To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Historical monuments; Conservation; Stone.
Journal articles on the topic 'Historical monuments; Conservation; Stone'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Historical monuments; Conservation; Stone.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Ion, Rodica Mariana, Radu Claudiu Fierăscu, Irina Fierăscu, Ioana Raluca Bunghez, Mihaela Lucia Ion, Daniela Caruţiu-Turcanu, Sofia Teodorescu, and Valentin Rădiţoiu. "Stone Monuments Consolidation with Nanomaterials." Key Engineering Materials 660 (August 2015): 383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.660.383.
Full textAbstract:
Historical monuments suffer different forms of degradation, due to some improper works on architecture structure, vibrations caused by blasting, traffic, the inadequate restoration, the phenomenon of freeze-thaw, air pollution, humidity and temperature variations, friable mortar, deposits adhering impurities (dust, smoke, tar), soluble efflorescence, poorly soluble or insoluble salts (nitrate, sulfate, chloride, carbonate), and the action of microorganisms. Nowadays, the nanomaterials represent an alternative in architecture conservation, mainly due to their improved mechanical properties, their compatibility as consolidating materials, and because they obey the principle of authenticity of historical monuments. In this paper, hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAp) are applied to the chalk samples prelevated from Basarabi monument. Some physico-chemical and mechanical properties have been evaluated and discussed for untreated chalk stone and for the treated one with HAp.
2
Łukaszewicz, Jadwiga W. "ETHICS AND BASIC PRINCIPLES OF RESTORING HISTORICAL STONE MONUMENTS." Protection of Cultural Heritage, no. 8 (December 20, 2019): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/odk.1083.
Full textAbstract:
The paper discusses ethical guidelines in relation to the conservation of historical monuments made of stone. The presented rules consider the building stone specificity and its susceptibility to various corrosion factors and the character of deteriorated areas in that kind of historic monuments. The basic conservation rule sounding Primum non nocere is deconvoluted to more particular principles like: (i) to preserve authentic historical matter as a carrier of artistic, scientific and historical value of the object, (ii) to provide minimal scale of intervention, (iii) to provide the reversibility of the methods and particularly materials used from conservation or reconstruction works, (iv) to provide distinguishability of reconstructions parts and (v) to provide the integrity of the work of art. The adaptability of these particular rules to the of conservation of stone artistic artefacts is also presented.
3
León-Robles, Carlos, Juan Reinoso-Gordo, and Juan González-Quiñones. "Heritage Building Information Modeling (H-BIM) Applied to A Stone Bridge." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 3 (March 1, 2019): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8030121.
Full textAbstract:
Certain historical works of civil engineering should be preserved as heritage monuments and when possible should continue serving the function they were designed for. Old stone bridges could be sustainably maintained but their conservation requires accurate documentation. In this study, we have scanned Ízbor bridge (1860) in Spain, and to facilitate conservation, we have modeled the ancient bridge using BIM (building information modeling). We propose a method and a model for this kind of bridge to be used as a reference for similar heritage monuments. Ízbor bridge modeled in this way will be useful for government planning and conservation agencies.
4
Rives, Vicente, and Jacinta Garcia Talegon. "Decay and Conservation of Building Stones on Cultural Heritage Monuments." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 1689–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.1689.
Full textAbstract:
Preservation of our Historical Cultural Heritage built in stone requires studies on the material itself, on the environment where the monument is located, and even on the microclimate affecting a particular stone in the building. The knowledge of the decay processes, as well as mechanisms governing these processes, and the real effect of factors depending on the intrinsic properties of the material to be studied, and external agents of decay, will allow a rationale use of these materials and to anticipate their behaviour beforehand, in order to success in restoration
5
Hatir, Mehmet Ergün, Mücahit Barstuğan, and İsmail İnce. "Deep learning-based weathering type recognition in historical stone monuments." Journal of Cultural Heritage 45 (September 2020): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2020.04.008.
Full text
6
Caner-Saltık, Emine N. "Atmospheric Weathering of Historic Monuments and Their Related Conservation Issues." MATEC Web of Conferences 149 (2018): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814901009.
Full textAbstract:
Atmospheric environment affects the materials of historic monuments and their structure starting from the time of their construction. Daily and seasonal changes in temperature and humidity, wind, snow and rainfall, soluble salts carried by water, biological agents, pollutant gases and particulate matter are some of the agents in atmospheric environment that introduce weathering by physical, chemical and biological processes in the materials of the monuments such as natural building stones, bricks, mortars and plasters, mud brick etc. The weathering processes need to be well diagnosed by identification of main mechanisms of decay and major responsible agents, degree and depth of deterioration expressed with measurable parameters of physical, physicomechanical properties, and micro structural changes together with their distribution on the monument. Success of conservation treatments strongly depend on those diagnostic studies and compatibility of the treatments with the deteriorated and relatively sound parts of the historic materials. Current approach to materials conservation is to be able to make minimum intervention to historic material by targeting the conservation treatment to the deteriorated area for the purpose of controlling the deterioration factors and achieving compatible and durable conservation of historical material. In this presentation, two examples of diagnostic research and conservation treatments based on and guided by the diagnostic results are summarized concerning historic stone monuments exposed to atmospheric environment since more than two thousand years. The first example is on the marble walls of Temple of Augustus in Ankara exposed to polluted urban atmosphere. The second example is on the limestone statues of Nemrut Mount Monument in Adıyaman-Turkey, exposed to rural atmosphere with harsh climatic conditions. Finally, a brief discussion on current research issues related to historic materials conservation in atmospheric environment is made.
7
Garcia-Talegon, Jacinta, Adolfo C. Iñigo, Santiago Vicente-Tavera, and Eloy Molina-Ballesteros. "Heritage Stone 5. Silicified Granites (Bleeding Stone and Ochre Granite) as Global Heritage Stone Resources from Ávila, Central Spain." Geoscience Canada 43, no. 1 (March 14, 2016): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2016.43.087.
Full textAbstract:
Silicified granites were used to build the Romanesque monuments in the city of Ávila, Spain. The building stones comprise two types of granite based on their technical properties and colour: Bleeding Stone (Piedra Sangrante) and Ochre Granite (Caleño). They were used as a facing stone in the city´s Romanesque monuments of the 12th century (e.g. the cathedral and church of San Pedro), and the famous city walls that constitute the best example of military Romanesque Spanish architecture. During the Gothic and Renaissance periods of the 13th and 15th centuries, silicified granites were used mainly to build ribbed vaults, the voissoirs of the arches, and elements of the windows in the monuments of Ávila. Silicified granites are found in the intermediate and upper part of a complex palaeoweathering zone or mantle developed on the Iberian Hercynian Basement which underlies much of the western Iberian Peninsula. The silicification occurred during tropical conditions in the Mesozoic. The weathered mantle was truncated by Alpine tectonic movements during the Tertiary, and its remnants were unconformably overlain by more recent sediments in the western and southern part of the Duero Basin and along the northern edge of the Amblés Valley graben. The historical, and now protected, quarry is located in a village called La Colilla, about 5 km from the city of Ávila. Currently, this stone is exploited only for restoration work performed in the city, for example the Walls of Ávila, and the church of San Pedro. The resource is limited and being depleted, so the stone will be scarce in the near future. Consequently, these silicified granites should be recognized as a Global Heritage Stone Resource. The specific technical properties of these stones and their historic use, decay patterns, durability, and suitability for conservation treatments combine to support its designation as a Global Heritage Stone Resource.RÉSUMÉDes granites silicifiés ont été utilisés pour construire les monuments romans dans la ville d’Ávila, en Espagne. Les pierres de construction comprennent deux types de granite selon leurs propriétés techniques et leur couleur : Bleeding Stone (Piedra sangrante) et Ochre Granite (Caleño). Ils ont été utilisés comme pierre de revêtement de monuments romans du 12ème siècle de la ville (par exemple la cathédrale et de l'église de San Pedro), et pour les célèbres remparts de la ville qui constituent le meilleur exemple de l'architecture espagnole romane militaire. Durant les périodes gothique et Renaissance des 13e et 15e siècles, les granites silicifiés ont été utilisés principalement pour construire des croisés d'ogives, des voussoirs d’arcs et des éléments de fenêtres des monuments d’Ávila. Les granites silicifiés se trouvent dans la partie intermédiaire et supérieure d'une zone complexe de paléo-altération ou de manteau développée sur le socle ibérique hercynien qui supporte une grande partie de la péninsule ibérique occidentale. La silicification s’est produite dans des conditions tropicales au Mésozoïque. Le matériau mantélique altéré a été tronqué par des mouvements tectoniques alpins au cours du Tertiaire, et ses restes ont été recouverts en discordance par des sédiments plus récents dans la partie ouest et sud du bassin de Duero, et le long de la bordure nord de la vallée en graben d’Amblés. L’ancienne carrière, maintenant protégée, est située dans un village appelé La Colilla, à environ 5 km de la ville d’Ávila. Actuellement, cette pierre est exploitée uniquement pour les travaux de restauration effectués dans la ville, par exemple les murs d’Ávila, et l'église de San Pedro. La ressource est limitée et en voie d'épuisement, de sorte que la pierre sera rare dans un proche avenir. Par conséquent, ces granites silicifiés devraient être reconnus en tant que pierre du Patrimoine mondial des ressources en pierre. Les propriétés techniques spécifiques de ces pierres et leur valeur historique, leurs modes de désintégration, leur durabilité et leur pertinence pour la conservation patrimoniale justifient leur désignation en tant que roche du Patrimoine mondial des ressources en pierre. Traduit par le Traducteur
8
Salonia, Paolo, Tommaso Leti Messina, Andrea Marcolongo, and Lorenzo Appolonia. "Photo Scanner 3D Survey for Monitoring Historical Monuments. the Case History of Porta Praetoria in Aosta." Geoinformatics FCE CTU 6 (December 21, 2011): 314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/gi.6.39.
Full textAbstract:
Accessibility to cultural heritage is one of the most important factors in cultural heritage preservation, as it assures knowledge, monitoring, Public Administration management and a wide interest on cultural heritage sites. Nowdays 3D surveys give the geometric basis for an effective artefact reconstruction but most of the times 3D data are not completely and deeply investigated to extract other useful information on historical monuments for their conservation and safeguard. The Cultural Heritage Superintendence of Aosta decided to run a time continual project of monitoring of the Praetorian Roman Gate with the collaboration of the ITABC, CNR of Italy. The Praetorian Roman Gate in Aosta, Italy, of Augustus ages, is one of the most well-known roman monumental gates, it is a double gate with three arches each side, 12 meters high, 20 meters wide, made of pudding stone ashlars, Badoglio, travertine, marble blocks and other stone insertion due to restorations between 1600 and 1950. In years 2000 a final restoration intervention brought the gate at the present state of art, within the frame of a restoration and conservation building site with the purpose of treat the different decay pathologies and conditions. A complete 3D geometric survey campaign has been the first step for the monitoring of the gate morphologic changes and decay progress in time. The main purpose is to collect both quantitative data, related to the geometry of the gate, and the qualitative data, related to the chromatic change on the surface due to the stone decay. The geometric data with colour information permits to associate materials and stone pathologies to chemical or mechanical actions and to understand and analyse superficial decay kinetics. The colours survey will also permit to directly locate on the 3D model areas of different stratigraphic units. The project aims to build a rigorous quantitative-qualitative database so to be uploaded into a GIS. The GIS will become the monitoring main means. Considering the huge dimension of the gate and its urban location a multi-scale approach has been considered. Controlled and free images have been taken from the ground and the top of the gate so to reconstruct all the walls and the upper cover. A topographic survey has been done so to be able to control and relate all the different acquisitions. It has been chosen a Photo Scanner 3D system. It is a photogrammetry-based survey technology for point clouds acquisition and 3D models configuration, from digital images processing. This technology allows to obtain point clouds (xyz coordinates) with RGB information and geometries at different levels of complexity by processing a number of images taken with a limited set of constraints, with the use of a simple acquisition equipment and through an image matching algorithm (ZScan, by Menci Software). Due to the high walls of the arch gates, the higher part has been surveyed with a remote controlled drone (UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) with a digital camera on it, so to take pictures up to the maximum altitude and with different shooting angles ( 90 and 45 degree). This is a new technology which permits to survey inaccessible parts of a high monument with ease and accuracy, by collecting redundant pictures later bound together by an image block algorithm. This paper aims to present the survey experience architectural monuments trough the application of a trifocal quick photogrammetric system, in surveying at different scales and for different purposes.
9
Meléndez-Zamudio, Miguel, Ileana Bravo-Flores, Eulalia Ramírez-Oliva, Antonio Guerra-Contreras, Gilberto Álvarez-Guzmán, Ramón Zárraga-Nuñez, Antonio Villegas, Merced Martínez-Rosales, and Jorge Cervantes. "An Approach to the Use of Glycol Alkoxysilane–Polysaccharide Hybrids in the Conservation of Historical Building Stones." Molecules 26, no. 4 (February 10, 2021): 938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040938.
Full textAbstract:
Stone consolidants have been widely used to protect historical monuments. Consolidants and hydrophobic formulations based on the use of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and alkylalkoxysilanes as precursors have been widely applied, despite their lack of solubility in water and requirement to be applied in organic media. In the search for a “greener” alternative based on silicon that has potential use in this field, the use of tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl)silane (THEOS) and tris(2-hydroxyethyl)methyl silane (MeTHEOS) as precursors, due their high water solubility and stability, is proposed in this paper. It is already known that THEOS and MeTHEOS possess remarkable compatibility with different natural polysaccharides. The investigated approach uses the water-soluble silanes THEOS–chitosan and MeTHEOS–chitosan as a basis for obtaining hybrid consolidants and hydrophobic formulations for the conservation of siliceous and calcareous stones. In the case of calcareous systems, their incompatibility with alkoxysilanes is known and is expected to be solved by the developed hybrid consolidant. Their application in the conservation of building stones from historical and archeological sites from Guanajuato, México was studied. The evaluation of the consolidant and hydrophobic formulation treatment was mainly conducted by determining the mechanical properties and contact angle measurements with satisfactory results in terms of the performance and compatibility with the studied stones.
10
Freire-Lista, David Martín, and Rafael Fort González. "Stone provenance and conservation of the Trinitarias Descalzas of San Ildefonso convent, Madrid (Spain)." Ge-conservacion 11 (June 25, 2017): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37558/gec.v11i0.438.
Full textAbstract:
The characterization of building stones used in monuments and the location of their historic quarries is key for maintenance and restoration works. The four most representative building stones of Madrid: flint, granite, Cretaceous dolostone and Miocene limestone, have been used in the Trinitarias Descalzas of San Ildefonso convent of this city. A plaque of Carrara marble was placed on the convent façade in honour of the Spanish writer Miguel de Cervantes in 1870.
The decay of the stones was determined by characterization techniques such as optical polarization and fluorescence microscopy and spectrophotometry. This technique gave information about the colour change between the plinth granite of the convent and quarry granite where it was extracted. The historical documentation complements these data.
11
Caneva, Giulia, Maria Rosaria Fidanza, Chiara Tonon, and Sergio Enrico Favero-Longo. "Biodeterioration Patterns and Their Interpretation for Potential Applications to Stone Conservation: A Hypothesis from Allelopathic Inhibitory Effects of Lichens on the Caestia Pyramid (Rome)." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (February 5, 2020): 1132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031132.
Full textAbstract:
The colonisation of stone by different organisms often leaves biodeterioration patterns (BPs) on the surfaces even if their presence is no longer detectable. Peculiar weathering patterns on monuments and rocks, such as pitting phenomena, were recognised as a source of information on past colonisers and environmental conditions. The evident inhibition areas for new bio-patinas observed on the marble blocks of the Caestia Pyramid in Rome, recognisable as tracks of previous colonisations, seem a source for developing new natural products suitable for restoration activities. To hypothesise past occurring communities and species, which gave rise to such BPs, we carried out both in situ observations and analyses of the rich historical available iconography (mainly photographs). Moreover, we analysed literature on the lichen species colonising carbonate stones used in Roman sites. Considering morphology, biochemical properties and historical data on 90 lichen species already reported in Latium archaeological sites, we suppose lichen species belonging to the genus Circinaria (Aspicilia s.l.) to be the main aetiological agent of such peculiar BPs. These results seem relevant to highlight the long-lasting allelopathic properties of some lichen substances potentially applicable as a natural product to control colonisation, improving the environmental and economical sustainability of stone restoration.
12
Iandelli, Niccolò, Massimo Coli, Tessa Donigaglia, and Anna Livia Ciuffreda. "An Unconventional Field Mapping Application: A Complete Opensource Workflow Solution Applied to Lithological Mapping of the Coatings of Cultural Heritage." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 6 (May 22, 2021): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10060357.
Full textAbstract:
The conservation of a primary importance historical building requires organization, management, continuous updating, comparison, and visualization of a large amount of data of different nature and origin. In relation to these aspects the use of a GIS brings various advantages including single and univocal management of the entire amount of existing data in a relational, dynamic, updatable and queryable way. The integration of a mobile solution permits the updating of the dataset and checking on site all information. The workflow presented uses opensource solutions, desktop and mobile, which allows the creation of an unconventional lithological Field Mapping activity: starting from photo interpretation and in situ survey, all the coating materials (stone, etc.) of some monuments of primary historical and cultural interest have been mapped (i.e., Duomo di Firenze, Duomo di Prato). The product can be considered as a lithological cartography, vertically oriented, processed by field surveys, geognostic surveys and photo interpretation. All combined to create a “lithological” mapping of the coatings of the various monuments; the advantage is a new approach for conservation and restoration of Cultural Heritage. The proposed workflow involves a mobile solution, opensource, that allows the verification and management of the database in the field.
13
Rahrig, M., R. Drewello, and A. Lazzeri. "OPTO-TECHNICAL MONITORING – A STANDARDIZED METHODOLOGY TO ASSESS THE TREATMENT OF HISTORICAL STONE SURFACES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2 (May 30, 2018): 945–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-945-2018.
Full textAbstract:
Monitoring is an essential requirement for the planning, assessment and evaluation of conservation measures. It should be based on a standardized and reproducible observation of the historical surface. For many areas and materials suitable methods for long-term monitoring already exist. But hardly any non-destructive testing methods have been used to test new materials for conservation of damaged stone surfaces. The Nano-Cathedral project, funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, is developing new materials and technologies for preserving damaged stone surfaces of built heritage. The prototypes developed are adjusted to the needs and problems of a total of six major cultural monuments in Europe. In addition to the testing of the materials under controlled laboratory conditions, the products have been applied to trial areas on the original stone surfaces. For a location-independent standardized assessment of surface changes of the entire trial areas a monitoring method based on opto-technical, non-contact and non-destructive testing methods has been developed. This method involves a three-dimensional measurement of the surface topography using Structured-Light-Scanning and the analysis of the surfaces in different light ranges using high resolution VIS photography, as well as UV-A-fluorescence photography and reflected near-field IR photography.<br> The paper will show the workflow of this methodology, including a detailed description of the equipment used data processing and the advantages for monitoring highly valuable stone surfaces. Alongside the theoretical discussion, the results of two measuring campaigns on trial areas of the Nano-Cathedral project will be shown.
14
Dai, Shi Bing, Jin Hua Wang, Yuan Hu, and De Bing Zhang. "Lime-Based Materials and Practices for Surface Refitting of Cultural Heritage." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 1241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.1241.
Full textAbstract:
The surface of cultural heritage and façade of historic buildings represent most values. The conservation of such surfaces need special cares, because most of them are non-structural exposed to extreme weather conditions. The refitting and consolidation delaminated surface were carried out using organic resins, like epoxy resins or cement suspension. However the evaluation in the recent years show such kinds of materials are not chemically compatible with historical materials. Based on inspection on cracks of Huashan’s Pictographs and other historic buildings in Shanghai and Hangzhou, a new system composed of adhesives and injection grouts based on natural hydraulic lime (NHL) has been developed for refitting and rehabilitation of delaminated surfaces made of natural stones, plaster and bricks. The laboratory researches and trial areas on site have shown the adhesives based on modified NHL have sufficient bonding strength to hold delaminated stone slices and blocks. Furthermore, they show slow setting and carbonation process, almost same heat expansion coefficient as the lime stone and inorganic historical materials. After exposure of 135days on site, the trial areas show neither cracking nor efflorescence. The application of developed adhesives and injection grouts in the restoration work of historic Shanghai plaster gates of Jiuxinli in Hangzhou, Zhejinag Province, has been observed positively. Because of high performance and competitive price against organic resins, they are expected to be an optimal material system in the future for façade restoration of architectural heritage and monuments.
15
Mann, Aditi. "The Endangered Inheritance: Conservation through Legislation." Indian Historical Review 47, no. 1 (May 19, 2020): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0376983620922408.
Full textAbstract:
The present article is based on the field study which was done in one of the districts of capital city Delhi and the state of Haryana with a focus on the study of stone sculptures worshipped by the village communities. There have been several examples where sculptures and other architectural fragments were being deified by the local communities and are revered as tutelary deities. Most of these sculptures once adorned the temples and shrines of ancient or early medieval period. However, in a lot of villages where sculptures were reported earlier were found missing for several reasons. In fact, it was realised that most of the antiquities were later smuggled out of the country. This brought the attention to the harsh reality that there are hundreds and thousands of undiscovered and undocumented sculptures, which make them easy targets. There are many organisations, both state run and private, that have devoted themselves in the task of preserving them.2 Similarly, many historical sites and monuments have been ruined due to the negligence of both natives and the government authorities. Whether in ignorance or in a deliberate attempt, these sculptures are rapidly being targeted and depriving this area of its legacy. This attitude is steadily leading the historical heritage towards its extinction. Thus, how can the historical legacy be protected from the ravages? This brought the discussion to legal reforms, which have been introduced since the British times. This article will trace the journey of specific laws with regard to the conservation of the national heritage; more specifically, sculptures with an emphasis on the role of individuals in the introduction of the laws. It then discusses the legislations that were enacted by the Government of India since independence till the most recent times and, finally, about the relevance and awareness regarding the laws that ensure the conservation of national heritage from further pilferage.
16
Bolívar-Galiano, Fernando, Clara Abad-Ruiz, Pedro Sánchez-Castillo, Maurizio Toscano, and Julio Romero-Noguera. "Frequent Microalgae in the Fountains of the Alhambra and Generalife: Identification and Creation of a Culture Collection." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (September 21, 2020): 6603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186603.
Full textAbstract:
Cyanobacteria, green algae and diatoms are significant factors in the biodeterioration of stone cultural heritage sites, and specifically fountain monuments, due to the constant presence of water. In this study, samples were taken from different fountains in the Alhambra and Generalife, which are among the Spanish monuments of greatest historical and artistic value and which together were declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1984. The aim was to identify which species of colonising microalgae are most frequent and to obtain monoalgal cultures from them. From a conservation point of view, it is interesting to identify which algae are growing in these fountains and how they behave in order to develop new methods to control their growth. The most abundant groups of algae in our samples were green algae and cyanobacteria. The most common genera in the former group were Bracteacoccus, Chlorosarcina, Chlorosarcinopsis, Apatococcus and Klebsormidium. As for cyanobacteria, the most abundant genera were Phormidium, Calothrix, Leptolyngbya, Chamaesiphon, Pleurocapsa and Chlorogloea. Using our collected samples, 10 genera of green algae and 13 genera of cyanobacteria were isolated, thereby constituting the base samples for the creation of a reference collection of living algae from the Alhambra and Generalife contexts, which can be used in subsequent studies to develop new types of treatment against biodeterioration.
17
Owczarek, Piotr. "Prace konserwatorskie przy kamiennej rzeźbie Matki Boskiej autorstwa Andrzeja Pruszyńskiego z elewacji kościoła pw. Matki Bożej Pocieszenia w Żyrardowie – wybrane zagadnienia historyczne i technologiczne." Artifex Novus, no. 3 (October 1, 2019): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/an.7072.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARY
The stone sculpture of the Virgin Mary from the facade of the church Our Lady of Consolation in Żyrardów is one of the numerous sculptural implementations of Andrzej Pruszyński workshop. In 2018 the monument was under conservation and restoration works. Preliminary macroscopic examination of the monument showed that under the numerous secondary layers of paint on the stone sculpture there is a dark green, multi-deck colour layer that could imitate a statue had made in bronze casting technique. As a result samples were taken and subjected to laboratory analysis. The research carried out allowed us to conclude that the described layer is kind of a secondary nature and is a testimony to the restoration of the monument probably after the end of World War I. It was decided not to remove the patina and to fill in the gaps in the course of the ongoing restoration and conservation works. This layer had historical and documentary value and was a testimony to the popular in the 19th century and probably known at the beginning of the 20th century practice of patinating sculptures made in less noble and less durable material than bronze. Moreover, in the course of conservation works later layers of paint and cement repairs were removed. Then the structure of weakened limestone rock was strengthened and numerous small losses of stone were filled in. As a witness the defect on the left knee of the figure was left without filling in. It is a trace of the bullet that was probably created during World War I. Moreover, the missing figure’s right hand was reconstructed. A reconstruction of the gilded halo was also made. The design of the conservation work programme is always a very complex process as it requires the simultaneous consideration of many factors. The aesthetic and historical interpretation of the work is important, the understanding of the author’s concept and the essence of the destructive processes. In the case of the described sculpture from Żyrardów it was also necessary to take into account the technical possibilities, take into account the expectations of the owner and users, or customers in general, as well as the conservation community. Preservation and restoration solutions adopted in the work programme, including hand reconstruction and unveiling of the following items and the restoration of a painting layer imitating a green patina, restored historical artistic values to the monument. The aesthetic effect achieved this way brings a new quality to work that can be the object of criticism but by restoring the sculpture’s lost aesthetic values it is possible to continue to function as an object of religious worship.
18
Karpe, Margarita, Inta Kiriloviča, Inta Vītiņa, and Laimons Timma. "Mūrējumu korozija apkārtējās vides ietekmē." Materials Science and Applied Chemistry 35 (November 1, 2018): 190–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/msac-2018-0009.
Full textAbstract:
Būvniecībā kopš seniem laikiem izmanto neorganiskās saistvielas. Materiāli kultūrvēsturiskajos un mākslas pieminekļos pastāvīgi tiek pakļauti struktūras sairšanas procesiem, kurus paātrina arvien pieaugošais vides piesārņojums. Autotransporta dūmgāzes gaisā izdala NxOy, SO2, CO un CO2, kas saistās ar gaisa mitrumu un veido skābos lietus. Tie kopā ar putekļiem un sodrējiem nonāk uz mūrējumu virsmas, veidojot blīvu slāni. Rezultātā sākas ķīmiski korozijas procesi, veidojoties ūdenī šķīstošiem sāļiem (visbiežāk – nātrija, kālija, kalcija un magnija sulfāti). Atmosfēras mitruma svārstību un žūšanas procesu rezultātā šie sāļi kristalizējas un izraisa mūrējuma sairšanu, ko veicina bioloģiskā un fizikālā korozija.Pirmie pētījumi par mūrējumu un dabīgo akmens materiālu koroziju Latvijā sākti 1984. g. RTU Silikātu tehnoloģijas katedrā. 1995. g. RTU Silikātu materiālu institūtā tika nodibināts Akmens materiālu konservācijas un restaurācijas centrs (AMKRC). Tā darbības pamatā ir kultūrvēsturisko pieminekļu zinātniskā analīze – korodējošo materiālu sastāva, struktūras, fizikālo un mehānisko īpašību izpēte.In restoration of the masonry, it is important to maintain its original composition and appearance by matching historical materials with appropriate material which is consistent both visually and in accordance with physical and chemical properties. Materials of historic-cultural and artistic monuments are constantly exposed to disintegration processes which are accelerated by ever- increasing environmental pollution (NxOy, SO2, CO and CO2). This environmental pollution reacts with moisture from air and causes acid rain. As a result, water- soluble salts (most commonly sodium, potassium and magnesium sulphates, and gypsum) are formed, causing the chemical corrosion of the masonry, which can cause its disintegration.The earliest research on corrosion of masonry and of natural stone materials in Latvia was conducted in 1984 at the Department of Silicate Technologies, Riga Technical University. In 1995 the Center for Conservation and Restoration of Stone Materials was established at the Institute of Silicate Materials, Riga Technical University. Research by the Center includes scientific analyses of cultural-historical monuments – the study of the composition, structure, physical, and mechanical properties of corroding materials.
19
Coelho, Catarina, Nuno Mesquita, Inês Costa, Fabiana Soares, João Trovão, Helena Freitas, António Portugal, and Igor Tiago. "Bacterial and Archaeal Structural Diversity in Several Biodeterioration Patterns on the Limestone Walls of the Old Cathedral of Coimbra." Microorganisms 9, no. 4 (March 30, 2021): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040709.
Full textAbstract:
The “University of Coimbra-Alta and Sofia” area was awarded the UNESCO World Heritage Site distinction in 2013. The Old Cathedral of Coimbra, a 12th-century limestone monument located in this area, has been significantly impacted during the last 800 years by physical, chemical, and biological processes. This led to the significant deterioration of some of its structures and carvings, with loss of aesthetical, cultural, and historical values. For this work, deteriorated spots of the walls of three semi-open chapels from the cloister of the Cathedral were sampled to ascertain their bacterial and archaeal structural diversity. Based on Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) result analysis, we report the presence of microbial populations that are well adapted to an ecosystem with harsh conditions and that can establish a diverse biofilm in most cases. While it was possible to determine dominant phylogenetic groups in Archaea and Bacteria domains, there was no clear connection between specific core microbiomes and the different deterioration patterns analyzed. The distribution of these archaeal and bacterial communities within the analyzed biodeterioration spots suggests they are more influenced by abiotic factors (i.e., water availability, salinity, etc.), although they influence (and are influenced by) the algal and fungal population composition in this ecosystem. This work provides valuable information that can assist in establishing future guidelines for the preservation and conservation of this kind of historic stone monuments.
20
Vargas Neumann, Julio. "The Conservation of Earthen Architectural Heritage in Seismic Areas." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.65.
Full textAbstract:
The acceleration of climate change and the increasing frequency of natural disasters mean that there is an urgent need to adapt conservation strategies for architectural heritage to the world’s new demands and situations. This is particularly relevant for the most vulnerable constructions, such as earthen structures. Because of the dramatic effect that earthquakes can have on architecture, and especially on historical monuments, they have been studied for the past 50 years. Earthquakes divide the world in two very distinct geographic areas: seismic and non-seismic. The seismic vulnerability of earthen architectural heritage, such as earthen structures and mud mortar masonry, evidences in by how weak they are when compared to structures built using other construction materials (10 to 15 times weaker). Humanity’s past experience in the conservation of architectural heritage allows us to be aware of the need to improve and eventually perfect the existing conservation charters, which were discussed and signed in Europe in the last century. These charters do not make a distinction between heritage conservation in seismic and non-seismic areas. It is imperative to address this particular issue, as seismic forces can be too strong for earthen constructions to resist, which can lead to their irreparable collapse. Inspired by the Venice Charter and China´s principles as well as by more modern documents, such as the Burra, Mexico, Zimbabwe, Lausana Charters, researchers have tried to establish adequate and resistant conservation guidelines, based on achieving the best structural performance using a minimum permanent and reversible reinforcement. Although this involves causing some impact on the architectural heritage, it also means that human lives and buildings can be protected. The paper will provide real examples to illustrate these cases and will attempt to outline the conservation principles required to protect vulnerable structures, such as those earthen constructions or mud mortar brick or stone masonry built in seismic areas.
21
Bellido-Márquez, María del Carmen. "Documentación escrita y fotográfica parametrizada del Monumento a Francisco de Paula Valladar (Granada) como útil para su valoración, difusión y conservación." Arte y Políticas de Identidad 23 (December 30, 2020): 199–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/reapi.461231.
Full textAbstract:
Esta investigación define las características del Monumento a Francisco de Paula Valladar y Serrano (Granada). Su objetivo es documentar la escultura y para ello es preciso datar su ubicación geográfica, obtener su descripción, medidas y materiales de construcción, analizar su contexto histórico-cultural, concretar su lectura, considerar su valor patrimonial y exponer su estado de conservación. La metodología utilizada es teórica documental y de práctica fotográfica parametrizada, geolocalizadora y de orientación espacial. Las conclusiones obtenidas determinan que esta escultura monumental está ubicada en los Jardines del Genil (Granada), su acceso es por el paseo de la Bomba, su localización presenta una Latitud de 37º16´78.31´´ N y una Longitud de 3º59´98.45´´ E, su orientación frontal es NE-SO, sus medidas totales son de 232 x 76 x 76 cm. Se trata de una obra formada por peana pétrea -con alegorías femeninas y textos- y busto masculino de bronce patinado, su estilo es figurativo, su valor histórico es considerable, su lectura es conmemorativa y de homenaje, su contexto histórico de creación es culturalmente importante, su estado de conservación es medio y necesita restauración. La difusión de esta información contribuye a actualizar la memoria del patrimonio artístico de la ciudad. This research defines the characteristics of the Monument to Francisco de Paula Valladar y Serrano (Granada). Its objective is to document the sculpture and for this it is necessary to date its geographical location, obtain its description, measurements and construction materials, analyze its historical-cultural context, specify its reading, consider its heritage value and expose its state of conservation. The methodology used is documentary theory and parametric photographic practice, geolocation and spatial orientation. The conclusions obtained determine that this monumental sculpture is located in the Jardines del Genil (Granada), its access is through the Paseo de la Bomba, its location has a Latitude of 37º16´78.31´´ N and a Longitude of 3º59´98.45´´ E, its frontal orientation is NE-SO, its total measurements are 232 x 76 x 76 cm. It is a work formed by a stone base - with feminine allegories and texts - and a patinated bronze male bust, its style is figurative, its historical value is considerable, its reading is commemorative and tribute, its historical context of creation is culturally important, its state of conservation is medium and needs restoration. The dissemination of this information contributes to updating the memory of the city’s artistic heritage.
22
Phi, Tuyen Ngoc. "An Tho castle – Phu Yen province through archaeological excavations promoting the values of monuments, and developing potential local and regional tourism." Science and Technology Development Journal 19, no. 4 (December 31, 2016): 180–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v19i4.714.
Full textAbstract:
An Tho Castle (An Dan Ward, Tuy An District, Phu Yen Province) was built in the reign of Minh Menh. It was the capital of Phu Yen Province for a long time. In August 1945 Revolution, in the two wars against France and the United States, the castle became a fierce duel between the resistance forces and ethnic enemies. This is also the birthplace of Tran Phu – the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam. In 2008, the ancient castle conducted some archaeological excavations by the Culture, Sports and Tourism Department of Phu Yen Province and the University of Social Sciences and Humanities, VNU-HCM to determine the scientific value of the relics. Through excavation, the entire old ground as well as some buildings (i.e. the area of road building, front yard, old wells, gates of various locations such as front, back, left, right, etc.) already existed. Many types of relics of numerous different materials such as stone, bronze, iron, terracotta, ceramic, porcelain, coins under the reign of Kings Minh Mang, Thieu Tri, Tu Duc and some stone bullets, cast iron were used for the defense of the city. Nowadays, with the advantages of geographical location, terrain, scenery, special sizes of architecture and relics of the past An Tho Castle, through archaeological excavations and historical culture, the surrounding landscape, we absolutely can confidently invest in the development of exciting new tours to contribute to the economic development of the province and the region. In this paper, the author mentions some of the following: 1. Introduction to preliminary excavations and findings. 2. Issue of conservation and promotion of the values of An Tho ancient ruin 3. Recommendation for the creation of tourism: Interior provinces: Tuy Hoa - Da Dia rapids - Quang Duc pottery village - An Tho castle - Da Trang pagoda. For the region: combination of tours with Nha Trang - Phu Yen - Binh Dinh.
23
Comite, Valeria, Michela Ricca, Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo, Sossio Fabio Graziano, Natalia Rovella, Concetta Rispoli, Chiara Gallo, et al. "Multidisciplinary Approach for Evaluating the Geochemical Degradation of Building Stone Related to Pollution Sources in the Historical Center of Naples (Italy)." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12 (June 20, 2020): 4241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124241.
Full textAbstract:
Natural stones have represented one of the main building materials since ancient times. In recent decades, a worsening in degradation phenomena related mostly to environmental pollution was observed, threatening their conservation. The present work is focused on the minero-petrographic and geochemical characterization of black crust (BC) samples taken from the historical center of Naples, after selecting two pilot monumental areas. The latter were chosen based on their historical importance, type of material, state of preservation and position in the urban context (i.e., high vehicular traffic area, limited traffic area, industrial area, etc.). The building materials used and their interaction with environmental pollutions were studied comparing the results obtained by means of different analytical techniques such as polarized light Optical Microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersion system (SEM-EDS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and laser ablation coupled with inductive plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS).
24
Priya, T. Lakshmi. "Protecting the Tangible and Intangible Heritage of Rani ki Vav: A Unique Subterranean Step Well in Gujarat." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 1057–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.1057.
Full textAbstract:
The stepwells define the subterranean architecture of Western India. The term stepwell indicates the basic architectural features of a monumental well comprising of a long corridor of steps leading to five or six storeys below the ground to a well. From the 7th to the 19th century, stepwells were an integral part of the Western India. Stepwells are a response to arid regions of Western India particularly in Gujarat and Rajasthan where water is treated as a sacred element which defines the lives, myths and rituals of the people. The stepwells of Gujarat are exceptional in their monumental scale and details. One of the magnificient stepwells is located near Ahmedabad known as Rani ki Vav. The construction of this stepwell began in 1063 A.D and probably it took some ten to twenty years to complete its construction that is upto 1085 to 1090 A.D. It is constructed of bricks and decorated with stone sculptures. It measures 64m long 20m wide and 27m deep. It has the four essential components which are seen in completely developed stepwells : a staircase leading from the ground level to the underground basin, intercepted at regular intervals with multistoreyed pillared pavilion, a well at the rear end, and a large tank or kund to store the surplus water from the well. This Vav also has bracing structures just above the tank, as an extra precaution against lateral thrust. The side walls of the staircase have niches and the wall surface of the well are adorned with beautiful sculptures. The stepwell was in use during the 12th and the 13th century, during the reign of Sidharaja. During this period the niches in the stepwell were filled up with marble sculptures.Later in the 13th century huge amounts of sand and silt were deposited in the well due to major floods of the Saraswati river which flows adjacent to this well. Other floods gradually silted up the entire well. Historical records mention that the well was functional and periodically desilted. The well was buried for centuries under the soil. The Archaeological Survey of India undertook the major task of desilting and restoration of Rani ki Vav which was declared a protected monument of national importance in 1940s. Desilting of the stepwell was commenced in 1960 A.D. Extreme care was taken while resetting of the architectural members and fixing the sculptures in their proper position. The conservation works were aimed at retaining the authenticity and the integrity of the monument during the restoration works. The stone used in the construction of this Vav is sedimentary sand stone varying from fine grain to coarse grained structure. Several test such as wet chemical analysis,X ray analysis,soil analysis etc were undertaken to understand the weathering of the stone. Today Rani ki Vav reveals its original grandeur and stands testimony to the expert craftsmanship and technology of the builders of the 11th century. This paper aims to bring forth the significance of this unique typology of stepwell and the continuing efforts undertaken by Archaeological Survey of India for restoring this historic monument.
25
Oreni, D., R. Brumana, S. Della Torre, and F. Banfi. "SURVEY, HBIM AND CONSERVATION PLAN OF A MONUMENTAL BUILDING DAMAGED BY EARTHQUAKE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-5/W1 (May 15, 2017): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-5-w1-337-2017.
Full textAbstract:
Surveying a monumental building damaged by the earthquake means to analyse its geometries, the structural elements, the connection still exist between the different parts, in order to define its state of conservation, to make structural analysis and to plan a proper project of restoration, consolidation, seismic improvement or addition of new elements. The survey of structural geometry represents the first necessary moment of building’ knowledge investigation, to be performed after the securing of the building by the Firefighters or Civil Protection. How and by which instruments the geometric analysis are conducted depends on many factors, not always exclusively on the will of the experts involved in the restoration project, but more often dictated by political, technical, social or economic needs. The accurate geometrical survey is referred as fundamental operation even by national <i>Directive for evaluation and earthquake risk reduction of cultural heritage</i> (GU n. 24 &ndash; 29/01/2008 and 2011 updates), which defines guidelines for preventive interventions on built heritage in order to make the structures less vulnerable in case of earthquake. <br><br> Nowadays, the wide use of tools and accurate surveying techniques makes it possible to achieve an adequate level of accuracy of information related to the buildings, overcoming the difficulties due to accessibility of the damaged structures. <br><br> The geometrical survey of the Basilica of Santa Maria di Collemaggio in L'Aquila, was made by Politecnico di Milano starting from 2013, within the project "Ripartire da Collemaggio" (<a href=" http://www.ungiornoacollemaggio.it/content/2027"target="_blank">http://www.ungiornoacollemaggio.it/content/2027</a>), financed by Eniservizi. The basilica, an important symbol for the community of L'Aquila, was gravely damaged by the earthquake of 6<sup>th</sup> April 2009. The objective of Eni was to turn the restoration of the building in a re-birth moment for all the community. The knowledge step was aimed to plan a restoration project able of returning the basilica to a safe and full use. In the two years knowledge investigation steps (geometric survey, historical and stratigraphic analysis, materials investigation, structures and soils examination, <i>in situ</i> tests and numerical elaborations) was involved an interdisciplinary group of researchers from various Italian universities, Politecnico di Milano, Università La Sapienza in Rome and the University of L'Aquila, called to provide a scientific advice to the Soprintendenza ai Beni Architettonici e Paesaggistici per l’Abruzzo, project manager of the restoration step. In early 2016 the yard of restoration was opened and it is still on-going. <br><br> The geometrical survey of the basilica was aim to investigate, measure and represent the exact geometry of the damaged structures and their three-dimensional complexity; the survey was planned choosing the tools and methods most appropriate in relation with the accessibility and safety of the structures, the operating ranges of acquisition and the level of detail required by the analysis and the project. This meant to integrate global and local surveying techniques, in order to cross relate data derived by different tools and to make the graphical restitution of the entire monumental complex: topography, laser scanning, photogrammetry, but also hands on instruments, at a scale of representation from 1&thinsp;:&thinsp;1 to 1&thinsp;:&thinsp;50. The laser scanner survey, registered in the accurate geomatics network, responded to the need to punctually investigate and interpret the geometrical configuration of different spaces of the Basilica, as well as its structural articulation, enabling a series of horizontal and vertical profiles, as requested by various experts involved in the diagnostic steps. <br><br> HBIM model (Historical Building Information Modeling) of the entire basilica was primarily intended as a tool for stereotomic description of the building and its parts, following the constructive logic of each structural element; then it was used as a support tool for the restoration simulation, project, management and yard. To perform the division of the building in its constructive elements, sometimes it has been used stratigraphic methodologies and instruments of analysis. The entirety of the geometric and structural complexity of the basilica, was guarantee using sophisticated 3D software and drawing complex entities, integrated and stored in the parametric BIM logic. This process has allowed to accurately and timely represent the geometry of the structural elements, of the areas characterized by crushing, empties, variations of the masonry sections and out of plumbs. <br><br> It is on the pillars of the nave that was focused the attention of survey: the will to preserve as much as possible the existing structures, in their material authenticity, required a careful analysis of each individual stone element of each pillar, investigated in its geometry, texture and state of conservation. The aim of the project was to ward a complete replacement of the pillars, preferring instead a removing and replacing intervention of only of the stone ashlars completely deteriorated and no longer recoverable, considering the question of structural safety as fundamental. The HBIM of the basilica had the primary function of connecting into one virtual space all the available data; that model has also been made as a tool for managing the restoration yard, supporting the computation of stone to buy, quarry and grossly slot, saving time on site. <br><br> Different and complementary skills were used in every knowledge and restoration steps; the accurate analysis of the structures made it possible to plan a consolidation and restoration project as close as possible to the structural conception of the existing building, adding only the new structural elements necessary to increase the resistance and to guarantee the safety of the structures, also in case of new earthquake. The Italian <i>Codice dei Beni culturali e del paesaggio</i> (DL n.42/2004), at paragraph 4 of art. 29, states that the restoration includes structural improvements. For the restoration of Collemaggio the solutions chosen were the ones able to be more effective and, at the same time, less invasive, more respectful as possible of the sacredness of the architecture, its highest historical significance, the authenticity of the material and its cultural significance. <br><br> The main principles and criteria of restoration were: maximum correspondence of conservation doctrine, with a focus on improving the structural characteristics compared to the seismic risk; exemplarity of the management practices of the restoration process; exemplarity of innovative techniques; transparency of all processes and accurate communication of cultural and scientific content. Despite of some inevitable compromises, the detailed knowledge of the building allowed to design punctual interventions, inserting new structures where the oldest were collapsed and consolidating damaged elements, in order to improve the global safety of the building but without modifying substantially the structural conception of the stratified basilica.
26
Boukerch, I., B. Takarli, R. Mahmoudi, S. Tellai, and D. Chadli. "APPLICATION OF DIGITAL TERRESTRIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION: THE MOSQUE OF ABDULLAH IBN SALAM OF ORAN." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B5 (October 14, 2016): 989–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b5-989-2016.
Full textAbstract:
Studies on the architectural heritage can now be supported by three-dimensional reconstruction of actual buildings. The 3D digital model can be an effective medium for documenting the current state of historic buildings but also to create a resource for researchers who conduct their analysis on historical evolution. Architectural photogrammetry has its own specifications in relation to other photogrammetric applications, however it meets these expectations. <br><br> The traditional approach requires the use of metric cameras but with the development of computational techniques, this requirement is overcome and opens the way for the use of non-metric camera. <br><br> The use of the shots that is no longer restricted to the parallel configuration of bundles, the images may be convergent, horizontal or oblique. Combining and modelling several cameras increasingly powerful in resolution and stability, has great scope and the same workflow can be used in varied applications. <br><br> ISPRS and ICOMOS created CIPA because they both believe that a monument can be restored and protected only when it has been fully measured and documented and when its development has been documented several times, i.e. monitored, also with respect to its environment, and stored in proper heritage information and management systems. <br><br> In this paper the 3D modelling of an important cultural site using terrestrial photogrammetric techniques for architectural preservation is presented. The site is the mosque of Abdullah Ibn Salam, Built in 1880 at the initiative of Simon Kanoui, also known as the Great Synagogue of Oran was inaugurated in 1918 only. It was one of the largest and most beautiful synagogues in North Africa. It was built with stone imported from Jerusalem. This place of worship became in 1975 the mosque of Abdullah Ibn Salam who was a rich Jew of Medina who was converted to Islam. <br><br> The structure is modelled using 321 oriented photos taken in five series of shots that cover all the façade and the interior of the building where more than 9200 points are created. <br><br> Also some orthophotos of the important elements are produced and used as materials in the final stage which is the edition in a 3D modelling software. And a video virtual tour is generated using this software.
27
FREEMANTLE, MICHAEL. "Historic Stone Monuments Pose Challenge To Conservation Scientists." Chemical & Engineering News 74, no. 16 (April 15, 1996): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v074n016.p020.
Full text
28
De Kock, Tim, Jan Dewanckele, Marijn Boone, Geert De Schutter, Patric Jacobs, and Veerle Cnudde. "Replacement stones for Lede stone in Belgian historical monuments." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 391, no. 1 (November 11, 2013): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp391.9.
Full text
29
Chandra, S., and Wu Liping. "Kolloidale Kieselsäure für das Festigen von Naturstein / Colloidal Silica in Stone Conservation." Restoration of Buildings and Monuments 5, no. 1 (February 1, 1999): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rbm-1999-5339.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Gypstop, a new product based on silica colloid, has been developed by Eka Chemicals Company in Sweden. It is used in the restoration and conservation of cultural heritagestone monuments. These deteriorate due to the combined effect of gases and salts which may have a synergystic effect. This paper describes the principle of desalination and subsequent consolidation of porous stone and the procedure of using Gypstop. Some of the deteriorated limestone blocks have been treated with the Gypstop in Egypt. It has shown that the Gypstop protects the stone from further weathering. Restoration and conservation of different stone monuments have been carried out. The periodical evaluation of the field treatment has confirmed that the Gypstop has unique characterstic of desalination and subsequent consolidation of the stone monuments. It thus strengthens them and significantly improves their durability.
30
Nazel, Tarek. "Bioconsolidation of Stone Monuments. An Overview." Restoration of Buildings and Monuments 22, no. 1 (July 1, 2016): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rbm-2016-0001.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This article reviews the carbonation process through biomineralization referred to as Microbial Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICCP) for the conservation of carbonate stone monuments and historic building materials. This biological process widely occurs in nature as microbes produce inorganic materials within their basic metabolic activities. The first patent, which explained this method dates from approximately twenty-five years ago. Since then, different research groups have investigated substitute methodologies and various technical applications to provide a protective calcium carbonate layer on the surface of deteriorated historic buildings and stone monuments as well as to consolidate their inner weakened structure through this biodeposition process. The article reviews selected literature, highlights open queries and promotes discussion of a selection of issues, production mechanisms, application techniques, performance and bonding with stone structure. While many questions regarding this significant method have been focused in published sources, there are considerable possibilities for new research.
31
Gurgen, Gurcan. "Impact of acid precipitation on historical monuments and statues." Global Journal of Arts Education 7, no. 1 (June 12, 2017): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjae.v7i1.1829.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A host of deleterious factors can impact the aging and integrity of historical monuments and statues. These may include natural causes such as water, wind, and temperature variation as well as the even more detrimental human causes of industrial pollution, urban warming, and fossil fuel emissions from vehicles all of which contribute to the development of acid precipitation. In addition, where the use of fossil fuels is wide-spread the occurrence of acid precipitation tends to be more prevalent and as a result serious damage can occur to the natural environment. Acid precipitation causes irreparable damage to vegetation, wildlife, and fish populations in lakes, streams, and rivers. Also, damage caused by acid precipitation can be quite recognizable on historical monuments and statues constructed from carbonate-based stone. The stone derived from carbonate sources such as limestone, dolomite, and marble have been widely used for thousands of years in the construction of monuments and statues. Carbonate-based stone was often chosen because of its abundance, suitability for shaping, and robust quality. Many historic works of art which not only characterize a period of art but also create powerful images of the artist and artwork have survived for thousands of years. The emergence of acid precipitation though has caused irreparable damage and destruction to many of these irreplaceable works of art, monuments, and statues. In this study, the research focuses on better understanding of acid precipitation and its impact on items of cultural heritage such as historical monuments and statues. Sample cases were chosen to emphasize and evaluate deleterious impact which may have occurred to these items of cultural heritage. According to research evaluation results from this study the researcher has provided recommendations for resolving the impacts of acid precipitation on these historical monuments and statues. Keywords: fossil fuels, acid precipitation, historical artefacts, marble statues.
Keywords: fossil fuels, acid precipitation, historical artefacts, marble statues.
32
Liu, Xiaobo, Robert J. Koestler, Thomas Warscheid, Yoko Katayama, and Ji-Dong Gu. "Microbial deterioration and sustainable conservation of stone monuments and buildings." Nature Sustainability 3, no. 12 (September 14, 2020): 991–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-00602-5.
Full text
33
Yu, Z., Y. Hu, and M. Hou. "APPLICATION OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING TECHNOLOGY IN DISEASE EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS OF STONE MONUMENTS." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-M-1-2021 (August 28, 2021): 901–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-m-1-2021-901-2021.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. With thousands of years of glorious history and culture, China, which is the origin of Chinese civilization has also survived with a magnificent amount of stone cultural heritage. Stone monuments are one of the most important components of Chinese monuments and contain a wealth of historical information by themselves. Due to the fact that some stone monuments and stone architectural elements are often exposed to the natural environment, they are subject to physical, biological, chemical and human damage over a long period of time, which leads to the formation of various kinds of damages. Therefore, it is an important issue to extract and analysis the diseases information effectively. In this paper, we were going to examine these issues in the context of existing surveying and mapping techniques.
34
Balić, Jure, and Siniša Bizjak. "Installation of stainless metal reinforcements in stone cultural monuments." St open 2 (July 9, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.48188/so.2.2.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: To provide examples of the installation of stainless-steel reinforcements in a stone cultural monument as part of conservation and restoration work. Methods: During conservation and restoration works, metal elements in stone monuments are replaced by stainless steel, which shares the same physical properties as, for example, iron, but its chemical properties are much superior. Estimates of appropriate reinforcement, technical drawings and a detailed plan are drafted before the installation of stainless-steel reinforcements in the stonework itself. For more demanding calculations and designs, structural and other engineers and architects were consulted to obtain the optimal dimensions of structural elements. Results: The presented examples of stone monuments (an ancient stone sarcophagus, two ancient sculptures, one medieval portal, two baroque baptismal fonts and a baroque bell gable) were reinforced with stainless steel. A reinforcing mesh was utilized to connect fragments of the sarcophagus and reconstruct the missing parts. The sculptures were found in fragments and required steel reinforcement to be set up in a free-standing position. The baptismal fonts were also found in fragments due to the corrosion of their iron clamps; they were furnished with a detachable, externally invisible steel reinforcement. The medieval portal was at risk of collapse due to the static instability caused by the rupture of its load-bearing lintel. The lintel was reinforced with a steel bar, which absorbs compression forces acting on the stone superstructure. The baroque bell gable was a prime example of a monument damaged by its iron clamps. These were completely removed and the structural stability was secured by embedding a reversible steel structure in the stonework. Conclusion: Good physical and chemical properties make stainless steel the basic material in the reinforcement of stone cultural monuments. Its application in the conservation and restoration of stone monuments is currently the best and most efficient solution for restoring sustainable structural stability, original appearance and optimal positioning of monuments, as well as preventing further deterioration.
35
Borges, Cristina, António Santos Silva, Rosário Veiga, and Giovanni Borsoi. "Historical Heritage: A Study to Conservation." Materials Science Forum 730-732 (November 2012): 604–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.730-732.604.
Full textAbstract:
Considering ancient monuments and historical buildings, it seems that these mortars have proved to be durable and reliable materials. The restoration and maintenance of old renders is one of the key aspects of correct rehabilitation practice. The ideal course of action is to replace the damaged material by a material with compatible characteristics.The study in development presents the chemical, physical and morphologic analysis performed for ancient air lime mortars belonging to historical monuments: Santa Marta Fortress in the coast line Lisbon-Cascais dated from XVII century and Defense Wall of Lisbon dated from XI century, which layout could be associated to roman period. It is important to underline that the studied samples of ancient portuguese air lime mortars, have been submitted during centuries to very severe maritime environment that includes daily cycles of wet/dry, wind, friction and the constant presence of salts, generally aggressive. However, they show very good performance and conservation state, unlike most of the new air lime mortars, which are generally considered weak, not very durable, materials. This work is included in a study intending to determine key factors to the durability of these ancient materials in presence of water. Visible reaction rims around some aggregates suggests the occurrence of pozzolanic reactions between aggregates and the lime binder that creates neoformation products, such as calcium-silico-aluminates, which seems be, besides the pores filling, the responsible for the resistance and cohesion of these ancient mortars submitted to aggressive humid environments.
36
Ariño, X., and C. Saiz-Jimenez. "Lichen Deterioration of Consolidants Used in the Conservation of Stone Monuments." Lichenologist 28, no. 04 (July 1996): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282996000497.
Full text
37
von Plehwe-Leisen, Esther, Hans Leisen, and Eberhard Wendler. "Drachenfels trachyte an important stone for medieval monuments investigation into conservation." Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften 158, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 985–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/1860-1804/2007/0158-0985.
Full text
38
Ariño, X., and C. Saiz-Jimenez. "Lichen Deterioration of Consolidants Used in the Conservation of Stone Monuments." Lichenologist 28, no. 4 (July 1996): 391–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/lich.1996.0036.
Full text
39
Àstakhova, I. S., and L. R. Zhdanova. "Natural stone in the architectural design of Syktyvkar: history, conservation and restoration." Regional architecture and engineering 3 (2020): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.19110/2072-2958-2020-3-182-188.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the analysis of the use of natural stone in the architecture of Syktyvkar. The history of the use of facing and rubble stone in the construction of the city is given. The main types of rocks are diagnosed and their deposits are indicated. Data on the state of monuments is provided.
40
Bhargav, J. S., R. C. Mishra, and C. R. Das. "Environmental Deterioration of Stone Monuments of Bhubaneswar, the Temple City of India." Studies in Conservation 44, no. 1 (1999): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1506690.
Full text
41
Costa, Antônio Gilberto. "Stone Materials and Old Buildings: How Observations can Help to Preserve the Past for the Future." Key Engineering Materials 848 (June 2020): 174–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.848.174.
Full textAbstract:
Through the observation of the set of monuments of cultural heritage built in stone, it can be seen important ornamental or covering applications. From macroscopic descriptions performed in these monuments, a great variety and different intensities of alteration processes are observed, mainly when comparisons are made between monuments located in large and small urban centers. These alterations and degradations, in part conditioned by the mineralogical composition and the structures present in these stone materials, are strongly influenced by the conditions of the environment. In general, the set of alterations and degradations observed are those related to the decomposition of the minerals that make up these rocks. Based on these in-situ investigations, diagnostics can be produced on the degree of degradation of stone materials and recommendations for their conservation
42
Scherer, George W., Robert Flatt, and George Wheeler. "Materials Science Research for the Conservation of Sculpture and Monuments." MRS Bulletin 26, no. 1 (January 2001): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2001.18.
Full textAbstract:
Mountains give the illusion of durability because their grand scale hides the continual weathering of their surfaces. When the same stone is used to create a sculpture, the loss of a few millimeters suffices to spoil, or even eliminate, the features of a face; the rate of loss may be surprising, but it is not necessarily unnatural.
43
BASHTANNIK, Sergey V. "ARCHAEOLOGICAL CULTURES ON THE TERRITORY OF GORNAYA SHORIA: PALEOSOCIOLOGICAL ASPECT OF THE RESEARCH." Historical and social-educational ideas 10, no. 6/1 (January 18, 2019): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17748/2075-9908-2018-10-6/1-78-83.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this article is a historical and sociological understanding of materials from the era of stone and bronze, accumulated so far as a result of research of the settlement monuments of Gornaya Shoria. The direct subject of paleosociological reconstructions in this work are the migrations of the ancient population. Gornaya Shoria is a historical and cultural region, located in the southern part of the Kuznetsk Basin. In the east and north-east it adjoins the Abakan ridge and the Kuznetsk Alatau, in the south - to the Altai, in the west it is separated from the Salair ridge by the NenyaChumysh ridge. This article is devoted to the cultural and historical interpretation of the archaeological data of the Stone Age and Bronze Age, accumulated to this day as a result of the study of the settlement monuments of the Gornaya Shoria. The first information about the ancient fortifications, mounds and places of worship on the territory of Mountain Shoria was left by military engineers in the 18th century. Archaeological research on the territory of Gornaya Shoria intensified in the late 1970s.The vast majority of monuments of archeology, known in the territory of Gornaya Shoria, have been revealed over the past 30 years. Unfortunately, in the interfluve of the rivers Mrassu and Kondoma, on tributaries of the second and third orders, archaeological reconnaissance has not yet been conducted. Virtually unknown monuments of the early Holocene era (Mesolithic - Neolithic).The study of archaeological monuments of this region was carried out, mainly, on the basis of local museums and they not putting special research aims. Therefore, in this article on the materials of archaeological monuments of the Stone Age and Bronze Age, is considered the interaction of the population of Gornaya Shoria as a historical and cultural region with archaeological cultures of the middle flowing of the river Ob’, the Tom basin, and the Tobol-Irtysh region. Cultural complexes associated with ancient migrations are singled out. Archaeological monuments with pottery of Novokuskovo, Krokhalievo, Mundybash, and comb-pit pottery types are characterized, their relative chronology is suggested. A brief history of archaeological research in Gornaya Shoria is given.
44
O., Stasyuk. "CONSERVATION OF MEMORIAL MONUMENTS AT HISTORICAL CEMETERIES - CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES." Architectural Studies 5, no. 2 (November 2019): 186–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/as2019.02.186.
Full text
45
Moholy-Nagy, Hattula. "SET IN STONE: HIATUSES AND DYNASTIC POLITICS AT TIKAL, GUATEMALA." Ancient Mesoamerica 27, no. 2 (2016): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536116000250.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractStone stelae and altars inscribed with dates and bearing a portrait of the ruler they commemorate define the Classic period in the Maya lowlands. They attest to the ruling elite's awareness of history and its uses to assert their authority and legitimacy. The power of Maya history remains evident when text decipherments override archaeological evidence. Privileging of texts is especially problematic in interpretations of gaps or hiatuses in the sequence of dates on carved monuments as indicators of site-wide decline. Archaeological evidence from the Lowland Maya city of Tikal contradicts the assumption of general decline during its longest hiatus, as well as a widely accepted historical explanation of its cause. Placing stone monuments and their texts in past cultural context indicates gaps were more likely due to a venerable Mesoamerican tradition of monument desecration carried out by rival elite factions than to specific historical events.
46
Domaslowski, Wieslaw, and Alicja Strzelczyk. "Evaluation of applicability of epoxy resins to conservation of stone historic monuments." Studies in Conservation 31, sup1 (January 1986): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sic.1986.31.supplement-1.126.
Full text
47
Mohanu, Ileana, Dan Mohanu, Ioana Gomoiu, Roxana-Magdalena Fechet, Adriana Moanţă, and Ionela Petre. "Restoration Materials Compatible with Heritage Wall Paintings." Proceedings 29, no. 1 (October 18, 2019): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019029116.
Full text
48
Doehne, Eric. "ESEM and Video Microscopy Studies in Stone Conservation." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (August 1997): 613–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600009958.
Full textAbstract:
Observation of stone deterioration using in situ,time-lapse microscopy techniques has revealed previously undescribed material behaviors that help to explain the destructive effects of several important processes in wall paintings, historic structures and monuments. It has long been acknowledged that cyclic stresses imparted by humidity changes, wet-dry cycling, and the crystallization and hydration of soluble salts, are important agents in the deterioration of these porous structures. The crystallization of salts is a particularly serious conservation problem (Arnold, 1975). Over time, cyclic salt crystallization results in the physical breakdown of the material (Goudie, 1993). Objects affected by such processes are often difficult to conserve since they are weak to begin with and the presence of salt inhibits the curing of some common conservation materials (Price and Kumar, 1994).Sodium sulfate is one of the most damaging of salts, apparently because it expands during the transition from the anhydrous phase (Na2SO4; thenardite) to the decahydrate form (Na2SO4•l0H2O; mirabilite).
49
Macedo, Maria Filomena, Ana Zélia Miller, Amélia Dionísio, and Cesareo Saiz-Jimenez. "Biodiversity of cyanobacteria and green algae on monuments in the Mediterranean Basin: an overview." Microbiology 155, no. 11 (November 1, 2009): 3476–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.032508-0.
Full textAbstract:
The presence and deteriorating action of micro-organisms on monuments and stone works of art have received considerable attention in the last few years. Knowledge of the microbial populations living on stone materials is the starting point for successful conservation treatment and control. This paper reviews the literature on cyanobacteria and chlorophyta that cause deterioration of stone cultural heritage (outdoor monuments and stone works of art) in European countries of the Mediterranean Basin. Some 45 case studies from 32 scientific papers published between 1976 and 2009 were analysed. Six lithotypes were considered: marble, limestone, travertine, dolomite, sandstone and granite. A wide range of stone monuments in the Mediterranean Basin support considerable colonization of cyanobacteria and chlorophyta, showing notable biodiversity. About 172 taxa have been described by different authors, including 37 genera of cyanobacteria and 48 genera of chlorophyta. The most widespread and commonly reported taxa on the stone cultural heritage in the Mediterranean Basin are, among cyanobacteria, Gloeocapsa, Phormidium and Chroococcus and, among chlorophyta, Chlorella, Stichococcus and Chlorococcum. The results suggest that cyanobacteria and chlorophyta colonize a wide variety of substrata and that this is related primarily to the physical characteristics of the stone surface, microclimate and environmental conditions and secondarily to the lithotype.
50
Concha Lozano, Nicolas, Dominique Lafon, Olivier Eterradossi, and Pierre Gaudon. "Assessment of real aging in selection process of replacement materials for stone monuments conservation." Virtual Archaeology Review 2, no. 3 (April 15, 2011): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2011.4579.
Full textAbstract:
<p>Reconstruction of monuments often raises the question of stones replacement. It must be aesthetically durable, which means the stone must age like the original one. This study presents an image processing chain, from capture to visualisation, to compare stones at different states of aging: recently extracted from quarry, weathered on old buildings, and cleaned on monuments recently restored. This tool includes: (1) a digital still camera calibration, (2) a chromatic adaptation transform and (3) a resizing process. To test it, a case study was conducted to assess the compatibility of three types of limestone. This graphical tool helps the selection of replacement materials by visual comparison between several possible stones in order to select them by aging properties and visual resemblance.</p>