Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Historical etymology of words'

This thesis is concerned with the correlation between cultural values and the semantic content of words over time; toward this purpose, the research focuses on Judeo-Christian religious terminology in the English language. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is of central interest to this study, and the implications of the hypothesis, including a bidirectional interpretation allowing for both the influence of language on worldview and culture on language, is of great relevance to the research findings and conclusions. The paper focuses on the etymology and sources of religious terminology in the English language, the prominent category of terms with both religious and secular applications attained through semantic shift, and the role of religious words as English taboo. The research findings imply that a bidirectional understanding of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is the correct one. This is achieved both through analysis of historical events and linguistic development which emphasize the speaker's role in language development and through the study of societal values that are reinforced through linguistic practices, namely taboo.

This paper proposes the notion that words mirror ideas, perspectives and worldviews. Etymologies and meanings of general words for ‘islands’ in a number of languagesin North and West Europe are then discussed. Here, islands are shown to be etymologicallyconstituted by the interplay between land and water, and which of these two is emphasizedvaries. In the third section, a number of Swedish island words are surveyed, in an attemptto illuminate the principle of linguistic relativity. Finally, the implications of these findingsfor island studies are discussed.

Verba Vana, or ‘empty words’, are named as among the defining features of London by a late fourteenth-century Anglo-Latin poem which itemises the properties of seven English cities. This thesis examines the implications of this description; it explores, in essence, what it meant to live, work, and especially write, in an urban space notorious for the vacuity of its words. The thesis demonstrates that anxieties concerning the notoriety of empty words can be detected in a wide variety of surviving urban writings produced in the 1380s and 1390s. These include anxieties not only about idle talk – such as janglynge, slander, and other sins of the tongue – but also about the deficiencies of official discourses which are partisan, fragmentary and susceptible to contradiction and revision. This thesis explores these anxieties over the course of four discrete chapters. Chapter one, focusing on Letter-Book H, Richard Maidstone’s Concordia and Geoffrey Chaucer’s Cook’s Tale, considers how writers engaged with the urban power struggles that were played out on Cheapside. Chapter two, examining the 1388 Guild Petitions, considers how the London guilds legitimised their textual endeavours and argues that the famous Mercers’ Petition is a translation of the hitherto-ignored Embroiderers’ Petition. Chapter three, looking at several works by Chaucer, John Gower, the Monk of Westminster and various urban officials, explores the discursive space that emerges following justified and unjustified executions. Chapter four, focusing on Chaucer’s Squire’s Tale and John Clanvowe’s Boke of Cupide, contends that the crises of speech and authority that these poems dramatise can be productively read within the context of the Merciless Parliament of 1388. Through close textual analysis, this thesis analyses specific responses to the prevalence of empty words in the city, while also reflecting more broadly on the remarkable cultural, linguistic, social, and political developments witnessed in this period.

La localització de paraules en el camp de anàlisis de documents es pot definir com el reconeixement de patrons encarregat de localitzar i recuperar una paraula específica dins d'una col·lecció d'imatges sense transcriure explícitament el corpus sencer. El seu ús és particularment interessant quan s'aplica a escenaris on el reconeixement òptic de caràcters funciona malament o no es pot utilitzar en absolut. Aquesta tesi se centra en un escenari d'aquest tipus, detectar paraules en documents manuscrits històrics que han estat escrits per un sol autor o per diversos autors amb una cal·ligrafia similar. Aquest problema requereix d'una signatura visual que sigui robusta contra artefactes de les imatges, flexible per adaptar-se a les variacions del traç i que sigui eficient per recuperar la informació de manera ràpida. Per a això, hem desenvolupat un conjunt de mètodes de localització de paraules que, en la seva base, utilitzen la coneguda representació Bag-of-Visual-Words (BoVW). Aquesta representació ha guanyat popularitat entre la comunitat d'anàlisi d'imatges de documents per caracteritzar paraules manuscrites en tasques no supervisades. Tanmateix, la majoria d'enfocaments en aquest camp es basen en una configuració bàsica de BoVW i ignoren les codificacions complexes i les representacions espacials. Determinem quines configuracions de BoVW proporcionen el millor increment de rendiment. A continuació, estenem la localització de paraules de sistemes on aquestes estan pre-segmentades a un on no utilitzem cap tipus de segmentació. L'enfocament proposat selecciona regions sobreposades del document com a candidates i les caracteritza amb una signatura BoVW. La localització s'aconsegueix comparant la imatge de consulta amb les signatures dels candidats i retornant les ubicacions que tenen un consens més alt. Aquest és un enfocament senzill però potent que requereix una signatura compacta. Primer projectem la signatura BoVW en un espai de temes semàntics i després la comprimim encara més mitjançant un producte de quantificadors. La signatura resultant requereix només unes dotzenes de bytes, cosa que ens permet indexar milers de pàgines en un ordinador de sobretaula estàndard. També estudiem com combinar diferents modalitats d'informació per tal de crear un sistema on les paraules s'indexa mitjançant una modalitat d'informació i les consultes mitjançant una altra. Considerem tres modalitats d'informació diferents: visual, textual i àudio. La nostra proposta és crear un espai de característiques latents on les característiques relacionades semànticament es projectin sobre els mateixos temes latents. Creant així un nou espai on la informació de diferents modalitats es pugui comparar. Els diccionaris que s'utilitzen per codificar les signatures BoVW es creen generalment mitjançant un algorisme de no supervisat i requereixen provar diversos paràmetres per determinar quina configuració és la millor per a una col·lecció de documents determinada. Proposem un algorisme d'agrupament semàntic que permet estimar els paràmetres a partir de dades. Atès que la recopilació de dades anotades és costosa, fem servir imatges de paraules generades sintèticament. El diccionari resultant proporciona un bon rendiment a les col·leccions de documents que utilitzen el mateix estil de text. També proposem l'ús d'un diccionari addicional per aproximar els descriptors i reduir la complexitat de codificació del descriptor a sub-lineal. Finalment, ens centrem en el problema de la dimensionalitat de les signatures. Proposem una nova signatura on cada element representa la probabilitat que un determinat símbol tingui una determinada ubicació dins la imatge de la paraula. Aquesta signatura és extremadament compacta i combinada amb tècniques de compressió, pot representar la imatge d'una paraula amb només uns quants bytes.<br>La detección de palabras se puede definir como el reconocimiento de patrones cuyo objetivo es localizar y recuperar una palabra clave específica dentro de una colección de imágenes de documentos sin transcribir explícitamente todo el corpus. Su uso es particularmente interesante cuando se aplica en escenarios donde el reconocimiento óptico de caracteres funciona mal o no se puede utilizar en absoluto. Esta tesis se centra en tal escenario, la detección de palabras en documentos históricos escritos a mano que han sido escritos por un solo autor o por varios autores con una caligrafía similar. Este problema requiere una signatura visual que sea robusta a los artefactos de la imagen, flexible para adaptarse a las variaciones del trazo y eficiente para recuperar información de manera rápida. Para ello, hemos desarrollado un conjunto de métodos de detección de palabras que, en su base, utilizan la conocida representación de Bag-of-Visual-Words (BoVW). Esta representación ha ganado popularidad entre la comunidad de análisis de imágenes de documentos para caracterizar palabras escritas a mano en tareas de detección no supervisadas. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los enfoques en este campo se basan en una configuración básica de BoVW y no tienen en cuenta la codificación compleja y las representaciones espaciales. Determinamos qué configuraciones de BoVW proporcionan el mejor impulso de rendimiento al sistema de detección. Luego, ampliamos la detección de palabras de sistemas donde estas están pre-segmentadas a uno sin segmentación. El enfoque propuesto selecciona regiones solapadas del documento como candidatas y las caracteriza con BoVW. La localización se logra comparando la imagen de consulta con las regiones candidatas y y devolviendo las ubicaciones que proporcionan un mayor consenso. Este es un enfoque simple pero poderoso que requiere una signatura compacta. Primero proyectamos la signatura BoVW en un espacio de temas semánticos y luego lo comprimimos aún más usando un producto de cuantificadores. La signatura resultante solo requiere unas pocas docenas de bytes, lo que nos permite indexar miles de páginas en una ordenador de sobremesa común. También estudiamos cómo combinar diferentes modalidades de información para crear un sistema donde las palabras se indexa usando una modalidad de información y las consultas se usando otra. Consideramos tres modalidades de información diferentes: visual, textual y audio. Nuestra propuesta es crear un espacio de características latentes donde las características que están relacionadas semánticamente se proyectan sobre los mismos temas. Creando así un nuevo espacio de características donde la información procedente de diferentes modalidades se puede comparar. Los diccionarios utilizados para codificar las signaturas BoVW se crean generalmente utilizando un algoritmo de agrupación no supervisado y requieren probar múltiples parámetros para determinar qué configuración es la mejor para una determinada colección de documentos. Proponemos un algoritmo de agrupamiento semántico que permite estimar el mejor parámetro a partir de los datos. Dado que recopilar datos anotados es costoso, utilizamos imágenes de palabras generadas sintéticamente. El diccionario resultante ofrece un buen rendimiento en colecciones de documentos que utilizan el mismo estilo de escritura. También proponemos el uso de un diccionario adicional para aproximar descriptores y reducir la complejidad de codificación del descriptor a sub-lineal. Finalmente, nos enfocamos en el problema de la dimensionalidad de las signaturas. Proponemos una nueva signatura de probabilidad de símbolo donde cada elemento representa la probabilidad de que un determinado símbolo esté presente en una determinada ubicación de la imagen de la palabra. Esta signatura es extremadamente compacta y combinada con técnicas de compresión puede representar la imágenes de una palabras usando solo unos pocos bytes.<br>Word spotting can be defined as the pattern recognition tasked aimed at locating and retrieving a specific keyword within a document image collection without explicitly transcribing the whole corpus. Its use is particularly interesting when applied in scenarios where Optical Character Recognition performs poorly or can not be used at all. This thesis focuses on such a scenario, word spotting on historical handwritten documents that have been written by a single author or by multiple authors with a similar calligraphy. This problem requires a visual signature that is robust to image artifacts, flexible to accommodate script variations and efficient to retrieve information in a rapid manner. For this, we have developed a set of word spotting methods that on their foundation use the well known Bag-of-Visual-Words (BoVW) representation. This representation has gained popularity among the document image analysis community to characterize handwritten words in unsupervised manner. However, most approaches on this field rely on a basic BoVW configuration and disregard complex encoding and spatial representations. We determine which BoVW configurations provide the best performance boost to the spotting system. Then, we extend the segmentation-based word spotting, where word candidates are given a priori, to segmentation-free spotting. The proposed approach seeds the document images with overlapping word location candidates and characterizes them with a BoVW signature. Retrieval is achieved comparing the query and candidate signatures and returning the locations that provide a higher consensus. This is a simple but powerful approach that requires a more compact signature than in a segmentation-based scenario. We first project the BoVW signature into a reduced semantic topics space and then compress it further using Product Quantizers. The resulting signature only requires a few dozen bytes, allowing us to index thousands of pages on a common desktop computer. The final system still yields a performance comparable to the state-of-the-art despite all the information loss during the compression phases. We also study how to combine different modalities of information in order to create a query-by-X spotting system where, words are indexed using an information modality and queries are retrieved using another. We consider three different information modalities: visual, textual and audio. Our proposal is to create a latent feature space where features which are semantically related are projected onto the same topics. Creating thus a new feature space where information from different modalities can be compared. The codebooks used to encode the BoVW signatures are usually created using an unsupervised clustering algorithm and, they require to test multiple parameters to determine which configuration is best for a certain document collection. We propose a semantic clustering algorithm which allows to estimate the best parameter from data. Since gather annotated data is costly, we use synthetically generated word images. The resulting codebook is database agnostic, i.e. a codebook that yields a good performance on document collections that use the same script. We also propose the use of an additional codebook to approximate descriptors and reduce the descriptor encoding complexity to sub-linear. Finally, we focus on the problem of signatures dimensionality. We propose a new symbol probability signature where each bin represents the probability that a certain symbol is present a certain location of the word image. This signature is extremely compact and combined with compression techniques can represent word images with just a few bytes per signature.<br>Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Informàtica

This thesis is a theory focused critical contextualisation of the novels of Don DeLillo that situates the author at the forefront of contemporary literatures of resistance. Through a detailed examination of a number of his works, and a generic discussion of all, it makes the argument that, by foregrounding a number of radical aesthetic methodologies such as controlled monologism and what Fredric Jameson terms 'the transcoding of perceptual terminologies' - or the emplacement of multiple theoretical positions within the totality of the novel - DeLillo attempts to compel his reader into coming to terms with their linguistically circumscribed personal ontology. The first, introductory chapter, an analysis of the writer's depictions of the social environment of contemporary America and his metatheoretical solutions to what cultural commentator Jean Baudrillard calls 'hyperreality' - the hegemonic prevalence of serial signs and simulations that self-reproduce and separate humanity from the 'real' world - sets up the proposition that DeLillo's ambivalent attitude to language, his representations of subjects struggling to find their own voice and name, is connected to a politically motivated aesthetic that provides the reader with a kind of 'cognitive mapping,' enabling them to contextualise themselves within the confusing spatial and temporal dimensions of the late-capitalist postmodern world. The propositions introduced in chapter one are then built upon in three wholly original close-readings of some of DeLillo's best known works. Chapter two examines DeLillo's controversial metafictional historiography Libra through the critical lens of the sublime and Jean-Francois Lyotard's binary of the discursive and figural - discussing how DeLillo's Oswald is constructed within the text in order to connect with Lyotard's ideas on postmodern representation. This is followed in chapter three by a Bakhtinian reading of DeLillo's early work Ratner's Star that clarifies the process of cognitive mapping, and an ecocritical analysis of Underworld in chapter four that consolidates and expands the drive of the thesis. The thesis will conclude by offering a final chapter that summarises DeLillo's methodology and opens the argument out to include parallels between DeLillo's practice and that of comparable European metatheorists.

This thesis is a literary linguistic study of lexical innovation in fiction. It uses corpus linguistic methods and concepts of morphological theory to develop a new word typology and to examine new words as to their role in directing a reader's imagination and with regard to their frequency and distribution in classic English literature between 1750 and 1923. A 56 million word corpus consisting of a homogenous variety of texts converted from online literature databases serves as the basis for a chronologically structured new word extraction. This is carried out aided by the concordancer programme AntConc. The following three aspects are addressed in this research. The first attempts to explain why certain new words appear newer than other equally novel forms. It demonstrates that the factors influencing a word's novelty effect are wordlike-ness, morpheme content, and formal and semantic analogy. A new word typology is derived from these. A second main section focuses on stylistic aspects. If the words we use influence the way we think, as theorised in the principle of linguistic relativity, then forming new words and reading these should influence the way we think about what they describe. The second element identifies the strategies authors may use to affect their readers' associations through word formation. A third section is a frequency and distribution analysis of the new words extracted, taking historical developments, text mode and form, genre, and new word types into account. It adds quantitative data to the qualitative investigation preceding it, showing that verse and prose, text forms, and genres as well as time periods differ in the new words they produce and providing evidence for the characteristics of each.

Este trabalho tem como objeto de estudo palavras derivadas presentes no português que possuem os sufixos agem, igem, ugem, ádego, ádigo, e ádiga em sua formação, e que estão presentes no Dicionário eletrônico Houaiss da língua portuguesa. O objetivo é conhecer e classificar os aspectos semânticos destes sufixos a partir do significado contido na criação da palavra, independentemente da língua em que foi formada. Por tratar-se de pesquisa de caráter diacrônico, o método utilizado foi o histórico, pois, através da pesquisa etimológica, examinaremos a função primitiva dos sufixos que compõem nossa análise. Deste modo, trata-se inicialmente da questão da formação de palavras e suas teorias; depois, sobre a origem destes sufixos e a importância das línguas em que estão presentes. Em seguida, são explicitadas (i) as classes e subclasses empregadas na classificação dos vocábulos, baseadas em Rio-Torto (1998) e em sua versão, criada pelo Grupo de Morfologia Histórica do Português, (ii) a análise etimológica das palavras e (iii) a análise semântico-categorial dos sufixos agem, ádega, ádego, ádigo, igem e ugem em português. Por último, analisam-se itens lexicais formados contemporaneamente com o sufixo agem.<br>The object of this work is derived words present in Portuguese that own the suffixes agem, igem, ugem, ádego, ádigo and ádiga in their formation and that are in the Dicionário eletrônico Houaiss da língua poruguesa [Electronic Dictionary Houaiss of the Portuguese Language]. The aim is to know and to classify these suffixes in the semantics aspects that are contained in the creation of the word, independently of the language in which it was formed. As this research has a diachronic character, the method used was the historical, since it will be examined the primitive function of the suffixes that compose this analysis across etymological research. Therefore, initially its treated the issue of the word formation and its theories; afterwards, the origin of the suffixes and the importance of the languages in which they are present. After that, (i) the classes and subclasses used in the classification of the words, based on Rio-Torto (1998) and in its version, created by Grupo de Morfologia Histórica do Português [Group of Historical Morphology of the Portuguese Language], (ii) the etymological analysis of the words and (iii) the semantic-categorial analysis of the suffixes agem, ádega, ádego, ádigo, igem and ugem in Portuguese are explicited. Finally, items formed with the suffix agem in recent years are analyzed.

Esta tese apresenta, por um lado, uma descrição sumária do funcionamento dos sufixos latinos -men e -mentum em relação à sua produção lexical, às suas características morfológicas e semânticas e a informação semântica estrutural de suas palavras derivadas, no Latim. Por outro, analisa, de modo exaustivo, como o sufixo -mentum desenvolveu-se nas principais línguas românicas: Castelhano, Francês, Italiano e Romeno, para poder contrastar com o Português. Apresentamos primeiramente uma proposta de origem para o sufixo latino - mentum, diferente da bibliografia existente sobre o assunto, que indica que -mentum advém de um alargamento de -men. Para isso, montamos um corpus de análise das palavras latinas, identificando as bases nominal e verbal das palavras em -men e em -mentum; em seguida, analisamos a datação dessas palavras para, ao final, verificar o significado do sufixo em cada uma delas, resultando numa proposta de genealogia dos sufixos -men / -mentum. Na segunda parte desta tese, apresentamos a derivação panromânica do sufixo latino -mentum. Montamos um corpus para cada língua pesquisada, de modo exaustivo, com indicação de data de entrada, étimo, origem e aspecto semântico. Em cada capítulo, analisamos todos os itens, exceto no Português, em que não realizamos pesquisa feita previamente em Freitas (2008), sobre a semântica dessas palavras. Em todas as línguas, propusemos uma árvore genealógica do sufixo estudado sob um aspecto semântico, mostrando o caminho feito pelo sufixo por meio de seus significados. Ao final, propomos um modelo de análise etimológica para as línguas românicas e uma genealogia do sufixo -mentum, do Latim às românicas.<br>This thesis presents, on the one hand, a brief description of the functioning of Latin suffixes -men and -mentum related to their lexical production, their morphological and semantic characteristics as well as the structural semantic information of their derived words in Latin. On the other hand, it analyses exhaustively the development of the suffix -mentum in the main Romance languages: Spanish, French, Italian and Romanian, so that we can contrast them with Portuguese. First, we present a proposal for the origins of the Latin suffix -mentum, different from the existing bibliography on the subject, which suggests that -mentum comes from an enlargement of -men. Thus, we have organised a corpus for the analysis of the Latin words, identifying the nominal and verbal bases of words ending in -men and -mentum; then, we analyse the datings of these words, so that we can verify the meaning of the suffix in each one of them, which results in a proposal for the genealogy of both suffixes -men / -mentum. In the second part of the thesis, we present the PanRomance derivation of Latin suffix -mentum. We have organized an exhaustive corpus for each language, indicating the first datings, etymon, origin and semantic aspect. In each chapter, we have analysed every item, but for Portuguese, in which we have not made the research previously presented in Freitas (2008) about the semantics of these words. For every language we have proposed a genealogical tree for the suffix, in its semantic aspect, showing the routes taken by the suffix through its meanings. Finally, we have proposed a model for etymological analysis for Romance languages, and a genealogy of the suffix -mentum, from Latin to Romance languages.

Esta dissertação é principalmente um estudo de Etimologia; porém, tem um caráter interdisciplinar, pois nos valhamos de outros estudos linguísticos, como a Morfologia, Fonologia, Linguística Histórica, Semântica, assim como os Estudos de Tradução e de Filologia. O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar a etimologia de alguns elementos lexicais terminados em -ção, que têm cognatas em -sjon no norueguês. Estes elementos são atribuídos aos chamados internacionalismos que, por sua vez, integram o conjunto de empréstimos na língua. Para analisar a etimologia de cada uma das palavras da amostragem, pesquisamos o terminus a quo de cada cognata, tanto do português quanto do norueguês, e também de outras línguas do ramo latino e germânico a fim de traçar o caminho percorrido pelo elemento lexical. Propusemos outros procedimentos para fortalecer a determinação do étimo destes elementos lexicais. A análise deste tipo de elemento lexical é um grande desafio, uma vez que suas cognatas têm grafia e pronúncia muito parecidas. Também nos propusemos a comparar os resultados de nossa pesquisa etimológica com as informações contidas em outros dicionários: no Grande Dicionário Houaiss, para a língua portuguesa, no Bokmål Ordbok, no Nynorsk Ordbok (ambos da Universidade de Bergen), no Norsk Ordbok e no Riskmålsordbok, para a língua norueguesa. Consultamos muitas obras online e corpora para a realização dessa pesquisa. O Google Books e a Biblioteca Nacional da Noruega (Nasjonalbibliothek) foram fundamentais para este fim.<br>The present dissertation is mainly an etymological study. It has, however, an interdisciplinary character as it is part of other linguistics studies, such as Morphology, Phonology, Historical Linguistics, Semantics, as well as Translation Studies and Philology. The aim of this work is to analyse the etymology of some lexical elements formed by the derivational suffix -ção in the Portuguese language with cognates formed by -sjon in the Norwegian language. These elements are assigned to the internationalisms which, in turn, are part of the set of loanwords in the language. With a view to analysing each of the collected lexical elements of the sampling, we searched for the terminus a quo of each cognate both in the Portuguese language and in the Norwegian language as well as in the other Romance and Germanic languages. From this collection, we succeeded in tracing the path each word took. Furthermore, we proposed other procedures to strengthen the establishment of the etymon of these lexical elements. Such an analysis is a big challenge, since the cognates are very alike both in the spelling and in the pronunciation. We also aimed to compare the results of our research with the etymological information provided by the Dicionário Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa and by some Norwegian dictionaries, such as Bokmål Ordbok, Nynorsk Ordbok (both from the Bergen University), Norsk Ordbok and Riksmålsordbok. We accessed many online works and corpora in order to carry out our research. The Google Books and the National Library of Norway (Nasjonalbibliothek) were fundamental for this end.

This thesis explores the pedagogical practices signified by the pedagogical term ‘project;’ which have traditionally been associated with enquiry based progressive ways of working with young children aimed at facilitating levels of both child and teacher autonomy (Hadow, 1931, Plowden 1967, Rinaldi, 2006). There is an early focus upon historical project constructions bounded by the Hadow reports starting in 1921 to a key Estyn document of 1999, the year of Welsh devolution. This diachronic lens tracks the trajectory of understanding associated with ‘projects’ through an analysis of documentary evidence and is later drawn upon in the empirical study. A central aim is to make visible the perceived role of the practitioner and associated pedagogical practices utilised within ‘projects’ at different points in history; in so doing it also aims to illuminate the unstable and context laden nature of pedagogical terminology in circulation. The core of the study is the empirical focus – an embedded case study (Yin, 2009) which explored contemporary project interpretations within one Welsh local authority, as a ‘new’ (DCELLS, 2008a) and ‘radical’ (Maynard et al., 2012) early years curriculum, the Foundation Phase was introduced. Participants were located within the same ecological frame, sharing minimal dissimilarity: bounded within a specific geographical location (a five mile radius); a particular curriculum (the Foundation Phase) and at an explicit point in history. A central aim was to consider understandings of the role of the adult and associated pedagogical practices within contemporary project constructions and in so doing to further consider interpretations of the new Foundation Phase Curriculum, in which particular constructions were situated. The study was underpinned by a constructionist position with the research process viewed as dialogic and subjective in nature (Steer, 1991). Teachers were observed; exemplar documentary evidence collected and follow-up interviews used in a collaborative cycle of ‘meaning making.’ Bernsteinian notions of pedagogy and framing were utilised as analytical tools aimed at exploring how projects were interpreted, whilst Foucauldian notions of discourses were utilised to explain why projects may have been viewed in particular ways. Pedagogical practices associated with three broad project categories were made visible through analysis. Findings indicate that there were noteworthy differences particularly in relation to the varying levels of autonomy offered to the child and the associated positions adopted by the teacher. Whilst teachers used a range of progressive language such as ‘child initiated, ’ the practices noted were often constraining and resonated with a discourse of regulatory modernity (Moss, 2007) as participants succumbed to the ‘regulatory gaze’ (Osbourne, 2006). Since participants were identified because of their contextual similarities, differences in ‘project’ interpretations were deemed to be illustrative of the complex nature of the meaning making process and it is subsequently theorised that pedagogical terms are both context and value laden. This research may be significant within the Welsh context where the 'Foundation Phase' attempts to balance teacher and child agency but at the same time still retains a focus upon pre-specified outcomes. These findings may subsequently have implications for the policy to practice trajectory.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude du suffixe protoroman */-'ur-a/ et, par ce biais, à l’étude de la morphologie dérivationnelle du protoroman. D’une part, nous fournissons un examen approfondi et détaillé des unités lexicales protoromanes présentant le suffixe */-'ur-a/ et, d’autre part, nous offrons une analyse pointue des propriétés phonologiques, morphologiques et sémantiques du suffixe */-'ur-a/. La première partie de ce travail consiste en une brève introduction et en la présentation de la méthodologie dont nous nous sommes servie pour nos recherches : celle de la reconstruction comparée et celle de la reconstruction interne. Ensuite, nous jetons un coup de projecteur sur les deux domaines qui sont particulièrement intéressants dans le cadre de l’étude d’un suffixe protoroman : la reconstruction en domaine roman et la reconstruction morphologique. Cette première partie se conclut par l’explication de notre choix de nomenclature – avec une brève analyse des lexèmes rejetés –, par l’explicitation de nos processus de recherche et par la présentation de la microstructure utilisée pour les articles étymologiques. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse figurent les articles étymologiques des 45 étymons protoromans portant le suffixe */-'ur-a/ que nous avons pu reconstruire. Chaque article étymologique est accompagné d’une carte linguistique qui donne une vue globale sur la distribution aréologie de l’étymon en question.Enfin, la troisième partie de notre travail se veut une analyse approfondie et détaillée des propriétés phonologiques, morphologiques et sémantiques du suffixe */-'ur-a/ ainsi qu’une analyse de la variation diasystémique de la protolangue<br>This thesis is dedicated to studying the Protoromance suffix */-'ur-a/ and, hence, to studying derivational morphology of Protoromance. On the one hand, we provide an extensive and detailed exam of Protoromance lexical units presenting the suffix */-'ur-a/ and, on the other hand, we produce a thorough analysis of the phonological, morphological and semantic properties of the suffix */-'ur-a/.The first part of this work consists of a short introduction and of the presentation of the methodology that we used in our research : the methodology of compared reconstruction and of internal reconstruction. Then, we focus on the two fields that are particularly interesting in the context of studying a Protoromance suffix : reconstruction in Romance studies and morphological reconstruction. This first part closes up with an explanation of our nomenclature – including a short analysis of the rejected words –, a specification of our research process and a presentation of the microstructure used for our etymological articles.In the second part of our thesis appear the etymological articles of all 45 Protoromance etymons with the suffix */-'ur-a/ that we were able to reconstruct. Each etymological article comes with a linguistic map that provides a global view of the geographical distribution of the concerned etymon.Finally, the third part of our work is a thorough and detailed analysis of the phonological, morphological and semantic properties of the Protoromance suffix */-'ur-a/ and of the diasystemic variation of the Protoromance language

Studies have demonstrated that classroom climate strongly affects the likelihood of students communicating within the classroom (e.g., Henson & Denker, 2009; Ifert Johnson, 2009). Furthermore, students are more likely to engage within a supportive environment (Myers & Claus, 2012). By exploring the impact of classroom discussions of diversity, such as gender, race, sexuality and class, this panel seeks to highlight the importance, difficulties, and possibilities of discussing diverse issues while maintaining a supportive classroom climate.

This practice-led research project explores English and French sentimental jewellery of the Victorian period. ‘Sentimental jewellery’ or ‘message jewellery’ denotes jewellery created to function as a tangible expression of feeling between donor and recipient, mediated through complex narratives relating to its exchange. These artefacts codify emotion through use of complex visual languages, employing the symbolic and coded use of gems, human hair, emblems, words and wordplay. The research has expanded to encompass memorial garments known as ‘widows weeds’. The aims of the research have been threefold: firstly, to add to understanding and interpretation of aspects of Victorian sentimental jewellery and associated craft practices; secondly, to explore the metaphors and narratives inherent within them; thirdly, to test the visual and technical possibilities of knowledge thus gained to address human feeling through art. Outcomes take the form of a body of new artwork and a written thesis, which are designed to be mutually informing. Together, they articulate my response to the project’s central question: can consideration of the ‘grammar of sentiment’ at work in Victorian sentimental jewellery yield new possibilities, through fine art practice, for communicating love and loss in the 21st century? The four artworks that are a main output of the research take the forms of: REGARD:LOVEME, an artist’s book exploring gem codes and wordplay; Plocacosmos, a set of hairworking trials; The Cyanotypes, which reflect upon the materiality and aesthetic of the amatory locket; and Widows Weeds, a large format photographic installation, which considers the materiality and lineage of mourning cloth. Collectively, they explore the typology of the sentimental artefact through development of text/image vocabularies that are conceived as providing a ‘grammar of sentiment’ through which to articulate aspects of human feeling. It is this exploration that constitutes my main contribution to knowledge.

I det här arbetet vill vi ta reda på hur historiska spelfilmer förhåller sig till historiemedvetande. Det vi främst fokuserar på är hur högstadieelever relaterar till historisk spelfilm och hur deras historiemedvetande påverkas av den audiovisuella historieförmedlingen i skolan, i avsikt att framställa en matris för hur undervisning med hjälp av film ska ske. Ytterligare ett inslag i denna uppsats utgörs av en redogörelse kring hur man praktiskt går till väga när man arbetar med film i undervisningssammanhang. För att uppfylla syftet har vi använt oss av en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Idag konkurrerar skolans kunskapsmonopol med populärkulturen. I takt med medievärldens expansion har den tekniska utvecklingen och intresset för tekniska medel ökat i samhället. Filmtekniken har förbättrats, vilket har lett till att spelfilmer framstår som mer autentiska än vad de tidigare har gjort. Vårt intryck är att den historiska spelfilmen som ett hjälpmedel i undervisningen får en allt större plats i den svenska skolan. Få läromedel kan få elever att leva sig in i historiska miljöer och ännu färre kan beröra elever emotionellt som just spelfilmen. En annan fördel med spelfilm i skolan är att eleverna får verktyg så att de kan hantera mediernas bild av världen ur ett källkritiskt perspektiv.<br>With this essay we want to examine the relation between historical movies and historical conciousness. Our main focus is on how seniors of compulsory school relates to historical movies and how their historical conciousness is effected by the audiovisual funds in teaching of history, in purpose to develope a matrix for teaching involving movies. An additional element of our studie represents a short account of how to practically use movies in shool. In order to do this we have chosen a qualatative method with semistructured interviews. Today, school is challenged by e.g. popular cultur. In a time of an increasing flow of media in society, the interest for technical aid has increased in the society. The technical methods in moviemaking has been improved and has conveyed to movies beeing more authentic than they ever been before. Our impression is that movies based on historical events becomes more inported in school. Few didactical aids enables pupils to embrace the historical enviroment and even fewer can touch pupils’ emotions. Another advantage is that movie gives the pupils tools to create a critical thinking when relating to the medias’ perception of the world.

Esta pesquisa descreve o uso de estrangeirismos no texto jornalístico, na coluna social do Diário de Pernambuco (DP), entre 1930 e 1950, no mês de agosto, período relacionado com o antes e o pós II Guerra Mundial, que aconteceu entre 1939 e 1945, para assim poder identificar o seu aparecimento no processo histórico e suas implicações nos fatores socio-político-sociais da época de sua importação. Antes de chegar a este momento da história, foi realizado um levantamento de como se processou o aparecimento de palavras e/ou expressões estrangeiras na história do Brasil e os resultados demonstram que o seu uso esteve presente desde o período colonial e que as três raças, brancos, negros e índios, deixaram na Língua Portuguesa do Brasil suas contribuições. Um estudo de como alguns gramáticos, lingüistas e escritores tratam o assunto foi feito a fim de comparar as suas posições sobre o assunto. Os resultados mostram que os estrangeirismos eram usados não somente como uma forma requintada para se dar uma notícia, mas como um recurso de dar nome às coisas que não existiam no português da época. O resultado desta pesquisa possibilita-nos avaliar que o uso das palavras estrangeiras em um jornal não representa um perigo à língua portuguesa, mas uma maneira de deixar a língua atualizada<br>This research describes the use of the foreign words in the journalistic text in the social section of Diário de Pernambuco (DP), in the month of August, between the years of 1930 and 1950, period which preceded and followed the II World War, precisely during the years of 1939 and 1945. The aim of the work was to identify the historical process of appearance of the foreign words and its implication on socio-political factors with their borrowing. A study on the historical process showed that their usage was present since the colonial period and that they were initially introduced to the Portuguese language by the White, the Black and the Indian cultures. A study of how some grammarians, linguists and writers see the problem was done to compare their points of view about it. The results showed that foreign words were used not only as a refinement pattern to introduce the news, but as a way to give name to things that did not exist in the Portuguese language in that time. The results of this research showed that the use of foreign words on a newspaper do not represent a risk to the Portuguese Language, but a way to modernize the language

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:24:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_boris_dimitri.pdf: 3353050 bytes, checksum: 9e3f68c287ef3d2415bef937e5ddfd3c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-27<br>This research describes the use of the foreign words in the journalistic text in the social section of Diário de Pernambuco (DP), in the month of August, between the years of 1930 and 1950, period which preceded and followed the II World War, precisely during the years of 1939 and 1945. The aim of the work was to identify the historical process of appearance of the foreign words and its implication on socio-political factors with their borrowing. A study on the historical process showed that their usage was present since the colonial period and that they were initially introduced to the Portuguese language by the White, the Black and the Indian cultures. A study of how some grammarians, linguists and writers see the problem was done to compare their points of view about it. The results showed that foreign words were used not only as a refinement pattern to introduce the news, but as a way to give name to things that did not exist in the Portuguese language in that time. The results of this research showed that the use of foreign words on a newspaper do not represent a risk to the Portuguese Language, but a way to modernize the language<br>Esta pesquisa descreve o uso de estrangeirismos no texto jornalístico, na coluna social do Diário de Pernambuco (DP), entre 1930 e 1950, no mês de agosto, período relacionado com o antes e o pós II Guerra Mundial, que aconteceu entre 1939 e 1945, para assim poder identificar o seu aparecimento no processo histórico e suas implicações nos fatores socio-político-sociais da época de sua importação. Antes de chegar a este momento da história, foi realizado um levantamento de como se processou o aparecimento de palavras e/ou expressões estrangeiras na história do Brasil e os resultados demonstram que o seu uso esteve presente desde o período colonial e que as três raças, brancos, negros e índios, deixaram na Língua Portuguesa do Brasil suas contribuições. Um estudo de como alguns gramáticos, lingüistas e escritores tratam o assunto foi feito a fim de comparar as suas posições sobre o assunto. Os resultados mostram que os estrangeirismos eram usados não somente como uma forma requintada para se dar uma notícia, mas como um recurso de dar nome às coisas que não existiam no português da época. O resultado desta pesquisa possibilita-nos avaliar que o uso das palavras estrangeiras em um jornal não representa um perigo à língua portuguesa, mas uma maneira de deixar a língua atualizada

En el presente trabajo de investigación se analizan los latinismos que penetraron durante el siglo XV en la variante diatópica del castellano que se documenta en textos de diferentes registros procedentes del antiguo territorio de la Corona de Aragón. Partimos, en nuestro estudio, de la hipótesis de que un enorme caudal de unidades léxicas se incorporó primero en el castellano oriental antes de llegar, sobre todo a partir del siglo XVI, al territorio central de la Península Ibérica; en concreto, Castilla. Atribuimos este fenómeno al contacto político, económico y cultural estrecho con la península itálica y, sobre todo, el Reino de Nápoles, ya plenamente renacentista. Además, creemos que la aparición de los neologismos en los documentos está condicionada por la tipología textual en que se presentan. La investigación parte del Diccionario del castellano del siglo XV en la Corona de Aragón (DICCA-XV), confeccionado por el Grup d’Història i Contacte de Llengües (GHCL) de la Universitat de Barcelona bajo la dirección de la Dra. Coloma Lleal. El trabajo no se limita, sin embargo, a la detección de unidades léxicas neológicas y, en un segundo paso, a la confección de un corpus de tales voces, sino que se analiza cada uno de los constituyentes del compendio desde varios puntos de vista; en concreto, el funcional, el etimológico, el morfológico, el semántico y el cronológico; un análisis a través del cual se intenta dar respuestas a las siguientes preguntas: 1) ¿Cómo se reflejan las partes gramaticales de la oración en los cuatro diferentes registros textuales que recoge el corpus del DICCA-XV? ¿Qué clases de palabras tienen una posición predominante en un determinado tipo de documento? 2) ¿Son los neologismos, mayoritariamente y dependiendo del registro, préstamos o derivados cultos? 3) ¿Qué derivativos predominan en los lexemas neológicos dependiendo de su función, su semántica y el registro textual en que se documentan? y ¿qué papel desempeñan la variación y alternancia morfológicas? 4) ¿A qué campos semánticos se adscriben los neologismos extraídos de cuatro tipologías textuales diferentes? y ¿existe una relación entre el alcance textual de las voces y la polisemia? 5) ¿En qué medida aportan los datos del DICCA-XV información cronológica novedosa respecto al diccionario etimológico de referencia, El Diccionario crítico y etimológico castellano e hispánico (DCECH) de Corominas (en colaboración con Pascual)? 6) ¿Son los vocablos neológicos fruto de préstamos o derivaciones individuales de cada autor o se forman familias etimológicas neológicas con un alto número de constituyentes? 7) ¿Influyen estos datos en los modelos tradicionales que proponen periodizaciones para la historia de la lengua española? Pretendemos, en definitiva, abarcar y reunir en la presente investigación la disciplina de la lingüística de corpus con las ramas tradicionales de la lexicología, la lexicografía, la gramática, la etimología, la morfología y la semántica, todas estas desde un punto de vista claramente histórico-diacrónico y teniendo en cuenta la variedad tipológica de los documentos examinados.<br>The present dissertation analyzes a number of Latinisms which entered Spanish in the course of the 15th century. These Latinisms are documented in different texts belonging to former territory of the Crown of Aragon. Our aim is to corroborate the hypothesis that a great number of lexical units were first incorporated into Eastern Spanish due to its close political, economic and cultural contact with Italy, particularly with the Kingdom of Naples, before arriving to the central area of the Iberian Peninsula (namely, Castile), especially from 16th century on. Furthermore, we aim to shed light on whether neologism is dependent on textual typology. After compiling a corpus of neological Latinisms, this thesis examines the different lexical items from various perspectives, including the functional, etymological, morphological, semantic and chronological ones. Thus, the present investigation can be subsumed under the field of corpus linguistics, the traditional branches of lexicology, lexicography, grammar, etymology, morphology and semantics; all this from a diachronic standpoint and always taking into account the textual typology of the documents under scrutiny.

Swedish has a contrast between two so-called tonal word accents: accent 1 and accent 2. In central standard Swedish, for example, compound words generally have accent 2 and primary stress on the first element. In contrast, traditional Scanian dialects exhibit both a high occurrence of accent 1 in compounds and dialect geographic variation between accent 2 and second element stress. This dissertation argues in favour of four diachronically oriented hypotheses pertaining to the word accent distribution in compounds with monosyllabic first elements in these dialects: (1) compounds emanating from syntactic juxtapositions have accent 1; (2) compounds formed by way of compounding proper (stem compounds and comparable formations) have accent 2 or second-element stress; (3) compounds of either of these two types do, however, have accent 1 if the first element was originally disyllabic and has lost its posttonic syllable through syncope; (4) West Germanic loanwords have accent 1. This permits the generalisation that postlexical accent 2, which applies generally in compounds in central standard Swedish, for example, only applies in (non-syncopated) compounds proper in Scanian dialects, while in the other categories the word accent follows from the first element. The larger dialect geographical picture in Sweden is discussed, and it is concluded that the system found in Scanian and many other dialects represents the original state of affairs in Scandinavia as a whole, while the central standard Swedish system with general accent 2 in compounds is an innovation. The dissertation also gives a dialect geographical account of second-element stress, which, in agreement with previous research, is found to be primarily a south Scanian but to some degree also a north-west Scanian phenomenon. It is further proposed that Scanian second-element stress originated in an accent-2 curve with the floating prominence tone H (entailing the curve’s F0 maximum) timed with the posttonic syllable, by way of association of the prominence tone to the posttonic syllable. This curve is documented in south­-east Scania and is hypothesised to have earlier been spread throughout southern and western Scania.

El nostre treball, que està inserit dins del projecte del Glossarium Mediae Latinitatis Cataloniae (GMLC), compartit per la Universitat de Barcelona i el Consell Superior d'Investigacions Científiques, ha consistit a elaborar un estudi etimològic del lèxic d'origen germànic que apareix en el llatí medieval de Catalunya. Concretament, s'han estudiat els termes d'origen germànic (gòtic i fràncic) que van penetrar com a substrat en el llatí altmedieval de Catalunya, des de l'antiguitat tardana fins al tombant del segle XII. Els termes germànics suara esmentats, que es troben inclosos en textos diplomàtics, han estat identificats i extrets del corpus documental del GMLC i, després, han estat fixats i distribuïts per lemes, als quals se'ls ha assignat un significat. Al seu torn, els lemes han estat agrupats per famílies lèxiques, en articles encapçalats, per raons metodològiques, per una arrel comuna protogermànica. Els articles que constitueixen el nostre treball presenten l'estructura següent: en primer lloc, s'ofereixen els testimonis documentals (l'exemple més antic de cada forma i variant) de cada lema, tot adjudicant-li un significat; en segon lloc, es consignen les formes romàniques més properes, amb les quals es troben emparentats el lema o lemes llatins estudiats; en tercer lloc, es fa l'estudi etimològic del lema o lemes en qüestió, analitzant fonamentalment els canvis fonètics i morfològics que els ètims germànics patiren per convertir-se en les formes que trobem documentades (llatines o ja directament romàniques); així mateix, es fa una referència succinta a l'ètim germànic en el seu context protogermànic i, al seu torn, a l'ètim protogermànic en el seu context indoeuropeu. Finalment, es recullen, d'una banda, les referències bibliogràfiques generals i, d'una altra banda, les referències bibliogràfiques concretes, corresponents a les notes alfabètiques. Així mateix, l'estudi lingüístic d'aquest lèxic d'origen germànic, que, a més a més, mostra sovint la primera aparició dels mots del romanç preliterari ja parlat en el territori de la Catalunya actual, també ens permet conèixer i comprendre les característiques socials i culturals de l'època.<br>Our work forming part of the Project Glossarium Mediae Latinitatis Cataloniae (GMLC), shared by the University of Barcelona and the Higher Council for Scientific Research, consists in carrying out an etymological study on the lexicon of Germanic origin that appears in Medieval Latin of Catalonia. In particular, we have studied the terms of Germanic origin (Gothic and Franconian) that penetrated as a substrate into the early Medieval Latin of Catalonia from Late Antiquity till the end of the twelfth century. The above mentioned German terms which are included in diplomatic texts have been identified and extracted from the documentary corpus of GMLC, then fixed and distributed into lemmata, each of which has been assigned a meaning. In turn, the lemmata have been grouped in lexical families and in articles headed due to methodological reasons by a common Proto-Germanic root. The articles presented in our work have the following structure: first, we offer the documentary evidence (the oldest example of every form and variety) of each lemma, while attributing it a specific meaning; second, we indicate the closest Romanic forms related with the studied Latin lemma or lemmata; third, we carry out an etymological study of the respective lemma or lemmata analysing primarily phonetic and morphological changes suffered by Germanic etymons before becoming the forms encountered in the documentation (Latin or directly Romanic); moreover, we make a brief reference to the Germanic Etymon in Proto-Germanic context and, in turn, to the Proto-Germanic Etymon in Indo-European context; finally, we include, on one hand, general bibliographical references and, on the other hand, precise bibliographical references in regard to the alphabetical notes. Likewise, the linguistic study on the lexicon of Germanic origin in addition to revealing the first appearance of some words of the preliterate Romance, which was already spoken throughout the current territory of Catalonia, also enables us to learn and understand social and cultural characteristics of that period.

The concept of "family" has undergone major changes over the past 50 years. This thesis examines changes in attitudes and values that can be detected in German and Swedish during this time. In order to investigate these changes in the concept of "family" I have analyzed how the German focus word Familie and the Swedish focus word familj are used in newspaper articles from the 1960s, 1980s and early 2000s. The empirical data consists of German and Swedish newspaper corpora from the three different periods. The theoretical point of departure is a social constructionist perspective, where family is considered to be something constructed and negotiated in language use. The method is corpus linguistic discourse analysis: compound words, collocations and multi-word patterns that include the focus words are analyzed using large text corpora. The study is both about changes in HOW the words familj and Familie are used and WHAT is said about the family in public language use. The thesis shows changes in both Swedish and German language use. I conclude that two different sub-concepts are being constructed and negotiated: the family as a GROUP OF PERSONS and family as a WAY OF LIVING TOGETHER. As regards the family as a group of persons this sub-concept has undergone major changes during the period studied. Differences in Swedish and German language use indicate more and sometimes earlier changes in the Swedish concept of family. The sub-concept of family as a way of living together is more constant. The observed changes can also be seen against a background of Swedish and German conceptual norms of family that do not change to the same extent. New family structures such as nätverksfamiljer (reconstituted families) and regnbågsfamiljer (rainbow families) are partly constructed as deviations from these conceptual norms. The thesis also shows that the sub-concept of family as a group of persons has become even more complex, especially in Swedish language use and particularly in so-called bio boxes, where pets are mentioned as family members and couples without children label themselves as familj.<br>Begreppet ”familj” har genomgått stora förändringar de senaste 50 åren. I den här avhandlingen studeras vilka förändringar i synsätt och värderingar som kan upptäckas i det tyska och det svenska språkbruket under denna tid. För att undersöka dessa förändringar i begreppet ”familj” analyseras hur det tyska fokusordet Familie och det svenska fokusordet familj används i tidningstext från 1960-talet, 1980-talet och början av 2000-talet. Det empiriska materialet består av tyska och svenska tidningskorpusar från de tre olika perioderna. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten är ett socialkonstruktivistiskt perspektiv, där familj betraktas som någonting som konstrueras och förhandlas i språkanvändning. Metoden är korpuslingvistisk diskursanalys: med hjälp av stora textkorpusar analyseras sammansatta ord, kollokationer och flerordsmönster där fokusorden ingår. Det handlar här både om förändringar i HUR orden familj och Familie används och i VAD som sägs om familj i offentligt språkbruk. Avhandlingen visar på förändringar i både den svenska och den tyska språkanvändningen. Jag kommer fram till att två olika delbegrepp konstrueras och förhandlas: familj som PERSONGRUPP och familj som SAMLEVNADSFORM. När det gäller familj som persongrupp genomgår det delbegreppet stora förändringar under den studerade tidsperioden. Förändringarna visar sig vara större och ibland tidigare i det svenska materialet än i det tyska materialet. Delbegreppet familj som samlevnadsform är mer konstant. De förändringar som kan observeras sker också mot en bakgrund av svenska och tyska normbilder av familj, som inte förändras i samma grad. Nya familjebildningar som nätverksfamiljer och regnbågsfamiljer konstrueras delvis som avvikelser från dessa normbilder. Avhandlingen visar också att delbegreppet familj som persongrupp blir allt mer mångfacetterat, särskilt i svenskt språkbruk och i synnerhet i s.k. faktarutor, där även husdjur nämns som familjemedlemmar och par utan barn får etiketten familj.

The design of cultural centre is situated in part Kozia Hôrka( well-known city swimming pool), in its advantage takes natural scenery and calm atmosphere of place. Into action of performance brings a message in form of body of reservoir, function of centre is divided into small parts placed in area Kozia Hôrka. Orientation of objects comes mainly from local natural ispirations. Complex is multifunctional in concept, counts with several sorts of culture - sports events. Whereby the main function of swimming pool is preserved and added for higher comfort of inhabitants. Architecture of objects comes from idea of floating leaf on water level and body of reservoir. Objects stylizely illustrate this idea. The design takes the game of solids of organic and strictly ortogonal shapes. Two mutual opposites, in interaction. Objects smoothy and with respect encroach the environment, which is enough marked by human. Simplicity in used materials ( glass, steel, wood ) give transparency and purity to whole solution.

博士<br>銘傳大學<br>應用中國文學系博士班<br>103<br>This is the study of expletive in Korean translation of the Biographies in the Records of the Grand Historian. There are more than 400 expletives used in those Biographies. The usage of expletive is more different and complicated than the number of expletives. It is difficult to translate expletives because expletives don’t have exact meanings like content words. Can we find any rules such as continuing lots of translation errors of these specific expletives? Three Korean translations were chosen for this research. The problems in the expletive translations were found through analytical researches. I expect that this research result applies to other classical literatures. Keywords: Records of the Grand Historian, Records of the Grand Historian – Biographies, expletives, Sima Qian, translation

碩士<br>國立政治大學<br>傳播學院碩士在職專班<br>104<br>This study aims to analyze how films reproduced history by using Maachis, amu and Punjab 1984 as case studies which focus on the history of the “Golden Temple Incident of 1984” in India. The methodology of this study is based on concepts of historiophoty by Haden White and national allegory by Fredric Jameson. Textual analysis is adopted to explore three films for the following questions. First, what is the relevance between the filmic background and the historical incident? Second, how does the film text represent history and focus on key points? Third, what is the relationship between Historiography and Historiophoty? This study finds that, first, the historiophoty focuses on present situations. Second, historiophoty reflects the dominate perspectives in present time. Third, the films represent characters as the figures in national allegory. Fourth, arrangement of narrative creates suspenses and foregrounds crucial moments. Lastly, historiophoty opens the possibility for the audience to identify with characters in films.

Some such as Schwink (2004) have analyzed diachronic developments in Germanic gender as a whole, while others like Steinmetz (1985, 2001) and Trosterud (2006) have looked at diachronic changes in grammatical gender in the North Germanic languages. Specifically within the history of Icelandic, Steinmetz and Trosterud both argue for a neuter-default gender system for Old Norse (and for Modern Icelandic). This report looks at loan words from the Old Norse period drawn from historical sources, such as the Heimskringla (History of the Kings of Norway) and Laxdœla Saga, and compares their gender assignment then with their gender in Modern Icelandic in order to see if any of their originally assigned genders changed in the modern language. That none of the loans analyzed in this report changed their gender assignment from neuter to masculine as in West Germanic supports Steinmetz' and Trosterud's notions of Icelandic having a neuter-default gender system. These findings also support Schwink's view (2004:99), when he writes that Icelandic's gender system remains relatively unchanged from that of Old Norse.<br>text

The overall questions that were provided in the higher degrees proposal have been fairly answered throughout this doctoral dissertation. The following questions have been asked and answered throughout the thesis: What has been identified a's changes from traditional naming practices to Western naming practices? What morphophological comparisons can be made in naming practices? What influenced the cultural and historical background and language of the Shangase clan? Every social group of people has certain norms of behaviour. How does this culturally and structurally affect the system of naming within the Shangase Clan? Since there are different language names, how are these names related, or can any: system of their relationship be found within the Shangase Clan? From which parts of speech are different names (which are nouns) normally derived and what prefixal and suffixal elements are applied? What poetic techniques can be used to analyse the personal praises or praise names of Kings, Royal Family Members and the ordinary people? It has therefore, been realized that the personal names and place names are well known to have played a more substantial role in the identification of different people and places of different clans. Surnames and address names have promoted the identification and classification of different clans. The researcher has used both the qualitative and quantitative research methodologies as tools for data collection. Research methods have entailed verbal descriptive practices, which include oral inquiries, questionnaires, interviews and observational information. The purpose of this research has been to locate the study within the context of the topic and the historical background of the Shangase people which eventually deals with personal names, place-names and personal praises. The literature has been reviewed according to the recommendations of the researcher's supervisor Prof S.E. Ngubane. Five scholars were chosen and the focus was on history, genealogy, linguistic, onomastics of personal names, place-names and how these names are derived and changed from time to time with naming practices changing from generation to generation. This has enabled every member of the Shangase clan to identify himself easily with the founder, Shangase (Mkheshane), son of Vumizitha, of Mthebe of Mnguni 1. The researcher's main objective has been to focus on the history and genealogy of the Shangase clan from the time of Vumizitha (d.c.l688) to the present time (AD 2006), how personal names and place names are given when one looks at the circumstances of naming and history surrounding the names and the linguistic analysis of the onomactic elements. The personal names, place names and praise names are analysed and synthesized within the parameters of word formation, and as words they are isolated or syntactically used to assign a particular meaning in Zulu. Lastly, the researcher is mostly interested in this study because, as a member of the Shangase Community, he has a thorough knowledge of where the Shangase clan is located. The researcher's method of interviews using interview questionnaires assisted him to accomplish the main objectives. Through these interviews and observations, the researcher highly recommends that those who might be able to read this thesis, and feel interested and create new challenges in the field of onomastics, which the researcher hopes this thesis has done, should further undertake a study of personal praises within the Shangase clan.<br>Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2006.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--York University, 2008. Graduate Programme in English.<br>Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 357-377). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:NR51720

This thesis presents a text-image analysis of George Eliot‘s fourth novel, Romola (1862-63) based on the argument that the text and the illustrations by Sir Frederic Leighton introduce a discourse about the development of art from a Vasarian perspective. Both the text and the illustrations begin by portraying Romola with references to ancient Greek art and culminate in displaying her as a version of Raphael‘s Sistine Madonna. This implies not only the belief, current in Victorian artistic circles, that Raphael‘s work was the highest achievement in the history of art, but also that this historical development from ancient Greek sculpture to High Renaissance painting reflects the moral development of European civilization. As an idealized allegory for European civilization itself, Romola fulfills both moral and artistic roles as her moral progress from paganism to Eliot‘s religion of humanity closely follows her visual progress from a Greek statue to a Raphaelesque Madonna. The thesis is informed by the historiographical and fictional contexts of the Victorian historical novel and their influence on Eliot‘s work, as well as the tradition of historical painting and its importance for Frederic Leighton‘s paintings and illustrations. The concept of progress—historical, moral, and visual—is emphasized throughout.

博士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>中國文學研究所<br>105<br>This dissertation has been inspired by discourses on the ‘rise of China’, the ‘Chinese dream’ and an ‘age of prosperity’. The so-called ‘Chinese dream’ is a continuation of twentieth-century ideals held by Chinese intellectuals of ‘saving the nation by building a strong and prosperous country’ and of modernity and modernization—ideals that can be traced to Zheng Guanying（鄭觀應）’s Warnings in an Age of Prosperity（《盛世危言》）. In this dissertation, I discuss how literature has responded to the changing times—how a ‘literary China’ is used to provide ‘subtle words with deep meaning’. The focus will be on the following questions: how do novels imagine history to enter in a dialogue with current times and reflect on the future? What kind of interpretive space do they offer for the‘age of prosperity’ and the ‘Chinese Dream’? What kind of tensions exist with the ‘grand narratives’ of the state? Throughout this dissertation, I draw on postmodern reflections of grand historical narratives and on the concept of utopia as a literary allegory. My discussion is based on authors and works from Chinese mainstream literature, with references to science fiction literature and literature from Hong Kong. The discussion will follow different themes. I begin with Hong Kong author Chan Koonchung（陳冠中） and his questioning of the grand narrative of the ‘Chinese dream’ and the utopian view of an ‘age of prosperity’. Chan’s perspective is focused on the margins—on Tibet, Hong Kong, Taiwan—and is strongly critical, presenting China as an authoritarian dystopia. Using novels as method, he explores the space between fiction and reality in order to raise different kinds of thoughts on the current political situation and, perhaps, even call for concrete action. Second, I discuss the way authors like Yu Hua（余華） and Yan Lianke（閻連科） use a historical macro-narrative to describe a logic of feverish violence that keeps returning in different periods of time. Using their novels to documenting the evils of these ages, Yu and Yan demonstrate how the grand narratives of ‘revolution’ and ‘market’ are the violent consequences of ideological myths and utopian fanaticism. Their history is an allegoric history that lays bare a China full of fanaticism. Third, I discuss novels that express the Chinese experience and the experience of suffering from the perspective of ordinary people, using novels by Mo Yan（莫言） and Jia Pingwa（賈平凹） as examples. Mo and Jia focus on the margins and make use of micro-historical narratives, displaying popular perspectives and attitudes. Confronted with sufferings from history, utopian ideals are very far away. For them, the question becomes how to cope with the memory of history. Fourth, I discuss the relation between narrative, lyrics and literature, using the novels of Ge Fei（格非） and Zhang Wei（張煒） as examples of works that focus on the personal soul, taking lyricism as a particular perspective to focus on history and express an image of a spiritual China. Through ‘histories of the soul’, these authors liberate the individual histories from the grand historical narratives. The figure of the ‘loser’ in their novels carries a special meaning, as the idealism displayed through their search for a utopia and disillusionment that follows still show a concern for the grand narratives. Fifth, I discuss how imaginations of the future are used to reconsider history and civilization and present the picture of a China that is under threat, using science-fiction by Liu Cixin（劉慈欣） and Han Song（韓松） as examples. The sense of impeding crisis and critical reflections on a techno-utopia that are part of their novels can be seen as allegories on China. The most critical and subversive aspect of science-fiction is that it leaves room for other possibilities that lay outside of the fixed blueprint of the Chinese dream. Using different narratives, perspectives and styles, these authors and their works display very diverse imaginations of China and its history. The deep meaning expressed in this ‘literary China’ is that a forward-looking country also has to look back and face the painful memories of history. History serves as a reminder that caution is required during the construction of grand narratives and the search for a utopia. At the same time, the different historical narratives employed in the novels also serve as a reminder for the need to maintain an open attitude towards history and question the grand narratives.

Defence date: 26 June 2017<br>Examining Board: Prof. Corinna Unger, EUI (First Reader); Prof. Federico Romero, EUI (Second Reader); Prof. Andreas Eckert, Humboldt University Berlin (External Supervisor); Prof. Emma Hunter, University of Edinburgh (External Examiner)<br>This Ph.D. thesis is concerned with the way litigants of the Usambara Mountains in Tanganyika spoke and wrote about their disputes and grievances under British rule. Language and narratives are at the core of my analysis. While I will give an overview of litigation patterns of the so-called 'native courts' in the Usambara Mountains from the late 1930s to 1960, and will examine clusters of recurring cases, my main concern is not to write a social history of these courts, but a cultural one. I am interested in recurring narratives and their intellectual roots. What kind of language did the Shambaa and other African litigants use in lawsuits and the many petitions and letters that accompanied their suits? What might have influenced them in their strategic choice of language? What intellectual sources did they draw from? While I am also interested in the outcomes of cases and the success of narratives, my objective is to treat these emerging narratives as windows into specific local perspectives. Why did Shambaa litigants depart so markedly from legal language? Was the legalistic language unsuitable for a specific Shambaa understanding of the law, or were the courts themselves not perceived as places for the dispensation of justice?

AN ECCENTRIC PLACE OF VERY HIGH QUALITY: OSSABAW ISLAND, GEORGIA AS A CONTEXT FOR THE INTERPRETATION OF HISTORICAL, CULTURAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE ON THE ATLANTIC COAST by LINDA ORR KING Under the Direction of Glenn T. Eskew, PhD ABSTRACT This sweeping narrative demonstrates how Ossabaw Island’s landowners, some with a dedicated will and others unwittingly, managed to galvanize social, cultural, scientific, and political forces to preserve its natural environment despite a culture motivated by profit. Although geographically isolated, Ossabaw Island’s owners and inhabitants were active participants within the Atlantic World. Ossabaw’s owners and inhabitants adapted environmental strategies and social ideologies in accommodation not only with Ossabaw’s fragile barrier island ecosystems, but also with Southeastern coastal Georgia’s social and political movements. In particular, this work examines how the advantages of wealth and privilege provided the catalyst that ultimately benefited rather than exploited social and economic conditions on the island, leading Ossabaw Island to become the first barrier island Heritage Preserve on the southern Atlantic Coast. In addition to an analysis of unpublished manuscripts, maps, correspondence, and oral histories, this endeavor expands on the current knowledge about barrier island planters, slaves, freedmen, tenant farmers, lumbermen, boatmen, industrialists, and privileged families. It builds on previous works by including the guests, artists, scientists, writers, and environmentalists who visited the island. Furthermore, it investigates their interaction within political, economic, cultural, religious, and ideological spheres. Ossabaw Island’s indigenous societies, landed gentry, and wealthy owners shaped its cultural and economic identity from the 1560s to the modern day. It analyzes additional materials, including colonial and plantation records, official and personal correspondence, travel narratives, newspaper and magazine articles, and oral histories. This study seeks to expand the discourse on the exchange of sea island economies and societies well beyond the Savannah coastal region of the Atlantic World. The Ossabaw community evolved through conflict and compromise, and eventually encompassed not only sons and daughters of privilege and descendants of former slaves, but also artists, writers, scientists, and scholars from around the world. The central theme of this narrative history is the study of the motivating forces, both natural and synthetic, that shaped Ossabaw Island’s current distinctive cultural, environmental, and educational mission, with the major emphasis placed on the events of the 20th and 21st centuries.

Elaboration of survey about progress of game management with game on the territory of the protected landscape area Český les. It is elaboration of survey of kinds of game, their establishment, elaboration of survey of holders and users of hunt and area of hunt. In this elaboration were used materials from ÚHÚL. The survey will used for Plan of care about the protected landscape area Český les.

The master’s thesis is devoted to the comparison operators as and like, comparison being their first and basic meaning. Over the course of time they have undergone various metaphorical transfers, which have led to their polysemy. According to the authors of dictionaries and English grammars, the word as can function as a conjunction (denoting comparison, time, cause, condition, concession, manner, purpose), preposition, adverb, pronoun. As regards the word like, it can function as a conjunction, preposition, particle, adverb (discourse marker). The author attempts to present the diachronic sense development of the two lexemes with the help of etymological dictionaries and books on the history of English. The word as is described as a precedent linguistic unit, which involves the transfer of meaning from basic comparison to new situations. The thesis examines the pragmatic and socio-linguistic aspects of the development of the word like, as they are presented in the works of Russian and foreign linguists. The peculiarities of grammaticalization and subjectification of the English word like, owing to which it has acquired the function of a discourse marker, are also described. The following pragmatic functions are identified: metalinguistic, emphatic, hesitational, quotative, examplificatory, approximative. The thesis also presents a comparative analysis of the usage of the words as and like in fiction and scientific prose (with reference to the British novel Bridget Jones’s Diary by Helen Fielding and the journal Nature).<br>Магистерская диссертация посвящена исследованию английских служебных слов as и like как инструментов логической операции сравнения. Сравнение является их понятийной основой, из которой развились другие значения, в частности, на основе метафорического переноса. Обе единицы обладают широкой семантикой и выполняют множество функций. Согласно авторам словарей и английских грамматик, слово as может функционировать как союз (сравнения, времени, причины, условия, уступки, образа действия, цели), предлог, наречие, местоимение. Слово like может выполнять функции союза, предлога, частицы, наречия (дискурсивного маркера). Предпринята попытка выстроить порядок развития значений двух единиц с привлечением данных этимологических словарей и работ по истории английского языка. В диссертации доказывается статус слова as как прецедентной грамматической единицы, в которой реализуется грамматическая метафора и происходит перенос базового значения сравнения на новые ситуации. Рассматриваются прагматические и социолингвистические аспекты развития слова like, как они представлены в работах отечественных и зарубежных лингвистов. Особое внимание уделяется особенностям грамматикализации и субъектификации данной единицы, вследствие которых она приобрела функции дискурсивного маркера. Отмечаются такие прагматические функции like, как металингвистическая, эмфатическая, функция заполнения хезитационной паузы, функция введения в предложение прямой речи, примера, примерного количества. Кроме того, проводится сопоставительный анализ функционирования слов as и like в английской художественной и научной прозе (на материале романа Хелен Филдинг «Bridget Jones’s Diary» и научно-популярного журнала «Nature»).

Text in Afrikaans<br>An account of certain functional aspects of Afrikaans exocentric compounds is presented in this dissertation. This study builds on the preliminary survey presented in the dissertation 'n Korpusanalise van Afrikaanse eksosentriese komposita (Van Niekerk, 2001). Exemplary material is obtained from an extensive corpus, consisting of lexicographical and academic matter, as well as colloquial spoken language. Language is man's primary means of communication, used to convey knowledge and information. Lexical items are used to name and refer to all kinds of concepts, aspects, objects, persons and other references. Of particular importance to this study, however, is the expressive functionality of language, whereby it is used as an instrument to voice affect, judgement, opinion, perception and other emotional aspects. Exocentric compounds are singled out as lexemes of particular importance, utilized by Afrikaans speakers/writers to express themselves referentially and emotionally. In this study the researcher has endeavored to describe and explain certain aspects of exocentric compounds in terms of the cognitive process of conceptual blending, as explained in The way we think by Fauconnier and Turner (2003). Exocentric compounding is highly functional with regard to etnobiological naming of botanic and zoological references, especially as bahuvrihi compounds. More prominent, however, is the use of compounds to voice a wide variety of expressive values and connotations, both positive and negative. Humor is constantly referred to as probably the most important function of exocentric compounds. Other expressive functional aspects of exocentric compounds are discussed, such as insult, scorn and ridicule in nicknames and slurs, the softening effect of euphemism in contrast to the intensifying effect of dysphemism, idiomaticity, irony, et cetera, some of these aspects overlapping significantly. Exocentric compounds are creatively used as highly descriptive expressions in the informal register of colloquial Afrikaans, as well as in different dialects and sociolinguistic varieties. Based on observations in connection with the diverse use and optimal functionality of exocentric compounds in domains of every possible kind, the conclusion is reached that exocentric compounds is an essential part of the Afrikaans lexicon.<br>Afrikaans & Theory of Literature<br>D.Litt. et Phil.(Afrikaans)

Tematem rozprawy uczyniono analizę wycinka słownictwa poezji Wacława Potockiego (1621–1696). Na potrzeby badań ekscerpcji poddano próbę tekstową objętości 3000 linijek (wersów) pochodzących z trzech najbardziej znanych dzieł barokowego poety, to jest Transakcji wojny chocimskiej, Ogrodu nie plewionego i Moraliów. Podstawę źródłową badań stanowiło trzytomowe wydanie Dzieł W. Potockiego w edycji Leszka Kukulskiego (1987). Integralną częścią dysertacji stał się słownik języka autora, gromadzący całość zebranego materiału leksykalnego. Oprócz tegoż Słownika języka Wacława Potockiego (SJWPot), liczącego 6116 jednostek hasłowych, do pracy dołączono również dwa inne leksykony języka idiolektu, zawierające 1149 związków frazeologicznych (Słownik frazeologizmów Wacława Potockiego – SFWPot) oraz 679 łączliwych związków wyrazowych (Słownik kolokacji Wacława Potockiego – SKWPot). Na podstawie haseł SJWPot przeprowadzono kilkupłaszczyznową analizę językoznawczą, która przybrała postać analizy etymologicznej, słowotwórczej, semantycznej i leksykograficznej. Pomocniczo zgromadzoną leksykę poddano także analizie rejestrująco-opisowej, statystycznej, onomastycznej oraz analizie porównawczej. Każdy z wymienionych typów analizy miał na celu zbadanie wyekscerpowanego materiału pod innym kątem. Tak więc dzięki analizie genetycznej możliwe stało się oszacowanie, jaki procent słownictwa utworów W. Potockiego stanowiły jednostki rodzime, a jaki wyrazy obce. Wśród tych ostatnich za interesujące uznano zwłaszcza to, z którego języka wybrany pisarz czerpał najwięcej inspiracji. A zatem czy była to bardzo rozpowszechniona w XVII w. łacina, czy może W. Potocki preferował inne źródła zapożyczeń, np. niemieckie i czeskie? Zenon Klemensiewicz dowodził zbytniego nasycenia poezji autora Moraliów latynizmami, podczas gdy Aleksander Brückner wskazywał na dominujące w niej pożyczki węgierskie, tatarskie oraz ruskie. Autorka dysertacji starała się ustosunkować do opinii wymienionych badaczy, próbując zarazem dociec, w jakim stopniu ich sądy znalazły potwierdzenie w zebranym materiale. Z kolei słowa Janusza S. Gruchały zmotywowały ją do sprawdzenia, jak prezentuje się zgromadzone słownictwo pod względem realizowanych w jego obrębie kategorii, technik oraz typów słowotwórczych. Informacji na ten temat dostarczyła analiza strukturalna leksyki rodzimej, w tym analiza jednostek derywowanych od innych wyrazów już po wyodrębnieniu się języka polskiego ze wspólnoty prasłowiańskiej. Przyjęcie synchroniczno-diachronicznej perspektywy badawczej pozwoliło wskazać na pewne upodobania indywidualne W. Potockiego w zakresie tworzenia jednostek leksykalnych, jak też umożliwiło ono wysnucie pewnych wniosków dotyczących całego średniopolskiego podsystemu słowotwórczego polszczyzny. Dzięki obranemu trybowi postępowania chociaż w części możliwe stało się wypełnienie luki powstałej po opracowaniu przez językoznawców wzorca opisu staropolskiego systemu słowotwórczego (Kleszczowa, 1996, 1998, 2003, 2015), a jeszcze wcześniej – współczesnego (Grzegorczykowa, Laskowski i in, 1999). Strukturę tematyczną zebranego materiału zbadano z zastosowaniem metody pól leksykalno-semantycznych, wzorując się na podziale polowym słownictwa staropolskiego w opracowaniu Stanisława Dubisza. Zasadniczym celem tego etapu analizy było sprawdzenie, wokół jakich kręgów znaczeniowych sytuowało się słownictwo dzieł twórcy Ogrodu nie plewionego. Stosunki jakościowo- -ilościowe zaobserwowane pomiędzy wyodrębnionymi zbiorami wyrazów miały pomóc stwierdzić, czy najpłodniejszy poeta epoki baroku rzeczywiście interesował się „wszystkim” i „wszystkimi”. Dotychczas bowiem badacze tej spuścizny literackiej podkreślali ogromną różnorodność tematów w niej poruszanych. Kolejny etap podjętych badań stanowiła analiza leksykograficzna materiału, mająca na celu udokumentowanie kilkuset haseł SJWPot w reprezentatywnych opracowaniach słownikowych. Aby warstwę leksykalną utworów XVII-wiecznego autora móc ukazać w przekroju synchroniczno- -diachronicznym, kwerendą objęto słowniki gromadzące zasób wyrazowy polszczyzny, począwszy od epoki staropolskiej po początek wieku XIX. Były nimi: Słownik staropolski, Słownik polszczyzny XVI wieku, Elektroniczny słownik języka polskiego XVII i XVIII wieku, Słownik języka polskiego Samuela Bogumiła Lindego oraz leksykon pisarza w postaci Słownika języka Jana Chryzostoma Paska. Ze względu na obszerność prezentowanego materiału zrezygnowano zaś z oddzielnych rozdziałów poświęconych wyekscerpowanym nazwom własnym i frazeologizmom. Przedłożona rozprawa doktorska składa się z pięciu rozdziałów, w tym dwóch rozdziałów teoretycznych i trzech analitycznych. Po krótkim Wstępie informującym o celach, założeniach i strukturze pracy w rozdziale pierwszym autorka uzasadnia wybór tematu badawczego, objaśnia kryteria doboru próby materiałowej i podaję jej zakres, a także prezentuje stan badań nad twórczością W. Potockiego. Dalsza część rozdziału pierwszego zawiera charakterystykę epoki, w której żył i tworzył autor Moraliów, oraz omówienie najważniejszych pojęć i terminów związanych z barokiem. W tym fragmencie dysertacji zamieszczono również kalendarium życia i twórczości XVII-wiecznego poety. Rozdział drugi w całości poświęcono opisowi metodologii, kierunków i narzędzi badawczych wykorzystanych podczas analizy wybranego wycinka języka pisarza. Część teoretyczną pracy kończy podrozdział zatytułowany: Słownik języka Wacława Potockiego. Idea, struktura, zasady opracowania. Trzeci rozdział rozpoczyna część analityczną rozprawy i stanowi zarazem jej najobszerniejszy fragment. Tworzą go dwa mniejsze podrozdziały, wyodrębnione na podstawie wyników analizy genetycznej przyjętej próby materiałowej. W pierwszej części rozdziału zaprezentowano zbiór słownictwa rodzimego, w obrębie którego odpowiednio wcześniej wydzielono wyrazy podstawowe (niederywowane na gruncie polskim) oraz pochodne słowotwórczo. Ważny etap podjętych badań stanowiła analiza strukturalna tych ostatnich, polegająca na pogrupowaniu jednostek motywowanych słowotwórczo według typów, kategorii i technik derywacyjnych. W części drugiej rozdziału trzeciego, zawierającej charakterystykę zapożyczeń, umieszczono dane jakościowo-ilościowe obrazujące podział leksemów obcych według źródła pochodzenia, przedmiotu zapożyczenia oraz stopnia ich przyswojenia do polskiego systemu językowego. W rozdziale czwartym przedstawiono wyniki analizy leksykalno-semantycznej materiału, przeprowadzonej przy użyciu metody pól wyrazowych. Jeden z podrozdziałów rozdziału czwartego przeznaczono na charakterystykę słownictwa zgromadzonego w polu <„Metajęzyk” człowieka>, w którym to polu, zgodnie z przyjętą klasyfikacją, oprócz większości wyrazów funkcyjnych znalazły się również wyekscerpowane nazwy własne. Rozdział piąty dysertacji traktuje przede wszystkim o wynikach badań statystycznych. Ponadto w rozdziale tym omówiono wyniki badań leksykograficznych, obejmujących określony wycinek słownictwa dzieł W. Potockiego. Wnioski z przeprowadzonej analizy mieści syntetyzujące Zakończenie. Rozprawę zamykają: wykaz stosowanych skrótów i oznaczeń, indeks tabel znajdujących się w tekście głównym rozprawy, bibliografia uwzględniająca słowniki i inne źródła (elektroniczne) oraz dwuczęściowy aneks w wersji tradycyjnej i multimedialnej. Pierwszą część aneksu stanowią tabele załączone do dysertacji wraz z indeksem do nich. Drugi z aneksów, umieszczony na nośniku elektronicznym (płyta CD), zawiera trzy słowniki gromadzące leksykę utworów wybranego autora, tj. SJWPot, SFWPot oraz SKWPot. „Język J.Ch. Paska reprezentuje zasób leksykalny przeciętnego Polaka szlachcica z XVII wieku” – stwierdziła niegdyś Maria Borejszo w jednym z artykułów traktujących o leksyce Pamiętników Jana Chryzostoma Paska. Wnioski wyprowadzone z analizy porównawczej ujawniły podobieństwo jakościowo-ilościowe łączące warstwę słowną tekstu prozatorskiego z materiałem wyekscerpowanym z wycinka poezji W. Potockiego. Zarówno autor Ogrodu nie plewionego, jak i Jan Chryzostom Pasek najczęściej posługiwali się w swoich utworach wyrazami odziedziczonymi przez polszczyznę po wiekach poprzednich, w tym dużą liczbą jednostek niepodzielnych słowotwórczo i o najstarszej genezie w naszym języku. Wbrew też przypuszczeniom wysuwanym przez badaczy polszczyzny okresu średniopolskiego, żaden z autorów nie nadużywał zapożyczeń z języków obcych, przy czym XVII-wieczny poeta sięgał po nie rzadziej niż pamiętnikarz. Wacław Potocki okazał się tradycjonalistą językowym nie tylko w zakresie doboru słownictwa rodzimego, lecz także obcego i częściej niż średniopolskie latynizmy stosował w swoich wierszach pożyczki niemieckie, przejęte do polszczyzny przeważnie już w średniowieczu. Podobnie jak słownictwo zapożyczane z innych języków były to w zdecydowanej większości pożyczki formalnosemantyczne przyswojone drogą słuchową i spełniające określoną (utylitarną) funkcję w tekście. W przeciwieństwie do prozy Pamiętników J.Ch. Paska poezja W. Potockiego okazała się wolna od wspomnianej przez M. Borejszo „powodzi” makaronizmów, co jednak należy uznać za typowe dla ówcześnie powstających utworów wierszowanych.<br>The subject of this dissertation is the analysis of a part of Wacław Potocki's poetry vocabulary. For the purposes of the study, a text sample of 3000 verses from three representative works of the 17th-century poet (Transakcja wojny chocimskiej, Ogród nie plewiony, Moralia) was excerpted. The three-volume edition of Wacław Potocki's Dzieła edited by Leszek Kukulski (1987) was adopted as the source for the study. A dictionary of the author's language is an integral part of the dissertation, bringing together all the collected lexis: Słownik języka Wacława Potockiego (SJWPot), Słownik frazeologizmów Wacława Potockiego (SFWPot) and Słownik kolokacji Wacława Potockiego (SKWPot). On the basis of the SJWPot entries a linguistic analysis was conducted at several levels: etymological, word-formation, semantic and lexicographical. The collected lexica was auxiliary subjected to register-descriptive, statistical, onomastic and comparative analysis. The adoption of a synchronic-diachronic research perspective has made it possible to point to certain preferences of Wacław Potocki in the creation of lexical units, as well as to draw certain conclusions concerning the entire medieval Polish vocabulary subsystem. The thematic structure of the collected material was examined using the method of lexical-semantic fields. The next stage of the research was a lexicographic analysis of the material, aimed at documenting several hundred SJWPot entries in representative dictionary studies. The search covered five dictionaries collecting Polish word resources from the Old Polish period to the beginning of the 19th century. The dissertation consists of five chapters, including two theoretical and three analytical ones. After a short introduction informing about the aims, assumptions and structure of the work in the first chapter, the author justifies the choice of the research topic, explains the criteria for the selection of the material sample and gives its scope, as well as presents the state of research into the works of Wacław Potocki. The next part of chapter one contains the characteristics of the epoch, in which the author of Moralia lived and worked, and a discussion of the most important concepts and terms associated with the Baroque. In this part of the work there is also a calendar of life and work of the seventeenth-century poet. The second chapter is entirely devoted to the description of methodology, directions and research tools used in the analysis of a selected fragment of the writer's language. The theoretical part of the work ends with a subsection entitled: Słownik języka Wacława Potockiego. Idea, struktura, zasady opracowania. The third chapter begins the analytical part of the dissertation and constitutes its most extensive fragment. It consists of two smaller subsections, distinguished on the basis of the results of the genetic analysis of the material sample. In the first part of the chapter a set of native vocabulary is presented, within which basic (non-derivative) words and words derived from it are distinguished. The first stage of the research was a structural analysis of the latter, consisting in grouping the vocabulary-motivated units according to types, categories and derivational techniques. In the second part of the third chapter, which was devoted to the characteristics of borrowings, the qualitative-quantitative data were placed showing the division of foreign lexemes according to the source of origin, the object of borrowing and the degree of their assimilation into the Polish language system. The fourth chapter presents the results of lexical-semantic analysis of the material, conducted with the use of the word field method. The fifth chapter deals mainly with the results of statistical research. In addition, the chapter discusses the results of lexicographic research, covering a specific section of vocabulary of Wacław Potocki's works. Conclusions from the conducted analysis are included in the conclusion. The dissertation ends with a list of abbreviations and designations used, an index of tables included in the main text of the dissertation, a bibliography including dictionaries and other sources and a two-part appendix in traditional and multimedia versions. The first part of the appendix consists of tables attached to the dissertation together with an index to them. The second part of the appendix, placed on an electronic carrier, contains three dictionaries collecting the lexicon of works of a selected author – SJWPot, SFWPot and SKWPot. As the analysis has shown, Wacław Potocki most frequently used words inherited by the Polish language from previous centuries, including a large number of units with indivisible vocabulary and the oldest origins in our language. Contrary to the assumptions put forward by scholars of the Polish language of the Middle Polish period, the author of Moralia did not overuse borrowings from foreign languages. Wacław Potocki turned out to be a traditionalist not only in his choice of native vocabulary, but also of foreign languages, and more often than Middle Polish latinisms, he used German loans in his poems, which were brought into Polish mostly as early as the Middle Ages. Like the vocabulary borrowed from other languages, these were mostly formal- -semantic loans acquired by ear and fulfilling a utilitarian function in the text. In contrast to the prose of Pamiętniki of Jan Chryzostom Pasek, Wacław Potocki's poetry turned out to be free of macaronisms, which, however, should be considered typical of poems written at that time.