemporary international conflict: typology of the history of conflicts through the prism of an Other." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 3(30) (June 28, 2013): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-3-30-86-91.

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The problem of an Other and association with an identity in conflict are among the least explored areas of contemporary conflict studies which tends to regard conflict behaviour as rational. This article suggests several periods in the development and evolution of conflict depending on the role and function of the Other, thus adopting a historical-constructivist approach. From the spread of social application of self-other categories to conflict, to the technological and informational transition from traditional to ‘new’ and asymmetrical wars and counter-insurgency warfare, the Other changed form, function, and role in conflict. Supporting the argument with historical evidence, this article reconstructs the evolution of the Other and situates it in the context of social, political, and conflict-evolving realities.

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Asmal, Kader. "Water is a catalyst for peace." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 4 (2001): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0168.

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Despite much recent rhetoric predicting growing conflict, even wars, over water, the weight of historical evidence points overwhelmingly to peaceful resolution of such conflicts. Water in fact tends to act as a catalyst for cooperation.

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Severinova, Oleksandra. "EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT OF «ARMED CONFLICT»: HISTORICAL, LEGAL AND THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS." Law Journal of Donbass 74, no. 1 (2021): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32366/2523-4269-2021-74-1-20-26.

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The article analyzes the theoretical and methodological aspects of the formation and development of doctrinal ideas about the meaning of the concept of «armed conflict» in the history of world political and legal thought. The question of the name of the branch of law that regulates armed conflict, by analyzing its historical names such as «law of war», «laws and customs of war», «law of armed conflict», «international humanitarian law» and «international humanitarian law, used in armed conflicts». As a result of this analysis, it can be concluded that it would be most appropriate to use the terms «international humanitarian law» only in a narrow sense or «international humanitarian law applicable in armed conflicts», which is more cumbersome but most accurately describes the field. It is emphasized that due to the availability of new powerful weapons (economic, political, informational, cultural and weapons of mass destruction), which are dangerous both for the aggressor and for the whole world; the aggressor's desire to downplay its role in resolving conflicts in order to avoid sanctions from other countries and international organizations, as well as to prevent the loss of its authority and position on the world stage; the attempts of the aggressor countries to establish their control over the objects of aggression (including integrating them into their political, economic and security systems) without excessive damage to them is the transformation of methods and means of warfare. It is determined that the long history of the formation of the law of armed conflict has led to the adoption at the level of international law of the provision prohibiting any armed aggression in the world, which is reflected in such a principle as non-use of force or threat of force. At the same time, the UN Charter became the first international act in the history of mankind, which completely prohibited armed aggression and enshrined this principle at the international level, which is binding on all states of the modern world.

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Kutska, Olesya Mykolaivna, Tetiana Valeriivna Lavrut, Ihor Ivanovych Furman, Vadim Yurievich Bespeka, and Mykola Mykhailovych Golyk. "Intra-state water conflicts (second half of the XX- early XXI centuries): historical and geographic overview." LAPLAGE EM REVISTA 7, no. 3A (2021): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-6220202173a1359p.11-25.

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The article reveals and systematizes the main types of conflicts over drinking water, which broke out in the world during the late XX and early XXI centuries. For each type of conflict, a specific example is given and briefly disclosed its history, the main reasons for its deployment are analyzed. It is noted that the overwhelming majority of past and present conflicts are local and take place within national states. But with population growth, industrialization and urbanization, the demand for water is only growing, which leads to increased competition for it and can provoke new disputes over this resource. Separately, the conflict over access to hydro-resources on the Russian-occupied Crimean Peninsula is highlighted. The experience of studying conflicts over water demonstrates that even local disputes over hydro resources often result in human casualties, worsen people's living conditions, and carry health risks, in particular famine and epidemics.

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CRAWFORD, EMILY. "Unequal before the Law: The Case for the Elimination of the Distinction between International and Non-international Armed Conflicts." Leiden Journal of International Law 20, no. 2 (2007): 441–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s092215650700413x.

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This article examines the possibility of creating a law of armed conflict that could be uniformly applied to both international and non-international armed conflict. The article looks at the history of modern armed conflict, and charts the progression of warfare from a predominantly interstate event to that which is more likely to be characterized as non-international or internal. The increasing prevalence of non-international armed conflicts throughout the twentieth century has lead to ongoing moves on behalf of the international community to bring the regulation of such conflicts further within the ambit of international regulation. With this in mind, the article argues that such moves have blurred the historical distinction between types of armed conflict to the point where the distinction could be eliminated altogether. By looking at international treaties, tribunals, and state practice, this article asserts that the law of armed conflict could be uniformly applied, with the aim of ensuring that all participants in armed conflict are equally and humanely treated.

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Konrad, Helmut. "Historical Perspectives on Ethnic Conflict in Central Europe." History Teacher 25, no. 4 (1992): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/494352.

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Pinder, Maureen. "An historical encyclopedia of the Arab—Israeli conflict." International Affairs 72, no. 4 (1996): 854. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2624229.

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Solovjov, Alexandr I. "State and Society: New Facets of Historical Conflict." South-Russian Journal of Social Sciences 19, no. 4 (2018): 6–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31429/26190567-19-4-6-24.

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Martin, Guy. "Conflict in The Congo: Historical and Regional Perspectives." African Studies Review 48, no. 1 (2005): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/arw.2005.0025.

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Anderton, Charles. "Economic theorizing of conflict: Historical contributions, future possibilities." Defence and Peace Economics 14, no. 3 (2003): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1024269022000000840.

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Garfinkle, Adam. "An historical encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli conflict." Orbis 41, no. 1 (1997): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0030-4387(97)90107-1.

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Bix, Herbert P. "Class conflict in rural Japan: On historical methodology." Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 19, no. 3 (1987): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14672715.1987.10409878.

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Niggle, Christopher J. "Distributional Conflict and Inflation: Theoretical and Historical Perspectives." Journal of Economic Issues 32, no. 1 (1998): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00213624.1998.11506027.

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Perkins, Kenneth J., and Bernard Reich. "An Historical Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict." Journal of Military History 61, no. 1 (1997): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2953960.

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Avruch, Kevin. "A Historical Overview of Anthropology and Conflict Resolution." Anthropology News 48, no. 6 (2007): 13–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/an.2007.48.6.13.

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Dincecco, Mark, James Fenske, and Massimiliano Gaetano Onorato. "Is Africa Different? Historical Conflict and State Development." Economic History of Developing Regions 34, no. 2 (2019): 209–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20780389.2019.1586528.

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Turley, Laura. "From Power to Legitimacy—Explaining Historical and Contemporary Water Conflict at Yesa Reservoir (Spain) and Gross Reservoir (USA) Using Path Dependency." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (2021): 9305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169305.

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Conflict over new dams and reservoirs is well-studied, but less is known about controversies over the reoperation of existing water infrastructure. This paper presents two cases of reoperation that have been embroiled in conflict: the Gross Reservoir Expansion Project in Colorado, United States, and the Yesa Reservoir Regrowth project in Aragon and Navarra, Spain. A historical analysis of each of the cases relies on process tracing, reaching back to their construction in the 1950s up to present day, and a cross-case comparison distills findings on the causes of historical and contemporary conflict. The paper adds empirical evidence to the phenomenon of path dependency, and argues that a transition of the dominant mechanism of institutional reproduction occurs in the cases—from power to legitimacy—which in turn informs us about the historical and present-day conflicts. We find that through the contemporary reoperation, water service providers are experiencing a legitimacy crisis related to the quickly-evolving values of water users, and their access to competing sources of knowledge and expertise.

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Moros, Larysa. "Panteleimon Kulish’s Dramaturgy: Historical and Spiritual-Philosophical Features." Слово і Час, no. 10 (October 16, 2019): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33608/0236-1477.2019.10.44-51.

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The paper explores the ground of the ideas, plots, and schemes of conflicts in ideological dramas by P. Kulish. The two of them are conditionally symbolic while the other three are based on real historical material. The libretto of the musical performance “A Woman from the Farmstead, or Singing Praise to the Bride in front of the Wedding Guests” and multifaceted drama “Herod’s Trouble” show combination of biblical, i. e. international, elements, while the latter also contains traditional folklore features of the Ukrainian Nativity Play. The other group of works makes up the trilogy, although P. Kulish interprets the selected topics in different ways and every time uses special literary techniques. The tragedy “Baida, Prince Vyshnevetskyi” depicts the conflict between the real historical figure, who was the founder of the regular Cossack army and folklore character, and representative of the Cossack poor, therefore between the knightly and lumpen forces. The heroes of the drama “Petro Sahaidachnyi” are prominent figures of the Ukrainian authorities, church, and culture of the 17th century, so the main conflict is determined by the concern for the development of cultural life; it unfolds in intellectual and philosophical sphere. The characters reflect on the problems of confrontation, combination of faith and science, possibility of spiritual or political struggle, etc. The ‘Old Ruthenian’ drama “Tsar Nalyvai” (the action takes place in the hot 1596) is the most dynamic; it has the most elaborate intrigue, but here the focus is rather on the deep symbolic language than on revealing the emotional or intellectual world of the characters. There are also some common features in all the dramas by Kulish. The author interpreted historical events estimated as the most important in a way of ideological conflict, combining historical phenomena and figures with symbolic (biblical and folklore) images and details.

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Steele, Godfrey A. "Visibility and meaningful recognition for First Peoples: A critical discourse studies approach to communication, culture and conflict intersections in seeking social justice." Discourse & Communication 14, no. 5 (2020): 489–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750481320917553.

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Conflict revolves around communication and culture intersections. This interplay has historical antecedents and contemporary applications. Conflicts involving Indigenous Peoples and colonizers appear in literary representations (e.g. Shakespeare’s The Tempest), and contests between communities and cultures in historical, political and social settings. Amnesty International reports Indigenous Peoples’ realities and efforts to lobby for social justice. One effort is in becoming visible and seeking meaningful recognition examined in media coverage of the First Peoples’ holiday in Trinidad and Tobago, and resonates in conflicts reported elsewhere between Indigenous Peoples and others. Using media reports, interviews and other texts, this article employs a critical discourse studies approach to trace narrative elements and themes of communication, culture and conflict interplay, and interpret the contested expression and meaning of these texts to describe, understand, explain and construct a theoretical and applied account of resistance against unequal treatment.

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Shaw, Martin. "Palestine and Genocide: An International Historical Perspective Revisited." Holy Land Studies 12, no. 1 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/hls.2013.0056.

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This commentary reviews the responses to an earlier article, ‘Palestine in an International Historical Perspective on Genocide’ (Holy Land Studies, 9:1, 1–25), arguing that they illustrate both the possibilities and the limitations of serious debate about these issues. The responses mostly neglected the analytical core of the argument relating to 1948, which is therefore restated, emphasising Palestine's unique combination of elements that were parts of three general patterns implicated in genocide production (settler colonialism, East European nationalism, conflicts of decolonisation). The paper also gives further attention to the implications of the perspective for understanding the ‘genocide’ question in the subsequent history of the Israel-Palestine conflict.

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Jiang, Ruoxi, Shunying Zhu, Pan Wang, QiuCheng Chen, He Zou, and Shiping Kuang. "In Search of the Consequence Severity of Traffic Conflict." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (July 13, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9089817.

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Currently, many studies on the severity of traffic conflicts only considered the possibility of potential collisions but ignored the consequences severity of potential collisions. Aiming toward this defect, this study establishes a potential collision (serious conflict) consequences severity model on the basis of vehicle collision theory. Regional vehicles trajectory data and historical traffic accident data were obtained. The field data were brought into the conflict consequences severity model to calculate the conflict severity rate of each section under different TTC thresholds. For comparison, the traditional conflict rate of each section under different TTC thresholds that considered only the number of conflicts was also calculated. Results showed that the relationship between conflict severity rate and influencing factors was somehow different. The conflict severity rate seemed to have a higher correlation with accident rate and accident severity rate than conflict rate did. The TTC threshold value also affected the correlation between conflicts and accidents, with high and low TTC threshold indicating a lower correlation. The results showed that conflict severity rate that considered each single conflict consequence severity was a little better than the traditional conflict rate that considered only the numbers of conflicts in reflecting real risks as a new conflict evaluation indicator. The severity of traffic conflicts should consider two dimensions: the possibility and consequence of potential collisions. Based on this, we propose a new traffic safety evaluation method that takes into account the severity of the consequences of the conflict. More data and prediction models are needed to conduct more realistic and complex research in the future to ensure reliability of this new method.

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BAUDAINS, P., H. M. FRY, T. P. DAVIES, A. G. WILSON, and S. R. BISHOP. "A dynamic spatial model of conflict escalation." European Journal of Applied Mathematics 27, no. 3 (2015): 530–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956792515000558.

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In both historical and modern conflicts, space plays a critical role in how interactions occur over time. Despite its importance, the spatial distribution of adversaries has often been neglected in mathematical models of conflict. In this paper, we propose an entropy-maximising spatial interaction method for disaggregating the impact of space, employing a general notion of ‘threat’ between two adversaries. This approach addresses a number of limitations that are associated with partial differential equation approaches to spatial disaggregation. We use this method to spatially disaggregate the Richardson model of conflict escalation, and then explore the resulting model with both analytical and numerical treatments. A bifurcation is identified that dramatically influences the resulting spatial distribution of conflict and is shown to persist under a range of model specifications. Implications of this finding for real-world conflicts are discussed.

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Hu, Shen, and Wenqi Hao. "Literature Review of Historical Building Restoration Technology." E3S Web of Conferences 233 (2021): 03066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123303066.

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There are many directions and schools in the research on the restoration of historical buildings. The conflict of values between these directions and schools, the deviation of repair methods and practices, the insufficient performance of restoration technology in historical buildings, and the potential background factors affecting these conflicts and deviations are all factors to be considered. This study analyzes the relevant literature and puts forward the conceptual views, and finally produces a research plan for the extensive discussion and understanding of the literature. In addition, this study also hopes to reveal the substantive problems of unreasonable use or lack of use of historical buildings, demolition of old buildings to build new ones, and disconnection of theory and technology. And find a practical building repair technology

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Nokhrin, I. M. "ABKHAZ-GEORGIAN ETHNOPOLITICAL CONFLICT AS A COMPLEX CONFLICT AND PROSPECTS FOR ITS SETTLEMENT." Вестник Удмуртского университета. Социология. Политология. Международные отношения 5, no. 1 (2021): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2587-9030-2021-5-1-57-64.

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The paper addresses the issue of Abkhaz-Georgian ethnopolitical conflict treating it as not a single process but as the complex case that consists of several consecutive self-sufficient conflicts or sub-conflicts during which different parties had various goals and escalated the situation trying to achieve miscellaneous aims. Although each of these sub-conflicts are looking like historical phases of one conflict, each of them has its own logic and, therefore, requires to be analyzed separately. The first sub-conflict of 1991-1994 can be quite accurately explained from the structuralist perspective as an attempt of the Abkhaz to reconsider their status and break the discriminative social structures developed during imperial and Soviet rule. The second phase 1994-2008 was the period of nationalist mobilization and the new clashes and atrocities were the result of the Georgian and Abkhaz elites’ intention to strengthen their legitimacy and power. Russia's role in this case fits well with the concept of "humanitarian intervention" and does not correspond to the Roger Brubaker’s famous “triadic nexus” (1996). Finally, the last phase of conflict since 2008 can be hardly called an ethnopolitical conflict itself since peace and the military status quo were established after the war of 2008 which neither side can challenge. Therefore, after 2008, it is more appropriate to speak about the need of post-conflict reconciliation instead of Abkhaz-Georgian ethnopolitical conflict. However, none of the parties has taken steps towards this reconciliation yet because the settlement of the conflict is impossible while it continues to be used for nationalist mobilization.

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Welling, David, and Joshua Tyler. "Historical Perspectives on Colorectal Trauma Management." Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery 31, no. 01 (2017): 005–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1602174.

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AbstractThe authors discuss the history and evolution of management of traumatic wounds to the colon and rectum, summarizing early management parallel with the history of armed conflict followed by the increase in research and management interest by civilian centers in the post-Vietnam era. They explore the strong opinions of the early thought-leaders such as DeBakey and Ogilvie, detailing factors that may have impacted their views. The current literature on optimal management of both colon and rectal trauma is reviewed, including the contentious debate over which patients may benefit from diversion. Current organ injury staging and clinical practice guidelines are also reviewed, as well as lessons learned by the U.S. military in recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. Understanding of the evolution of colon and rectal trauma management, as well as the current literature, will help surgeons in their decision-making and management of these challenging injuries.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Historical Conflict'

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