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1
MH, Heydargoy. "Pandemics throughout History." Journal of Infectious Diseases & Travel Medicine 7, no. 2 (2023): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/jidtm-16000176.
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Throughout history, the world has faced various diseases, some of which have become pandemics. A pandemic means a disease whose epidemic has spread beyond several continents. For example, the AIDS and Covid-19 pandemics have been the closest pandemics in the past years. Bacteria and viruses often cause these diseases. Some of these diseases that have become pandemics have been transmitted to humans by animals as carriers or mediators and have caused disease. These diseases are called zoonotic. The first disease that became pandemic can be mentioned as the plague disease first occurred during the rule of the Parthians. The battle between the Romans and the Parthians in the Tigris, region caused the Antonine plague pandemic that spread to Europe in 165-180 AD. Plague has always been among the diseases with the highest mortality. After that, other terrible diseases such as smallpox with 56 million deaths, or the Spanish flu with 50 million deaths appeared. The latest pandemic that we have been involved in is the COVID-19 pandemic, which was declared by the WHO as a new pandemic on March 11, 2020. We can study past pandemics and learn from them how to deal with future pandemics in order to have the lowest death rate. Maybe another pandemic is coming. According to the statistical data of the coronavirus family, from 1890 to 2019, they have been the cause of four pandemics, and in the last three pandemics, we have seen the distance between them decrease and they become stronger, the possibility of another epidemic in the next seven years from the family there is a coronavirus. By studying historical, statistical, and medical sources, this article examines and provides complete information regarding the pandemics that have existed in history
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Majumdar, Deepa. "Drawing Wisdom from a Pandemic." Philotheos 20, no. 1 (2020): 134–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philotheos20202019.
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This essay explores the humanistic dimensions of the unparalleled world-wide pandemic caused by Covid-19. Using both western and eastern sources, it seeks to draw wisdom from this tragedy – but also apply wisdom to it. Reflecting on the historical moment ensconcing this pandemic, and the fundamental metaphysical implications of Covid-19, this essay has three parts: (1) Precipice of History-Nature: This Historical Moment surrounding Covid-19; (2) Implications of a Pandemic for the nature of Nature and God; (3) Implications of a Pandemic for Death, Predestination, Higher Faith – and likely Results. Viewing this moment as portentous in its anticipation of a new age, this essay uses the notion of a temporized precipice, to situate this pandemic historically. Drawing from western (Heidegger, Russell, Augustine, Catherine of Sienna, Epictetus, Plato, and Plotinus), and Indian (Gandhi, Vivekananda, and the Bhagavadgītā) sources, this essay offers both idealistic and realistic views of the likely results of Covid-19.
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Kurniawati, Kurniawati, and Ayuningtias Rahman. "Application of historical literacy in history learning in the time of COVID-19." Linguistics and Culture Review 5, S3 (2021): 1299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5ns3.1837.
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The purpose of this study was to determine how the application of historical literacy during the Covid-19 pandemic is forced to Online Learning. This research uses a qualitative method in the form of a case study in a private school in East Jakarta, with history teachers and students as key informants. The result of this study is that history teachers have difficulty with allocating time. The difficulty of the teacher increases if history learning is associated with historical literacy which requires students not only to read and understand one source but various historical sources including primary sources. History teachers feel that their students' literacy levels are still lacking even though they do not dare to generalize all of them because they have not implemented any tests. The teacher thinks that both the level of historical literacy and the students' lack of historical literacy can be measured through the practice questions given in tests. Teachers are also hesitant to say the historical literacy level of their students because online distance learning uses zoom meetings. In conclusion, learning history experienced many obstacles during the Covid-19 pandemic. There are more obstacles if history learning wants to fulfill the concept of historical literacy.
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Kuzmina, Anna V., and Sergey D. Borisov. "Social networks as a search tool for historical sources." SHS Web of Conferences 103 (2021): 02017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110302017.
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This article is devoted to the use of social networks as a search tool for historical sources. The opportunity is analyzed to use social networks for surveying witnesses and participants in the considered events of regional history of the second half of the 20th century. This article also analyzes advantages of addressing social networks in the students’ projects to improve the oral history methods and development of professional skills of data search and processing. The importance of such joint activity of historians of various generations for patriotic upbringing is emphasized, the relevance of addressing online sources under the pandemic conditions is determined. The use of social networks as a means to replenish gaps in the set of sources is exemplified by the project devoted to social and economic history of Sevastopol. It is summarized that the most informative was the communication with Odnoklassniki network, since it is the leading platform in the Russian segment of Internet regarding the age group of concern: 46+. The methods of operation with social networks are not confined only by the oral history. A researcher is capable to study materials of profile groups and to detect unique photos. It has been concluded that it would be reasonable to perform historical research in social networks by interviewing respondents: bearers of historical memory.
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Labibatussolihah, Labibatussolihah, Nour Muhammad Adriani, and Nana Supriatna. "DIGITAL HISTORY AND ARCHIVES AS LEARNING MEDIA TOWARDS TRANSFORMATIVE EDUCATION IN THE POST-PANDEMIC ERA." Jurnal Pendidikan Ilmu Sosial 32, no. 1 (2022): 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jpis.v32i1.18456.
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The end of the 20th century was marked by euphoria over the development of internet technology such as the world wide web, which brought changes to scientific development including accessibility of historical sources and its use. This shift supports new adaptations as well as challenges conventional archival models, while opening opportunities for these digitized documents in history learning. However, the conversion or digitization of archives in Indonesia is slow, let alone its use for education, especially history education. This paper will take some experiences from countries that have digitized archives and adapt them in the history learning process as a real-world real-time experience. Two countries, the Netherlands and Australia, will be compared to see how they implement these strategies and how Indonesia can adopt a similar model for it. Further, five teacher candidates were involved as informants in interviews regarding their effort to incorporate digital historical sources in the learningfrom-home activities. A qualitative approach was used to see the extent to which the readiness of technical and non-technical aspects of the implementation of real-world and real-time-experience learning model in history education. While the review shows how promising the digital history and historical sources in the developed countries is, Indonesia is not ready enough for its usage due to some issues. These challenges will be discussed further. Keywords: digital history, real
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Crane, Jonathan. "Cross-Over Diseases and Constructions of Difference: Pigs and Pandemics in Jewish Sources." Review of Rabbinic Judaism 25, no. 2 (2022): 131–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700704-12341395.
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Abstract Concerns about zoonotic diseases and efforts to differentiate between groups intertwine at the intersection of critical animal studies, biomobility and epidemic discourses, and religious studies. Using the case in rabbinic literature of pandemics moving from pigs to humans, this study unfolds in historical stages. Period I, “Flesh” (3rd C to 12th C), considers the issues at hand: a pandemic, pigs, the question of what to do and why. Period II, “Metaphor” (12th C to 16th C), turns pigs into metaphors for sociopolitical concerns, to make strong distinctions between sets of humans. Period III, “Science” (16th C to 20th C), argues that evidence should help inform decisions of what to do in the face of a zoonotic pandemic. The conclusion, “Directions,” considers first the possibility of reverse-zoonosis, of human infecting animals, before offering reflections for several fields of study.
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Krnjeta, Igor. "Antoninska kuga – prva pandemija u europskoj povijesti?" Radovi Zavoda za hrvatsku povijest Filozofskoga fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu 53, no. 1 (2021): 47–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17234/radovizhp.53.1.
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The goal of this paper was to examine whether we can refer to the Antonine Plague, which ravaged the Roman Empire between 165 and approximately 190 AD, as the first pandemic in European history. The methodology employed to analyse the pandemic character of the aforementioned plague was taken from the epidemiological criteria which were established to differentiate epidemics from pandemics. The criteria for determining whether a disease outbreak can be labelled a pandemic are: wide geographic scope, disease movement, high attack rates and explosiveness, minimal population immunity and novelty, contagiousness, and finally, severity. Next, all of these criteria were tested by analysing ancient sources, as well as the results of historiographic and scientific research in order to ascertain if any of them might be used as evidence for the verification of each separate criterion. Besides the Antonine Plague, this analysis was also applied to two historical disease outbreaks which may also be viewed as pandemics. These were the possible Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age bubonic plague pandemic and the Plague of Athens. A brief survey of all currently known diseases which struck the Roman world is also presented. The conclusion which emerges based on an evaluation of the aforementioned criteria in the light of ancient sources and the results of modern biological sciences is that the Antonine Plague can be dubbed the first clearly attested pandemic in European history with reasonable confidence, while all of the earlier analysed examples were probably semi-connected epidemic outbreaks. This characterization has been chosen for two reasons. The first pertains to the fact that we are faced with a substantial lack of sources for earlier examples, and therefore cannot properly ascertain whether these occurrences truly were pandemics. The second reason why these disease outbreaks cannot, to the best of our current knowledge, be defined as pandemics is linked to the criterion of wide geographic extent, but also to the lack of human-built infrastructure which abets with the spread of highly virulent pathogens
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Wahyudi, Johan, and M. Dien Madjid. "Hajj during the Dutch East Indies Pandemic in the 19th–20th Centuries." International Journal of Research 1, no. 2 (2023): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.55062//ijr.2023.v1i2/363/4.
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This paper discusses about the phenomenon of Hajj during the pandemic in the XIXth to mid-XXth centuries in the Dutch East Indies with a focus on the governance of health services carried out by the Dutch East Indies government. This research uses historical research methods to explore various relevant primary and secondary sources, such as historical archives, government documents, travel records, and historical literature. The main finding of this research is that the pandemic that occurred during that time, such as the cholera outbreak, had a significant impact on the Hajj journey and the welfare of the pilgrims. The Dutch East Indies government undertook various efforts to manage health services during the Hajj journey, including the provision of medical facilities and quarantine. The results of this study provide a deeper understanding of how the Dutch East Indies government dealt with the pandemic during that time and how it affected the Hajj experience and health care governance efforts in the context of Dutch East Indies history. The findings can provide valuable insights for understanding the history and context of the pandemic in global and regional history.
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Gilbas, Sherill. "Parodies: Creative Materials for Post-pandemic Literary History." Journal of General Education and Humanities 3, no. 3 (2024): 307–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.58421/gehu.v3i3.241.
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Parody is a protected free expression. It is a piece of writing or music that closely mimics the style of a particular author or piece for comedic effect. The main objective of this paper is to present parodies made during the pandemic as aesthetic expression and as literary, educational art as sources of contextual literary history. Specifically, it aimed to identify and analyze the parodies to distinguish the theme, message, and the parody songs’ purpose. The researcher believes this paper may also determine the standard terms related to COVID-19 and the effects of the pandemic on society. This paper employed the qualitative-descriptive type of literary criticism as a research design anchored on the theory of participatory culture. The results of this study identified standard terms used in the pandemic parodies as COVID-19 neologisms. In conclusion, those widely used CoViD-19 terminology could reveal the pandemic's consequences to society. It affected the economy, commerce, education, entertainment, travel, human conduct, and religion. This paper recommends that song parodies be used to teach post-pandemic contexts for historical and literary references.
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Mukherjee, Jenia. "History Matters: A Comparative Exploration on the Spanish Flu and the COVID-19 in India." Journal of Development Policy Review 1, no. 3 (2020): 71–101. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5558134.
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The history of the world is the history of pestilences, epidemics, and pandemics, affecting humanity – storylines of getting bogged down and bouncing back to crises. The influenza pandemic of 1918–1919 has been called the greatest medical holocaust in history and the mother of all pandemics. The country that faced the greatest devastation in terms of human mortality from influenza in India. After a century, India has been hit by COVID-19, the greatest pandemic of contemporary times, exposing systemic failures in the functioning of the statecraft. This article is a comparative exploration of the two pandemics along survey of historical sources and secondary scholarship to finally forge the critical discussion: are we in a better position to tackle crisis? Lessons from previous pandemics, most importantly the Spanish Flu of 1918 can be significant in terms of analysis and assessment of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the country – then and now. This article conveys the larger rationale of looking back to look and move forward in terms of crafting just, inclusive and resilient policies from a diseased to a desirable (non)Anthropocene.
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Green, Monica H. "New Definition of the Black Death: Genetic Findings and Historical Interpretations." De Medio Aevo Avance en línea (October 17, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/dmae.83788.
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The field of infectious disease history has been transformed in the past decade in large part because of fortuitous developments in several adjacent fields, most importantly genetics. The medieval period (ca. 500 to ca. 1500) has proved particularly important for these developments, not simply because it is now the earliest period from which whole genomes of several bacterial and viral pathogens have been retrieved, but also because the narratives that can be constructed about disease emergence and dissemination are most robust for this period thanks to the amount of surviving archival evidence. This essay introduces the transformative work in molecular biology that has allowed reconstruction of the evolutionary histories of pathogens afflicting humankind. Plague, the disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, has been at the forefront of this new work. An extraordinarily lethal disease, plague gives a prime example of how the evolutionary narratives of genetics yield information valuable to historians, precisely because they allow us to see phenomena at a hitherto invisible microscopic level. This essay proposes a new definition of the Black Death, or more properly, the Second Plague Pandemic, which is based on a new, evolutionary understanding of the pandemic’s pathogen. However, scientific approaches are not inherently more productive of unassailable truths than are traditional humanistic or archaeological methods for the study of disease history. The complementarity of material and cultural sources is especially fruitful for work employing the perspectives of global history. Although most historiography on the late medieval pandemic has focused on Europe, whose crisis with plague did not begin until 1347, I argue that such a limited geographic definition occludes not only as much as a century and a half of plague activity, but also occludes connected events in Asia and Africa. Given the urgency of understanding pandemics in a world of rapid change, the history of plague offers us the best available model for thinking about pandemics.
 
 
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Fazlinejad, Ahmad, and Farajollah Ahmadi. "The Black Death in Iran, according to Iranian Historical Accounts from the Fourteenth through Fifteenth Centuries." Journal of Persianate Studies 11, no. 1 (2018): 56–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18747167-12341321.
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AbstractThe Black Death, as a unique historical event, has long attracted the attention of medieval and medical historians both in terms of the length of the pandemic and its geographical scope. Nevertheless, historical studies on the Black Death have often neglected the role it played in Iran. The present paper examines Iranian historical accounts of events pertaining to the pandemic in the late Middle Ages and its consequent outbreak in Iran. Its findings can open new frontiers for understanding the broad geographical area impacted by plague and, specifically, its spread in Iran. This paper attempts also to highlight the value of Iranian historical sources from the fourteenth through sixteenth centuries for understanding better the outbreak of the plague.
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Halter, Nicholas, Robert Nicole, and Anurag Subramani. "Epidemics in Fiji’s history: Stories of Power, Resistance and Contradiction." Journal of Pacific Studies 43, no. 1 (2023): 48–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33318/jpacs.2023.43(1)-3.
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This paper is a historical review of known epidemics that have afflicted Fijians since European contact in the late 1700s, with particular attention to the devastations caused by the measles epidemic of 1875 and the influenza pandemic in 1918. The impact of these outbreaks is documented in numerous archival sources, including government records, the ‘Proceedings of the Council of Chiefs, the Colonial Secretary’s Office (CSO) files, the Fiji Times, and a report of the Royal Commission to investigate ‘the decrease of the native population’ (1896). The paper argues that despite changing historical contexts and epidemiological circumstances, official responses to disease in Fiji were underscored by assumptions of European superiority and power that ignored how non-Europeans viewed Western medicine with suspicion and colonial rules as contradictory.
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Varlik, Nükhet. "New Science and Old Sources: Why the Ottoman Experience of Plague Matters." Medieval Globe 1, no. 1 (2015): 193–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.17302/tmg.1-1.8.
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Reconstructing the Ottoman plague experience is vital to understanding the larger Afro-Eurasian disease zone during the Second Pandemic. This essay deals with two different aspects of this experience. On the one hand, it discusses the historical and historiographical problems that rendered this epidemiological experience mostly invisible to previous scholars of plague. On the other, it reconstructs the empire’s plague ecologies, with particular attention to plague’s persistence, focalization, and transmission. Further, it uses this epidemiological experience to offer new insights and complicate some commonly held assumptions about plague history and its relationship to plague science.
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Dorjpalam, Oyuntsetseg, and Lagnai Tuvshintur. "Pandemics in the history of Mongolia and Eurasia." Mongolian Diaspora. Journal of Mongolian History and Culture 1, no. 2 (2021): 82–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/modi-2021-010205.
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Abstract Throughout humankind history, various plagues and epidemics spread annihilated millions of people and destroyed entire civilizations and whole tribes, as well. Historical sources show that many infectious diseases have occurred in Mongolia's history and caused great damage. In particular bubonic plague pandemic and smallpox. Despite the rapid development of science and technology and the rapid development of the health sector, various epidemics continue to pose a threat to humanity. Nowadays the world has been combating COVID-19 pandemic for the last 2 years, which started in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. As of November 03, 2021, there were 235,435,786 registered cases totally. The pandemic is not only threatening the health and lives of the population, but also causes enormous damage to social and economic situations of the countries worldwide. The economic downturn due to Covid-19 is pushing millions of people into poverty. Countries all over the world are taking all possible measures to counter this, but so far they have not been able to contain the spread of the pandemic. The world economy is expected to revive in 2021; however, the full recovery is expected to take much longer time. Furthermore, the effects of pandemic are expected to be long-lasting. In this article, I want to compare the history of infectious diseases that have caused great harm to Mongolians and the current situation.
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Komilova, N., N. Mukhammedova, N. Ermatova, Z. Ibragimova, and S. Bafoeva. "Pandemics and their geographical distribution." EMERGENCY MEDICINE 19, no. 6 (2023): 386–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22141/2224-0586.19.6.2023.1617.
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Background. The relevance of the presented article is due to an increase in the incidence of COVID-19 and the pandemic getting out of control. In the current conditions, the experience of previous generations and ancient pandemics will be useful for further study of the situation. The purpose of the article is to compare and analyze the experience of overcoming and passing through pandemic states and periods in the history of mankind, as well as to draw up possible theoretical methods for influencing the current situation through this experience. Materials and methods. To reveal the topic, authors used the methods of comparative analysis, historical perspective, induction and deduction, as well as an appeal to archival sources and international authors. Results. Thanks to the derived statistics of the incidence of coronavirus, preventive measures have been created against the spread of the pandemic, the use of which in the future will significantly reduce the risks of morbidity. Conclusions. In the field of studying COVID-19, the experience of previous epidemic periods of history has not been applied on a global scale, which determines the novelty of the presented article.
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Jonathan, Oluropo Familugba Ph.D. "COVID-19 PANDEMIC AS A GLOBAL TURBULENCE: HISTORY, RESILIENCE AND RECOVERY IN NIGERIA." ISRG Journal of Arts Humanities & Social Sciences (ISRGJAHSS) II, no. I (2024): 279–83. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10656247.
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<em>Right from the pre-historic period to the present, the issue of pandemic as a form of global turbulence had always occurred and reoccurred in diverse forms and in different places just like a recurring decimal and had taken its toll on humans by claiming unimaginable number of lives across the world. Most of these incidences, had really threatened human existence and had shaken, even the most technologically advanced nations of the world to its very foundation. It is therefore against this background that this paper carries out a historical analysis of COVID-19 and its socio-economic effects on Africa, though with particular reference to the Nigerian people. The paper went further to interrogate the place of alternative medicine as a way of building resilience and recovery from the menace. The research methodology employed in the analysis of data obtained is historical and descriptive. The research work obtained its data mostly from secondary sources made up of books, journal articles, newspaper reports, government publications personal observations, and relevant materials from the internet. The paper finds out that COVID-19 did impacted negatively on the socio-economic life of the Africans, and that if we must fully recover, we must re-visit and embrace alternative medicine and give it a pride of place in our health policy formulation. </em>
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Luturmas, Rianko, Djono Djono, and Triana Rejekiningsih. "Integration And Implementation Of Character Education In History Learning At SMA Negeri 15, Kepulauan Tanimbar Regency During The Covid-19 Pandemic." International Journal of Educational Research & Social Sciences 3, no. 6 (2022): 2441–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.51601/ijersc.v3i6.570.
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This study aims to describe how urgent character education is and how teachers implement it in history learning at SMA Negeri 15, Kepulauan Tanimbar Regency, which is related to three aspects of learning, namely planning, implementation (learning strategies and methods), and evaluation during the Covid-19 pandemic.(19) This study used qualitative research method. It was conducted in the odd semester of the 2021–2022 academic year at SMA Negeri 15, Kepulauan Tanimbar Regency, Maluku Province. There were two sources of data, primary and secondary data. It was found that globalization and modernization have a negative impact on students' morals and associations, and character education in history learning is important during the Covid-19 pandemic so that students can learn from history. In learning implementation, history teachers make lesson plans adapted from the syllabus from the government. In the implementation of history learning during this pandemic, teachers must maximize learning strategies and methods, especially in utilizing media and historical learning resources. Learning evaluation should be carried out from scratch to examine the success of the implementation of character education in history learning during this pandemic. Teachers can evaluate history learning by group tests or individual tests to find out the changes in students' affective learning outcomes.
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Afolayan, Kayode, and Olutimi Abayomi Deborah. "PANDEMIC POETRY AND SURVIVOR COMPLEX IN REMI RAJI’S WANDERER CANTOS (2021)." Journal of Language and Communication 11, no. 1 (2024): 17–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/jlc.11.01.02.
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Historical occurrences have always been one of the sources that critics have linked with the inspiration and composition of literary writings. Like their other counterparts in the world, Nigerian artists have been inspired immensely by historical occurrences which are sourced from oral history or tangible experiences of the nation and the world. The experiences that have been mirrored in global art, however, had remained localised until the outbreak of the coronavirus plague in 2019. For the first time after a long time, historical experiences coincide in literary writings across the world on account of the covid-19 surge. This paper takes a critical look at Remi Raji’s latest poetry collection, Wanderer Cantos (2021), with a particular focus on his covid-19 section - “Coronavirus Cantos and Monologues: My Life in the Bush of Impossible Virus”. The inquiry into Remi Raji, regarded as a third generation Nigeria poet, engages with the evolutionary trends in modern Nigerian poetry After noting that Remi Raji’s covid-19 compositions are different from others because of his personal experience as a victim of the virus, the paper points out how the poet has used his encounter to meditate on the social trauma that beclouded his space and the world during the lockdown. The aggregation of the personal, domestic and universal experiences mirrored by the poet in the isolated verses, leads to a conclusion that emphasises common humanity as the thrust of Remi Raji’s covid-19 intervention but also exposes to re-interrogation settled theorising such as the postcolonial.
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Rahmatullah, Wildan Nanda, and Moses Glorino Rumambo Pandin. "Historical Paradigm In The Face of Religious Radicalism in The21st Century." HISTORIA : Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah 9, no. 2 (2021): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.24127/hj.v9i2.3821.
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Writing this article aims to discuss the rise of religious radicalism, especially in the 21st century. Then this article is also intended to address the widespread radicalism, especially in Indonesia, according to the paradigm of history. The research method that the author uses is a qualitative method with content analysis through a literature review. The author takes sources from 2 books, 12 journal articles, and 2 news stories from BBC and CNN. In this article, we will discuss the history of radicalism, what the historical paradigm of religious radicalism, how the radicalism impact of religion on people's lives every day, and how prevention is based on the paradigm of history. In this article, the author uses a qualitative approach in the form of content analysis, literature review of 12 journals, 2 books, and 2 news sources from BBC Indonesia and CNN Indonesia. The results of this study are that the authors find that in the 21st century, society is amid unrest due to radicalism. The action is not only in Indonesia but also in several other countries, which is disturbing the peace between religious communities. From this research, the author recommends that this article can be used as a reference in discussing the handling of religious radicalism in social life. The limitation of this research is the lack of data that the author can get due to technical constraints such as limited internet access and social restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Lynteris, Christos. "In search of lost fleas: reconsidering Paul-Louis Simond’s contribution to the study of the propagation of plague." Medical History 66, no. 3 (2022): 242–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2022.19.
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AbstractPaul-Louis Simond’s 1898 experiment demonstrating fleas as the vector of plague is today recognised as one of the breakthrough moments in modern epidemiology, as it established the insect-borne transmission of plague. Providing the first exhaustive examination of primary sources from the Institut Pasteur’s 1897–98 ‘India Mission’, including Simond’s notebooks, experiment carnets and correspondence, and cross-examining this material with colonial medical sources from the first years of the third plague pandemic in British India, the article demonstrates that Simond’s engagement with the question of the propagation of plague was much more complex and ambiguous than the teleological story reproduced in established historical works suggests. On the one hand, the article reveals that the famous 1898 experiment was botched, and that Simond’s misreported its ambiguous findings for the Annales de l’Institut Pasteur. On the other hand, the article shows that, in the course of his ‘India Mission’, Simond framed rats as involved in the propagation of plague irreducibly in their relation to other potential sources of infection and not simply in terms of a parasitological mechanism. The article illuminates Simond’s complex epidemiological reasoning about plague transmission, situating it within its proper colonial and epistemological context, and argues for a new historical gaze on the rat as an ‘epidemiological dividual’, which highlights the relational and contingent nature of epidemiological framings of the animal during the third plague pandemic.
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Khaydarov, T. F., and D. A. Dolbin. "Anthropological View of Plague Epidemics in the Historical Past." Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki 163, no. 6 (2021): 179–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2021.6.179-201.
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At many times in their history, humans have faced major epidemics. The “Black Death”, which broke out in the middle of the 14th century, is believed to be the deadliest one. The total number of the deceased population and the scale in many ways had a dramatic impact on the course of subsequent historical events. Until recently, the myths dating back to the Middle Ages have prevailed in scientific circles. They have remained unrevised despite the latest achievements in the research on the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis, the history of climate and medicine, and the extensive published data, making it of an interest to both reconsider certain established dogmas and reconstruct the algorithm of the course of major plague epidemics from the historical past using the results of the available paleogenetic, epidemiological, and climatological studies. This triggered our discussion on the nonlinear nature of the course of plague pandemics. The analysis of the historical sources showed that the scale and speed of the spread of plague epidemics in new territories directly depended on the degree of inclusion of cities and regions of the Afro-Eurasian space in the economic system of the Great Silk Road, the proximity to various epidemic centers of plague. The decisive influence of the anthropogenic factor on the duration and main directions of the spread of plague epidemics was revealed. The multivariate onset and course of pandemic plague waves were recognized. Therefore, it is difficult to pinpoint the exact place where the spread of the plague epidemics ended or to identify their consequences.
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Setiawan, Adi, Nurhalisa Nurhalisa, Nanda Pratiwi, and Haliadi Haliadi. "History and Experience of Central Sulawesi Communities Facing the Influenza Pandemic 1918—1920." MOZAIK HUMANIORA 22, no. 1 (2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mozaik.v22i1.30677.
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This study aims not only to explain the handling efforts, but also to analyze the experiences and collective memories of the people of Central Sulawesi when they faced influenza pandemic in 1918—1920. A century ago, before the Covid-19 pandemic broke out in 2020, an influenza pandemic had plagued the people of Central Sulawesi. Unfortunately, there was very little literature describing these cases. Hence, historical method is used together with certain sources, such as books, journal articles, newspapers, archives, and interviews related with the issue. The results then show that the influenza pandemic in Central Sulawesi began in late 1918 and lasted until the early 1920s. The colonial government at that time tended to be late in dealing with this pandemic. As a result, treatment efforts at the local level were mostly driven by missionaries and colonial officers who had been equipped with the knowledge of modern medicine for tropical diseases. In addition, certain tactics were carried out by several local communities including migration, self-quarantine, and prevention efforts by implementing a hygiene lifestyle and providing food barns to prevent famine during a pandemic. In conclusion, efforts to deal with the influenza pandemic in Central Sulawesi were very limited due to the lack of health facilities and the number of medical personnel, so it was not sufficient to overcome the disease and its spread. However, people's experiences with influenza at that time were stored quite well in their collective memory. Therefore, some of these experiences related to local knowledge can be used as lessons to deal with the current Covid-19 pandemic.
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Misbah, M. Ma'ruf, and Faizal Arifin. "Doing Historical Research in Museum and Digital Museum." Socio Historica: Journal of Islamic Social History 1, no. 2 (2022): 188–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sh.v1i2.26075.
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This article discusses the role of museums and digital museums as scientific research destinations in history. Not only physical visits to museums but the Covid-19 pandemic has also accelerated the transformation of scientific destinations through digital museums. This study aimed to identify the role and contribution of the museum and digital museum as a destination for historical researchers to carry out scientific research activities in the field of history by analyzing material culture as a historical source collected by the museum. The Rijksmuseum is an example of a digital museum provider that provides a huge collection of museums for historical research. This article used qualitative research methods with historical science approaches, especially historical research methods, archaeological approaches, and sociocultural approaches. The results indicate that there are opportunities for historical researchers to write history comprehensively, which are not only based on historical sources in oral and written form but can also be supplemented with historical information obtained from analysis of historical sources in the form of material culture which is a legacy from the past collected by the museum and digital museum. Thus, it appears that the museum which collects material culture has a significant role significant research destination in the field of history. As an impact of the existence of this material culture, historical researchers can obtain historical information from the analysis of that material culture to complement historical information obtained from the analysis of historical sources in other forms.Artikel ini membahas tentang peran museum sebagai tujuan penelitian ilmiah di bidang sejarah. Bukan hanya kunjungan fisik ke museum, pandemi Covid-19, mempercepat transformasi destinasi ilmiah sejarah melalui museum digital. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi peran dan kontribusi museum serta museum digital sebagai tujuan peneliti sejarah untuk melakukan kegiatan penelitian ilmiah di bidang sejarah dengan menganalisis budaya material sebagai sumber sejarah yang dikumpulkan oleh museum. Rijksmuseum merupakan contoh penyedia digital museum yang menyajikan banyak koleksi museum bagi penelitian sejarah. Artikel ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan ilmu sejarah, khususnya mengenai metode penelitian sejarah, pendekatan arkeologi, dan pendekatan sosiokultural. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat peluang bagi peneliti sejarah untuk menulis sejarah secara komprehensif, yang tidak hanya didasarkan pada sumber sejarah dalam bentuk lisan dan tulisan tetapi juga dapat dilengkapi dengan informasi sejarah yang diperoleh dari analisis sumber sejarah berupa kebudayaan material yang warisan dari masa lalu yang dikumpulkan oleh museum. Dengan demikian, tampak bahwa museum yang mengkoleksi material memiliki peran yang signifikan sebagai tujuan penelitian di bidang sejarah. Sebagai dampak dari keberadaan kebudayaan material ini, peneliti sejarah dapat memperoleh informasi sejarah dari analisis budaya material tersebut untuk melengkapi informasi sejarah yang diperoleh dari analisis sumber sejarah dalam bentuk lain.
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Duin, Renzo S. "Kuwamai: Historic Epidemics and Resilience of Cariban-Speaking Peoples, Northern Amazonia." eTropic: electronic journal of studies in the Tropics 20, no. 1 (2021): 247–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.25120/etropic.20.1.2021.3759.
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How Amazonian Indigenous Peoples combatted emergent epidemic diseases in colonial times, and their innovative responses to epidemiological crises, has not received sufficient attention. This study outlines a clash of cultures and an entanglement of places and people related to pandemic diseases and epidemic death in the Eastern Guiana Highlands, northern Amazonia. By means of archival and historical sources, the article provides eyewitness insight into multiple waves of highly contagious epidemics that affected Cariban-speaking communities in Eastern Guiana – Suriname, French Guiana, and Brazilian Amapá – over the past 550 years. The paper commences with some general statements on illness and healing. Hitherto unpublished journal entries by the Governor of Suriname of an outbreak of the pox during the winter of 1743-1744 set the scene, these are followed by rare nineteenth and twentieth century historical accounts, and a novel interpretation of Wayana oral history – posited to be the first account of the spread of a viral disease in Amazonia in July 1542. The paper concludes with responses to the current COVID-19 pandemic from an indigenous etiology which demonstrates indigenous historical consciousness of the social present as related to events from the past.
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Montgomery, Lindsay M. "A Rejoinder to Body Bags: Indigenous Resilience and Epidemic Disease, from COVID-19 to First “Contact”." American Indian Culture and Research Journal 44, no. 3 (2020): 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17953/aicrj.44.3.montgomery.
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Since January of 2020, the number of deaths in Indian country due to COVID-19 has steadily grown, bringing into stark relief the destructive effects of disease epidemics on historically marginalized communities. For Indigenous peoples, the ravages of the ongoing pandemic are part of a broader epidemiological history of devastation set in motion by European colonization. The robust body of historical and anthropological scholarship which has emerged to document the impacts of infectious disease on Indigenous people has typically reinforced settler-colonial narratives of disappearance and culture loss. Although we cannot deny the tragic and long-term consequences of foreign pathogens on the peoples of the Americas, Indigenous communities have creatively responded to and survived disease outbreaks. Drawing on ethnographic and oral historical sources, this article documents some of the strategies employed by Indigenous people across North America to explain and treat episodic viral spread from the seventeenth into the twenty-first centuries. Tracing the culturally grounded methods of disease management employed by Indigenous groups over time highlights the resiliency of Tribal nations during the ongoing coronavirus crisis.
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Izdebski, A., P. Guzowski, R. Poniat, et al. "Palaeoecological data indicates land-use changes across Europe linked to spatial heterogeneity in mortality during the Black Death pandemic." Nature Ecology & Evolution 6, no. 3 (2022): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01652-4.
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AbstractThe Black Death (1347–1352 ce) is the most renowned pandemic in human history, believed by many to have killed half of Europe’s population. However, despite advances in ancient DNA research that conclusively identified the pandemic’s causative agent (bacterium Yersinia pestis), our knowledge of the Black Death remains limited, based primarily on qualitative remarks in medieval written sources available for some areas of Western Europe. Here, we remedy this situation by applying a pioneering new approach, ‘big data palaeoecology’, which, starting from palynological data, evaluates the scale of the Black Death’s mortality on a regional scale across Europe. We collected pollen data on landscape change from 261 radiocarbon-dated coring sites (lakes and wetlands) located across 19 modern-day European countries. We used two independent methods of analysis to evaluate whether the changes we see in the landscape at the time of the Black Death agree with the hypothesis that a large portion of the population, upwards of half, died within a few years in the 21 historical regions we studied. While we can confirm that the Black Death had a devastating impact in some regions, we found that it had negligible or no impact in others. These inter-regional differences in the Black Death’s mortality across Europe demonstrate the significance of cultural, ecological, economic, societal and climatic factors that mediated the dissemination and impact of the disease. The complex interplay of these factors, along with the historical ecology of plague, should be a focus of future research on historical pandemics.
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Waetjen, T. "Building an archive for 'future pasts': Undergraduates document their local Covid-19 'moment' in World History." Yesterday and Today 30, no. 1 (2023): 66–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2223-0386/2023/n30a4.
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A substantial body of history teaching scholarship links student archival engagements and primary source work to various desirable educational outcomes, among them an enhanced capacity for historical thinking and imagination. A related scholarly literature considers the interface between pedagogy and public memory-making. This article enters and links these points of discussion by reflecting on a collaborative classroom project of digital archivebuilding, using the online Dublin Core-complicit platform Omeka. At the University of Johannesburg, during the first six months of 2021, first-year students in an online world history classroom produced, submitted, and categorised a body of primary sources-both textual and visual. These submissions reflected their own, ongoing experiences of Covid-19 and of lockdown policies. They used photographs and wrote in their home languages to convey the disruptions, innovations, hardships, and resiliences felt as young people within diverse lifeworlds. Aligned to photovoice methodologies, the exercise promoted a reflection of historical consciousness in two ways: first, by situating the pandemic of the present within a broad global history; and, second, by considering 'future pasts' as a politics of memory, research, and representation. The article describes the production of the archival database, 'Joburg21', and considers the pedagogical challenges and rewards of building a digital 'archive for the future'.
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Corman, V. M., D. Muth, D. Niemeyer, and C. Drosten. "Hosts and Sources of Endemic Human Coronaviruses." Adv Virus Res 100 (June 12, 2018): 163–88. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13527057.
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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) The four endemic human coronaviruses HCoV-229E, -NL63, -OC43, and -HKU1 contribute a considerable share of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in adults and children. While their clinical representation resembles that of many other agents of the common cold, their evolutionary histories, and host associations could provide important insights into the natural history of past human pandemics. For two of these viruses, we have strong evidence suggesting an origin in major livestock species while primordial associations for all four viruses may have existed with bats and rodents. HCoV-NL63 and -229E may originate from bat reservoirs as assumed for many other coronaviruses, but HCoV-OC43 and -HKU1 seem more likely to have speciated from rodent-associated viruses. HCoV-OC43 is thought to have emerged from ancestors in domestic animals such as cattle or swine. The bovine coronavirus has been suggested to be a possible ancestor, from which HCoV-OC43 may have emerged in the context of a pandemic recorded historically at the end of the 19th century. New data suggest that HCoV-229E may actually be transferred from dromedary camels similar to Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus. This scenario provides important ecological parallels to the present prepandemic pattern of host associations of the MERS coronavirus.
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Corman, V. M., D. Muth, D. Niemeyer, and C. Drosten. "Hosts and Sources of Endemic Human Coronaviruses." Adv Virus Res 100 (June 7, 2018): 163–88. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13527057.
Full textAbstract:
(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) The four endemic human coronaviruses HCoV-229E, -NL63, -OC43, and -HKU1 contribute a considerable share of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in adults and children. While their clinical representation resembles that of many other agents of the common cold, their evolutionary histories, and host associations could provide important insights into the natural history of past human pandemics. For two of these viruses, we have strong evidence suggesting an origin in major livestock species while primordial associations for all four viruses may have existed with bats and rodents. HCoV-NL63 and -229E may originate from bat reservoirs as assumed for many other coronaviruses, but HCoV-OC43 and -HKU1 seem more likely to have speciated from rodent-associated viruses. HCoV-OC43 is thought to have emerged from ancestors in domestic animals such as cattle or swine. The bovine coronavirus has been suggested to be a possible ancestor, from which HCoV-OC43 may have emerged in the context of a pandemic recorded historically at the end of the 19th century. New data suggest that HCoV-229E may actually be transferred from dromedary camels similar to Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus. This scenario provides important ecological parallels to the present prepandemic pattern of host associations of the MERS coronavirus.
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Gamaliia, V. M., S. P. Ruda, and A. G. Zabuga. "To the history of pandemics: statistics and forecast." Studies in history and philosophy of science and technology 32, no. 2 (2024): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/272322.
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The article is devoted to the study of human experience related to fight against a viral disease known as influenza infection. The outbreaks of the disease occurred over several millennia and described in the surviving documentary sources are considered. The main attention is paid to investigations of native epidemiologists on this problem. In particular, an analysis of works published more than 80 years ago is shown. It is emphasized that some elements of the influenza epidemic described in this publication are in many respects similar to the features of the modern coronavirus pandemic. History of studies devoted to mechanism of infection transmission is described. Significant attention is paid to the developments of scientists associated with the problem of identifying the causative agent of the disease. The contribution of native scientists in revealing the features of the pathogenesis of infection diseases is highlighted. It is noted that important factors in the spread of infection nowadays are globalization and migration processes. It is emphasized that the speed of infectious diseases spread is considerably caused by the capabilities of modern transport too. The history of studies related to the prevention of influenza by immunization and vaccination is reviewed. A comparative analysis of the application of these prophylactic arrangements in a historical retrospective is given. The possibility of preventing the spread of a viral infection by taking appropriate measures was emphasized. The important role of the mass media is indicated, which consists in timely and truthful information of the population. The position of leading modern scientists on this issue, in particular, M. Honigsbaum, K. G. Vasiliev, S. V. Komisarenko etc. is cited. It is summarized, that the works of native epidemiologists L. V. Hromashevskyi, N. F. Gamaleya, D. S. Samoilovych and others has not lost its relevance and can be the basis for the searching effective methods to combat influenza infection in future.
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Adu-Gyamfi, Samuel, Abass Mohammed, Jennifer Ago Obeng, Solomon Osei-Poku, and Henry Tettey Yartey. "COVID-19 in Africa: An Economic and Social Interpretation (2019-2022)." Historijski pogledi 5, no. 8 (2022): 388–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.52259/historijskipogledi.2022.5.8.388.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a lot of challenges to the globalized world. Globally, it has decimated over six million lives. Since 2019, it has shook the world in many respects, especially, it disrupted economies and societies and halted the majority of human endeavor. Commentaries and reports from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the media showed an alarming situation that could be damning in low and middle income countries. Economic pundits and global public health experts also anticipated doom and gloom for African countries. However, in terms of mortality, the Americas, Europe and Asia have suffered more losses. Irrespective of these loses in Europe, Africa’s case needs better appreciation within our contemporary historical discourse. The burgeoning challenge of the COVID disease and mortalities arising thereby, among other things, necessitated the introduction of policies based on the WHO’s historical understanding of how the world has dealt with pandemics in the past. Some of the strategies that were deployed to fight the pandemic included hand washing under running water with soap, the use of alcohol based hand sanitizers, the wearing of nose masks, social distancing, self-isolation as well as partial and complete lockdowns of states and communities. The major economic disruption really came about as a result of many lockdown policies that were implemented by several countries in Africa without proper reference to their own societal contexts. These issues notwithstanding, it is important to emphasize that the extent of the impact on different communities differed to a large extent, even though there were similar levels of the nature of the infection and the general economic outlook among the global community. This current contribution on the COVID-19 discourse used political economy and economic shock as bases to highlight the extent of the impact of the disease by highlighting examples from respective countries in Africa, namely, Ghana, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Algeria and South Africa. In particular, the impact of policies like lock-down on some of these African countries are highlighted for further discussions in future empirical research. The study relied on contemporary historical evidence from multidisciplinary sources on health, economics, policy, and other related studies on epidemiology, public health, health education and promotion, reports and sources from the World Health Organization (WHO). Specifically, the authors have used published research in Lancet, the International Journal of Infectious Diseases, BMJ Global Health, Frontiers in Public Health and the Pan African Medical Journal. The others were African Development Review, Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, Africa Spectrum and International Journal of Financial Research including several other empirical researches. In attempting a social and economic interpretation based on contemporary historical sense, the findings of this present study suggest that African political actors or leaders should make persistent or steady efforts to strengthen the economies of their states to lessen economic shocks and social costs that come about as a result of pandemics such as the COVID-19. It also identified the fact that within the globalized space, application of policies from other countries including international organizations should not be devoid of context.
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Snowden, Fabienne, Willie Tolliver, and Amanda McPherson. "Kneading, Needing, and Eating Black Bodies." Advances in Social Work 21, no. 2/3 (2021): 217–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/24469.
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Social workers have been on the frontlines alongside marginalized communities since the profession’s emergence. This stance continues with supporting the Black Lives Matter Movement and centering the structural inequities that the COVID-19 pandemic highlights. A narrative that centers the history of social work’s concern for Black citizenship in the profession’s formation is neglected in the literature. This historical review traces the genesis of the profession’s work to expand access to the entitlements of citizenship among Black communities. Thematic analysis of secondary sources is used to investigate the formation of the profession and its work to ensure access to resources among Blacks communities. Study findings identify that the profession emerged from the bonds between the Abolitionist Movement and the Women’s Suffrage Movement, then moved away from working with Black people during the Settlement Movement and did not return to addressing the needs of these communities until the 1960s during the Civil Rights Movement. Black social workers answered the call to support Black and non-Black communities in the absence of the profession’s national organization’s presence. Social work needs, kneads, and eats Black bodies by being in complicity with systems of oppression. The history of social work and its concern and lack of concern for Black citizenship is a pedagogical innovation that addresses the historical amnesia that White domination fosters. The findings of this analysis call social workers to task to disrupt White dominant epistemologies of ignorance by incorporating this historical context into their social work pedagogy.
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Rachman, Fauzi, Sunardi, Muhammad Ahyar, and Gunarhadi. "Development of Inquiry-Based Social Science Digital Book to Improve Critical Thinking of Vocational School." Journal of Hunan University Natural Sciences 49, no. 6 (2022): 228–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.49.6.23.
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This study describes the need to develop and take steps to build Inquiry-Based Social Science Digital Books to improve vocational high school students’ critical thinking. This type of research is a case study approach whose data sources are data from class X Vocational High School Students and History Teachers. The data collection methods used observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis used the interactive flow analysis technique, which consisted of data reduction, display, and verification. Based on the results of field observations, the study results showed that student learning outcomes through Distance Learning (PJJ) History during the COVID-19 pandemic were still low. Based on the initial comments in six vocational schools in Sukoharjo Regency, it was found that social studies teachers had difficulties delivering history social studies material to students. As a result, students have difficulty in understanding the subject matter, impacting low learning outcomes. From the interviews conducted, information was obtained that teachers were less skilled at integrating social studies learning using digital book teaching media. Hence, developing an inquiry-based historical, and social studies digital book is still necessary to improve students’ critical thinking.
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Achtman, Mark. "Insights from genomic comparisons of genetically monomorphic bacterial pathogens." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1590 (2012): 860–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0303.
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Some of the most deadly bacterial diseases, including leprosy, anthrax and plague, are caused by bacterial lineages with extremely low levels of genetic diversity, the so-called ‘genetically monomorphic bacteria’. It has only become possible to analyse the population genetics of such bacteria since the recent advent of high-throughput comparative genomics. The genomes of genetically monomorphic lineages contain very few polymorphic sites, which often reflect unambiguous clonal genealogies. Some genetically monomorphic lineages have evolved in the last decades, e.g. antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , whereas others have evolved over several millennia, e.g. the cause of plague, Yersinia pestis . Based on recent results, it is now possible to reconstruct the sources and the history of pandemic waves of plague by a combined analysis of phylogeographic signals in Y. pestis plus polymorphisms found in ancient DNA. Different from historical accounts based exclusively on human disease, Y. pestis evolved in China, or the vicinity, and has spread globally on multiple occasions. These routes of transmission can be reconstructed from the genealogy, most precisely for the most recent pandemic that was spread from Hong Kong in multiple independent waves in 1894.
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Duma, Anna. "The public interest perspective in the medical grounds." Eastern European Journal of Transnational Relations 7, no. 1 (2023): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/eejtr.2023.07.01.03.
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The goals include the obtained results from the advisable sources, specifically as a sense of the carried-out analysis. So it is a conceivable objective that the legal national interest perspective should be explicit pursuant to the doctrine. The patient has a number of rights not cataloged numerus clausus. However, how has legislation changed in the face of the pandemic and European Union budgetary law? Did it have an impact on strengthening the law and increasing the focus on the patient? In such difficult times of a pandemic, it was necessary, therefore, to adapt more to technological and legal developments. The restrictions that resulted from the pandemic, however, were intended not to infringe on patients' acquired and absolute human rights. It is an important dogmatic and historical method in the sense that this is a work with a historical dimension because it is describing the most important events in the history of the globe for human rights and medical law, which are trying to combine. In conclusion, it is important to share knowledge in the field of medical law that is popularized in the field of documents considered medical, which has been discussed more in the text. It aims to indicate where an individual would assert the rights if not through the proliferation of specialized human rights courts. What is more significant, the representation of states is related to their international competencies, which may, in the future, ensure membership of other international organizations, in order to focus the role of a global coordinator of similar problems in the European sphere. It is the choice of countries to belong to international specialized organizations that make it easier to shape mechanisms for the protection of medical rights.
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Zuhdi, Susanto, Irfan Ahmad, Andi Sumar Karman, Safrudin Abdulrahman, and Noor Fatia Lastika Sari. "COVID-19 and the Local Tradition of the People of North Maluku." Journal of Maritime Studies and National Integration 6, no. 1 (2022): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jmsni.v6i1.10397.
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Dealing with pandemics has never been a new issue, seen from the perspective of the history of mankind. It was a manifestation of l’histoire se répète. As an example, a few centuries prior to the Black Death and Cholera Outbreak, Galvao wrote that a respiratory disease had broken out in Ternate around 1553, while De Clercq mentioned a deadly plague in Bacan throughout 1706-1709. Traditionally, these issues were treated as a result of badly conducted supernatural rituals. They opted for herbal treatments, and exorcism, and even migrated to the hinterland as an act of self-quarantine. Today, COVID-19 has become a global pandemic and reached the islands of North Maluku province, with Ternate as the epicentrum of the outbreak. However, there has been a resolution, which facilitates another traditionally crafted effort, such as Liliyan, Barifola, and Rera, based on the oral tradition mentioned in Dora Bololo. We seek to discover how far cultural aspect would affect the economic and social life of the locals, as well as in what domain tradition and local practice should contribute to the current situation. Thus, this research aims to understand and analyze such a combination of traditionally generated solutions within a current scientific framework, especially on how history, anthropology, as well as archival, and memory study could understand the living aspect of the locals and therefore apply Vansina’s (1985) approach in oral tradition as historical sources.
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Keller, Marcel, Christof Paulus, and Elena Xoplaki. "Die Justinianische Pest." Evangelische Theologie 81, no. 5 (2021): 385–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.14315/evth-2021-810509.
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Abstract Of all known epidemics in Antiquity, the Justinianic Plague became the focus of attention in recent years - not least because it is the first for which the causative agent, the bacterium Yersinia pestis, could be unambiguously identified by palaeogeneticists. The reconstruction of ancient Y. pestis genomes is able to uncover the geographical and temporal extent of the pandemic beyond the limitations of written sources; and phylogenetic studies allow for inferences on the origin and spread of plague through time. But even the mere identification of plague victims in Late Antique and Early Medieval cemeteries offers insights in the crisis management and reactions of past societies to the irruption of the unfathomable, to which historical scholarship - generally based on written sources - has only limited access. However, attempts on the integration of natural scientific research on epidemics and climatic shifts in history are notoriously accused of determinism or an oversimplification of complex coherencies. Therefore, mutual understanding of methodologies and epistemologies of different disciplines is a fundamental prerequisite to avoid simplistic causal inferences from correlations and circular arguments, and lead to a better understanding of the Justinianic Plague and accompanying processes through an integrative approach.
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Shukatka, Oksana, and Illya Kryvoruchko. "THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LEGAL AND REGULATORY LEGISLATION ON PRESERVATION OF HEALTH IN QUARANTINE CONDITIONS." Scientific Bulletin of Uzhhorod University. Series: «Pedagogy. Social Work», no. 1(48) (May 27, 2021): 465–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2524-0609.2021.48.465-468.
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The article raises an issue of preservation and strengthening health in pandemic conditions, because self-isolation and restrictions on the movement of people cause the loss of physical activity and the emergence of chronic diseases. It is known that all quarantine restrictions and rules are being created and regulated by the state at the legislative level. We appeal to the primary sources of quarantine legislation for deeper understanding of the issue. The purpose of the article is to investigate the historical background of legal and regulatory legislation on preservation of health in quarantine conditions. The following methods of analysis have been used: comparison and synthesis of theoretical data. The period of formation of quarantine legislation is divided into 3 phases: the period of the Middle Ages, the period before the First World War (the 19th century) and the postwar period. The article investigates the history of conduction of the first quarantine measures in Europe during the Middle Ages and the history of creation of the first quarantine legislation in Venice, Hetmanshchyna and the Russian Empire during the 14th – 18th centuries. It has been revealed that the rules of the fight against the spread of epidemiological diseases were established in the 19th century, the first international sanitary conventions and medical authorities in the Russian and Ottoman Empires were created to slow the spread of such dangerous diseases as cholera, plague and yellow fever, not harming the free international trade at that time. The article analyses the results of the first (1851), the fourth (1874) and the seventh (1892) International Sanitary Conferences and the positive and negative consequences of them. It also describes the creation of the first international medical organisations, such as the Office International d'Hygiène Publique (L'Office International d'Hygiene Publique), established in 1907, the Health Organization of the League of Nations, established in 1923 after the First World War, the Hygiene Committee of the League of Nations, established in 1926, and the World Health Organisation (WHO), established in April, 7, 1948 as the medical authority of the United Nations Organisation. The article generalizes the aims of the above-mentioned organisations and their contribution to the combat against the epidemiological diseases of the first half of the 20th century. It has been concluded that we should adhere to the classical principles of the preservation of health in the conditions of coronavirus pandemic to effectively withstand the spread of this virus.
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Drah, Bright B. "Of ‘prostitutes’ and ‘AIDS people’: Feminization of HIV and AIDS in South-eastern Ghana." Contemporary Journal of African Studies 3, no. 2 (2016): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/contjas.v3i2.1.
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In sub-Saharan Africa, more women than men live with HIV and women bear the largest proportion of the burden of care that is due to the epidemic. Only a few studies have documented the precise details of how women in countries with low HIV prevalence became the worst affected by the epidemic. In Ghana, the historical factors that account for high HIV infections among women and the emergence of women-led community-based HIV interventions have been less researched. This paper examines the historical (political-economic), cultural and personal factors that account for the high HIV prevalence in Manya Klo, the area worst impacted by HIV in Ghana. The paper presents the social history of the pandemic in Manya Klo and explains why Klo women are considered to be the sources of HIV in Ghana. It suggests that concentrating interventions on women helps to reduce the impact of HIV and inform national interventions. Women-focused interventions may, however, alienate other groups that can contribute to improving the lives of families affected by HIV. Therefore, women-focused interventions must be planned in a manner that engages multiple stakeholders.Keywords: Manya Krobo, queen mothers, female migration, female sex work, orphans and vulnerable children, community-based HIV initiatives
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Larionova, Marina. "A Brief History of the G20 Institutional Dynamics (2008-2021)." International Organisations Research Journal 17, no. 2 (2022): 250–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2022-02-11.
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The Group of 20 (G20) brought together leaders of the key advanced and emerging market countries to manage the 2007–08 financial and economic crises, reform the international architecture, devise a new global consensus, ensure recovery, and promote strong, sustainable, and balanced growth. Established as an anti-crisis mechanism and designated by its members as a premier forum for international economic cooperation, the G20 transformed into a global governance hub. Since its first summit, the G20 has generated high expectations and has become a subject of research and assessment for analysts, mass media, and the general public. Each summit’s deliberations, decisions, and engagements have been scrutinized. Critics of the G20 claim it has lost relevance and was not capable of responding to the degradation of multilateralism, or the COVID-19 pandemic and the crisis it induced. In this article, the logic of historical institutionalism is applied to explore the confluence of dynamics in the G20’s evolution: demand for G20 leadership; agenda expansion and institutionalization; and legitimation, accountability, and engagements. It is concluded that the G20 changed global governance trends, creating a more inclusive global governance that integrates the G20’s own extensive and diverse cooperation networks with the networks of the other international institutions and engagement groups involved in G20 policy processes. The networked governance, alongside the rotating presidency, the Troika, and various outreach mechanisms, augment the G20’s authority and reduce the legitimacy gap perception. The benefits from the early decisions, established and expanding agenda, patterns of engagement, cognitive scripts, embedded ideas, and internalized norms became strong endogenous sources of stability, reinforced in positive feedback loops. Despite tensions between members, the value that the G20 provides and the global public goods it generates, real and expected returns, constitute significant incentives for the G20’s continued engagement, sustain its evolving dynamics, and consolidate its path-dependency. The downside of the G20’s resilience is its inability to undertake innovative initiatives in the wake of COVID-19 or to provide the powerful leadership the world needed to overcome the pandemic and the related economic and social crises. Notwithstanding these failures, the G20 remains the crucial hub of contemporary global economic governance. However, the lock-in may entail the risk of losing relevance to other institutions.
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Soetopo, Dhalia, and Nuryuana Dwi Wulandari. "THE CULINARY POTENTIAL OF THE ARCHIPELAGO AS TOURISM DEVELOPMENT WITH A HISTORICAL REVIEW OF CASE STUDIES YOGYAKARTA AND BANYUWANGI." JUPIIS: JURNAL PENDIDIKAN ILMU-ILMU SOSIAL 15, no. 2 (2023): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jupiis.v15i2.50007.
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The development of the world of tourism after the Covid-19 pandemic provides opportunities for the development of tourism products. This study aims to determine the potential of traditional food in Yogyakarta as tourism development; To find out the potential of traditional food in Banyuwangi. This study uses a descriptive qualitative research method with data collection techniques in the form of interviews with sources, documentation, and supported by literature. The results of this study indicate that 1) Yogyakarta as a tourist city has many menus that can be used to attract tourists including gudeg, bakpia, ingkung, tiwul and Gatot, stir fry mercon, 2) traditional food menus that can be used to attract tourists including botok wasp, uceng-uceng, lanun, pepes olin, and kelemben. These traditional food menus are inseparable from the history of the first time these menus existed and were served. Based on the discussion that has been conveyed by the researchers, it can be concluded that traditional food influences tourists to visit an area, it is necessary to have a good relationship between the government, the community and tourists. If regional tourism is developed, the economy of the community around the tourist object will also feel a positive impact.
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Latypova, Nataliya. "History of Emergency Powers of the US Presidents: From Abraham Lincoln to Donald Trump." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 4 (August 2021): 193–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.4.17.
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Introduction. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic announced by the WHO in 2020, American researchers bring up the question of the legitimacy, adequacy, or, on the contrary, redundancy of measures taken by the US leadership to protect the population. The study of the US President’s history of emergency powers can demonstrate how previous American Presidents managed to preserve or, conversely, subvert the established liberal foundations of American society in emergency situations. Methods and Materials. The author used methods of structural analysis and synthesis, historical and legal comparative method, formal legal method, and method of legal modeling. Analysis. The author studied A. Lincoln’s extra-constitutional authority to emancipate slaves, suspend the Habeas Corpus Act, create a volunteer army, and declare a naval blockade. On the basis of legal sources, we carried out the analysis of F. Roosevelt’s decisions on the creation of courts-martial and the internment of people of Japanese descent; reviewed the activities of G. Bush after the September 11 attacks and D. Trump’s emergency measures related to building the border wall in the south of the USA. Results. During the research, we found, that each military, economic, or social crisis increased the political significance and role of the executive branch in emergencies. We can characterize the increase of the emergency powers, delegated to the US Presidents, as steadily growing due to the crises that took place in various periods of American history. It was proved, that the precedents of emergency measures created by A. Lincoln, F. Roosevelt and George W. Bush had a long-term impact on the actions of the next US Presidents, opening up new legal opportunities for the use of emergency powers. At the same time, Congress and the US Supreme Court have taken a controversial stance on the validity of the President’s actions at various historical stages. Most of the time, the status of the legislative and judicial branches of government, as well as the understanding of “emergency situation” itself depended on the specific case and practical political needs.
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Kokebayeva, Gulzhaukhar K., та Sabit K. Shildebai. "Борьба с эпидемиями в Казахстане в первой трети ХХ в." Oriental studies 14, № 4 (2021): 673–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2021-56-4-673-684.
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Introduction. Dangerous infectious diseases have always been part of human history. The pandemic associated with the spread of COVID-19 underscores the importance of studying experience of dealing with global epidemics. Research goals and objectives. This article attempts to analyze the problem of spread of infectious diseases in Kazakhstan and the history of dealing with epidemics. The history of combating epidemics in Soviet Kazakhstan covers a large spatial and temporal scale, so the chronological framework of the study is limited to the period up to the early 1930s. Materials and methods. Documents of the Central State Archive of Scientific and Technical Documentation of the Republic of Kazakhstan and published reports of the state institutions were used as the research sources. The narrative method selected as appropriate in approaching the issues of “real life” helped reconstruct the conditions that prompted the emergence and spread of epidemics in Kazakhstan, as well as examine the ways employed to combat them. The historical-genetic method was instrumental in shedding light on the essence and dynamics of the epidemic situation in Kazakhstan during the period in question, while the historical-comparative method was helpful in identifying the positive dynamics of the fight against infectious diseases in Soviet Kazakhstan. Results. The research was focused on the epidemic situations in Kazakhstan in the pre-revolutionary and Soviet periods. This involved a study of the formation and development of the system of anti-epidemic protection in the Soviet period, as well as of the main methods of combating infectious diseases employed by Soviet and republican government agencies. Conclusion. The research shows the effectiveness of vaccination, medical and sanitary education of the population involved, as well as of other additional measures in eradicating particularly dangerous infectious diseases.
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Gerasimova, T. G. "History of Vaccination in China: Modern Stage." Problemy Dalnego Vostoka, no. 5 (December 15, 2024): 127–41. https://doi.org/10.31857/s0131281224050096.
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The history of vaccination in China is an unexamined area in research into the general history of Chinese healthcare, which, in turn, has also been little studied in Russian historical science. The article is devoted to the history of health care in the field of prevention of vaccinepreventable diseases in modern China. In the 21st century, in order to carry out a large-scale immunization program for the Chinese population, the fight against epidemics of infectious diseases required skill and talented political will to organize united actions of the Chinese authorities and society. Since the beginning of the century, during the implementation of the National Immunization Program in the PRC, the central government revised the existing legislation, adopted new laws, created a subsidized fund, the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme, and formed the National Advisory Committee on Immunization, whose tasks include comprehensive collection and evaluation of scientific data. China became one of the first countries to join the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization. Based on the analysis of statistical data, the author shows that the development of preventive immunization in China ultimately not only improved the overall health of Chinese citizens, but also contributed to the progress of public health throughout the world. It is noted that the level and scale of domestic vaccine development play an indispensable role in the ability to respond to emergency situations. The PRC has made considerable efforts to strengthen its influence in various regions of the globe with the help of its vaccines. It is a great achievement that China is able to effectively develop its National Immunization Program, greatly increasing the speed and quality of vaccine development, as well as control measures for produced vaccines, both at the legislative and technological level, especially in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic. The article uses scientific research materials from Chinese and other foreign scientists published in monographs and scientific journals, as well as information from official Chinese sources.
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Vitiello, Laura, Sara Ilari, Luigi Sansone, et al. "Preventive Measures against Pandemics from the Beginning of Civilization to Nowadays—How Everything Has Remained the Same over the Millennia." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 7 (2022): 1960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11071960.
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As of 27 March 2022, the β-coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected more than 487 million individuals worldwide, causing more than 6.14 million deaths. SARS-CoV-2 spreads through close contact, causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); thus, emergency lockdowns have been implemented worldwide to avoid its spread. COVID-19 is not the first infectious disease that humankind has had to face during its history. Indeed, humans have recurrently been threatened by several emerging pathogens that killed a substantial fraction of the population. Historical sources document that as early as between the 10th and the 6th centuries BCE, the authorities prescribed physical–social isolation, physical distancing, and quarantine of the infected subjects until the end of the disease, measures that strongly resemble containment measures taken nowadays. In this review, we show a historical and literary overview of different epidemic diseases and how the recommendations in the pre-vaccine era were, and still are, effective in containing the contagion.
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Putri, Mesrantia Ayunda, and Ita Dwijayanti. "CONTRIBUTION OF THE PENGGING ISLAMIC’S SOCIETY IN PROMOTING HISTORICAL TOURISM IN THE “TRADISI SEBAR APEM KUKUS KEONG MAS” IN BOYOLALI." International Conference on Cultures & Languages (ICCL) 2, no. 1 (2024): 232–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22515/iccl.v2i1.9593.
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Pengging is a heritage/historic area located in Boyolali, Central Java. Some of the historical attractions in Pengging include Umbul Pengging, Cipto Mulyo Mosque, R.Ng's Tomb. Yasadipura, grave of Kyai Ageng Kebo Kenongo (Ki Ageng Pengging). Researchers found that there are many traditions that still survive today, one of the traditions is in Pengging which is carried out every year and was officially declared an Intangible Cultural Heritage by the Ministry of Education and Culture in 2020, namely the Tradition of Spreading the Keong Mas Steamed Apem. The tradition of spreading apem steamed keong mas is an adoption of the Yaqowiyu tradition in Jatinom, Klaten, Central Java. The tradition uses the traditional Gunungan procession, like the tradition at the Surakarta Palace and Yogyakarta Palace. The tradition of spreading apem steamed keong mas is interesting for researchers to study because many of the general public are still not aware of this tradition. This is proven by 30% of Pengging tourist visitors who only visit tourist attractions without knowing about the traditions that are carried out every year. This research uses qualitative historical methods as a research stage carried out using heuristics (data collection by means of interviews with related parties and also collecting sources of oral history of the Pengging community, namely urban legends), verification (critique of sources, this is done by limiting research observations so that the focus is the purpose of this research being carried out), interpretation (analysis carried out by creating a structured narrative whose truth and novelty can be accounted for), and historiography (carried out to convey the results of observations in three chapter discussions which will be completed in approximately 2-6 months). The results of the research focus on the condition of the Pengging community in 2004-2020, an explanation of the Keong Mas Steamed Apem Spread Tradition which is recognized as an Intangible Cultural Heritage by the Ministry of Education and Culture, and the existence of the government in maintaining the Keong Mas Steamed Apem Spread Tradition. As a reference to the Boyolali government not to forget history and raise the historical tourism potential in Pengging. The efforts made by the government to obtain and maintain the existence of recognition as intangible cultural heritage in 2020 during the Covid-19 pandemic have become a challenge for the need for publication/promotion that can be carried out by the government and surrounding millennials.
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Gorshenin, Aleksandr V. "The History of Life and Scientific Activities of the Soviet Microbiologist Z. V. Ermolyeva in Documents from Federal Archives." Herald of an archivist, no. 3 (2022): 916–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-3-916-928.
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The article analyzes unpublished sources stored in the Russian State Archive of Economics (RGAE), the State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF), and the Russian State Archive in Samara (RGA v Samare) to determine the representativeness of these documents in reconstruction of the scientific biography of the Soviet microbiologist Zinaida Vissarionovna Ermolieva (1898-1974). The coronavirus pandemic, which has engulfed all the humanity, has changed the vector of biomedical research subjects. In this regard, one of the important tasks of humanitarian researchers is to update historical knowledge about extreme periods. The task of studying the life and work of Soviet scientists who made a significant contribution to studying epidemic diseases and fighting them seems significant. Scarсity of publications devoted to the activities of Z. V. Ermolyeva means that an extensive layer of unpublished documents remains out of view of researchers. Source analysis, archival heuristics, and historical-comparative method permit to conduct research and to assess the informative value of different types of documents for comprehensive reconstruction of Z. V. Ermolyeva’s scientific fate. In the RGAE, a great number of documents is concentrated in the scientist’s personal fond, its analysis shows that official, scientific, and personal documents are stored there. In addition to text documents, there are photos of Zinaida Vissarionovna with her colleagues in various scientific institutions which are of great interest. Some official documents also provide personal information. In the GARF, documents on this topic are dispersed in different fonds. The fond of the All-Union Institute of Experimental Medicine, where Z. V. Ermolyeva worked, contains information on preparation of first Soviet penicillin and launch of its production. The fond of the People's Commissariat of Health of the USSR permits to follow the discussion of her scientific works at its Scientific Medical Council meetings. The documents of the Committee for the Assistance of Scientists under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR help to reconstruct elements of material support provided to Ermolyeva in the 1930s. Among the sources stored in the RGA in Samara, of interest are application documents for inventions, in which Zinaida Vissarionovna participated. They show the scientist as the author of inventions and scientific discoveries. The analysis demonstrates that conjunctive use of documents from federal archives showcase multifaceted activities of the well-known microbiologist.
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Annamaria, Konyova. "Cholera Epidemic in 1831 in Zemplín County and Measures Against its Spread." Acta Medica Martiniana 24, no. 3 (2024): 144–52. https://doi.org/10.2478/acm-2024-0018.
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Abstract Following the recent Covid-19 pandemic, there has been a renewed interest in the study of historical epidemics within the field of historical science. Beyond well-known facts, this renewed research aims to deepen our understanding of the course, spread, and combat of past epidemics, utilizing new archival sources and reassessing older interpretations. The goal of this study is to examine the first cholera epidemic in Hungary, specifically in the area of present-day eastern Slovakia, focusing on Zemplín County, one of the first regions affected by this disease. The study will primarily focus on the presentation and analysis of the measures and anti-cholera procedures implemented by the state, county leadership and other stakeholders. The research will specifically draw from archival materials housed in the Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplín County Archives in Sátoraljaújhely, where documents related to the cholera epidemic of 1831 are preserved in a special collection (1). In addition to archival sources, the paper paper will incorporate works from both older and more recent Slovak and Hungarian historiography on the subject. Among the older works, Daniel Rapant’s three-volume work The Peasant Uprising in Eastern Slovakia while not directly about cholera, is notable, as well as syntheses on the history of medicine and healthcare in Slovakia by Mária Bokesová-Uherová and Ján Junas (2, 3). Among the more recent scholars focused on cholera epidemics, Anton Liška stands out for his work on cholera and its death toll in the Prešov Eparchy (4, 5, 6, 7, 8). Additionally, studies by Peter Kónya (9) and Jana Dziaková (10, 11, 12) will be considered. Beyond merely presenting the anticholera measures, this study will aim to assess their dissemination among the population, the level of compliance, and their overall effectiveness. The performance of the anti-cholera commission within Zemplín County will also be evaluated.
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Pigulak, Joanna, and Marcin Pigulak. "Światotwórcze funkcje rekwizytu. Collectibles w dylogii „The Last of Us” jako źródło wiedzy o przeszłości." Przestrzenie Teorii, no. 40 (December 29, 2023): 129–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pt.2023.40.7.
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The article concerns the functioning of selected collectibles in the post-apocalyptic dilogy of digital games The Last of Us (Naughty Dog, 2013–2020). The authors make a typology of collectibles and distinguish among them props that support the gameplay, characterize the characters and extend the storyworld, referring to the prop theory proposed by Kendal Walton. They are particularly interested in the last type of props, which include notes, diaries and letters left in various places of the world presented by anonymous members of the American community. The authors indicate that these props can be treated as specific artifacts of the past, which, although not important from the gameplay perspective, perform important world-creating functions. In this context, they describe collectibles as an element of historical culture (J. Rüsen) and a source of social memory (M. Golka), and discuss their allotopic potential (U. Eco, K.M. Maj). They refer to those props that shape the history and mythology of the post-apocalyptic world, and especially to the notes describing Outbreak Day, the apogee of the pandemic disease that decimated humanity in the game. Written sources are of a personal nature – they present an individual perspective on a breakthrough moment in the history of the depicted world. For this reason, the authors refer to them as ego-props, thus extending the concept of ego-document.