Academic literature on the topic 'Historical socio-political factors'
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Journal articles on the topic "Historical socio-political factors"
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Çingiz qızı Həsənova, Şəfəq. "Historical factors in the formation of the Azerbaijani state language and the modern Azerbaijani language." SCIENTIFIC WORK 15, no. 2 (2021): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/63/68-71.
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Historical factors in the formation of the state language of Azerbaijan and the modern Azerbaijani language Each of them plays an important role in the formation of language. Thus, the development and emergence of a language, its vocabulary, harmony and so on. due to many internal and external factors. Thus, the role of historical, cultural, socio-political events in the enrichment of the language is undeniable. Although the Azerbaijani language belongs to the Turkic Oghuz group, it has enriched the vocabulary by taking different words from these languages, as it has socio-historical and political-cultural relations with the Persian, Arabic, Russian and European peoples at the stage of historical development. Elece also gained a unique dialect among the Turkic peoples. Key words: Azerbaijan, language, development, history, factor, modern
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Zavarika, G. "HISTORICAL EYES OF CONFLICT RESEARCH AND ITS INTERDISCIPLINARY CHARACTER." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 72 (2018): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2018.72.10.
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The scientific category of conflict is considered. The development of knowledge about the conflict in different historical formations is highlighted. It is found that the conflict is interdisciplinary and uses methods of research of various Sciences. The points of view on the place of conflict in the social life of scientists of different eras and specializations are analyzed. It was proved that the theme of the conflict was actual in different stages of the historical development of society. The importance of the study of the conflict in the period of formation of the Ukrainian conflictology is revealed. It is established that at the present stage in Ukraine the analysis and development of foreign experience is carried out, there are original theoretical and methodological developments of various aspects of the conflict. Today, science faces an important problem related to the emergence of conflicts – the study of factors that contribute to their emergence. Scientific interest is largely related to the growth of tension in various spheres of socio-economic and socio-political interaction, aggression and terrorism, ethnic conflicts. Our society, political elite, political scientists were unprepared for this difficult situation. Orientation to the” conflict-free ” development of society made the problems of conflicts unpromising. This led not only to its de facto exclusion from the field of scientific research but also to the fact that society has not formed mechanisms for predicting the emergence of conflicts. Attempts to copy the experience of foreign conflictologists in the field of socio-political problems are not designed for universal complement in any socio-cultural conditions, are unsuccessful. This contradiction lies in the awareness of the need for scientific understanding and practical work on the issue related to the collection of information, it’s systematization, analysis and forecasting of possible conflicts. The practical significance of the work lies in the conclusions about the need for a more in-depth and comprehensive approach to the study of factors contributing to the emergence of conflicts by effective, qualitative methods on the basis of knowledge of history, political science, sociology, psychology, social geography, political economy, political marketing in order to prevent and quickly eliminate them.
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Galiev, G. T., I. Z. Gimaev, T. V. Grishina, and T. R. Gimaev. "SOCIO-POLITICAL AUDIT OF CHRISTIAN SOCIAL DOCTRINE." Bulletin USPTU Science education economy Series economy 2, no. 40 (2022): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17122/2541-8904-2022-2-40-7-15.
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The article is a continuation of the scientific and theoretical study of the influence of Christian social doctrine on the historical, economic, spiritual and moral processes in Russia. The influence of the provisions of Christian social doctrine on the socio-economic development of society and the state has been studied: in the economic aspect, the regulatory role of the state (paternalism), the development of a social market economy, private property as a social function, a change in the role of factors of production, profit as an assessment of the effectiveness of an enterprise; in the political aspect - subsidiarity and solidarity, i.e. social justice and respect by the state for the autonomy of individual economic, regional entities; in the spiritual and moral aspect - the prevalence of spiritual principles over material ones, the desire for social justice, fair compensation for the expended spiritual, mental and physical efforts. The significance of social Christian teaching in the spiritual and moral revival of Russia is seen in the active dissemination and agitation of the principles of spirituality, moral values and traditions, the humanization of social relations between the individual and society, between public institutions, the purpose of which is to ensure a fair distribution of benefits and equal opportunities. The article discusses the concept of social partnership as the main method of resolving social conflicts between labor and capital and the mechanisms for its implementation. Christian social doctrine shows that labor and capital are equal complementary elements of the economic process, and it is necessary to maintain this equality and equalize the distortions that arise at certain historical stages with the help of such tools as the social responsibility of the entrepreneur, social guarantees and employee protection, the involvement of workers in management, property and profit. The authors present an analysis of the concept of "intermediate social structures", developed by Christian social teaching and making an important contribution to the formation of civil society. We are talking about the formation of groups that unite on the basis of common social and professional interests: trade unions, unions of entrepreneurs, consumer unions, creative associations, labor dispute commissions.
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Voronchenko, T., T. Srceva-Pavlovska, and E. Fyodorova. "In search for identity: discourse of the future in modern dystopia by Vanessa Veselka “Zazen”, Alejandro Morales “The Rag Doll Plagues”." TRANSBAIKAL STATE UNIVERSITY JOURNAL 28, no. 6 (2022): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/2227-9245-2022-28-6-45-54.
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The article deals with the collective and individual identity problem in the context of changing world and socio-political conditions in hypothetical reality. World literature is an ever-living source for understanding a variety of possible options for development of civilization, the role and place of the individual in the future society. The authors examine representation of individual and collective identification in the dystopian novels by modern writers: V. Veselka “Zazen” (2011) and A. Morales “The Rag Doll Plagues” (1992). The object of the study is the socio-political discourse of the future, outlined in fiction form. The subject of the research is the process of individual and collective identification in the context of the predicted future reality. The purpose of the study is to analyze Veselka and Morales’ dystopian novels for outlining factors influencing the process of individual and collective identification in the hypothetical future. The research methodology is based on the principles of semiotic-communicative and cultural-historical approaches. The discourse of the future is considered as a political discourse, a set of verbal signs that performs a certain function in political communication and conveys information about social processes, norms and values in a given socio-political situation. Within the framework of the cultural-historical approach, the literary text is studied as a product of social life in specific cultural-historical conditions. Individual and collective identity is forming in the conditions of an unfavorable, “negative” version of the future civilization. Veselka and Morales project in their works nowadays socio-political problems in a hypertrophied form: terrorism, epidemics and pandemics, environmental disasters, dehumanization, consumerism, etc. The analysis of dystopias clearly indicates that main factors in individual and collective identification are ethnopolitical, ethnocultural and psychological ones. Ethnopolitical and ethnocultural factors affect deeply the process of social identification, while psychological factors have a major impact on the search for individual identity
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Kurpebayeva, Gaziza. "CAUSES OF MODERN COUPS AND CONSIDERATION OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE ESCALATION OF THE POLITICAL CRISIS IN ARAB COUNTRIES." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 8, no. 4 (2020): 1514–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.84139.
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Purpose of the study: The article describes the comparative analysis of the main parameters of the Arab Spring Revolution. The Arab world is the ethnic core of the Middle East. These countries faced an acute problem of choosing their political strategy. Globalization has largely discounted the idea of national sovereignty and a self-sufficient economy with the leading role of the public sector.
 Methodology: The main methodological approaches are defined using the basic principles reflected in leading researchers' works in political, historical, and social sciences. The complete application of comparative historical analysis allowed us to determine the main stages and trends in developing political processes within the "Arab spring" framework. The use of modeling and forecasting methods allows determining options for further development of these processes.
 Main Findings: The Middle East and North Africa took part in the forced revolutionary transformation of political regimes, called the Arab spring. The growth of protests in the region is due to internal and external reasons. Each country depends on the specific socio-political, economic, religious situation, and the characteristics of states' historical development.
 Applications of this study: Based on the results of this study, it is possible to develop new recommendations for the foreign ministries of countries that are neutral in relation to the processes of socio-political transformations in the Arab countries.
 Novelty/Originality of this study: This study is one of the first attempts to consider the socio-political processes that took place in the countries of the Arab East through the prism of Kazakh diplomacy, as a country that does not have certain geopolitical goals and benefits, as a country that does not have a direct or indirect relationship to the events of the Arab spring.
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Baluev, Dmitriy G., and Dmitriy I. Kaminchenko. "Comparative analysis of «new» and social media in the context of socio-political and historical factors." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Filosofiya. Sotsiologiya. Politologiya, no. 1(33) (March 1, 2016): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/1998863x/33/16.
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Malik, Elena. "Integration mechanisms for increasing the political subjectivity of Russian youth." KANT Social Sciences & Humanities, no. 4 (October 2020): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24923/2305-8757.2020-4.6.
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The article presents the results of a systematic analysis of the process of integration of Russian youth into the political sphere of society. The specificity of the situation of young people as an object and subject of state policy is justified and the conditions for stimulating their socio-political activity are revealed. The orientation of the participation of the younger generation in the political process of the country is influenced by an integrated system of political, socio-economic, historical and cultural factors. The conclusion is argued that the situation of the young generation, the formation and realization of its socio-political potential continue to remain controversial. The productive realization of its innovative potential is a significant factor in political progress.
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Bellomo, Antonello, Loreta Notarangelo, Domenico De Berardis, Julio Torales, João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, and Antonio Ventriglio. "Psychosocial Aspects of Pandemics: An Historical Perspective." RIVISTA SPERIMENTALE DI FRENIATRIA, no. 2 (September 2021): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/rsf2021-002002.
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Abstract: It is largely recognized that the Covid-19 pandemic has a global impact on public mental health and on the psychosocial balance. The authors analyze critically a number of psychosocial factors (behaviors, beliefs, theories, social adjustment, etc.) related to pandemics, throughout history. They describe how social reactions to pandemics can be similar, over time and across cultures, and how strategies of social adjustment are based on the socio-cultural contexts. The authors argue that a historical analysis of pandemics and of their psychosocial factors could indicate political strategies and social interventions, and help promote social adjustment to the present-day global health and economic emergencies.
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Stevens, Garth, and Rafiq Lockhat. "‘Coca-Cola Kids’ - Reflections on Black Adolescent Identity Development in Post-Apartheid South Africa." South African Journal of Psychology 27, no. 4 (1997): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124639702700408.
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In this paper the authors make use of Erikson's psychosocial theory and Bulhan's analysis of identity development within oppressed social groups, and explore how black adolescents may be attempting to negotiate the developmental challenges facing them within the changing socio-historical contexts of post-apartheid South Africa. It explores the impact of apartheid-capitalism on black adolescent identity development, as well as the impact of several ideological, economic and socio-political factors on these adolescents' attempts at attaining identity integration and congruence in post-apartheid South Africa. More specifically, the paper firstly argues that both the apartheid and post-apartheid socio-historical contexts have had contradictory and multiple impacts on the development of black adolescent identities and secondly, that the increasing shift from collectivist ideals to individualist ideals amongst many black adolescents, represents one possible response to these shifting socio-historical contexts.
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Kobal, V. I. "HISTORICAL AND SOCIO-POLITICAL FACTORS OF THE FORMATION AND FUNCTIONING OF THE FIRST HUNGARIAN UNIVERSITY IN PÉCS." International scientific journal «Education and Science», no. 24(1) (2018): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31339/2617-0833-2018-24(1)-118-123.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Historical socio-political factors"
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Ali, Salari Gholam. "INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL OF DEMOCRATISATION IN IRAN:Reframing the Implications of Knowledge of History, Philosophy and Socio-political Science in the Prospect of Democratisation in Iran." Thesis, Griffith University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/384287.
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The original contribution of this study resides in its exploration of the way in which various traditional and modern tangible and intangible factors have contributed to Iran’s intellectual and political transformations from past to present. The focal question of this thesis is: “which factors have played the dominant role in Iran's intellectual orientations and political transformations, in general, and democratisation in particular? And can these factors be explained methodically and theoretically?” This thesis claims that Iranians, in order to proceed with a genuine home-grown democratisation1, need to enhance their intellectual capital of democratisation (ICOD)2. To this end, Iran's intellectuals need to overcome their shortcomings in the three key areas of historical consciousness3, understanding of modernity, and undertaking democratic orientation.
This study employs a qualitative approach and a textual analysis method to provide a multi-principled (history, philosophy, and socio-political science), multi-causal (tangible and intangible) explanation of the multidimensional state of Iran’s tradition, modernity and prospect of democratisation. While taking into account a multi-task of modern, secular and democratic orientation; it is conducted from both insiders and outsiders' perspectives. The proposed method of explanation employs the algebraic term of factorisation to classify the dominant contributing factors to Iran’s intellectual and political transformations from both phenomenological (into tangible and intangible factors) and chronological (into traditional and modern) orders. The traditional tangible factors include geography, climate and invention of Qanats4 that have played vital roles in the success of Persian civilisation in the past. The critical modern tangible factors in Iran’s modern history include discovery of oil, colonial powers interventions, modernisation programs and communication technology. While ancient Persians benefited from the traditional intangible factors effectively and successfully (by establishing the first multicultural (tribal, ethnic, and religious) empire, these achievements were forsaken as soon as the rulers inclined toward tribal, ethnic and religious preferences. The subsequent ethnic/religious systems then have imposed various types of discrimination, which have led to internal conflicts and made the society susceptible to external influence, intervention or occupation (Saleh, 2013, pp. 111-113).
It is discussed throughout this thesis that colonial powers, conservative Shiite Ulama and local tyrant rulers have almost cooperatively prevented the prospect of democratisation. To challenge these powerful forces and in the absence of democracy, Iranian intellectuals have found radical ideological orientations. They have inclined toward various ideological paradigms including Westernisation, constitutionalism, nationalism, modernism, socialism and Islamism. Only during the last two decades, have a great majority of Iranian intellectuals found a democratic orientation (Azimi, 2008, p. iX). This phenomenon has played a crucial role in accelerating the pace and scope of a non-violent civil resistance movement for democratic change. The extent of popular and intellectual support for this paradigm, such as the Green Movement in 2009, reflects the promising achievement of the society in the road of democratisation (Khosrokhavar, 2011, pp. 48-58). It can be argued that despite the presence of a considerable number of internal and external obstacles, the society has gained a promising level of intellectual capacity and popular support to proceed with a genuinely inborn democratisation. It is, however, anticipated that for succeeding with democratisation in Iran, in addition to intellectual capabilities, other socio-economic, cultural and political parameters are necessary, which their detailed explanation requires further studies.<br>Thesis (PhD Doctorate)<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>Griffith Law School<br>Arts, Education and Law<br>Full Text
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Tynan, Timothy J. "Motorboats and wild rice an historical account of the socio-political factors that led to the current threat of motorized boat traffic and an analysis of the impacts boats have on wild rice /." 2001. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/47724707.html.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2001.<br>Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 62-69).
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DE, NEIVA FORTE TERESA CONCEICAO. "Interplay between culture and the unfolding of a field enquiry: Social Representations consensual and reified universes in Latin America." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/980762.
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Social Representations field of enquiry has inspired a vast corpus of research aimed at an in depth understanding of social-related phenomena and of the dynamics underlying the conditions of emergence, transmission and transformation of social knowledge.
Within the Latin American geo-cultural context, which is the setting adopted for the three studies hereby presented, this theory has flourished deeply embedded in an historical socio-political context that shaped viewpoints and attitudes towards it. Henceforth, it has been assimilated, integrated, adapted and shaped according to specificities of this context, pushing forward a particular anchoring on an ideological defense of research as a medium to a comprehensive understanding of the complex reality and to an actual impact on social change.
The first study conducted is aimed at exploring the interconnection between the confluence of a set of socio-historical factors within Latin America societies and the adoption and growth of Social Representations theory as part of a broader set of streams. These have put forward alternatives to a logical-positivistic model of science, thus bringing into light populations previously ignored from a political, social and economic standpoint.
The second and third study are derived from a broader project aimed at taking stock of the temporal, thematic, methodological and geographical evolution of the Theory of Social Representations through a systematic literature review based on a meta- theoretical analysis of the entire corpus of scientific production published globally (de Rosa, 2013a, 2013b). Considering only the Latin American contributions to this field of enquiry, we intend to convey an empirically-based take on the interplay between the theory and the geo-cultural context.
Respectively, the second study is based on a systematic meta- theoretical analysis of 594 contributions from Latin American authors (including journal articles, book chapters and conference presentations) adopting as interpretative lens the five main axis of the Grid for Meta Theoretical Analysis of the Literature on Social Representations which crosses meta-data (traditional bibliometric variables) with data pertaining to the theoretical, methodological and thematic dimensions of the theory of Social Representations (de Rosa, 2013b). More specifically, we have explored through a Multiple Correspondence Analysis the associations in Latin American literature between variables pertaining to the following sections: “Reference to theoretical constructs specific of Social Representation Theory” (e.g. genesis, processes, functions, structure, dynamics of transmission and transformation): “Reference to other theoretical constructs and/or theories”, “Thematic analysis” and “Methodological profile” (e.g. research design, instruments, techniques and sample characterization, size of sample, unit of analysis). The results show a growing trend of internationalization and empirically corroborate the special feature of Latin America in bridging different perspectives so to better grasp several dimensions of social objects, as evidenced by the wide array of research published in journals from distinct disciplines. Moreover, it shows a complex interaction between the miscellaneous methodological choices and the Specific References to the theory, putting in evidence a wide receptivity of different methods, often combined. This feature may provide a profitable ground for a wider development ofa multi-level, multi-theoretical and multi-methodological coherency as suggested by de Rosa in her modelling approach (e.g. de Rosa, 2013a; 2014). In spite of the major role of two schools of thought- the Anthropological-Ethnographic and the Structural approach- our results show an integration of other theoretical constructs and theories aligned with a specific and fruitful way of this context to adopt external influences without bending to rigid divisions.
The third study focuses specifically on contributions presented by Latin American researchers to scientific events worldwide. A descriptive look of an extensive corpus of abstracts and keywords presented in several types of scientific events was combined with a Hierarchical Descending Cluster Analysis in an attempt to search for the thematic and methodological paths, trends and main clusters evidenced in this dissemination venue. The rationale for this study is related to the nature of scientific events as frequent and periodic thus constituting a proxy for an updated and immediate look into the evolution of specific thematic, theoretical and methodological choices across time. This is even more relevant if one considers the scope of the theory in encompassing social phenomena and issues that contemporary societies reflect upon or show concern with. Given the aforementioned social orientation shared by Latin American researchers, the multitude of themes and sub themes that have been addressed through these venues show two interesting trends: the pervasiveness of concern for critical areas within this context, such as Education, Health and Politics associated with an updated and constant interaction with new issues and problems that arise related to these fields, intertwined with the own dynamic nature of nowadays societies.
The analysed sources were retrieved from the specialized @-library on Social Representations and Communication, within the European/International Joint PhD in Social Representations & Communication– the So.Re.Com. “A.S. de Rosa” @-library for Documentation, Networking, and Training.
Books on the topic "Historical socio-political factors"
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Alent'eva, Tat'yana. Public opinion in the United States on the eve of the Civil war (1850-1861), was. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1068789.
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The monograph first examines American public opinion as a major factor of social and political life in the period of the maturing of the Civil war (1861-1865 gg.). Special value it is given by the study of the struggle in the South and in the North, consideration of the process of formation of two socio-cultural models. 
 On the wide canvas of the socio-economic and political history in the monograph analyses the state and development of public opinion in the United States, sequentially from the compromise of 1850, a small civil war in Kansas, the uprising of John brown, of the maturing of "inevitable conflict," the secession of the southern States to the formation of the southern Confederacy and the Civil war. Reveals a fierce struggle, which was accompanied by the adoption of the compromise Kansas-Nebraska and the Supreme court decision in the Dred Scott case of 1857, which annulled the action of the famous Missouri compromise. Special attention is paid to the formation of the Republican party and the presidential elections of 1856 and 1860
 Shown, as were incitement to hatred between citizens of the same country, which were used propaganda and manipulative techniques. The totality of facts gleaned from primary sources, especially the materials about these manipulations give an opportunity to look behind the scenes politics that led to the outbreak of the Civil war in the United States, a deeper understanding of its causes.
 For students of historical faculties and departments of sociology and political Sciences, and anyone interested in American history.
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Baybakova, Larisa. In search of a modern concept of US foreign policy of the late XIX-early XX century. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1071748.
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The monograph of the Russian American historian is devoted to a number of conceptual problems of US foreign policy in the period of early globalization (late XIX-early XX century). The significance of the socio-economic factor is reinterpreted from the standpoint of modern theory and methodology; the role of the ideology used by the political elite to justify American expansion is traced. New interpretations of the causes and consequences of the Spanish-American war of 1898 are given: for the first time, the place of the "yellow" press in inciting anti-Spanish sentiment among ordinary Americans is shown in detail as one of the first manifestations of successful manipulation of public opinion; the level of combat capability of the American army, which achieved victory over a weaker enemy, but was unprepared to conduct an armed struggle for achieving geopolitical interests with leading European powers, is critically assessed. The archival material, first introduced into scientific circulation, traces the mediation activities of President Roosevelt As the first successful experience in the peaceful settlement of regional conflicts, and also shows the search by top officials for a new world order under the auspices of the United States, with an emphasis on the use of the principles of international arbitration. It is addressed to researchers, teachers, and students interested in the history of the United States.
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Ma, Qing-Ping. What Drives China's Economy: Economic, Socio-Political, Historical and Cultural Factors. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.
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Ma, Qing-Ping. What Drives China's Economy: Economic, Socio-Political, Historical and Cultural Factors. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.
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Ma, Qing-Ping. What Drives China's Economy: Economic, Socio-Political, Historical and Cultural Factors. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.
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Ma, Qing-Ping. What Drives China's Economy: Economic, Socio-Political, Historical and Cultural Factors. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.
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Jonathan, Bonnitcha, Skovgaard Poulsen Lauge N, and Waibel Michael. 7 Politics of Investment Treaties in Developed Countries. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198719540.003.0007.
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This chapter focuses on the main factors driving investment treaty policy-making in developed countries. This can only be done based on an understanding of the changing socio-economic environment for foreign investments, and the chapter therefore provides significant historical context to the law and economics of the investment treaty regime. The chapter evaluates four potential explanations for why and how developed countries adopted investment treaties. These are: (i) the promotion of business interests; (ii) de-politicizing investment disputes; (iii) building customary international law; and (iv) using investment treaties for diplomatic and symbolic reasons. The chapter concludes by examining recent developments. These include the rise of investment treaty arbitration against developed country states themselves, which has prompted unprecedented political debate about investment treaties.
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Forlenza, Rosario. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817444.003.0008.
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The Conclusion contrasts the dominant structuralist and functionalist approaches to democracy and democratization, with the concept of the passage to democracy as an endogenous process of historical and symbolic articulation, and as the symbolization of lived experiences that engender transformations in consciousness, meanings, and beliefs. Rather than assuming a universal and externally determined model for the democratic process, it makes use of the Italian case to argue that democracy is a lengthy and ongoing narrative, and a process of meaning-formation in the context of political and existential uncertainty. Democratizing processes are determined not by socio-economic and cultural factors, not by the pursuit of strategies by the elites, but by a complex interweaving of individual and collective reaction to revolution, war, and dictatorship.
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Sudra, Paweł. Rozpraszanie i koncentracja zabudowy na przykładzie aglomeracji warszawskiej po 1989 roku = Dispersion and concentration of built-up areas on the example of the Warsaw agglomeration after 1989. Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania im. Stanisława Leszczyckiego, Polska Akademia Nauk, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/9788361590057.
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The research problem undertaken in the study is the occurrence of dispersed and concentrated built-up (in particular residential) area patterns caused by suburbanisation processes in a large urban agglomeration, on the example of the Warsaw metropolitan area. The research concerned the period after 1989, when the political and economic transformation in Poland began. The historical and contemporary socio-economic conditions of suburbanization and urban sprawl are described, which have the features of a spontaneous, chaotic dispersion, quite different than in Western countries. It is partly to blame for faulty spatial planning. The succession of urban development into rural areas is subordinated to the factors of the construction market. In the empirical part of the analysis, topographic data on all buildings in the urban agglomeration and databases on land use derived from satellite images were used to investigate settlement changes. A multidimensional study was carried out relating to various spatial scales, types of spatial relations and territorial units. Measures of spatial concentration of point patterns as well as landscape metrics were used for this purpose. The indicators used were subject to critical methodological evaluation afterwards. The study was performed in several temporal cross-sections. The locations of new development in agricultural, forest and wasteland areas have been identified. Finally, recommendations for the implementation of appropriate spatial policy and improvement of the spatial order in the Warsaw agglomeration were formulated
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Political constructivism of the ruling party. Software installation of the RSDLP(b)-RKP(b)-VKP(b). 1917-1930s. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1009539.
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The monograph explores the problem of the role and boundaries of the political factor in the activities of the RSDLP(b)—RCP(b)—CPSU(b) in the 1917-1930s.during the socio-economic modernization of the RSFSR/USSR in the struggle for power in the top leadership of the ruling party, overcoming crisis situations, the growth of power of the party apparatus, internal party repression, protest moods of Russian citizens. On the basis of a complex of historical sources analysed programmes of the ruling party in the modernization of Russia the post-revolutionary period, which are checked for compliance with national interests in solving complex problems, "socialist" reforms, analyzed the complex processes of state-building in 1917-1930-ies identified problems of political and administrative resources of the ruling party.
 It is intended for specialists in the history of Russia of the XX century, University professors, as well as for all those interested in Russian history.
Book chapters on the topic "Historical socio-political factors"
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García Portilla, Jason. "Integrative Conclusions." In “Ye Shall Know Them by Their Fruits”. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78498-0_23.
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AbstractThis chapter presents general conclusions based on integrating the theory and the results obtained from all methods. It also offers seven specific conclusions for each of the prosperity determinants considered.Combining three main factors accounted for uneven socio-economic and institutional performance in Europe and the Americas. These factors are: 1. Religion: 1.1) Historical Protestantism and its positive influence on law, institutions, and language (highest performance); 1.2) anti-clericalism (medium-high performance); 1.3) Roman Catholicism or Orthodoxy (medium-low performance); 1.4) Syncretism (low performance). 2. Political non-religious influences: 2.1) Communism (low performance). 3. Geography and environment, which modulate overall performance.
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Head, Brian W. "Debates in Public Policy—Problem Framing, Knowledge and Interests." In Wicked Problems in Public Policy. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94580-0_1.
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AbstractThere are different types of public policy problems. In democratic political systems, policy problems arise in very diverse political and institutional contexts. These influence how the problems are debated and resolved. Policy decision-making is structured through organisational processes that reflect historical institutional arrangements. Complex policy problems often involve conflicting interests and divergent perceptions among various stakeholder groups. Disagreements about problems and policies arise from many factors, including material interests, socio-cultural values and political (dis)trust. The framing of problems and solutions is expressed in different ways, through the language of economic benefits, ideological outlooks, group values and political loyalties. Leaders of political, economic and social organisations argue for the priority of some issues over others, depending on their judgements about threats, rewards and opportunities. Leaders typically offer simplified and persuasive narratives about problems and solutions, in order to attract wide support for their preferred approach. Evidence and expertise are mobilised selectively by policy actors to influence the perceived credibility of their own favoured policy options. However, rigorous evidence is not privileged in everyday politics—policy debates are structured through the interplay of many forms of knowledge, values, emotions and interests. Expertise can assist in managing complex problems but never determines the outcomes.
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Karakhanyan, Susanna. "Armenia: Transformational Peculiarities of the Soviet and Post-Soviet Higher Education System." In Palgrave Studies in Global Higher Education. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52980-6_3.
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AbstractThe chapter explores the nature of higher education in post-Soviet Armenia given the factors prevailing in the system—historical, political, socio-economic and international. Of particular interest is the exploration of the higher education system structure reflected by social needs, economic demands and political goals. Supported by a holistic theoretical framework underpinning three angles of analysis—horizontal and vertical diversity, external diversity as well as the organisational interrelationships—the analysis endeavours to reveal the driving forces that shaped post-Soviet Armenian higher education, the inter-influence that occurred as a result of changes taking place at the macro and micro levels of the higher education system as well as the impact of those changes on the performance of the Armenian HE in general. The results of the analysis are two-fold. First, throughout the decades the Armenian higher education has made major strides and evolved from a uniform into a diverse system responding and accommodating the diverse needs of the society. Second, albeit the strong desire and much investment in the system through a diversity of channels to make the system internationally visible, still more investments are to be made to achieve the desirable goal of international visibility while facing the challenges related to the Soviet legacy, current policymaking and implementation methodology, in particular.
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Cabalquinto, Earvin Charles B. "Introduction." In (Im)mobile Homes. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197524831.003.0001.
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This chapter lays the foundation for the readers to unpack the digital and transnational lifeworlds of dispersed Filipino family members. To begin with, it presents a brief overview of Filipino migration to Australia, and how this condition has shaped the way Filipino migrants and their left-behind family members use smartphones, social media, and mobile applications in sustaining ties beyond borders. Moreover, it highlights the uneven technological landscape between Australia and the Philippines, which moulds the quality of transnational and familial communication. More importantly, it explains the key dimensions of (im)mobile homes, particularly charting the influences of socio-historical, socio-cultural, socio-economic, socio-political, and socio-technological factors in mobilizing the formation of a networked and transnational Filipino family life.
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Wiggins, Bradley E. "Navigating an Immersive Narratology." In Research Anthology on Fake News, Political Warfare, and Combatting the Spread of Misinformation. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7291-7.ch008.
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In direct response to the rise in fake news as a socio-cultural and political phenomenon, this article presents an analysis of the factors that may help to explain the reception of fake news. In addition, recent pronouncements made by the Trump White House seem to challenge the nature of an objective truth. An immersive narratology emphasizes that different universes of discourse can intermingle and overlap, with fact and fiction becoming difficult to distinguish in our increasingly mediated lives. A tenable definition of fake news is offered prior to exploring historical antecedents of fake news. Persuasion, construction, immersion, distribution, and polarization represent the core factors that demystify the reception of fake news regardless as to whether an individual believes a story. A concluding discussion offers a critical evaluation of the potential of fake news to augment the news media landscape in the coming years.
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Ulunyan, Artyom A. "Balkans between the Byzantine, Ottoman, and Russian Empires in the historical memory and current foreign policy practices of several countries in the region." In Russia — Turkey — Greece: Dialogue opportunities in the Balkans. Nestor-Istoriia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/4469-2030-3.02.
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The imperial legacy of the Byzantine, Ottoman, and Russian Empires in the national historical memory in Balkan societies and its actualization in the context of formulation, or reformulation both in socio-political and academic discourses, and as an “action guideline” to the ruling circles of the Balkan countries in the foreign policy sphere, is one of the factors of domestic political life and international Realpolitik in the early 21st century. Simplified unambiguity and “linearity” in the perception of this heritage sets the stage for reference to it in the form of an argument that can explain the historical fate of the Balkan nations at the time of making of a “united Europe”, where its so-called “old”, i. e. Western, part was traditionally viewed as classical Europe throughout the 19th and entire 20th centuries, whilst the Balkans were considered as the outskirts and an area of constant turbulence threatening Europe proper.
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Rajamanickam, Srinivasan. "Exploring Landscapes in Regional Convergence." In Handbook of Research on Global Indicators of Economic and Political Convergence. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0215-9.ch021.
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The South Asian region is a key economic zone, as seen from the global perspective. In the past two decades, it has witnessed a healthy growth in GDP terms. Globalization has propelled the countries in the region towards regional cooperation as a means to address common growth concerns. Along with geo-political compulsions that have fostered this convergence, we find that there are also socio-cultural and historical factors present that could serve as binding stones. However environment and climate change pose a huge challenge to the economic integration and growth in this region. While a number of institutional and policy regional cooperative measures have been put in place, there are certain bottlenecks in the region, which are again a product of its history, that need to be addressed. We feel that reassessment of national interests and priorities through strong political will are essential to mitigate these bottlenecks to realize the true potential of convergence in this region.
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Sichkar, Alla, and Yana Matiushynets. "IDEAS OF THE SUBJECT-DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT FOR CHILDREN IN THE UKRAINIAN PEDAGOGICAL DISCOURSE LATE 19TH – 20TH YEARS OF THE ХХ CENTURY." In Integration of traditional and innovative scientific researches: global trends and regional as. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-001-8-1-8.
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The article highlights the features of the development of ideas about a subject-developing environment for children of preschool and primary school age in the pedagogical thought of Ukraine and their transformation under the influence of socio-economic, political, ideological, pedagogical factors (late 19th - 20s of the 20th century) To achieve the goal, to solve the tasks set, a set of research methods was used, namely: historical and retrospective - in order to analyze the priority ideas of domestic teachers on the creation and functioning of a developing environment for children and their implementation into practice; constructive-genetic – for the analysis of goals, objectives, content-methodological support of the dynamics of ideas of a developing environment for children of preschool and primary school age; chronological – to establish the time boundaries of phenomena and processes; hermeneutic – for a new reading and commenting on historical and pedagogical texts; specific historical – for the purpose of analyzing documents on the development of preschool education and primary education in Ukraine in a certain chronological framework. On the basis of the historical and pedagogical analysis of archival documents, narrative sources, theoretical provisions have been determined that relate to the development of ideas about a subject-developing environment in educational institutions of Ukraine: key ideas, periodization and factors influencing their development have been identified; highlights the features of their interpretation by Ukrainian teachers in a certain chronological framework. The historical genesis of ideas about a subject-developing environment is associated with the formation of the theoretical and methodological foundations of preschool education and primary school under the influence of progressive European systems of education (F. Frebel, M. Montessori) and scientific achievements in the field of child anatomy, physiology, and psychology. It was found that the ideas of self-activity and creative self-realization, self-development of a child in a subject-developing environment, control of the process of self-development of a child by introducing him to various types of activities in an environment prepared by the educator remained relevant in a certain chronological framework of the study, but the means of their implementation changed under the influence of social economic, ideological, political factors. During the three socio-political milestones identified by us, namely: ideas about the developmental influence of environments for children (1871-1917); filling developing environments with national content in the years of the UPR (1917-1919); adaptation of the ideas of previous periods to class education (1920-1930), different, of the above factors were dominant and exercised a decisive influence on the formation of pedagogical theory and practice on the organization of a subject-developing environment for children of preschool and primary school age in educational institutions and in the conditions of family education of children in the Ukrainian territory.
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Thompson, Ian, and Gabrielle Ivinson. "Introduction: the landscapes of poverty and education across the UK." In Poverty in Education Across the UK. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447327981.003.0001.
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Poverty blights the lives of children and young people. Research has consistently shown that the most economically disadvantaged pupils across the United Kingdom (UK) have the poorest educational outcomes and that poverty has a pernicious effect on children’s well-being. However, far less is known about the ways that poverty is differentially experienced for children and young people in schools within the four jurisdictions of the UK. Are there historical, social and cultural factors that make poverty a postcode lottery in terms of quality of schooling in the different parts of the UK? Are successful local interventions context specific as the research evidence seems to suggest or can we learn from particular regions or cities? This introduction points out that anxieties about growing educational inequality in the UK have to be contextualised historically, geographically and in terms of the distinct political and socio-economic landscapes in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
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Aghacy, Samira. "Conclusion." In Ageing in the Modern Arabic Novel. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474466752.003.0007.
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Owing to the silence regarding ageing in the region, the study paves the way for further research on the subject especially that it involves a rapidly growing number of people. The book has included an array of novels that represent ageing in the process of transformation and change, fluctuating between active and passive, urban and rural, modern and traditional. Changing historical, demographic, and socio-economic factors are producing varied constructions of agedness that challenge a single paradigm.Given the wars and the wide-ranging political and social problems in the region, one expects the ageing process in the Arab world to take different directions from in the West as local and regional challenges necessitate different strategies and different forms of survival.
Conference papers on the topic "Historical socio-political factors"
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Cahlikova, Tereza. "Significance of socio-cultural, political and historical factors for the introduction of e-participation in Switzerland." In ICEGOV2014: 8th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance. ACM, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2691195.2691239.
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Pankov, Sergey V. "HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND OF PRE-REVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE OF THE TAMBOV REGION." In Treshnikov readings – 2021 Modern geographical global picture and technology of geographic education. Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I. N. Ulyanov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33065/978-5-907216-08-2-2021-184-186.
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The purpose of the article is a retrospective analysis of the socio-economic background and regional characteristics of the development of agriculture in the Tambov region from the second half of the 19th to 1917. The main content of the article is a study to identify the existing problems of the region’s agriculture, assess social, political and economic factors affecting the dynamics of the industry.
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AKHALADZE, Lia, Nino SHIOLASHVILI, Tamar PKHALADZE, Gvantsa BURDULI, and Gela KISTAURI. "TRUSO, IN WAITING FOR HAPPY PEOPLE." In Proceedings of The Third International Scientific Conference “Happiness and Contemporary Society”. SPOLOM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31108/7.2022.1.
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For centuries, Georgia, due to its geopolitical, economic, and social factors has been the migration arena for different ethnic groups and peoples. Over time, some groups of migrants blended with thelocal population or with other ethnic entities, while the rest, managed to preserve their national specifics till the end. This process was particularly evident in the borderline regions of Georgia, among them, in Truso, one of the most ancient parts of Georgia. Truso is a rather rich and interesting gorgeowing to its historical past, socio-economic and political importance, mode of life of its population,and the development of its material and spiritual culture. The aim of this work is to observe the history of the Truso Gorge in the realm of the developments that took place there, starting from the 18th century; viewing it as the arena of mutual settlement of Georgians and Ossetians, traditional cohabitation, and the areal of certain cultural diffusion. The methodological study is based on the method of Contrastive analysis of historical sources, fact-finding, and content analysis.
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Taher, Muath Muhammad Basher, and Jorge Correia. "Reading Nablus’ urban print: towards an understanding of its morphology." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.6123.
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Nablus old center stands as a typical Arab city with a relevant geographical location. Successive historical periods distinguish its history - from Canaanite to Roman, Byzantine, Islamic, Crusader or Ottoman - till nowadays. This cultural diversity has layered chronological strata on its urban fabric. Therefore, diverse historical characteristics reflected in the city’s urban morphology have undergone continued physical and functional transformations, not only gradually by time and various socio-cultural, economic or political factors, but also radically by earthquakes and war destructions. Present-day Nablus’ physical image echoes a palimpsest of urban/social identities and an asset for a very sensitive collective memory. This paper examines the formation, evolution and constitution of the old city of Nablus by a retrospective analysis that searches the morphological momentum for each phase in articulation with a reflection around its historical meaning for the city. Methodologically, this study is conducted on both urban and architectural levels, surveying street hierarchy and plot distribution. This understanding will be extremely important for an accurate perception of this tissue in order to advocate for a concerned idea of the city’s reconstruction, following recent urban annihilations. At a time when urban rehabilitation pushes plans for quick and immediate results, reading Nablus’ urban morphology can work as the lacking tool for an instructed and operative regeneration.
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Nezhadmasoum, Sanaz, and Nevter Zafer Comert. "Historic-geographical and Typo-morphological assessment of Lefke town, North Cyprus." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.6254.
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Historic-geographical and Typo-morphological assessment of Lefke town, North Cyprus Sanaz Nezhadmasoum¹, Nevter Zafer Comert² Department of Architecture. Eastern Mediterranean University. Famagusta. North Cyprus.Via Mersin 10. Turkey E-mail: sanaz.nezhadmasoum@gmail.com, nzafer@gmail.com Keywords: Historic-geographic approach, Typo-morphology, Urban form, Lefke town Conference topics and scale: Urban morphological methods and techniques Morphological analysis in cities have been employed to conduct the research on the urban form and fabric of the place, that helps to determine the conservation plans or strategies of towns that reveal clues to their own history (Whithand,2001). Such analysis methods are a process that reviews the evolution and evaluation of towns throughout history. This paper focuses on, Conzen’s and Caniggia’s ideas, MRG Conzen’s historic-geographical approaches (1968) on planning level and Caniggia’s typo-morphological process (2001) on architectural level. Those methodologies help to understand the transformation procedure of different regions of city throughout the years and recovering how the city elements and urban hierarchy are interrelated. Additionally, the focus of this paper is to study the town’s morphological transformations, regarding its spatial, geographical and historical combinations. Within this context, Geographical and historical surveys done on the whole town of Lefke, in north-west Cyprus, and a detailed explanation on the typo-morphological analyses of some particular regions will be given in this article. One of the significant character that makes the town unique is its historical background which lay down with an organic urban pattern from Ottoman period. Lefke town was first formed with a medieval character, and through centuries of functional and physical transformations, has been highly influenced by British extensions, which were either prearranged modifications affected by socio- natural, economic, and political situations, or instinctive and spontaneous changes. All these historical factors, along with its geographical features, make Lefke an interesting case to be studied with an urban typo-morphological approach. References Caniggia G, Maffei G., 2001, Interpreing Basic building Architectural composition and building typology Alinea editrice, Firenze, Italy Cömert, N. Z., &amp; Hoskara, S. O. (2013) ‘A typo-morphological study: the CMC industrial mass housing district, lefke, northern cyprus’, Open House International, 38(2), 16-30. Conzen, M. R. G. (1968) ‘The use of town plans in the study of urban history’, in Dyos, H. J. (ed.) The study of urban history (Edward Arnold, London) 113-30. Larkham, P. J. (2006) ‘The study of urban form in Great Britain’, Urban Morphology, 10(2), 117. Moudon, A. V. (1997) ‘Urban morphology as an emerging interdisciplinary field’, Urban morphology, 1(1), 3-10. Whitehand, J. W. (2001) ‘British urban morphology: the Conzenion tradition’, Urban Morphology, 5(2), 103-109.
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Al-Saffar, Mazin. "Assessment of the process of urban transformation in Baghdad city form and function." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.5315.
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During the 21st century, urban transformation of cities has been intensely affected by flows of socio-economic and technological processes. Through the centuries, such as all historical places in Mesopotamia, Baghdad has given an outstanding example of dramatic evolution. The city, which stands on the river Tigris, faced various transformation processes in the culture and physical environment due to social and political reasons. The transformation of Baghdad city is a very complicated process driven by various factors affecting the homogeneity of the old urban fabric. Reconfiguration and the production of new urban typologies within the heritage fabric were the most fundamental effects. The outcome was different spatial languages competing with each other. This transformation changed the relations and hierarchies among spaces, which allowed more flexibility and accessibility between private and public space. The main purpose of this study is to examine how Baghdad city emerged and to develop a comprehensive understanding of the history of urban transformation in the context of city change. To achieve this aim, this paper will utilise urban morphology to explain how Baghdad transformed from a geometric city (the Round City AD762 by Caliph Al-Mansur) to an organic form and then from a traditional city to the modern metropolis. It will seek to analyse the process of urban transformation in Baghdad and show different types of urban patterns. Moreover, this paper will try to illustrate how the new way of transportation represented by the car has affected the historic centre and changed the structural system of Baghdad.
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Vučković, Jelena. "VIDOVDANSKI USTAV – SIMBOL (NE)JEDINSTVA PRVE JUGOSLOVENSKE DRŽAVE." In 100 GODINA OD VIDOVDANSKOG USTAVA. Faculty of law, University of Kragujevac, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/zbvu21.107v.
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In the paper, the author analyzes one of the basic starting points of the theory of constitutional law, according to which the constitution as the highest formal legal act simultaneously represents a symbol of unity and vitality of a state, a sign of its identity and a factor of social integration. If it succeeds in constituting a legal and socio-political order, the constitution has its future. From the aspect of such a theoretical definition, the Vidovdan Constitution has only partially fulfilled its function. Created three years after the unification into a common state of peoples of the same ethnic, but completely different cultural, religious, economic and historical origin, it has become more a symbol, and less a factual and legal reality. The paper will analyze the socio-political circumstances that led to its enactment and adoption, as well as the reasons that opened the question of its change from the moment it was adopted and entered into force. If we know that the quality of a constitution is crucial for its internal properties, its content, the circumstances under which it was adopted, the manner in which it was adopted, the intentions and goals of the constitution maker, it is clear that the Vidovdan Constitution, apart from becoming a formal legal symbol of unification, could satisfy the opposing aspirations of the Serbian and Croatian, as well as the Slovenian political establishment, the intellectual elite, but also the population itself. The Serbian political course of unification included a unitary system, a monarchical form of government led by the Karadjordjevic dynasty and a state that would have all members of the Serbian people within its borders. The Croatian political elite saw the new state as a transitional solution on the path to independence and the realization of a centuries-old dream of an independent Croatian state, based on the ideology of historical and state law. Slovenians perceives the idea of unification primarily as protection from Germanization, to which it was constantly exposed within Austro-Hungary. Thus, differences in the approach to the idea of unification will become the germ of conflict in the future common state. The Vidovdan Constitution could not resolve the antagonisms and mutually opposing views, but further deepened them. However, its importance is reflected in the fact that it shows that law is powerless in the face of socio-political reality if it does not primarily represent its framework, and that this thesis is current a century earlier, equally relevant today
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Gurbuz, Mustafa. "PERFORMING MORAL OPPOSITION: MUSINGS ON THE STRATEGY AND IDENTITY IN THE GÜLEN MOVEMENT." In Muslim World in Transition: Contributions of the Gülen Movement. Leeds Metropolitan University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.55207/hzit2119.
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This paper investigates the Gülen movement’s repertoires of action in order to determine how it differs from traditional Islamic revivalist movements and from the so-called ‘New Social Movements’ in the Western world. Two propositions lead the discussion: First, unlike many Islamic revivalist movements, the Gülen movement shaped its identity against the perceived threat of a trio of enemies, as Nursi named them a century ago – ignorance, disunity, and poverty. This perception of the opposition is crucial to understanding the apolitical mind-set of the Gülen movement’s fol- lowers. Second, unlike the confrontational New Social Movements, the Gülen movement has engaged in ‘moral opposition’, in which the movement’s actors seek to empathise with the adversary by creating (what Bakhtin calls) ‘dialogic’ relationships. ‘Moral opposition’ has enabled the movement to be more alert strategically as well as more productive tactically in solving the everyday practical problems of Muslims in Turkey. A striking example of this ‘moral opposition’ was witnessed in the Merve Kavakci incident in 1999, when the move- ment tried to build bridges between the secular and Islamist camps, while criticising and educating both parties during the post-February 28 period in Turkey. In this way the Gülen movement’s performance of opposition can contribute new theoretical and practical tools for our understanding of social movements. 104 | P a g e Recent works on social movements have criticized the longstanding tradition of classify- ing social movement types as “strategy-oriented” versus “identity-oriented” (Touraine 1981; Cohen 1985; Rucht 1988) and “identity logic of action” versus “instrumentalist logic of ac- tion” (Duyvendak and Giugni 1995) by regarding identities as a key element of a move- ment’s strategic and tactical repertoire (see Bernstein 1997, 2002; Gamson 1997; Polletta 1998a; Polletta and Jasper 2001; Taylor and Van Dyke 2004). Bifurcation of identity ver- sus strategy suggests the idea that some movements target the state and the economy, thus, they are “instrumental” and “strategy-oriented”; whereas some other movements so-called “identity movements” challenge the dominant cultural patterns and codes and are considered “expressive” in content and “identity-oriented.” New social movement theorists argue that identity movements try to gain recognition and respect by employing expressive strategies wherein the movement itself becomes the message (Touraine 1981; Cohen 1985; Melucci 1989, 1996). Criticizing these dualisms, some scholars have shown the possibility of different social movement behaviour under different contextual factors (e.g. Bernstein 1997; Katzenstein 1998). In contrast to new social movement theory, this work on the Gülen movement indi- cates that identity movements are not always expressive in content and do not always follow an identity-oriented approach; instead, identity movements can synchronically be strategic as well as expressive. In her article on strategies and identities in Black Protest movements during the 1960s, Polletta (1994) criticizes the dominant theories of social movements, which a priori assume challengers’ unified common interests. Similarly, Jenkins (1983: 549) refers to the same problem in the literature by stating that “collective interests are assumed to be relatively unproblematic and to exist prior to mobilization.” By the same token, Taylor and Whittier (1992: 104) criticize the longstanding lack of explanation “how structural inequality gets translated into subjective discontent.” The dominant social movement theory approaches such as resource mobilization and political process regard these problems as trivial because of their assumption that identities and framing processes can be the basis for interests and further collective action but cannot change the final social movement outcome. Therefore, for the proponents of the mainstream theories, identities of actors are formed in evolutionary processes wherein social movements consciously frame their goals and produce relevant dis- courses; yet, these questions are not essential to explain why collective behaviour occurs (see McAdam, McCarthy, and Zald 1996). This reductionist view of movement culture has been criticized by a various number of scholars (e.g. Goodwin and Jasper 1999; Polletta 1997, 1999a, 1999b; Eyerman 2002). In fact, the debate over the emphases (interests vis-à-vis identities) is a reflection of the dissent between American and European sociological traditions. As Eyerman and Jamison (1991: 27) note, the American sociologists focused on “the instrumentality of movement strategy formation, that is, on how movement organizations went about trying to achieve their goals,” whereas the European scholars concerned with the identity formation processes that try to explain “how movements produced new historical identities for society.” Although the social movement theorists had recognized the deficiencies within each approach, the attempts to synthesize these two traditions in the literature failed to address the empirical problems and methodological difficulties. While criticizing the mainstream American collective behaviour approaches that treat the collective identities as given, many leading European scholars fell into a similar trap by a 105 | P a g e priori assuming that the collective identities are socio-historical products rather than cog- nitive processes (see, for instance, Touraine 1981). New Social Movement (NSM) theory, which is an offshoot of European tradition, has lately been involved in the debate over “cog- nitive praxis” (Eyerman and Jamison 1991), “signs” (Melucci 1996), “identity as strategy” (Bernstein 1997), protest as “art” (Jasper 1997), “moral performance” (Eyerman 2006), and “storytelling” (Polletta 2006). In general, these new formulations attempt to bring mental structures of social actors and symbolic nature of social action back in the study of collec- tive behaviour. The mental structures of the actors should be considered seriously because they have a potential to change the social movement behaviours, tactics, strategies, timing, alliances and outcomes. The most important failure, I think, in the dominant SM approaches lies behind the fact that they hinder the possibility of the construction of divergent collective identities under the same structures (cf. Polletta 1994: 91). This study investigates on how the Gülen movement differed from other Islamic social move- ments under the same structural factors that were realized by the organized opposition against Islamic activism after the soft coup in 1997. Two propositions shall lead my discussion here: First, unlike many Islamic revivalist movements, the Gülen movement shaped its identity against perceived threat of the triple enemies, what Nursi defined a century ago: ignorance, disunity, and poverty. This perception of the opposition is crucial to grasp non-political men- tal structures of the Gülen movement followers. Second, unlike the confrontational nature of the new social movements, the Gülen movement engaged in a “moral opposition,” in which the movement actors try to empathize with the enemy by creating “dialogic” relationships.
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Akyol, Mustafa. "WHAT MADE THE GÜLEN MOVEMENT POSSIBLE?" In Muslim World in Transition: Contributions of the Gülen Movement. Leeds Metropolitan University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.55207/nagx1827.
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Turkey’s most powerful and popular Islamic community, the Fethullah Gülen movement, is also a very moderate one, which embraces liberal democracy and promotes inter-faith toler- ance and dialogue. This paper asks what socio-political conditions enabled this movement to emerge, get established and grow as successfully as it has. The legacy of late Ottoman modernisation, which sought a synthesis of Islamic and modern Western values, assisted the Muslims of Republican Turkey to embrace democracy and es- tablish good relations with the West. Post-war Turkey’s peaceful interaction with the West — via free markets and international institutions — must have been a factor. So too it must be relevant that Turkey was never colonised by Western powers or even occupied for a long time (military interventions by the West in other Muslim countries have provoked quite radi- cal, not moderate, Islamic responses). The paper discusses the historical roots and social dynamics in Turkey that enabled the kind of ‘moderate Islam’ represented by the Gülen movement. That effort could provide lessons for other Muslim countries. It is all but taken for granted that the Islamic world needs some kind of ‘reform’. Élitist and autocratic calls for ‘top–down’ efforts to reshape Islam notwith- standing, what is really needed is to build the social environment (security, freedom, democ- racy, economic opportunity) that will enable a new kind of Muslim, who will, eventually, search for new meanings in traditional texts.