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Cortopassi, Leonardo Luiz Figueira. "O beber alcoolizado: uma análise semântico-histórica de comerciais de bebidas alcoólicas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8147/tde-30072008-114035/.
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Esta dissertação busca analisar processos de produção de sentidos sobre bebidas alcoólicas, utilizando os princípios da Semântica Histórica da Enunciação e da Análise de Discurso. Os usos da língua e os sentidos relacionados às bebidas alcoólicas são socialmente relevantes porque a produção e o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas constituem um setor significativo da economia, além de seus aspectos culturais, ou seja, o consumo tradicional de bebidas alcoólicas em certas ocasiões sociais, a polêmica sobre saúde e álcool e o simbolismo de algumas bebidas como bebidas nacionais. Para realizar nosso objetivo, selecionamos e analisamos um corpus de comerciais brasileiros e britânicos de bebidas alcoólicas para TV. Notando que os comerciais constituem sentidos evidentemente positivos para as bebidas, também incluímos um corpus de textos jurídicos brasileiros e britânicos, cujos sentidos tendem a apresentar as bebidas alcoólicas como perigosas. Para a Semântica Histórica da Enunciação, o sentido é constituído numa interação social que é historicamente determinada. Assim, os conceitos de designação (o sentido de um nome como relação histórico-lingüística) e enunciação (o acontecimento constituído pelo uso da língua), são importantes para esta análise. Apoiamo-nos, também, no diálogo estabelecido entre a Semântica Histórica com a Análise de Discurso, que busca (entre outras conexões) explicar a constituição do sujeito como um posicionamento do sujeito no interdiscurso ou memória discursiva. Este é um estudo contrastivo. Há uma comparação do funcionamento semânticodiscursivo de comerciais de TV que são produzidos e assistidos em duas sociedades diferentes. Portanto, os efeitos de sentido são muito diversos em alguns casos e semelhantes em outros. No caso dos textos jurídicos sobre álcool, também há algumas diferenças. No contraste entre os comerciais brasileiros e britânicos, observamos variações claras no modo de constituição de algumas posições de sujeito. Por exemplo, as posições de sujeito para homem e mulher. A posição de sujeito do consumidor de bebida alcoólica também está presente nos comerciais. Ambos os corpora tendem a sugerir um consumo intenso, mas o fazem de modos distintos. Os comerciais brasileiros apresentam o ato de beber principalmente como parte de celebrações coletivas. Os britânicos enfatizam mais um beber individual e utilizam efeitos especiais com mais freqüência. Analisamos outros aspectos dos comerciais com a inclusão dos códigos de auto-regulamentação publicitária na análise. O discurso jurídico funciona como uma espécie de contraponto ao discurso publicitário sobre a bebida alcoólica. O conflito das leis com os comerciais é sugerido, pois as leis brasileiras e britânicas punem certos casos de consumo e venda de bebidas alcoólicas, embora as infrações a essas leis no Reino Unido pareçam ter conseqüências ligeiramente diferentes no Brasil. A produção de sentidos nos corpora que analisamos é variável. A constituição de sentidos depende (entre outras razões) das relações interdiscursivas que se estabelecem. Destarte, os papéis e relações entre os discursos que analisamos podem ser interpretados de outras formas.This dissertation aims at analysing the production of meaning about alcoholic drinks relying on the principles of Historical Semantics of the Utterance as well as those of Discourse Analysis. Language uses and meanings related to alcoholic drinks are socially relevant, as the production and consumption of alcoholic drinks are part of a significant sector of the economy, besides other aspects, i. e., the traditionally established consumption of alcohol on certain social occasions, the controversy over health and alcohol and the symbolic positioning of some alcoholic beverages as national drinks. To fulfill our purpose we selected and analysed a corpus of Brazilian and British alcoholic drink TV ads. Upon realization that the ads attached overwhelmingly positive meanings to the drinks, we also included a corpus of Brazilian and British legal texts whose meanings about alcoholic drinks tend to present them as dangerous. For Historical Semantics of the Utterance, meaning is constituted out of social interaction which is historically determined. Thus, the concepts of designation (meaning of a name as a linguistic, historical relation) and utterance production (the \"happening\" constituted by the use of language) are important for this analysis. This historical semantics establishes a dialog with Discourse Analysis as it (among other connections) seeks to account for the constitution of the subject as the occupation of a position in the interdiscourse or discursive memory. This study is contrastive in nature. It compares the semantic and discursive functioning of TV ads that are produced and viewed in two different societies. Therefore the meaning effects are sometimes similar and sometimes greatly different. In the case of legal texts about alcohol there are also some differences. In the contrast between Brazilian and British TV ads, we could observe clear variation in the way some subject positions are constituted, for instance, the subject positions for man and woman. The subject position of alcohol consumer is also at stake in the ads. Both TV ad corpora tend to suggestively stimulate intense consumption, but they do so in different ways. The Brazilian ads present the act of drinking, mainly as part of collective celebrations, whereas the British ads place more emphasis on individual drinking and use visual effects more frequently. Some other features of the ads are heeded as the Brazilian and British advertising self-regulated codes are included in the analysis. The laws function as a kind of counter-discourse to the advertising discourse about alcohol. The conflict of the laws with the ads is suggested as Brazilian and British laws punish certain instances of alcohol consumption and sale, although the consequences of breaching these laws in the UK seem slightly different in Brazil. The meaning production about alcoholic drinks in the corpora that we analysed are variable as meaning in general depends on the interdiscursive relations which are established, so that the roles and relations between the discourses that we analysed can be interpreted in other ways.
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Chapman, Siobhan. "Accent and the sentence-utterance distinction." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358924.
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Papafragou, Anna. "Modality and the semantics-pragmatics interface." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1998. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1317914/.
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This thesis explores certain aspects of the structure of lexical semantics and its interaction with pragmatic processes of utterance comprehension, using as a case-study a sample of the English modal verbs. Contrary to previous polysemy-based accounts, I propose and defend a unitary semantic account of the English modals, and I give a relevance-theoretic explanation of the construction of their admissible (mainly, root and epistemic) contextual interpretations. Departing from previous accounts of modality, I propose a link between epistemic modality and metarepresentation, and treat the emergence of epistemic modal markers as a result of the development of the human theory of mind. In support of my central contention that the English modals are semantically univocal, I reanalyse a range of arguments employed by previous polysemy-based approaches. These arguments involve the distributional properties of the modals, their relationship to truth-conditional content, the status of so-called speech-act modality, and the historical development of epistemic meanings: it turns out that none of these domains can offer reasons to abandon the univocal semantic analysis of the English modals. Furthermore, I argue that the priority of root over epistemic meanings in language acquisition is predicted by the link between epistemic modality and metarepresentation. Finally, data from a cognitive disorder (autism) are considered in the light of the metarepresentation hypothesis about epistemic modality. The discussion of modality has a number of implications for the concept of polysemy. I suggest that, despite its widespread use in current lexical semantics, polysemy is not a natural class, and use the example of the Cognitive Linguistics to illustrate that polysemy presupposes some questionable assumptions about the structure of lexical concepts. I propose a division of labour between ambiguity, semantic underdeterminacy, and a narrowed version of polysemy, and present its ramifications for the psychology of word meaning. In the final chapter, I extend the proposed framework for modality to the analysis of generic sentences, thereby capturing certain similarities between genericity and modality.
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Mirzapour, Mehdi. "Modeling Preferences for Ambiguous Utterance Interpretations." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTS094/document.
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Le problème de représentation automatique de la signification logique des énoncés ambigus en langage naturel a suscité l'intérêt des chercheurs dans le domaine de la sémantique computationnelle et de la logique. L'ambiguïté dans le langage naturel peut se manifester au niveau lexical / syntaxique / sémantique de la construction de sens, ou elle peut être causée par d'autres facteurs tels que la grammaticalité et le manque de contexte dans lequel la phrase est effectivement prononcée. L'approche traditionnelle Montagovienne ainsi que ses extensions modernes ont tenté de capturer ce phénomène en fournissant quelques modèles qui permettent la génération automatique de formules logiques. Cependant, il existe un axe de recherche qui n'est pas encore profondément étudié: classer les interprétations d'énoncés ambigus en fonction des préférences réelles des utilisateurs de la langue. Ce manque suggère une nouvelle direction d'étude qui est partiellement explorée dans ce mémoire en modélisant des préférences de sens en alignement avec certaines des théories de performance préférentielles humaines bien étudiées disponibles dans la littérature linguistique et psycholinguistique.Afin d'atteindre cet objectif, nous suggérons d'utiliser / d'étendre les Grammaires catégorielles pour notre analyse syntaxique et les Réseaux catégoriels de preuve comme notre analyse syntaxique. Nous utilisons également le Lexique Génératif Montagovien pour dériver une formule logique multi-triée comme notre représentation de signification sémantique. Cela ouvrirait la voie à nos contributions à cinq volets, à savoir, (i) le classement de la portée du quantificateur multiple au moyen de l'opérateur epsilon de Hilbert sous-spécifié et des réseaux de preuve catégoriels; (ii) modéliser la gradation sémantique dans les phrases qui ont des coercitions implicites dans leurs significations. Nous utilisons un cadre appelé Montagovian Generative Lexicon. Notre tâche est d'introduire une procédure pour incorporer des types et des coercitions en utilisant des données lexicales produites par externalisation ouverte qui sont recueillies par un jeu sérieux appelé JeuxDeMots; (iii) l'introduction de nouvelles métriques sensibles au référent basées sur la localité pour mesurer la complexité linguistique au moyen de réseaux de preuve catégoriels; (iv) l'introduction d'algorithmes pour l'achèvement des phrases avec différentes mesures linguistiquement motivées pour sélectionner les meilleurs candidats; (v)l'intégration de différentes métriques de calcul pour les préférences de classement afin de faire d'elles un modèle uniqueThe problem of automatic logical meaning representation for ambiguous natural language utterances has been the subject of interest among the researchers in the domain of computational and logical semantics. Ambiguity in natural language may be caused in lexical/syntactical/semantical level of the meaning construction or it may be caused by other factors such as ungrammaticality and lack of the context in which the sentence is actually uttered. The traditional Montagovian framework and the family of its modern extensions have tried to capture this phenomenon by providing some models that enable the automatic generation of logical formulas as the meaning representation. However, there is a line of research which is not profoundly investigated yet: to rank the interpretations of ambiguous utterances based on the real preferences of the language users. This gap suggests a new direction for study which is partially carried out in this dissertation by modeling meaning preferences in alignment with some of the well-studied human preferential performance theories available in the linguistics and psycholinguistics literature.In order to fulfill this goal, we suggest to use/extend Categorial Grammars for our syntactical analysis and Categorial Proof Nets as our syntactic parse. We also use Montagovian Generative Lexicon for deriving multi-sorted logical formula as our semantical meaning representation. This would pave the way for our five-folded contributions, namely, (i) ranking the multiple-quantifier scoping by means of underspecified Hilbert's epsilon operator and categorial proof nets; (ii) modeling the semantic gradience in sentences that have implicit coercions in their meanings. We use a framework called Montagovian Generative Lexicon. Our task is introducing a procedure for incorporating types and coercions using crowd-sourced lexical data that is gathered by a serious game called JeuxDeMots; (iii) introducing a new locality-based referent-sensitive metrics for measuring linguistic complexity by means of Categorial Proof Nets; (iv) introducing algorithms for sentence completions with different linguistically motivated metrics to select the best candidates; (v) and finally integration of different computational metrics for ranking preferences in order to make them a unique model
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Saturno, Jacopo. "Utterance structure in the initial stages of Polish L2 acquisition : from semantics to case morphology." Thesis, Paris 8, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA080141.
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Cette thèse est dédiée au traitement de la morphosyntaxe lors des premières étapes de l’acquisition du polonais en L2, avec une attention spécifique portée au rôle de l’input et des techniques de sollicitation. La structure cible considérée ici est l’opposition morphosyntaxique entre le nominatif et l’accusatifs, qui correspondent respectivement aux fonctions sujet et objet.90 apprenant(e)s adultes répartis équitablement entre cinq groupes de L1 ont pris part à un cours d’initiation au polonais d’une durée de quatorze heures. Les participants n’ayant jamais été exposés au polonais ou à une autre langue slave, l’expérience porte sur le tout premier contact avec une langue cible totalement nouvelle. L’expérience a été menée sous des conditions d’input rigoureusement contrôlées : l’apport a été planifié, enregistré et transcrit afin de pouvoir le mettre en corrélation rigoureuse avec l’output de l’apprenant.Cette étude conclut que tandis que plusieurs apprenant(e)s ont été capable de traiter la morphologie flexionnelle dans un exercice structuré quelques heures seulement après la première exposition à l’input, beaucoup moins ont su en faire autant dans un contexte d’interaction spontanée. Pour ce dernier exercice, ils se sont appuyés sur des principes sémantiques et liés au contexte de la phrase. Ce travail a ainsi permis de souligner des points méthodologiques sensibles quant au rôle de la sémantique dans la détermination de la morphosyntaxe d’une part, et quant aux effets des techniques de sollicitation sur les stratégies observables du traitement morphosyntaxique, d’autre partThis thesis is devoted to the processing of morphosyntax in the earliest stages of the acquisition of Polish L2, with special attention to the role of input and to elicitation techniques. The target structure taken into consideration is the morphosyntactic opposition between the nominative and accusative case, respectively corresponding to the subject and object function. 90 adult learners evenly distributed among five L1 groups took part in a first-exposure 14-hour Polish course taught by a specially trained native speaker. As participants had never been exposed to Polish or other Slavic languages, the experiment portrays the very first contact with a completely new target language. The experiment was carried out under strictly controlled input conditions: specifically, input was planned, recorded and transcribed, in order to thoroughly correlate it to learner output.The study concludes that while several learners proved able to process inflectional morphology in a structured test after only a few hours of exposure to the input, much fewer could do the same in the context of spontaneous interaction, in which they relied on semantic and phrasal principles. Although this conclusion may be seen in itself as a significant contribution to the debate regarding the initial stages of L2 acquisition, we believe that this work highlighted sensitive methodological points regarding the role of semantics in determining morphosyntax, on the one hand, and the effect of elicitation technique on the observable strategies of morphosyntactic processing, on the other hand
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Coleman, Julie Margaret. "Love, sex and marriage : an historical study of English vocabulary." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1992. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/love-sex-and-marriage--an-historical-study-of-english-vocabulary(8cfc9358-8293-4c85-97c9-4e1849693b79).html.
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Klein-Arendt, Reinhard. "The iron crafts of the Swahili from the perspective of historical semantics." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-91796.
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To this day research in pre-colonial Swahili history has only taken casual notice of the role of Swahili crafts. This applies in particular to blacksmithing and iron smelting. Probably iron smelting were among the
driving factors of cultural contact and of the development of economical structures on the Swahili Coast. Kusimba postulates that metallurgy played an important role for cultural change within Swahili polities. Foreign trade in iron products to other parts of the Indian Ocean fostered local exchange systems that linked the East African settlements on the Coast to each other and the interior (1996:387). In this article the potential of linguistic research on iron crafts for Swahili historiography will be demonstrated, though it has to be emphasised that linguistic evidence is as of yet too scarce to allow more than preliminary results. Two steps are deemed necessary to achieve this aim. In a first step the scientific contributions by historical linguistics, history, and archaeology in regard to Swahili iron working will be reviewed. In a second step it will be demonstrated that historical semantics, together with language geography can make a significant contribution to this discussion. More than anything else, it is the semantic aspect of language that is capable of revealing pre-colonial cultural change in Africa. With comparative phonological and morphological methods historical genetic relationships within a given language family can be discovered.
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Sbardolini, Giorgio. "Conventions and Change in Semantics." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1555334547254546.
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Nordgren, Lars. "The Greek Interjections : Studies on the Syntax, Semantics and Pragmatics of the Interjections in Fifth-Century Drama." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm University, Department of French, Italian and Classical Languages, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-75536.
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This thesis investigates the linguistic and philological characteristics of the primary interjections in Ancient Greek drama. It employs Ameka’s definition and classification from 1992 as its theoretical base, and provides a comprehensive research survey. The thesis has a data-driven approach, and is based on all items traditionally classified as interjections. In the chapter on morphology and syntax, the unique characteristics of interjections are presented. E.g., NPs co-occurring with interjections form an interjection phrase, which follows a specific pattern, in accordance with a phrase schema. The chapter on semantics, which is the main part of the thesis, employs an analytical model based on a moderate minimalism approach. This assumes that all items have a core meaning that can be identified without the aid of context, yet allows different, but related, meanings. The definition adopted in the present thesis states that interjections share only formal characteristics, and thus can be divided into categories based on their semantic features, which are defined using Kaplan’s notion of informational equivalence. The thesis deals with three such categories, each with its individual semantic properties: expressive interjections, express the speaker’s experience of emotion and/or cognition; conative interjections, express what the speaker wants the addressee or auditor to do; imitative interjections, depict or reproduce sounds or events. Items in category 1 are the most frequent and thus receive most attention. In the chapter on pragmatics, it is proposed that the primary function of interjections is to express the core semantics in a specified context. Felicity conditions are suggested for an utterance to convey the primary meaning of an interjection. Interjections are also shown to have various secondary functions, e.g. that of strengthening markers. Finally, a lexicon is provided, which offers individual informational equivalents of all interjections under study.
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Leow, James A. "An Amphichronic Analysis of Modals of Necessity in Cuban Spanish." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1594994490255345.
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Potter, Eugenie Ann Conser. "The linguistic turn in philosophy of education: An historical study of selected factors affecting an academic discipline." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184401.
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From the late 1950s to about 1970, philosophers of education began to adopt a mode of philosophizing characterized as "the linguistic turn," after a similar change in general philosophy. This involved a move away from the older "isms" approach rooted in metaphysics towards linguistic and conceptual analysis. The linguistic turn has been attributed to intellectual history--the influence of ideas on a field. The central argument of this study, however, is that during the 1950s, factors external to academia, but acting upon it, interacted with concerns by educational philosophers themselves to create the conditions for the linguistic turn. These factors included the attacks on public schooling and "educationists," the teacher education reform movement, the Ford Foundation funding of liberal arts oriented teacher preparation, and, within the academy, the concern on the part of educational philosophers for the academic legitimacy of their discipline. These factors led philosophers of education to model their discourse more closely on the reigning paradigm in general philosophy, linguistic analysis. The attacks on public schooling were centered on progressivism for its alleged anti-intellectualism and subversive character. Philosophers of education were the particular targets of these critics. Teacher preparation in education schools also came under scrutiny during this period. The Ford Foundation's Fund for the Advancement of Education underwrote major programs that centered teacher preparation in a liberal arts curriculum, with only minimal coursework devoted to professional training. In addition, the National Commission for the Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) supported such a reorientation, with a concomitant weakening of educational philosophy's place in teacher education programs. Philosophers of education responded by lobbying for the inclusion of their courses in certification requirements, forging an alliance with the American Philosophical Association, reducing the social activism that had characterized earlier educational philosophers' efforts, and adopting the more academically legitimate methods of general philosophy. In the short term these actions assured educational philosophy a place in teacher education programs. In the long run, however, the linguistic turn may have jeopardized the survival of educational philosophy as an academic field by creating a chasm between philosopher and practitioner.
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Mikhaylov, Nikita. "Творительный падеж в русском языке XVIII века." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för moderna språk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-183609.
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The aim of this dissertation is to describe the sphere of use of the Russian Instrumental case in written sources from the eighteenth century. The research is based on approximately 11,300 instances of the use of the Instrumental and almost 2,400 constructions with other cases, excerpted from documents of various genres and styles. The corpus includes texts written by forty eighteenth-century authors, and contains works of poetry and drama, literary prose, letters, memoirs and learned tracts. Previous studies of the Instrumental case have in the main dealt with the development of the system of its meanings in the Old Russian period, or else have described its condition in modern times. The present work attempts to systematise its most typical uses and to trace the changes in the function of the Instrumental that took place during the period when a national literary language was coming into being in Russia. The research is primarily focused on the competition between the Instrumental case and other means of expression of particular meanings. In particular it describes (with statistical data) the variation in case forms within the predicate, with the function of an object, and also of the agent in passive constructions. A detailed description is given of those meanings of the Instrumental which are known from the earliest period and still in active use in the eighteenth century, but nowadays perceived as archaic. The most important of these are the Instrumental of cause, and also various uses of the Instrumental without a preposition to indicate time or place.
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Gianastacio, Vanderlei. "A presença do sufixo -ismo nas gramáticas da língua portuguesa e sua abrangência dos valores semânticos, a partir do Dicionário de Língua Portuguesa Antônio Houaiss." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-30112009-151358/.
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Esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de entender os valores semânticos do sufixo ismo, num estudo diacrônico, trabalhando com dados etimológicos encontrados no Dicionário Houaiss e avaliando a formação de vocábulos nas diversas categorias. Para uma melhor compreensão do sufixo ismo, observou-se sua origem, bem como sua produtividade, na língua grega. Atentou-se para a sua transição do grego para o latim e para o processo de formação de palavras nesse idioma. Considerou-se a presença de vocábulos de origem grega, no latim, ora transliterados, ora formados no latim, mesmo sem encontrar nas gramáticas desse idioma o ismo classificado como sufixo. A passagem desse sufixo para a língua portuguesa é um fato constatado, porém o estudo do ismo não aparece nas primeiras gramáticas de língua portuguesa. Para isso, analisaram-se as gramáticas portuguesas, iniciando por Fernão de Oliveira e, assim, percebeuse que o primeiro gramático de língua portuguesa a estudar o sufixo ismo foi Julio Ribeiro. Uma vez que esta obra é produzida antes da data que marca o início do estruturalismo, verificaram-se as afirmações de Humboldt percebendo que, mesmo antes da obra de Ferdinand de Saussure, Curso de linguística geral, já havia pensamentos voltados para o estruturalismo, algo que influenciou Julio Ribeiro. Com base em um corpus de duas mil, trezentas e quarenta e três palavras (2.343), analisou-se a etimologia desses vocábulos, recorrendo aos dicionários de grego, latim, espanhol, inglês, italiano e francês, confrontando com as informações encontradas em Houaiss. Além disso, contrastou-se a datação das palavras formadas com o sufixo ismo, apresentadas em Houaiss, com o sítio na internet denominado Corpus do Português. Dessa forma, concluiu-se que o sufixo ismo apresenta uma diversidade de valores semânticos adquiridos em sua trajetória diacrônica formando, assim, substantivo de substantivo, substantivo de adjetivo e substantivo de verbo.The objective of this research is to understand, by means of a diachronic study, the semantic diversity of the suffix ism and to evaluate the formation of various types of words, working with the etymological information found in the Houaiss dictionary. In order to understand better the suffix ism, its origin and uses in Greek were observed. Attention was given to the transition from Greek to Latin and the process by which words in these languages were formed. The presence of Latin words of Greek origin, either transliterated or of Latin formation, were considered, even if the ism suffix was not found in the grammars of these languages. The transfer of the ism suffix to the Portuguese language is an established fact. However, the study of the suffix ism does not appear in the first Portuguese language grammars. For this reason, Portuguese grammars, starting with Fernão de Oliveira, were analyzed. It was shown that the first Portuguese grammar to study the suffix ism was that of Julio Ribeiro. Noting that this grammar was produced before the beginning date of structuralism, the affirmations of Humboldt were verified, showing that even before Ferdinand de Saussures work, Curso de lingüística geral, there were already structuralist ideas which influenced Julio Ribeiro. Using a group of two thousand, three hundred and forty-three (2,343) words, the etymology of each was analyzed, consulting dictionaries in Greek, Latin, Spanish, English, Italian and French, and comparing them with the information found in Houaiss. In addition, the date of the words formed with the suffix ism, presented in Houaiss, was contrasted with words found on the site O Corpus do Português. It was concluded that the suffix ism presents a semantic diversity acquired in its diachronic trajectory, forming nouns from nouns, nouns from adjectives and nouns from verbs.
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Lacotiz, Andréa. "Estudo diacrônico da função e dos valores semânticos dos sufixos -ança/ -ença, -ância/ -ência no português." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-28012008-112539/.
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O percurso histórico de derivações sufixais é muito pouco estudado, pois é lugar-comum concentrarem a análise de formação de palavras sob a ótica sincrônica. O presente trabalho constitui-se de um estudo calcado em diacronia sobre as ocorrências dos sufixos -ança/-ença, -ância/-ência, em suas funções transcategorial e semântica. Em manuais de gramática normativa, afirma-se, comumente, que esses sufixos se prestam apenas a transpor a classe gramatical de uma palavra, de verbo a substantivo abstrato, e acrescentam à base um significado superficial. Os modelos gerativos de estudo morfológico, por sua vez, embora reconheçam a polissemia dos sufixos, instituem regras de derivação sufixal que não abrangem a total possibilidade formativa, encontrada no processo histórico dos sufixos abordados. O objetivo de nossa pesquisa tratava-se de precisar dados etimológicos encontrados no Dicionário Houaiss, para com isso investigar os valores semânticos variáveis no percurso diacrônico dos sufixos, avaliar a tendência formativa transcategorial, desde o latim clássico, e verificar a relação que os substantivos derivados estabelecem com seus verbos e adjetivos cognatos. Com base em um corpus de 250 palavras usuais formadas por esses sufixos, investigamos a etimologia dos vocábulos, utlizando-se de dicionários de latim, clássico e medieval, inglês, francês, espanhol e italiano, confrontando os dados encontrados com aqueles fornecidos pelo Dicionário Houaiss. Descrevemos os valores semânticos dos sufixos em forma de paráfrases, discernindo os prototípicos daqueles advindos de empréstimos ou por extensão de sentido. Averiguamos a cognação desses substantivos derivados entre adjetivos em -nte e verbos, no português atual. Dessa forma, pudemos concluir que esses sufixos se revestem de variáveis valores semânticos, prototípicos e adquiridos em seu percurso diacrônico; prestam-se à criação de substantivos majoritariamente abstratos, pois há ocorrências de substantivos concretos, e possuem a tendência de formar derivados a partir de bases adjetivais e verbais, ainda que, ao longo da história, desde o latim, tenham existido formações com outras categorias.The historical trajectory of suffixal derivations is too little studied, since it is a commonplace to concentrate the analysis of words formation under a synchronical point of view. The present work deals with a study set in the diachronical perspective of the suffixal occurrences of Portuguese suffixes -ança/-ença, -ância/-ência, in their transcategorical and semantical functions. In normative grammar manuals, it is used to affirm that these suffixes are useful in order to cross over the grammatical class of a word, from a verb to an abstract noun, and to add it on the basis of a superficial meaning. The generative models of Morphology, in their turn, recognize even though the polysemy of the suffixes and establish suffixal derivation rules that do not embrace all formative possibilities, found in the historical process of the broached suffixes. The purpose of this research was specify etymological data found in the Dicionário Houaiss, to, hereby, investigate the changeable semantic values in their suffixal diachronic trajectory, evaluate their transcategorical formative tendency, since the Classic Latin, and verify the relation that the derivative nouns establish with their verbs and cognate adjectives. Based on a corpus of 250 usual words formed by these suffixes, we investigate the etymology of the terms, consulting dictionaries of Classic and Medieval Latin, English, French, Spanish and Italian, confronting the found data with those supplied by the Dicionário Houaiss. We describe the semantical values of the suffixes in the form of paraphrases, discriminating the prototypical one from those ocurred by loans or by meaning extensions. We inquire the cognation of these derivative nouns among adjectives in -nte and verbs, in the current Portuguese. This way, we could conclude that these suffixes resemble themselves with changeable semantical values, prototypical and acquired in their diachronical trajectory; they are useful to the creation of nouns mainly the abstract ones, because there are occurrences of concrete nouns, and have the tendency to form derivatives from adjectival and verbal bases, although, alongside the history, since the Latin, formations with other categories have also existed.
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Gonçalves, Anielle Aparecida Gomes. "Diacronia e produtividade dos sufixos -agem, -igem, -ugem, -ádego, -ádigo e -ádiga em português." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-30112009-142459/.
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Este trabalho tem como objeto de estudo palavras derivadas presentes no português que possuem os sufixos agem, igem, ugem, ádego, ádigo, e ádiga em sua formação, e que estão presentes no Dicionário eletrônico Houaiss da língua portuguesa. O objetivo é conhecer e classificar os aspectos semânticos destes sufixos a partir do significado contido na criação da palavra, independentemente da língua em que foi formada. Por tratar-se de pesquisa de caráter diacrônico, o método utilizado foi o histórico, pois, através da pesquisa etimológica, examinaremos a função primitiva dos sufixos que compõem nossa análise. Deste modo, trata-se inicialmente da questão da formação de palavras e suas teorias; depois, sobre a origem destes sufixos e a importância das línguas em que estão presentes. Em seguida, são explicitadas (i) as classes e subclasses empregadas na classificação dos vocábulos, baseadas em Rio-Torto (1998) e em sua versão, criada pelo Grupo de Morfologia Histórica do Português, (ii) a análise etimológica das palavras e (iii) a análise semântico-categorial dos sufixos agem, ádega, ádego, ádigo, igem e ugem em português. Por último, analisam-se itens lexicais formados contemporaneamente com o sufixo agem.The object of this work is derived words present in Portuguese that own the suffixes agem, igem, ugem, ádego, ádigo and ádiga in their formation and that are in the Dicionário eletrônico Houaiss da língua poruguesa [Electronic Dictionary Houaiss of the Portuguese Language]. The aim is to know and to classify these suffixes in the semantics aspects that are contained in the creation of the word, independently of the language in which it was formed. As this research has a diachronic character, the method used was the historical, since it will be examined the primitive function of the suffixes that compose this analysis across etymological research. Therefore, initially its treated the issue of the word formation and its theories; afterwards, the origin of the suffixes and the importance of the languages in which they are present. After that, (i) the classes and subclasses used in the classification of the words, based on Rio-Torto (1998) and in its version, created by Grupo de Morfologia Histórica do Português [Group of Historical Morphology of the Portuguese Language], (ii) the etymological analysis of the words and (iii) the semantic-categorial analysis of the suffixes agem, ádega, ádego, ádigo, igem and ugem in Portuguese are explicited. Finally, items formed with the suffix agem in recent years are analyzed.
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Hoelbeek, Thomas. "The spatial expressions containing French 'travers' and Italian 'traverso': a functional semantic description from diachronic perspective." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209319.
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This thesis belongs to the research tradition of Romance historical semantics, and combines diachronic methods with cognitive hypotheses. Analysing complex adpositions in French and Italian, its originality resides in the fact that, both for literal and metaphorical uses, it applies a functional approach to a diachronic problematic, carrying out a corpus analysis.The period covered consists of four hundred years (from the 16th until the end of the 19th Century). The constructions under analysis conform to the pattern [PREP1 (+ article) + travers(o) (+ PREP2)], viz. the French expressions 'à travers (de)', 'au travers (de)', 'en travers (de)', 'de travers' and their Italian formal equivalents 'a traverso/at(t)raverso (a, di, per)', 'al traverso (di)', 'in traverso (di)' and 'di traverso (a)' ('traverso (a)', without PREP1, is included too). These expressions, and especially their prepositional uses, are assumed to be intrinsically dynamic. However, they are no pure prepositions, in that all of them can be used in at least two different syntactic roles. More specifically, some are principally found as a preposition, and secondarily as an adverb; others behave mostly as an adverb, but also as an adjective; finally, certain expressions exhibit all three types of uses.
The results can be structured around four axes. Firstly, a complete diachronic-semantic description of all uses is given of this set of hardly explored expressions, in order to contribute to a better comprehension of their semantic structure. The study bears on morphological, syntactic, but most of all semantic aspects of the evolutions observed. Secondly, functional concepts such as Guidance, proposed in synchronic research (in particular by Stosic (2002b; 2007; 2009)), and notions we elaborate on the basis of research on Modern French (cf. Somers 1988; and Plungian 2002), in particular Contrast and Deviation, are put to the test. By adopting a diachronic perspective, we assess to what extent these notions are able to describe the semantics conveyed in the past by the expressions under study. Thirdly, this thesis determines in what measure the expressions analysed were subjected to a grammaticalisation process, and why some of them (in particular 'à travers', and, to a lesser extent, 'a traverso/at(t)raverso (a, di, per)') became significantly more frequent from the 18th Century onwards. We provide elements that point to a more advanced grammaticalisation for certain expressions. Moreover, we determine to what extent the evolutionary trends observed corroborate or, on the contrary, disconfirm various mechanisms considered to be part of the process of grammaticalisation. Finally, a comparison between the evolutions in the two languages under study helps to distinguish between more general and language-specific mechanisms of semantic and grammatical evolution, given that every natural language has a specific way of organising its own modelling of space.
The results of this study enrich our knowledge of the phrases studied and their functioning in the past, but also in present-day French and Italian, providing diachronic observations regarding the functional notions put to the test. Further, it contributes to a better understanding of the grammaticalisation mechanisms of complex constructions. Finally, it shows that typologically related languages may evolve differently in their ways of representing space, and in particular in their semantic distribution of various functional concepts within a group of close constructions./Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le domaine de la sémantique historique romane, et combine des méthodes diachroniques avec des hypothèses cognitives. En analysant des adpositions complexes en français et en italien, son originalité réside dans le fait que, à la fois pour des usages littéraux et métaphoriques, elle applique une approche fonctionnelle à une problématique diachronique, en réalisant une analyse de corpus.
La période traitée est constituée de quatre cents ans (à partir du XVIe jusqu’à la fin du XIXe siècle). Les constructions analysées sont conformes au modèle [PREP1 (+ article) + travers(o) (+ PREP2)], à savoir les expressions françaises 'à travers (de)', 'au travers (de)', 'en travers (de)', 'de travers' et leurs équivalentes formelles italiennes 'a traverso/at(t)raverso (a, di, per)', 'al traverso (di)', 'in traverso (di)' et 'di traverso (a)' ('traverso (a)', sans PREP1, est aussi incluse). Ces expressions, et surtout leurs usages prépositionnels, sont supposées être intrinsèquement dynamiques. Cependant, elles ne sont pas de pures prépositions, en ce que chacune d’elles peut être utilisée dans au moins deux rôles syntaxiques différentes. Plus précisément, certaines se rencontrent principalement comme préposition, et accessoirement comme adverbe ;d’autres se comportent la plupart du temps comme adverbe, mais aussi comme adjectif ;enfin, certaines expressions présentent les trois types d’usages.
Les résultats s’articulent autour de quatre axes. Tout d’abord, une description diachronique et sémantique complète est donnée de tous les usages de l’ensemble de ces expressions qui sont à peine explorées, afin de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension de leur structure sémantique. L’étude porte sur des aspects morphologiques, syntaxiques, mais surtout sémantiques des évolutions observées. Deuxièmement, des concepts fonctionnels tels que celui de Guidage, proposé dans des travaux en synchronie (en particulier par Stosic (2002b; 2007; 2009)), et des notions que nous élaborons sur la base d’analyses du français moderne (cf. Somers 1988; et Plungian 2002), en particulier celles de Contraste et Déviation, sont mises à l’épreuve. En adoptant une perspective diachronique, nous évaluons dans quelle mesure ces notions sont en mesure de décrire la sémantique véhiculée dans le passé par les expressions étudiées. Troisièmement, cette thèse détermine dans quelle mesure les expressions analysées ont été soumises à un processus de grammaticalisation, et pourquoi certaines d’entre elles (en particulier 'à travers' et, dans une moindre mesure, 'a traverso/at(t)raverso (a, di, per)') sont devenues beaucoup plus fréquentes à partir du XVIIIe siècle. Nous fournissons des éléments qui indiquent une grammaticalisation plus avancée de certaines expressions. De plus, nous déterminons dans quelle mesure les tendances évolutives observées corroborent ou, au contraire, infirment différents mécanismes considérés comme faisant partie du processus de grammaticalisation. Enfin, une comparaison entre les évolutions dans les deux langues étudiées permet de distinguer des tendances sémantiques et grammaticales plus générales de ceux qui sont plus spécifiques à une langue, étant donné que chaque langue naturelle a une façon spécifique d’organiser sa représentation de l’espace.
En fournissant des observations diachroniques sur les notions fonctionnelles mises à l’épreuve, cette thèse enrichit notre connaissance des constructions étudiées et leur fonctionnement dans le passé, ce qui aide aussi à mieux comprendre leur usage contemporain. De plus, elle contribue à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de grammaticalisation des constructions complexes. Enfin, elle montre que des langues typologiquement proches peuvent évoluer différemment dans leurs modes de représentation de l’espace, et en particulier dans la distribution sémantique de différents concepts fonctionnels dans un groupe de constructions proches.
Doctorat en Langues et lettres
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Moss, Adam. "Detecting Lexical Semantic Change Using Probabilistic Gaussian Word Embeddings." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik och filologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-412539.
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In this work, we test two novel methods of using word embeddings to detect lexical semantic change, attempting to overcome limitations associated with conventional approaches to this problem. Using a diachronic corpus spanning over a hundred years, we generate word embeddings for each decade with the intention of evaluating how meaning changes are represented in embeddings for the same word across time. Our approach differs from previous works in this field in that we encode words as probabilistic Gaussian distributions and bimodal probabilistic Gaussian mixtures, rather than conventional word vectors. We provide a discussion and analysis of our results, comparing the approaches we implemented with those used in previous works. We also conducted further analysis on whether additional information regarding the nature of semantic change could be discerned from particular qualities of the embeddings we generated for our experiments. In our results, we find that encoding words as probabilistic Gaussian embeddings can provide an enhanced degree of reliability with regard to detecting lexical semantic change. Furthermore, we are able to represent additional information regarding the nature of such changes through the variance of these embeddings. Encoding words as bimodal Gaussian mixtures however is generally unsuccessful for this task, proving to be not reliable enough at distinguishing between discrete senses to effectively detect and measure such changes. We provide potential explanations for the results we observe, and propose improvements that can be made to our approach to potentially improve performance.
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Simões, Lisângela. "Estudo semântico e diacrônico do sufixo -dade na língua portuguesa." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-04022010-161225/.
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Existem autores que consideram os sufixos como unidades mínimas vazias de significado que não alteram a classe gramatical da base a que se integram para formar novos vocábulos. Todavia, inúmeros exemplos refutam tais afirmações (de adjetivos podemos derivar substantivos abstratos: feliz felicidade; o sufixo eiro pode compor substantivos, como pedreiro, assim como adjetivos, interesseiro). Desta forma, percebemos que os sufixos possuem significado autônomo e que fazem mais do que alterar a classe gramatical de um termo. O objetivo desta pesquisa é tratar do sufixo dade na língua portuguesa, ressaltando, por meio de paráfrases semânticas, os sentidos diacronicamente atestados em gramáticas e dicionários de língua portuguesa, especialmente no Dicionário eletrônico Houaiss da língua portuguesa (2001). Acreditamos que este tipo de análise colabora com estudos de sentidos e de datações atribuídos ao sufixo. Esta pesquisa se enquadra nas propostas do Grupo de Morfologia Histórica do Português da Universidade de São Paulo (GMHP/USP, http://www.usp.br/gmhp), sob a coordenação do Prof. Dr. Mário Eduardo Viaro.There are some authors who consider suffixes as minimum units with no meaning that cannot form a word with a different morphological category from its basis. However, a lot of examples could be easily taken to refute such ideas (from adjectives abstract nouns can be derived: feliz felicidade; the Portuguese suffix eiro can be a compound of nouns, such as pedreiro, or adjectives, interesseiro). This shows us how suffixes carry an autonomy in their meaning and not only change the grammatical category of a derived word. The aim of this research is to analyze the Portuguese suffix dade, showing, through semantic paraphrases, the meanings diachronically presented in grammar books and dictionaries on Portuguese, especially in the Dicionário eletrônico Houaiss da língua portuguesa (2001). We argue that this type of analysis could enrich the studies about meanings and date occurrences associated to this particular suffix. This work is inserted within the purposes of the Grupo de Morfologia Histórica do Português da Universidade de São Paulo (GMHP/USP, Group of Historical Morphology of the Portuguese Language, http://www.usp.br/gmhp), under PhD. Mário Eduardo Viaro coordination.
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Poortvliet, Marjolein. "Perception and predication : a synchronic and diachronic analysis of Dutch descriptive perception verbs as evidential copular verbs." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:71136ea5-67a8-4a76-ad8d-e0c26e820c45.
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Descriptive perception verbs have failed to receive a uniform analysis in previous verb classifications (cf. Chomsky 1965, Rogers 1974, Hengeveld 1992, Levin 1993, Van Eynde et al. 2014). This thesis argues that the descriptive perception verbs in Dutch (i.e. eruitzien 'look', klinken 'sound', voelen 'feel', ruiken 'smell', and smaken 'taste') should be classified as copular verbs, much like lijken 'seem' and schijnen 'seem'. This classification is supported by both the synchronic and diachronic behaviour of these verbs in Dutch. Synchronically, proposing that Germanic copular verbs (as opposed to copulas) are defined by their syntax rather than their (empty) semantics, I discuss that the Dutch descriptive perception verbs behave like stereotypical copular verbs: they require a predicative complement, usually in the form of an adjective. Semantically, the Dutch descriptive perception verbs are much like the copular verbs blijken 'turn out', lijken 'seem' and schijnen 'seem' in terms of epistemicity and evidentiality. Diachronically, I hypothesize that the Dutch descriptive perception verbs have evolved from one of the following two origins: either from intransitive verbs (as is the case for klinken and ruiken), much like English remain, through grammaticalization processes of semantic bleaching and reanalysis; or from cognitive perception verbs (as is the case of eruitzien and voelen), as found in Latin, Japanese and Zulu, through the process of argument reordering. The origin of smaken is not clear, and is left for future research. I show that other Germanic evidential copular verbs (i.e. lijken, schijnen 'seem', scheinen 'seem', seem) have developed diachronically in a uniform fashion, suggesting the following grammaticalization path: from a lexical verb to a copular verb, to taking a that-complement, an infinitival complement or a like-complement, and eventually being used in parenthetical constructions. The results of this thesis indicate that the Dutch descriptive perception verbs are only at the beginning of this grammaticalization path, but are on their way to becoming grammaticalized evidential copular verbs.
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Krull, Kirsten. "Lieber Gott, mach mich fromm ... : Zum Wort und Konzept “fromm” im Wandel der Zeit." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Institutionen för moderna språk, Umeå univ, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-286.
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Trott, Daniel. "Tense and aspect in Old Japanese." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:127733e2-fc21-460f-afab-f19f6d4b373a.
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This thesis analyses the nine main tense–aspect constructions in Old Japanese in more detail than ever before, exploiting the research possibilities created by the Oxford Corpus of Old Japanese. The commitment to close textual reading and the interpretation of examples in context that is characteristic of traditional Japanese scholarship is combined with a determination to explain the distributional data revealed by the Corpus. Large samples are used to produce quantitative semantic analyses, allowing a new perspective on multifunctional constructions from both synchronic and diachronic perspectives. All findings are placed within the wider perspective of cross-linguistic studies of tense and aspect, an approach often missing in Old Japanese scholarship. This thesis is the most comprehensive analysis of Old Japanese tense and aspect to date. Some traditional conclusions are challenged, and light is shed on many previously unexplained phenomena. Resultative constructions are discovered to be even more pervasive in Japanese than previously thought, with at least five of the nine con-structions I look at hypothesized to have begun as resultative constructions. In most cases these constructions have broadened to also denote ongoing activities, another characteristic of Japanese. This thesis thereby contributes to the cross-linguistic understanding of resultative constructions, and to the question of the validity and nature of the distinction between activities and states. It also shows the potential of an exemplar-based model of linguistic storage, which is seen to be a powerful tool for explaining both the multifunctionality of grammatical constructions and semantic change.
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Englebert, Annick. "Analyse sémantique et fonctionnelle du "petit mot" DE: étude synchronique et diachronique." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213412.
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Burlot, Franck. "Le fonctionnement sémantique des verbes de position en russe contemporain : stojatʹ, sidetʹ, ležatʹ." Thesis, Paris 4, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA040106/document.
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Les verbes de position sont décrits du point de vue d'une invariance mise au point pour chacun d'entre eux en fonction de la diversité des contextes dans laquelle on les trouve. Cela conduit d'une part à considérer que dans certains contextes leur sens n'est pas inutile au contenu informatif de l'énoncé et qu'il n'est pas équivalent à celui d'un verbe d'existence. Au contraire, l'emploi d'un verbe de position par un locuteur correspond à un choix motivé par la désignation de quelque chose de plus que l'être ou la présence du sujet. D'autre part, cette invariance mène à distinguer clairement le fonctionnement sémantique de chacun de ces verbes alors qu'ils semblent entrer en concurrence lorsqu'ils apparaissent dans des contextes visiblement similairesPosture verbs are described from the perspective of an invariance developed for each of them according to the diversity of the contexts where they can be found. It conduces, on the one hand, to consider that in some contexts their meaning is not ancillary to the informative content of the statement, and that it is not equivalent to the meaning of a being verb. In fact, the use of a posture verb by a speaker refers to a choice motivated by something more than the being or the presence of the subject. On the other hand, this invariance facilitates clear distinction of the semantical function of each of these verbs, while they may seem to have the same meaning, when they occur in contexts which seem similar at first glance
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Freitas, Érica Santos Soares de. "Em busca do mento perdido. Análise semântico-diacrônica do sufixo -mento, no português." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-29092008-151130/.
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Este trabalho tem um caráter multidisciplinar; faz parte de uma pesquisa mais extensa, cujo objetivo principal é o de estudar, diacronicamente, a formação de palavras do português, com ênfase no processo de sufixação. Direciona-se ao estudo morfológico-diacrônico do sufixo MENTO, precisamente na formação de palavras, por meio do processo derivacional de sufixação; observamos as palavras portuguesas formadas pelo sufixo derivacional MENTO (do latim MEN, MENTUM). Nosso objetivo foi o de identificar os substantivos deverbais, formados por meio de um verbo unido ao sufixo MENTO, e seus significados, para então podermos afirmar a hipótese de todos se originarem de uma ação, construídos pelo modelo verbo + sufixo MENTO. Além disso, também consideramos as acepções semânticas desse sufixo, a fim de apresentarmos algumas formações parafrásticas que denotam um significado no morfema sufixal e não na base das palavras. Com o objetivo de pesquisarmos diacronicamente, como corpus adotamos o Dicionário Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa em duas versões: publicado em livro e em arquivo digital. Também utilizamos o Corpus do Português e as Cantigas de Santa Maria como corpora para acrescentarmos e alterarmos as datações do dicionário utilizado, além de incluirmos palavras não registradas naquele. A aplicação deste trabalho dá-se no campo da educação superior por meio do estudo da mudança gramatical e da história social do português, com organização simultânea de um corpus de análise.The present work has a multidisciplinary character and finds its justification before the challenges faced by the contemporary world educational institutions; it is part of a more extensive research, which main objective is to diachronically study the formation of words in Portuguese, with emphasis in the process of suffixation. This work is directed to the diachronic morphological study of the suffix MENTO, more specifically in the formation of words, by means of the derivational process of suffixing; we will observe the Portuguese words formed by the derivational suffix MENTO (from the Latin, MEN, MENTUM). Our objective is to observe the deverbal nouns formed by a verb connected to the suffix MENTO, and its meanings, so we can state the hypothesis that they all origin from an action, formed by the model verb + suffix MENTO. Moreover, we will also research the semantic meanings of this suffix, in order to present some paraphrastic formations that denote a meaning in the suffix morpheme, and not in the base of the word. In order to search diachronically we adopted as corpus the Dicionário Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa in two versions: as published and in its digital archive. We have also used the Corpus do Português and the Cantigas de Santa Maria as corpora to add and alter the datings of the adopted dictionary, and furthermore, to include words that do not figure in it. The area of application of this work is higher education by means of study of grammatical change and the social history of Portuguese, with the simultaneous organization of an analysis corpus.
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Sörensen, Susanne. "Five English Verbs : A Comparison between Dictionary meanings and Meanings in Corpus collocations." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för humaniora (HUM), 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-6091.
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In Norstedts Comprehensive English-Swedish Dictionary (2000) it is said that the numbered list of senses under each headword is frequency ordered. Thus, the aim of this study is to see whether this frequency order of senses agrees with the frequencies appearing in the British National Corpus (BNC). Five English, polysemous verbs were studied. For each verb, a simple search in the corpus was carried out, displaying 50 random occurrences. Each collocate was encoded with the most compatible sense from the numbered list of senses in the dictionary. The encoded tokens were compiled and listed in frequency order. This list was compared to the dictionary's list of senses. Only two of the verbs reached agreement between the highest ranked dictionary sense and the most frequent sense in the BNC simple search. None of the verbs' dictionary orders agreed completely with the emerged frequency order of the corpus occurrences, why complementary collocational learning is advocated.
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Falcoski, Maria Cristina Nigro. "Sentidos de comunicativo em dizeres de professores de inglês e teóricos em ensino-aprendizagem de língua inglesa: uma análise semântica-discursiva dos processos de designação sobre a Abordagem/Metodologia Comunicativa (CLT)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8147/tde-26042010-161217/.
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Este trabalho tem como objetivo a análise de sentidos em processos designativos decorrentes da chamada Abordagem/Metodologia Comunicativa, também referida como CLT (Communicative Language Teaching), depreendidos de: a) textos de teóricos em ensino-aprendizagem de língua inglesa e b) de professores de inglês, participantes de um programa de curso para certificação na didática de línguas. Pelo aparato teórico da Semântica Histórica da Enunciação, em confluência com a Análise do Discurso, que contempla a dimensão histórico-social e ideológica na relação do sujeito com a língua, buscamos compreender como se estabelecem processos de produção de sentidos em nomes que circulam em torno da designação CLT, no contexto ensino-aprendizagem de língua inglesa. A aparente estabilidade e univocidade das designações levaram-nos a confrontá-las e, com isso, propusemos um questionamento acerca da transparência da linguagem. Pela análise, percebemos uma tentativa de construção referencial do CLT e, que conflitos constitutivos da relação falante-língua são escamoteados, na cena enunciativa. A busca constante de fixação de um sentido único para essa designação, o bom sentido de comunicativo, levou-nos a buscar compreender, pelo interdiscurso (memória discursiva), como se estabelecem certos movimentos dicotômicos de produção de sentidos nos dizeres de professores e teóricos, na polarização método antigo versus método moderno. Depreendemos, pelos processos designativos analisados, que a idealização do modelo comunicativo remete a um lugar de completude, onde a aprendizagem da língua parece se dar de uma maneira natural, sem conflitos, lugar esse que professores buscam ocupar. No percurso da análise procuramos problematizar o convívio dos professores com o lugar estabelecido pelo CLT, de suposta neutralidade política perante o método, colocando-os fora de sua historicidade. Concluímos que os processos designativos dos nomes analisados buscam promover um efeito de homogeneização nos dizeres de teóricos e professores do corpus, no processo de constituição de sentidos da Abordagem Comunicativa.This work aims at analysing meanings observed in designation processes derived from the so-called Communicative Language Teaching, also referred to as CLT, in a corpus formed by a) texts of theorists in the field of ELT and b) texts of EFL teachers who participated in a program on ELT for further external exams. From the perspective of both Historical Semantics of Enunciation and Analysis of Discourse which contemplates the historical-social and ideological dimension in the relation of the subject with language, we have sought to investigate how processes of production of meaning are established as far as names related to CLT are concerned. Our analysis enabled us to confront the apparent stabilised meaning of the observed designations in relation to the names of the Communicative Approach/Communicative Language Teaching thus questioning the evidence of language transparency. By means of analysis, we have noticed an attempt towards reference construction of CLT and also, that constitutive conflicts in the relation speaker-language are silenced in the utterance locus. The constant search for fixing a single meaning to this designation, the good meaning for communicative led us to understand, from the interdiscourse (discourse memory), how certain dichotomical movements in the constitution of meaning in the teachers´ and theorists´ sayings are established in the polarization old method versus modern method. From the analysed designation processes we have apprehended that the idealisation of the communicative model alludes to a place of completeness where the learning of the language seems to occur in a natural way, with no conflicts, a place which teachers seek to occupy. Throughout the analysis we have tried to question the experience the teachers have with the place established by the CLT, of apparent political neutrality in relation to the method, placing them out of their historical context. Our analysis has concluded that the designation processes of the analysed names seek to promote an effect of homogeneity in sayings of theorists and teachers of the corpus in the process of constitution of meanings related to the Communicative Approach/Communicative Language Teaching (CLT).
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Santos, Jocenilson Ribeiro dos. "A constituição do enunciado nas provas do ENEM e do ENADE: uma análise dos aspectos semiológicos da relação língua-imagem sob a ótica dos estudos do discurso." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/5713.
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Previous issue date: 2011-02-25Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
This research was developed into studies of discourse, which centrality is defined from the analysis of the mechanisms of enunciation institution in exams of Brazilian evaluation in order to study the relation language-image. The corpus of analysis is constituted by exams of Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (ENEM) and Exame Nacional de Desempenho dos Estudantes (ENADE) in the editions of the years between 2004 and 2009, that means 7 exams of ENEM and 6 of ENADE. Before defining this temporal cutting, we have studied the six editions of ENEM that happened before 2004 in order to know the operation of the exams during the years. The general goal of this research was to understand that manners of evaluation of linguistic-discursive ability, having in mind the relation between language and the images in the production of sense presented in national systems of evaluation in High School and graduation by the two exams here evidenced. Our specific goals are: a) to analyze the relation established between the language and the image(s) presented in evaluative questions of ENEM and ENADE in the chosen period; b) to identify the theoretical assumptions involved in questions of this modality; c) to study the frequency and regularity of questions that present multimodal texts in the 12 editions of ENEM and in the 6 of ENADE; and d) to evaluate the relevance of the proposition of analysis from the theoretical frameworks of studies of discourse. It has been working as theoretical-analytical foundations the contributions based on the theory of Discourse Analysis of French filiation founded by Michel Pêcheux and his group, in the discursive formulations of Jean-Jacques Courtine and on the contributions of Michel Foucault for the discourse theory. We also bring the reflections of Émile Benveniste and, especially, of Roland Barthes about language from the semiological point of view in order to study the production of sense on imagery and mixed language. There are present on our work the notions of utterance, discourse, file, discursive memory, interdiscourse and historical semiology through which we developed methodologically the analysis. The corpus was basically organized according to three criteria: the coincidence in 2004 of the ENADE institution that would replace the old provão with the institution of PROUNI; the rise of number of images in the exams of ENEM; and the highlights of both exams that presented the image as the object of reading and comprehension that would be the responsible by the evaluation of student/candidate. The study brings three analytical ways: a) one in which we conducted a survey of exams, organizing the corpus, classifying the questions and observing the possible theories that were around the evaluation of those exams; b) another one showing the theory that has language, image or both correlated as object of study; and c) the analysis from the theoretical assumptions of discourse in order to study the mixed text as discourses materializations. We can present as findings some results: in the last Five years, there was a progressive attention to the imagery text in the evaluation systems that we are studying; in some occasions, the image is not only a mere flavor or didactical text, it is the object of interpretation; there is not a theory that is dedicated to reading and comprehending the image, which becomes a responsibility of the goals of the question to present a theory that often turns to verbal text or to them/content, making the image not an object of analysis, but as materialization or vehicle of a content that serves the analysis students.
Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida no interior dos estudos do discurso, cuja centralidade está definida a partir da análise dos mecanismos de instituição do enunciado em exames de avaliação brasileira com vista a estudar a relação língua-imagem. O corpus de análise é constituído por provas do Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (ENEM) e do Exame Nacional de Desempenho dos Estudantes (ENADE) nas edições dos anos compreendidos entre 2004 e 2009, o que corresponde a 7 provas do ENEM e 6 do ENADE. Antes de definir esse recorte temporal, estudamos as seis edições do ENEM anteriores a 2004 a fim de conhecer o funcionamento das provas ao longo dos anos. O objetivo geral da pesquisa foi compreender os modos de avaliação de competência linguístico-discursiva tendo em vista a relação entre a língua e as imagens na produção de sentido apresentada em sistemas nacionais de avaliação de Ensino Médio e Superior através dos dois exames aqui evidenciados. Compõem nossos objetivos específicos: a) analisar a relação estabelecida entre a língua e a(s) imagem(ns) apresentada(s) em questões avaliativas do ENEM e do ENADE no período de recorte; b) identificar os pressupostos teóricos envolvidos nas questões dessa modalidade; c) estudar a frequência e a regularidade de questões com texto multimodal nas 12 edições do ENEM e nas 6 do ENADE; e d) avaliar a pertinência de proposição de análise a partir dos quadros teóricos dos estudos do discurso. Nosso trabalho teve como alicerces teóricoanalíticos os aportes da teoria da Análise do Discurso de filiação francesa sob a fundação de Michel Pêcheux e seu grupo, nas formulações discursivas de Jean-Jacques Courtine e nas contribuições de Michel Foucault para a teoria do discurso. Trazemos também as reflexões de Émile Benveniste e, sobretudo, de Roland Barthes sobre língua e linguagem do ponto de vista semiológico para estudarmos a produção de sentido na linguagem imagética e mista. São centrais, em nosso trabalho, as noções de enunciado, discurso, arquivo, memória discursiva, interdiscurso e semiologia histórica, por meio das quais desenvolvemos metodologicamente as análises. Nosso corpus foi organizado basicamente em função de três critérios: a coincidência em 2004 da implantação do ENADE - que viria a substituir o antigo provão - com a instituição do PROUNI; aumento do número de imagens nas provas do ENEM; e destaque das questões de ambas as provas que apresentassem a imagem como objeto de leitura e interpretação mediante o qual o aluno/candidato seria avaliado. O estudo traz três trajetos analíticos: a) um em que fizemos um levantamento das provas, organizando o corpus, classificando as questões e observando as possíveis teorias que se apresentavam nos dois exames; b) uma outra análise evidenciando a teoria que tome a língua, a imagem ou ambas correlacionadas como objeto de estudo; e c) uma análise a partir dos postulados teóricos do discurso com intento de estudar o texto misto como materialização dos discursos. Podemos apresentar algumas constatações: nos últimos cinco anos, houve uma atenção progressiva para o texto imagético nos sistemas de avaliação em estudo; em algumas ocasiões, a imagem deixa de ser um mero texto ilustrativo ou didatizante e passa a ser objeto interpretativo; não há uma teoria que se debruce sobre a leitura e a interpretação da imagem, ficando a cargo dos objetivos da questão apresentarem uma teoria que, muitas vezes, se volta para o texto verbal ou para o tema/conteúdo tomando a imagem não como objeto de análise, mas como materialização ou veículo de um conteúdo que servem aos estudantes para análise.
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Simó, Escartín Leticia. "Los verbos "andar" e "ir" en el castellano del siglo XV en la Corona de Aragón: estudio semántico, funcional, cognitivo y contrastivo." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/401653.
Full textAbstract:
Esta tesis doctoral ahonda en el conocimiento de los verbos de movimiento en español a partir del análisis de dos voces patrimoniales, andar e ir, en el contexto cronológico y geográfico del siglo XV y la Corona de Aragón. Concretamente, se realiza un estudio semántico, funcional y contrastivo de estos dos verbos –tanto de sus usos sintéticos como de su combinatoria pluriverbal– a la luz de los postulados teóricos de la semántica cognitiva y de la metodología aplicada de la lingüística de corpus.
Con ello, y en primer lugar, buscamos validar la teoría de los prototipos como un modelo operativo de cara a la explicación de la polisemia verbal. Partimos de la hipótesis de que es factible reconstruir los vínculos primarios y secundarios que se establecen entre todos los sentidos y las construcciones complejas de una voz aunque se aborde esta tarea desde una perspectiva sincrónica. Por extensión, y en segundo lugar, esta investigación también pretende dirimir la creencia de que la fraseología verbal supone una parcela del léxico opaca desde el punto de vista semántico y formal cuya configuración no puede ser explicada en un momento histórico preciso. Para ello, postulamos un estudio de las locuciones verbales compuestas con andar y con ir que omite la perspectiva de análisis nominalista seguida hasta el momento en la bibliografía. En esta ocasión, partimos de otra hipótesis: las locuciones verbales se hallan en un estadio inconcluso de fijación en el siglo XV, lo que facilita la labor de desentrañar su motivación semántica y sintáctica y, por extensión, su relación con alguno de los sentidos del verbo nuclear.
Por último, la tesis pone de relieve las interconexiones semánticas, formales y cognitivas que se dan entre andar e ir como miembros pertenecientes a una misma categoría verbal. Con ello, queremos demostrar que las diferencias que presentan actualmente los dos núcleos de este estudio se merman considerablemente al ser observadas desde un ángulo histórico. Consideramos que los comportamientos transtipológicos son posibles debido a la propia naturaleza semántica y vaga de los verbos seleccionados. Asimismo, los supuestos parecidos entre estas dos unidades también pueden verse favorecidos por el contexto multilingüe de la Corona de Aragón en el siglo XV. La convivencia en esta región y período del latín y de varias lenguas románicas –aragonés, catalán y castellano– propicia la aparición de interferencias léxicas y sintácticas, a lo que contribuye la interacción de los étimos de andar e ir en ellas.
Para acometer todos estos objetivos, se ha partido del corpus de constitución del Diccionario del castellano del siglo XV en la Corona de Aragón (DICCA-XV), un corpus cronológico, diatópico, equilibrado y representativo. De esta fuente, se han extraído fragmentos textuales tanto literarios como no literarios. Aunque el corpus del DICCA-XV haya constituido la base de nuestro trabajo, se ha recurrido también al Corpus del nuevo diccionario histórico del español para ampliar los ejemplos de uso fraseológicos.
Las conclusiones de este estudio demuestran que, en efecto, es posible trazar las redes semánticas de los verbos andar e ir en el castellano del siglo XV en la Corona de Aragón. Asimismo, se aporta una explicación satisfactoria de las relaciones semánticas y formales que cada una de sus estructuras polilexicales presenta con los respectivos núcleos verbales que las conforman. Finalmente, se ponen de relieve los parecidos que presentan andar e ir en todos los planos escrutados.This investigation contains the analysis of two patrimonial words from the Spanish language, andar and ir, within the chronological and geographical context of the XV century and the Crown of Aragon. Specifically, it presents a semantical, functional and contrastive study of these two verbs — both of their synthetic uses and their pluriverbal combinations—in the light of theoretical postulates in cognitive semantics and applied methodology of corpus linguistics. In first place, we seek to validate Prototype Theory as an operational model in the explanation of polysemy. Our initial hypothesis is that it is possible to restore the primary and secondary links established between all the meanings and complex structures of a word, even if we do it from a synchronic perspective. In second place, this study attempts to end with the belief that it is impossible to explain the form and meanings of Verbal Idioms in concrete historical moments. For this particular case, we start from a different hypothesis: that because verbal idioms remained in an unfinished state of fixation in the XV century, we are allowed to unravel their semantic and syntactic motivation and, by extension, their relation to some meanings of the nuclear verb. Last, we aim to emphasize the formal, semantic and cognitive interconnections between andar e ir. In particular, we intend to demonstrate that current differences between these two verbs decrease if we examine them from a historical perspective and take into account elements such as their semantic vagueness and the multilingual context within Crown of Aragon during the XV century. That is, the coexistence of Latin with diverse Romanic languages – Aragonés, Catalan and Castillian— in the same region and period contributed to the appearance of lexical and syntactic interferences among words of these languages, as it happened with andar and ir. In order to fulfill these goals, this research has used the constitution corpus of Diccionario del castellano del siglo XV en la Corona de Aragón, a chronological, diatopic, balanced and representative corpus. The textual pieces, both literary and non- literary, extracted from this source have been integrated in two data bases created exclusively for the present investigation.
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Oliveira, Anielle Aparecida Gomes Gonçalves Jacometti de. "Os sufixos agentivos -nte e-(d/t/s)or no português: um estudo semântico-diacrônico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-24032015-120314/.
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No processo derivacional, os sufixos nte e (d/t/s)or são conhecidos por formarem vocábulos designados na língua como agentivos. O conceito de agente, por sua vez, é fundamental para os estudos da linguagem, pois descreve uma categoria primária a qualquer ser vivo, servindo, por isso, de base para a criação de outras categorias. Propôs-se observar, descrever e organizar os significados dos sufixos nte e (d/t/s)or presentes na língua portuguesa, utilizando o mecanismo da paráfrase. Por tratar-se de afixos abrangentes, fizeram-se necessários dois tipos de abordagem: uma qualitativa e uma quantitativa. Num primeiro momento, fez-se uma pesquisa etimológica específica nos agentivos nomeadores de profissionais, isto é, em designadores de seres humanos portadores de uma função, em que se examinou o emprego primitivo dos sufixos que compõem essa análise. Depois, abarcaram-se palavras pertencentes a campos diversos, limitados pela presença desses sufixos. Os sufixos formadores de nomina agentis nte e (d/t/s)or remetem aos falantes a ideia de alguém ou algo que faz alguma coisa, isto é, forma duas séries nas quais se corporizam as derivações deverbais de designações de pessoas que são agentes da ação implicada no significado do verbo. A hipótese do trabalho é a de que os nomes em nte e (d/t/s)or possuem a propriedade do aspecto, entendido como duração da ação, devido à constituição histórica tanto das bases que os integram como dos próprios afixos, o que confere a cada um deles um papel semântico específico na língua. Constatou-se que as paráfrases dos nomes em nte e (d/t/s)or seguem um padrão acional único, sem variação nos diversos grupos lexicais a que pertencem, com uma especificidade no significado do sufixo nte. Esses e os outros elementos morfológicos se constituem como fundamento material para mediar a relação do falante com sua expressão socialIn the derivational process, the suffixes nte and (d/t/s)or are known for forming words which are designated in the language as agentives. The term agent is fundamental to the studies of languages because it describes a primary category to any living being, and therefore it serves as a base to the creation of other categories. The proposal of this work is to observe, to describe and to organize the meanings of the suffixes nte and (d/t/s)or in Portuguese, utilizing the mechanism of paraphrase. Since they are comprehensive affixes, two approaches a qualitative and a quantitative one were necessary. Firstly, it was conducted a specific etymological research about the professional agentives, i.e. namely in human beings that have a function, in which the original function of the suffixes was examined. Subsequently, words of different fields were analyzed with these affixes. The nomina agentis forming suffixes nte and (d/t/s)or give to the speakers the idea of someone or something that does some action, forming two series in which they embody the deverbal derivations of nouns of people who are agents of the action implied in the verb meaning. The hypothesis of the work is that names in nte and (d/t/s)or own the property of the aspect, videlicet the implication of the duration of the action, due to historic constitution of both the bases and the affixes, which provides to each suffix one specific semantic role in the language. It was noticed that the paraphrases of the names in nte and (d/t/s)or follow one single standard of action, with no variation in the several and different lexical groups to which they belong, with a specificity in the meaning of the suffix nte. These and the other morphological components constitute the material base to mediate the relationship between the speaker and his/her social expression
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Kazeminejad, Ghazaleh. "Pronominal Complex Predicates in Colloquial Persian." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ltt_etds/5.
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Pronominal complex predicates in colloquial Persian are periphrastic constructions with an idiosyncratic syntactic pattern. They show a peculiar behavior compared to the regular agreement system in Persian, and they are the only construction in Persian which requires the obligatory presence of a pronominal enclitic. This work is an attempt to analyze this construction in order to find its function. For this purpose, a lexical semantic classification of them was proposed, which helped in presenting a new analysis. It was found out that this construction is used to express a particular diathesis in which the topic of the sentence (determined according to Givón’s topicality hierarchy) is an indirect participant. I proposed a hybrid dual-layer agreement system which includes a morphosyntactic and a semantic layer. The pronominal enclitic was analyzed as a phrasal affix and agreement marker by reference to Givón’s (1976) and Anderson’s (2005) arguments. The construction was analyzed to be an instance of the external possessor construction proposed by Haig (2008), which is observed in Iranian languages. The classification of the data clarified the mapping of semantics onto syntax. The proposed analysis could be added to and unified with the current analysis of Persian complex predicates (Bonami and Samvelian, 2009).
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Willems, Marie-Claire. "Musulman-e-s : socio-sémantique historique des usages du terme musulman et enjeux contemporains de l’ethnicisation, racisation et confessionnalisation." Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100152.
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Ne se définissant pas uniquement par rapport à l’islam, le terme musulman est aujourd’hui largement polysémique en France. Cette recherche interroge donc l’usage du terme musulman et les modes d’identification sociale en tant que musulman-e-s. En première partie, elle propose une interprétation de l’évolution socio-sémantique historique du terme. Puis, en deuxième et troisième partie, elle analyse les enjeux de l’auto-catégorisation de Soi à partir d’un terrain (entretiens, questionnaires, observations). S’agit-il de se considérer d’origine musulmane et/ou de culture musulmane et/ou de religion musulmane ? Sous-tendus par la tension entre des processus d’ethnicisation, de racisation et de confessionnalisation, deux nouveaux espaces de signification sont ici développés : un nouvel usage politique questionnant la place des classes sociales, du racisme et de l’islamophobie (musulmanité) ; puis, un nouvel usage exclusivement religieux séparant la culture du religieux (muslimité). Ce dernier usage influe sur l’émergence d’une éthique islamique contemporaine et de la recherche d’un « pur religieux ». D’une manière transversale, cette thèse pose la question de ce que veut dire « est musulman-e-s » aujourd’hui en France avec la particularité de considérer à la fois l’histoire et la construction des discours sur SoiThe word muslim, which not only refers to Islam, is nowaday polysemous to a great extent. This research analyses the uses of the word muslim and the way in which it is used to identify as muslim-s. Firstly, it focuses on the changes of the historical semantics of the term. Then it seeks to identify, from a fieldwork perspective (interviews, observations, questionnaires), what is a stake in the self-categorisation process. Is muslim an ethnicity, a religious or a cultural category ? The ethnicization, racialization and confessionalization religious processes bring about two knew signification new spaces : a new political use which raises questions on class, race and islamophobia (muslimness) and a new confessional use who cleave culture and cult (muslimity). This last use leads to the formation of a contemporary Islamic ethics and to the search of a ”pure religious”. This transversal study asks what being muslim-s means in France today, considering history as well as self-categorisation discourses
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Courbon, Bruno. "Étude sémantique des mots "chance", "fortune", "hasard" et "risque" du XVIIIe au XXIe siècle : perspectives sur le lexique du français et ses usages." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO20041.
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La recherche a pour objet la structuration du champ lexical des mots « chance », « fortune », « hasard » et « risque » du XVIIIe au XXIe siècle. Témoin de mutations qu’a connues la civilisation occidentale durant cette période, ce champ, qui se rattache à la notion de fortune / hasard, présente une relative homogénéité sémantique.Les mots (et leurs dérivés) sont étudiés à travers le déploiement, la régulation et la répartition des normes d’usages, non seulement en français hexagonal, mais aussi en français québécois. L’étude se fonde sur l’exploitation de deux types de corpus. D’une part, un corpus d’articles extraits d’une cinquantaine de dictionnaires sert à mettre en évidence la productivité morphosémantique et sémantique de ces unités dans une perspective historique large. D’autre part, un grand ensemble d’énoncés diversifiés permet, par la mise au jour de types de contextes, d’effectuer un suivi diachronique des usages. L’approche continuiste des différences d’usages s’appuie sur une représentation fréquentielle des changements sémantiques.La thèse apporte une contribution à la question de la variation des usages et du changement sémantique, qui ouvre sur plusieurs perspectives. Elle se veut d’abord une réflexion sur la théorie et la méthodologie descriptives, appréhendées à la lumière de l’analyse de la nature et du rôle des corpus. Elle met ensuite en évidence l’importance de la dimension intersubjective dans l’activité de signification, en particulier le rôle déterminant des structures syntagmatiques dans l’établissement de nouveaux usages sémantiques. Enfin, elle permet de mettre en relation le changement sémantique avec les conditions sociohistoriques et les représentations collectivesThe present study deals with the way in which the lexical field regrouping the words “chance”, “fortune”, “hazard” and “risqué” has been structured in the French language from the eighteenth century till the present day. Revealing major changes in western societies during this period of time, the field, which corresponds to the linguistic representation of the notion of fortune / hasard, presents a certain coherence.We have examined these words and their derived forms through the display, regulation, and distribution of norms of use, not only in Hexagonal French, but also in Quebec French. Two types of corpora have been analysed. On the one hand, a corpus of articles from around 50 dictionaries has been used to emphasize the lexical and semantic productivity of the different units on a large historical scale. On the other hand, in revealing context types, a set of texts reflecting French language varieties has allowed for carrying out a diachronic analysis of lexical uses. The continuist approach to semantic differences rests upon a frequential representation of semantic changes.The thesis brings a significant contribution to the question of usage variations and semantic change, providing new perspectives. It first deals with theory and methodology of lexical description, considered through the analysis of the nature and the role of corpora. It then evidences the central role of syntagmatic structures in the setting of new semantic uses. The study has finally put into relation semantic changes with their historical background and the collective representations of the time
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Rojas-Plata, Daniel. "Frontières de l'espace dans les langues romanes : analyse sémantique de la préposition en (français-espagnol) du XIIe au XVe siècle." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UNIP7142.
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Cette thèse porte sur l’évolution de la préposition en dans une analyse comparée entre le français et l’espagnol. Notre objectif est de décrire, mesurer et expliquer le changement sémantique que cette paire de mots a subi dans son emploi spatial entre le XIIe et le XVe siècle. Pour cela, nous établissons une méthodologie d’étude fondée sur l’analyse de corpus et sur la description des emplois anciens et actuels des deux prépositions. Nous examinons particulièrement comment leur sens spatial a évolué et expliquons les processus diachroniques sous-jacents à ce changement. Notre approche théorique repose sur des hypothèses en sémantique cognitive et des modèles de variation linguistique et de changement sémantique. Les résultats de cette recherche nous amènent à proposer deux types d’évolution basés sur des processus sémantiques et grammaticaux distinctsThis thesis deals with the evolution of the preposition en from the point of view of a comparative analysis between French and Spanish. Our objective is to describe, measure and explain the semantic change experienced by this pair of prepositions in its spatial use between the 12th and 15th centuries. For this, we establish a methodology of study based on a corpus analysis and a description of old and current use of two words. We examine in particular how their spatial meaning has evolved and explain the diachronic processes underlying this change. Our theoretical approach is based on hypotheses in cognitive semantics and models of linguistic variation and semantic change. The results of this research lead us to propose two types of evolution based on distinct semantic and grammatical processes
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Husain, Razia A. "Urdu Resultive Constructions (A Comparative Analysis of Syntacto-Semantic and Pragmatic Properties of the Compound Verbs in Hindi-Urdu)." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ltt_etds/10.
Full textAbstract:
Among Urdu’s many verb+verb constructions, this thesis focuses on those constructions, which combine the stem of a main content verb with another inflected verb which is used in a semantically bleached sense. Prior work on these constructions has been focused on their structural make-up and syntactic behavior in various environments. While there is consensus among scholars (Butt 1995, Hook 1977, Carnikova 1989, Porizka 2000 et al.) that these stem+verb constructions encode aspectual information, to date no clear theory has been put forward to explain the nature of their aspectual contribution. In short, we do not have a clear idea why these constructions are used instead of simple verbs. This work is an attempt to understand the precise function of these constructions. I propose that simple verbs (henceforth SV) in Urdu deal only with the action of the verb whereas (regardless of the semantic information contributed by the second inflected verb,1) the stem+verb constructions essentially deal with the action of the verb as well as the state of affairs resulting from this action. The event represented by these constructions is essentially a telic event as defined by Comrie (1976), whose resultant state is highlighted from the use of these constructions. The attention of the listener is then shifted to the result of this telic event, whose salience in the discourse is responsible for various interpretations of the event; hence my term ‘resultive construction’ (henceforth RC). When these constructions are made using the four special verbs (rah ‘stay’, sak ‘can’, paa ‘manage’ and cuk ‘finish’), the product is not resultive. Each of these verbs behaves differently and is somewhere between a resultive and an auxiliary verb construction.
This work can be extended to other verb-verb construction in Urdu and other related and non-related languages as well. The analysis of the precise function of the RCs can also help in developing a model for them in various functional grammars. The proposed properties of RCs can be utilized in the semantic analysis of the Urdu quantifiers. This work should aid in identification and explanation of constructions in other languages, particularly those that are non-negatable under normal contexts.
[1] All second inflected verbs with the exception of four special verbs rah ‘stay’, sak ‘can’, paa ‘manage’ and cuk ‘finish’. These four special verbs are either auxiliaries or modals as identified in prior literature.
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van, der Woude Ida Nynke. "„Familie“ als Diskursobjekt : Veränderungen im Spiegel des Sprachgebrauchs der Presse seit den 1960er Jahren in Deutschland und Schweden." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för kultur och kommunikation, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-70118.
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The concept of "family" has undergone major changes over the past 50 years. This thesis examines changes in attitudes and values that can be detected in German and Swedish during this time. In order to investigate these changes in the concept of "family" I have analyzed how the German focus word Familie and the Swedish focus word familj are used in newspaper articles from the 1960s, 1980s and early 2000s. The empirical data consists of German and Swedish newspaper corpora from the three different periods. The theoretical point of departure is a social constructionist perspective, where family is considered to be something constructed and negotiated in language use. The method is corpus linguistic discourse analysis: compound words, collocations and multi-word patterns that include the focus words are analyzed using large text corpora. The study is both about changes in HOW the words familj and Familie are used and WHAT is said about the family in public language use. The thesis shows changes in both Swedish and German language use. I conclude that two different sub-concepts are being constructed and negotiated: the family as a GROUP OF PERSONS and family as a WAY OF LIVING TOGETHER. As regards the family as a group of persons this sub-concept has undergone major changes during the period studied. Differences in Swedish and German language use indicate more and sometimes earlier changes in the Swedish concept of family. The sub-concept of family as a way of living together is more constant. The observed changes can also be seen against a background of Swedish and German conceptual norms of family that do not change to the same extent. New family structures such as nätverksfamiljer (reconstituted families) and regnbågsfamiljer (rainbow families) are partly constructed as deviations from these conceptual norms. The thesis also shows that the sub-concept of family as a group of persons has become even more complex, especially in Swedish language use and particularly in so-called bio boxes, where pets are mentioned as family members and couples without children label themselves as familj.Begreppet ”familj” har genomgått stora förändringar de senaste 50 åren. I den här avhandlingen studeras vilka förändringar i synsätt och värderingar som kan upptäckas i det tyska och det svenska språkbruket under denna tid. För att undersöka dessa förändringar i begreppet ”familj” analyseras hur det tyska fokusordet Familie och det svenska fokusordet familj används i tidningstext från 1960-talet, 1980-talet och början av 2000-talet. Det empiriska materialet består av tyska och svenska tidningskorpusar från de tre olika perioderna. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten är ett socialkonstruktivistiskt perspektiv, där familj betraktas som någonting som konstrueras och förhandlas i språkanvändning. Metoden är korpuslingvistisk diskursanalys: med hjälp av stora textkorpusar analyseras sammansatta ord, kollokationer och flerordsmönster där fokusorden ingår. Det handlar här både om förändringar i HUR orden familj och Familie används och i VAD som sägs om familj i offentligt språkbruk. Avhandlingen visar på förändringar i både den svenska och den tyska språkanvändningen. Jag kommer fram till att två olika delbegrepp konstrueras och förhandlas: familj som PERSONGRUPP och familj som SAMLEVNADSFORM. När det gäller familj som persongrupp genomgår det delbegreppet stora förändringar under den studerade tidsperioden. Förändringarna visar sig vara större och ibland tidigare i det svenska materialet än i det tyska materialet. Delbegreppet familj som samlevnadsform är mer konstant. De förändringar som kan observeras sker också mot en bakgrund av svenska och tyska normbilder av familj, som inte förändras i samma grad. Nya familjebildningar som nätverksfamiljer och regnbågsfamiljer konstrueras delvis som avvikelser från dessa normbilder. Avhandlingen visar också att delbegreppet familj som persongrupp blir allt mer mångfacetterat, särskilt i svenskt språkbruk och i synnerhet i s.k. faktarutor, där även husdjur nämns som familjemedlemmar och par utan barn får etiketten familj.
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Wasserman, Gertruida Petronella. "Modality on trek : diachronic changes in written South African English across text and context / G.P. Wasserman." Thesis, North West University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/13042.
Full textAbstract:
This study describes the diachronic development of modality in South African English (henceforth SAfE) from the early 19th century up to its contemporary state (1820s to 1990s) in the registers of letters, news, fiction/narrative and non-fiction, on the basis of the theoretical framework of socio historical linguistics and the empirical approach of corpus linguistics. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are conducted for modal and quasi-modal verbs, by means of the newly compiled historical corpus of SAfE and ICE-SA (with the addition of Afrikaans corpora for comparison). The study explores general frequency changes, register-internal changes and macro- and micro semantic changes, with the focus of the main semantic analysis more strongly on the obligation and necessity cluster1. A set of parameters is compiled for analysing the strength of obligation in the modals must and should, and the quasi-modal HAVE to, and is applied in the micro semantic analyses. The findings are compared with the trends for modality in other native English’s, such as American, British and Australian English (cf. e.g. Mair & Leech, 2006; Collins, 2009a; Leech, 2011), in an attempt to present a complete and comprehensive description of SAfE modality, as opposed to the traditional approach of focusing on peculiar features. It is reported that the trends of modality in SAfE correspond to those of other native varieties in some cases, but do not correspond in others. The modals of SAfE for example have declined more and the quasi-modals have increased less over the 20th century than in other native varieties of English. One particular case, in which SAfE is reported to be unique among other varieties, is the quantitative and qualitative trends for must, which has some implications for the manifestation of the democratisation process. Must in SAfE has not declined significantly over the 20th century (as it has in other native varieties) and has become less face threatening, since uses with a median (weaker) degree of force are just as frequent as those with a higher degree of force by the 1990s (unlike in other native varieties, where must has become restricted to high-degree obligative contexts). Based on socio historical, as well as linguistic evidence (on both quantitative and qualitative levels), language contact with Afrikaans is posited as the main influence for the increased use of must in contexts that are not face threatening. Extrapolating from the semantic findings, some new insights are offered regarding the phase in which SAfE finds itself within Schneider’s (2003) model of the evolution of New English’s, and some support is offered for Bekker’s (2012:143) argument that “SAfE is ...the youngest of the colonial varieties of English”, especially in the Southern Hemisphere. Ultimately, this thesis offers a piece in the larger puzzle that is SAfE, both in terms of linguistic (textual) and socio historical (contextual) aspects.PhD (English), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2014
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Chalozin-Dovrat, Lin. "Les rapports entre le temps et l'espace dans les théories linguistiques." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040013.
Full textAbstract:
Depuis plusieurs décennies, un nombre important de travaux en linguistique et sciences cognitives avancent une thèse selon laquelle l’expression du temps dans la langue dépend de la cognition de l’espace. Cette étude cherche à établir que le discours scientifique sur les rapports temps–espace dans la langue et la cognition est un objet épistémologique qui a sa propre histoire et ses propres motivations disciplinaires. Ainsi, le programme de recherche généralement admis est le produit d’une trame complexe d’intérêts qui ne favorisent pas nécessairement la recherche de l’objet scientifique. Dans une première partie, nous confirmons que les rapports linguistiques entre temps et espace constituent un objet historique et variable, tant dans la langue que dans la pensée sur la langue. Dans une deuxième partie, nous explorons la tendance à la spatialisation du temps dans les écrits des philosophes et grammairiens des Lumières et dans le travail de Gustave Guillaume (1883–1960). Dans une troisième partie, nous examinons le paradigme de la priorité spatiale dans la linguistique cognitive à partir des années 1970 jusqu’à nos jours. Les résultats de cette étude nous amènent à proposer des lignes directrices pour la recherche future des manifestations linguistiques des rapports temps–espaceOver the past few decades, a considerable number of studies in linguistics and the cognitive sciences have put forward the claim that the expression of time in language relies on the cognition of space. This study aims to show that the scientific discourse on time–space relations in language and cognition is an epistemological object, shaped by its history and disciplinary motivations. Thus, the predominant research framework of time–space relations is the product of an intricate network of interests which do not necessarily facilitate the research of the scientific object. In the first part of the study we show that relations between time and space changed through the history of both language and the theory of language. In the second part, we explore the theoretical trend of the spatialization of time in the writings of key philosophers and grammarians of the Enlightenment, and in the oeuvre of the French linguist Gustave Guillaume (1883-1960). In the third part we examine the paradigm of spatial priority in cognitive linguistics from the 1970s until today. The conclusions of the study lead us to put forth some proposals for the future research of time, space and the time–space interface in language
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Huang, Shang-Cheng, and 黃上銓. "The Making of "Xiang-Min" in Online Forum: Historical Emergence of Semantics about Identity and Function of Entertainment from a Luhmannian Perspective." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/67001651574728872073.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
社會學研究所
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The goal of this thesis is to study the user culture of ‘Ptt.cc’, and to suggest that the identity of ‘Xiang-Min’ emerged due to the entertainment function of forum. About online forum, previous studies have summarized it with ‘virtual community’ since 1990s. Although such description can be applied to some cyberspaces, there are following blind spots (especially when applied to Xiang-Min culture in large forum): (1) the notion of ‘communication’ is too narrow, and some types of communication which are not intended to build community are neglected; (2) they fail to conceptualize more massive or impersonal phenomenon in ‘large forum’, such as Internet mobbing and language-play; (3) the scope of their studies is often restricted to single board (or community), so they fail to make a comparative analysis about Xiang-Min culture, which is a trans-board phenomenon; furthermore, they seldom explore the diachronic contexts of communicative patterns in each board. From a Luhmannian system-theory perspective, this thesis tries to examine the transformation of online forum (mainly BBS) in last 20 years. It includes: (1) the notion of ‘system differentiation’ reminds us to notice to what extent does online forum has developed relative autonomy with its own perspective, memory and tempo; (2) the notion of ‘symbolic generalized media’ implies the differentiation of communicative situation is often the key to connect communication successfully; (3) the distinction of ‘semantics/social structure’ implies the tension between them, while we still can infer social structure from semantics, and it means affairs about board can be seen as the self-problematization and self-reflection of online society, which can be treated as data to analyze changes of communicative pattern; (4) the viewpoint of ‘evolution’ require us to compare each process, in order to grasp the structural affinity among forms of Xiang-Min culture. In this way, as for online communication in forum, a more specific phenomenon, I mainly examine five dimensions of internal communicative pattern: semantics, theme, criteria, genre and scheme; besides, external context such as user or technical architecture may help us to explain too. In Taiwan, online society begins to develop in 1990s. At that time, most of users came from college campus, and they expected BBS as a media technology to expand speech space. Facing such trends, the logic of ‘virtual community’ tends to limit speech space by two criteria: personal relationship and information quality. Accidentally, forum is designed in a way where the cyberspace is divided according to different topics, and this suits external society which is more and more segmented. Besides, through the physical boundary of board, each community can specialize its perceptual schemes, and avoid the danger that the ‘value’ admired by certain community would be compared or questioned bu outsiders. Hence, value is the primary communication media to make communications connected successfully. Then, as for operational mechanism, we can see some differences between Xiang-Min culture and virtual community: (1) as for the thematic features, it’s more difficult to form collective memory in the boards whose primary communicative situation is highly personal (eg. sociability or intimacy), while large forum can form memory about each topic without restricting itself to a single topic; (2) the online identity is not based on theme and interpersonal network of each community, but on the language-play genre people share (this is why people need to invent semantics like ‘Xiang-Min’ to refer to their identity); (3) community prefers to inhibit conflict, however, value conflict is commonplace in large forum, besides, fictional genre contributes to the expansion of possible speech space; (4) although value still play an important role in Xiang-Min culture, ‘entertainment’ becomes the main media to increase communicational connectivity, i.e. probability of communication success. We also can see continuity between Xiang-Min culture and virtual community in certain communities. In such spaces, authors still provided quite personal narrative, yet readers tended to decode in a more impersonal way, so communication became more massive. Because participants built some schemes about collective ‘experience of everyday life’, self-mockery and teasing other partners in inner group were generalized. Afterwards, the genres of language-play and fiction were legitimatized. This is the first entertaining route of online forum with the growth of population. The second route was seen in the boards discussing ‘popular texts’ at first. And then this trend was diffused into the other route, i.e. the boards with theme relevant to everyday-life experience. In such places, we can see another consequence due to growth of forum: the inevitable conflict between different fans or other groups. Other than simple flaming, conflict and entertainment were linked through ridiculing, and the semantics of ‘Suain-Min’ reflected such change. Thanks to the high density of communicative network, large forum has developed a viewpoint from meta-level to evaluate single object, and this is why such forum often observes and describes society like an ironist. Buzzwords linking ‘social categories’ to stereotyped ‘acts’, can be seen as an indicator which shows that forum has built collective schemes. Finally, this thesis has three main conclusions: (1) online forum in Taiwan has experienced the differentiation between three communicative situations, i.e. personal relationship, information quality and entertainment; also, contrasted to virtual community which often limits speech space, large forum expands possible speech space through language-play genre with certain viewpoint from meta-level; (2) according to the tradition of popular culture studies, we should notice that value can be carried by entertainment functionally; also, the forms of Internet entertainment, make the negative evaluative communication about certain themes becomes more positive, i.e. can be connected by more following communications; (3) we can seen ‘Xiang-Min’ as an type of agent, which should be distinguished by ‘citizen’; contrasted to citizens discussing public affairs seriously, Xiang-min usually observes and describes thematic objects in humorous mode and a more emotional way.
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Vejdemo, Susanne. "Triangulating Perspectives on Lexical Replacement : From Predictive Statistical Models to Descriptive Color Linguistics." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-137874.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this thesis is to investigate lexical replacement processes from several complementary perspectives. It does so through three studies, each with a different scope and time depth. The first study (chapter 3) takes a high time depth perspective and investigates factors that affect the rate (likelihood) of lexical replacement in the core vocabulary of 98 Indo-European language varieties through a multiple linear regression model. The chapter shows that the following factors predict part of the rate of lexical replacement for non-grammatical concepts: frequency, the number of synonyms and senses, and how imageable the concept is in the mind. What looks like a straightforward lexical replacement at a high time depth perspective is better understood as several intertwined gradual processes of lexical change at lower time depths. The second study (chapter 5) narrows the focus to seven closely-related Germanic language varieties (English, German, Bernese, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, and Icelandic) and a single semantic domain, namely color. The chapter charts several lexical replacement and change processes in the pink and purple area of color space through experiments with 146 speakers. The third study (chapter 6) narrows the focus even more, to two generations of speakers of a single language, Swedish. It combines experimental data on how the two age groups partition and label the color space in general, and pink and purple in particular, with more detailed data on lexical replacement and change from interviews, color descriptions in historical and contemporary dictionaries, as well as botanical lexicons, and historical fiction corpora. This thesis makes a descriptive, methodological and theoretical contribution to the study of lexical replacement. Taken together, the different perspectives highlight the usefulness of method triangulation in approaching the complex phenomenon of lexical replacement.
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Nicholas, Nick. "The story of pu: the grammaticalisation in space and time of a Modern Greek complementiser." 1998. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/5644.
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This work is concerned with tracing the historical development of the various functions of the Modern Greek connective pu. This connective has a considerable range of functions, and there have been attempts in the literature to group together these functions in a synchronically valid framework. It is my contention that the most illuminating way of regarding the functional diffusion of pu—and of any content word—is by looking, not only at one synchronic distribution (that of Standard Modern Greek), but at the full range of synchronic distributions in the sundry diatopic variants (dialects) of Modern Greek, and that such a discussion must be informed by the diachrony of the form.This I attempt to do within the framework of grammaticalisation theory, whereby the development of grammatical forms is considered in the context of reanalysis and analogical extension of forms. As a diachronicist model, this allows for fluidity between function distinctions, and puts in place a historically-oriented alignment of semantic transitions which a strictly synchronicist account would miss. Work on pu has already been done in this framework; however, such work has considered the distribution of pu in Standard Greek alone, with only a brief consideration of its ancient antecedents. I contend that the picture formed of its distribution under such constraints leads to several false generalisations.
In order to arrive at a truer picture of the factors determining the development of pu, there are three facets that need to be considered in detail:
(a) its synchronic distribution in Standard Modern Greek, a variant for which extensive corpora and native speaker judgements are readily available;
(b) its distribution in the various modern dialects—to establish the possible diversification of developments for the particle, and to ensure that one potential pathway is not privileged as a universal tendency at the expense of other, divergent developments (a problem identifiable in treatments of this topic, hitherto looking only at the standard language);
(c) a detailed investigation of the use of the etymon of the particle— hópou—in Ancient Greek. It is one of the major contentions of grammaticalisation theory that the past meaning of a particle influences its subsequent meanings. In order to test the relevance of this principle fully, it is necessary to investigate the functionality of hópou not in isolation, but in the context of the entire Ancient Greek grammatical system.
Due to time and scope constraints, I attempt only these first three tasks in this thesis. I do not attempt a detail look at areal diffusion or the mediaeval Greek semantic transitions involved, nor at the use of pu in collocation.
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Pergler, Jiří. "Distribuce a funkční využití staročeského reflexiva "sě"." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-324171.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis deals with the functions of the reflexive form sě in Old Czech. In Chapter 2, existing literature about the Old Czech sě is reviewed, in Chapter 3, I describe the method of my research, comment on the data used for the analysis and present the functions of sě that have been identified. In Chapters 4, 5 and 6 (the key part of the thesis), I describe three functions of the reflexive form, i.e., three types of constructions containing the form sě: accusative form of the reflexive pronoun, spontaneity and agent demotion. I focus on the most important syntactic and semantic characteristics of the constructions, then I analyse especially the animacy of the syntactic subject and the verbal aspect; both these criteria proved to be relevant for the constructions in question. The functions I describe are prototypes, therefore they have no clear boundaries. Hence, I also point out the ambiguous cases whose classification is not clear. In Chapter 7, I compare and contrast the three functions and show the most important differences between the use of the reflexive form in Old Czech and in Modern Czech.
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Welch, Nicholas. "Northwest passage: Northern Athabaskan copulas and auxiliaries." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/1056.
Full textAbstract:
In the Northern Athabaskan languages Tlicho Yatiì, Dene and Dene Dzage, copulas and
auxiliary verbs are based on reflexes of two Proto-Athabaskan roots, *-LII and *-T’E’. I propose that in the first two languages, copulas with nominal complements show distributional differences that derive from a stage-/individual-level predicate distinction, and that historically, this distinction in the proto-language motivated the development of auxiliaries marking tense/aspect/mode distinctions solely from the copulas based on *-LII. Further, I propose that subsequent to this development, the original stage-/individual-level predicate distinction between the copulas disappeared in Dene Dzage, leaving the TAM markers as evidence of its historical existence. I provide support for these contentions with data from fieldwork in Tlicho Yatiì and from textual sources in all three languages, grounding the work in current theories of syntax and of temporal grammar.