Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Historisk ekologi'

The purpose of this study is to see how Swedish politicians speak about the concept ecology through the period 1973-1988. I’m using the theory of concepts altering meaning through history made by Koselleck. The result of this study shows that the concept ecology is under change, but I cannot see when by using Kosellecks theory. One result is an increase of politicians using ecology in debates with 163 percent between the period of 1973-1980 and 1981-1988. Another interesting result that I found was that the Swedish left party spoke more about ecology after 1981. I could also see that the Swedish politicians have been using the concept ecology contrary to the scientific definition of ecology in most cases.

Resource management have been, and still are essential for humans, partly because of the constantly changing environment. The landscape provides basic material for survival and therefore it becomes important to understand the different stages of environmental influences and developments in parallel to the increasing complexity of Bronze- and Iron Age societies. Investigating the causes for human interactions with the environment and the following consequences for the biodiversity provides crucial information about organized systems for a sustainable resource management in our modern society. Finding archaeological traces of “hävd” (claimed land) and other types of manifestations in the landscape stress the fact that land becomes a more valuable resource from both a social and practical view. Over a longer perspective the process of going from a mobile hunter-gatherer lifestyle to a sedentary agricultural one also becomes a process of going from a collective to a private managing of resources. This project aims to investigate that development.

Approximately 50 percent of all endangered species in Scandinavia are associated with old agricultural landscapes. During the agricultural industrialization of the past century the traditional practices and methods that created these environments have been phased out. This has brought on a serious decline and fragmentation of biomes that many endangered species depend on. Knowledge of traditional agricultural landscapes and their species dynamics is needed to make well informed decisions regarding their care and restoration. One way to acquire such knowledge is to study fossil plant remnants from old agricultural contexts. In this study sub-fossil Cyperaceae achenes were analyzed in an attempt to identify them. The achenes had been preserved in three Iron Age wells (80-980 AD) at the Gilltuna settlement in central Sweden and were found during an archeological investigation in 2010. The purpose of this study was to identify the achenes to species level, make conclusions about the ecology of the surrounding landscape, and construct simple species identification key as well as evaluate archaeobotany as an ecological tool. The identification attempt resulted in 14 determined species, which were in consistency with previous landscape analyses made using ecological species distribution. The resulting identification key is a suggestion, to be expanded in the future. This method can undoubtedly provide further knowledge of prehistoric and historical biomes, but in order to draw useful conclusions the identification technique further as well as knowledge of present regional ecology must be developed, especially concerning different Cyperaceae species‟ response to different kinds of stress.

Nature and culture are closely connected and in constant change in relation to each other. Although this is well known by now the cultural aspects rarely are concidered when it comes to conserving of nature (in Sweden). This paper examines naturums (Swedish visiting centres) relationship to the cultural aspects of landscapes and nature. It also examines how the Swedish nature (Naturvårdsverket) and culture (Riksantikvarieämbetet) conservation agencies work together. Beyond this the paper looks in to why it is important to include the cultural aspects within nature conservation and in what way archaeology could be a rewarding factor in reaching this knowledge. This paper points out why a more holistic picture is needed if we want to take care of the nature in the best possible way for future generations, also why a working ecosystem and landscapes with high natural values are important. This paper focuses on naturum because it´s the biggest museum of nature in Sweden - with great power comes great responsibility. Naturum often works with and for children and youngsters. Therfore it is most important that naturum teaches and inform about all aspects within landscapes, nature and the role humans play within the ecosystem. This to give future generations a holistic picture from the beginning. Naturum will be assessed from a theoretical frame based on the concept of biocultural heritage, which suggests a holistic view of a landscape within research and stewardship concerning landscapes and to transform knowledge in to policy. In the end of the paper, I discuss possible improvements within nature and culture conservation work in Sweden to reach a better cooperation between the two government agencies Naturvårdsverket and Riksantikvarieämbetet. In conclusion I argue that there is knowledge in both Naturvårdsverket and Riksantikvarieämbetet about the importance of including cultural aspects to optimize the conservation of nature. The same seems to go for most naturum, although there is a need of more concrete guidelines from Naturvårdsverket to help naturum to include the aspects in a clearer way. This is important if naturum are gonna be able to inform their visitors about the cultural aspekts within landscapes. I argue that the best thing to do for nature and culture conservation in Sweden is to merge the two agencies into one. I believe this would result in an easier and more natural cooperation between the two.

This thesis, an environmental history of a selected number of Swedish military training environments, is based on observation of military landscapes with a permanent presence of military-related objects and activities, all of which leave their traces in the environment, and how continued military activity is legitimised with environmental arguments. By also observing military policies and documents, I look into how the Swedish military frame their own training environments, and how ‘environmentalist’ discourses is adopted to justify past and present activities. The military landscapes must also be considered in a wider context of geopolitics and security; hence I also include an historical analysis of military land appropriation and defense policy in Sweden. An important contribution with this thesis, besides provide a Swedish context to studies of military landscapes, lies also in testing a historical ecological framework in analyses and methods when approaching research on military landscapes, as I consider this thesis as a pilot-project on Swedish military landscapes providing incentives for further studies. The Swedish military landscapes studied in this thesis have both a centennial and decadal presence of military activities. Some training sites such as Marma and Revinge, which are also Natura 2000 areas, have had a military presence since the 19th century, and the various military structures and buildings promote a kind of military biography, an identity tied to landscapes, reinforcing military presence. The presentation of military sites as ecological refuges for rare species and habitats is evident in the management plans for the studied landscapes. The way military space is understood, legitimised and produced from the perspectives of the military policy level is, as I will argue, centred on two core motivations. First, it is that military presence in a landscape is the product of a militarisation processes, considering a geopolitical context and defense policies. The military presence has long-term effects in form of an alteration of physical nature and development of a high biodiversity. Second, the long-term positive effects, enhances an environmentalist discourse within the military when it comes to legitimise past and present military space, and to justify a continued military presence in a landscape.
Denna uppsats, en miljöhistoria av ett utvalt antal svenska militära övningsområden, är baserat på en observation av militära landskap med en permanent närvaro av militärrelaterade objekt och aktiviteter vilka lämnar sina spår i miljön, och hur fortsatt militär aktivitet legitimeras genom miljöargument. Jag analyserar militära riktlinjer och dokument, för att se på hur svensk militär förhåller sig till dess övningsområden, och hur diskurser om miljövård används för att motivera fortsatt militär aktivitet. De militära landskapen bör studeras i en större geopolitisk säkerhetskontext; därför inkluderar jag också en historisk studie av svensk försvarspolitik och militära markanskaffningar. En viktig insats med denna uppsats, förutom att bidra med en svensk kontext till militära landskapsstudier, är att testa ett historiskt-ekologiskt ramverk i analys och metod vid studier av militära landskap då jag anser att denna uppsats är ett pilot-projekt för militära landskapsstudier i Sverige och ger incitament till vidare forskning i ämnet.   De svenska militära landskapen som studeras här har upp till en hundraårig närvaro av militär aktivitet. Vissa övnings- och skjutfält såsom Marma och Revingehed, vilka också är Natura 2000- områden, har haft militär aktivitet sedan slutet av 1800- talet, och de varierande militära ytorna och byggnaderna främjar en militär biografi, en identitet knuten till landskapet, vilken förstärker fortsatt militär närvaro. Presentationen av de militära fälten som ekologiska refuger av sällsynta arter och habitat är uppenbar i skötsel- och vårdplanerna av de studerade landskapen. Sättet som det militära landskapet förstås, legitimeras och produceras ur militärperspektiv i policy och dokument är, som jag kommer argumentera, koncentrerade kring två faktorer. För det första, militär närvaro i ett landskap är ett resultat av en militariseringsprocess baserat på en geopolitisk kontext och försvarsbeslut. Militär närvaro har en långsiktig effekt i form av en förändring av den fysiska naturen och utvecklingen av en biologisk mångfald. För det andra, de långsiktiga positiva effekterna underbygger en naturvårdsdiskurs inom militären när det kommer till att motivera dåtida och nuvarande militär landskapsanvändning, och för att rättfärdiga en fortsatt militär närvaro.

Studien syftar till att undersöka hur hållbarhetsperspektiv kan inkluderas i svenskämnet på gymnasiet, enligt riktlinjer från skolverket. En ekokritisk läsning av Maja Lundes roman Binas historia utifrån Timothy Mortons teorier om mörk ekologi och hyperobjekt är tänkt att svara mot syftet. Den ekokritiska litteraturanalysen ses ur ett didaktiskt perspektiv och frågor om vilken didaktisk relevans analysen har diskuteras avslutningsvis. Materialet läses mot bakgrund av Timothy Mortons teorier om hyperobjekt och mörk ekologi. Ett hyperobjekt kan inte upplevas i sin helhet av en människa på grund av dennas begränsade livslängd och oförmåga att uppleva flera lager av tid samtidigt. Begreppet viskositet används för att förklara hyperobjektets tröghet och hur vi redan befinner oss i dess trögflytande massa, vilken illustreras av en honungsburk som en fluga desperat försöker ta sig upp ur. Romanens tre olika berättelser utspelas under olika tider och karaktärerna upplever därmed olika aspekter av hyperobjektet bidöd. De tidigare generationerna hoppar glatt ner i honungsburken och lämnar åt kommande generationer att upptäcka hur den trögflytande honungen inte låter dem ta sig upp ur burken. Begreppet agrilogistik förklaras som drivkraften bakom neolitiska revolutionen och vidare utveckling inom jordbruk och teknologi. Drivkraften liknas vid en rytm som ingen kan sluta dansa till. Analysen visar hur karaktärerna i boken inte kan undvika att delta i vad som leder till bidöd, vilket med hjälp av teorin om agrilogistik kan förklaras som att de inte kan sluta dansa till den svåridentifierbara rytmen av utveckling.

Våta marker utgjorde tillsammans med andra miljöer en variation i det historiska landskapet. När människor behövde den våta marken för odling betraktades den som ogynnsam och marken avvattnades. Endast 10 % av den ursprungliga våtmarksarealen finns idag kvar i Skåne. Våta marker blev begreppet våtmarker när människan förstod dess värden. I uppsatsen studeras våtmarksförändringar och markanvändningsutveckling mellan tidigt 1800-tal och 2017 vid Ivösjön i nordöstra Skåne. Uppsatsen kartlägger också hur dikningsföretag har påverkat våtmarkernas förändring.  Utifrån historiskt kartmaterial och Lantmäteriets höjddata har GIS-analyser utförts och jämförts med relevant litteratur. Våtmarkernas kvarvarande areal är mellan 9 % och 14 % och samstämmer med de generella siffrorna över Skåne, dock finns avvikelser vid ett område (43 %). Markanvändningens utveckling följer de allmänna trenderna. Hur dikningsföretagen påverkat markanvändningen kräver vidare undersökningar.

The Swedish ecological breakthrough of the late 1960’s and the early 1970’s entailed a rapid proliferation of competing perspectives on the environment, on man’s relation to it, and on the possible – dystopian or utopian – futures that lay ahead. By drawing on the theoretical concept of sociotechnical imaginaries as defined by Sheila Jasanoff and Sang-Hyun Kim, this thesis aims to explore the critical role played by these perspectives, and by these visions of the future, during this formative period of the emerging environmental consciousness and of early Swedish environmental politics. With this purpose in mind, the thesis examines the sociotechnical imaginaries mobilized in three Swedish books on environmental politics written by politically concerned scientists, as well as the two first environmental manifests published by the ruling Social Democratic Party in 1968 and 1972. By comparing the imaginaries mobilized in each text, the thesis then argues that the party incorporated certain elements of the critical perspectives into the dominant paradigm, but that they never wavered in their commitment to industrial development. The thesis also shows how these environmental imaginaries were used to legitimize political power, as well as the social democratic hegemony.

Den gröna vetenskapen: En diskursanalys av den svenska odlingsrörelsens förhållande till vetenskap 1960-1980. Uppsala Universitet: Inst. för idé- och lärdomshistoria, C-Uppsats, VT, 2017Den här uppsatsen undersöker hur den svenska odlingsrörelsen gjorde anspråk på vetenskaplighet för att etablera sig själva som alternativ under 60-, 70- och 80-talet. Genom att använda en diskursanalys så undersöker denna uppsats hur jordbrukarna i tidskrifterna Biodynamisk odling och Trädgårdsjournalen formulerar sitt eget förhållande till vetenskap i relation till odlande och jordbruk. Uppsaten problematiserar även delar av den expertisforskning som gjorts på miljörörelsen. Uppsatsens slutsats är att den svenska odlingsrörelsens relation till vetenskap visar på en oanad mångfald inom den svenska miljörörelsen. Med detta vill denna uppsats säga både att det är nödvändigt att förstå vetenskapens roll för att förstå etableringen av den svenska miljörörelsen, men också att visa på att mångfalden inom den svenska miljörörelsen är ett förbisett forskningsområde.

Humans have affected the Swedish forests for a long time, mainly through agriculture and forestry. Since the beginning of the 20th century, a lot of changes have taken place in forest policy, which have affected the structures of our forests, such as tree age, size and species distributions. By using information from different types of historical data, we can increase our understanding of the earlier structures of forests and how to manage them in the future. This study investigated changes in annual growth and changes in age, diameter, height and tree species distribution in the forests of Östergötland from year 1927 to the period 1983-2017, using data from the Swedish National Forest Inventory. Six tree species where used, Picea spp, Pinus spp, Quercus robur, Betula spp, Alnus spp and Populus tremula. There was an increase in the proportion of Picea spp, and a decrease in the proportion of Pinus spp since 1927. The proportion of deciduous trees also increased but not as much. Interestingly, the proportion of Betula spp had fallen since 1927, but the now larger proportion of young trees indicate that the proportion of Betula spp is increasing again. Q. robur, P. tremula, Picea spp and Pinus spp also had a larger proportion of younger trees in the more recent period. There was a significantly higher proportion of tall trees during the latter period for all tree species. For growth rate in width, the results varied among tree species. For Betula spp it had decreased and for Q. robur it had increased. For the coniferous trees there was hardly any difference between the periods. Overall, the results show that Östergötland's forests have been influenced by forestry and increased ungulate populations since the first inventory 1927 and that there have been changes in the composition of the forests.
Människan har länge påverkat de svenska skogarna. Sedan 1900-talets början har en hel del förändringar skett inom skogspolitiken, vilket har påverkat bland annat skogarnas ålder- och storleksfördelning, samt trädslagsfördelning. Genom att använda information från olika typer av historiska data kan vi öka vår förståelse om hur skogar såg ut förr och vad som har påverkat dem. Denna studie undersökte skillnader i tillväxt, höjd-och diameterfördelning, samt åldersfördelning i Östergötlands skogar från år 1927 till perioden 1983–2017, med hjälp av data från riksskogstaxeringen. Sex trädslag användes; gran (Picea spp), tall (Pinus spp), ek (Quercus robur), björk (Betula spp), al (Alnus spp) och asp (Populus tremula). En kraftig ökning av andelen gran hade skett sedan 1927, medan andelen tall hade minskat. För lövträden hade det endast skett en liten ökning i andel. Intressant var också att andelen björk hade minskat sedan 1927 och att andelen björkar yngre än 50 år var större den senare perioden, vilket indikerar att björkens andel kan vara på väg att öka igen. Ek, asp, gran och tall hade också en större andel yngre träd under den senare perioden. För alla trädslag fanns det en betydligt mindre andel höga träd år 1927. För årlig tillväxt i bredd varierade resultaten trädslagen emellan. För björk hade årsringsbredden minskat sedan 1927, medan den hade ökat för ek. För barrträden var det knappt någon skillnad mellan perioderna. Resultaten visar att Östergötlands skogar har påverkats mycket av skogsbruket, samt klövviltsbete, sedan 1927 och att det har skett flera strukturella förändringar i skogarnas sammansättning.

Miljöpartiet de Gröna är ett parti som på relativt kort tid etablerat sig i svensk politik. Mellan 1982 och 2013 har de antagit nio program som var och ett definierar vilken politik de velat föra vid respektive antagningstillfälle. Den här studien avser att undersöka på vilka sätt historia brukas i dessa program samt hur bruket förändras över tid. Studien är en kvalitativ textanalys som utgår från Karlssons typologi för historiebruk. Resultatet av undersökningen visar på ett utbrett pedagogisk-politiskt bruk och ett fåtal exempel på ideologiskt- existentiellt- och moraliskt bruk. Historia brukas framförallt i inledningen av stycken men även när den egna rörelsen ska beskrivas. Programmen bär spår av sin samtid och det finns trender i hur vissa historiebruk till- och avtar där det tydligaste är en ökning av ideologiskt historiebruk i de två yngsta programmen.

The thesis deals with urban study for the central part of the town of Náchod, located in the proximity of the town’s historic core. The relief of the landscape lends distinctiveness to the whole area. This fact was taken into consideration when elaborating the urban concept which orientates the design towards the centre and the castle. The design is formed by three pillars – functions: square – culture, park – relax and housing. As regards the territory in question, Náchod has a great potential. My attempt was to understand it and create an area in the town centre which would have significant unified city-forming character, and which would enhance the core – the centre of the town.

Tato diplomová práce z oblasti marketingu zkoumá možnost využití alternativního reklamního média zvaného GreenGraffiti jako dalšího komunikačního nástroje. Protože je pro Českou republiku a tím i české klienty tento typ reklamního média nový, je důležité vysvětlit, co přesně GreenGraffiti je, odkud pochází a jak se objevilo v České republice. Tato diplomová práce bude také zkoumat, zda je GreenGraffiti vhodným reklamním médiem pro český trh ,a které problémy je třeba vyřešit před tím, než bude zařazen do komunikačního mixu společnosti. Tato práce je napsána na základě znalostí získaných během stáže ve Studio Tomato s.r.o., které vlastnilo licenci na GreenGraffiti pro Českou republiku a také na základě informací získaných od Jima Bowese, zakladatele GreenGraffiti Holding BV.

The molluscs are very suitable model of invertebrate group for ecological and palaeoecological studies for their specific traits. In the first part of the thesis, we showed based on available fossil mollusc successions that development of the floodplain mollusc fauna took place quite different way in various river floodplains, depending on their specifics and geographical location, because especially the ones situated in the chernozem area of the Czech Republic had very different history. Detailed processing of five fossil mollusc successions in the lower Ohře River floodplain confirmed the impoverishment of recent forest malacofauna does not relate to natural processes only (chapters 3 and 10), but it arises from historical development of this area which was under permanent stress of the human settlement and agricultural utilization (chapter 1) since the coming of the Neolithic people. We made similar conclusions in case of another 11 fossil mollusc successions in the neighbouring České Středohoří Mts. (chapter 2). In the second part of the thesis (chapter 3), we investigated the ecological patterns responsible for species richness and composition of the floodplain mollusc fauna are especially the elevation and humidity gradient, and then vegetation type and its biomass, light conditions of the...

In my thesis, I have covered interviews with ten women - mothers who have decided to use for their babies a changing system of modern cloth diapers. For the topic I have used a qualitative sociological research strategy. The purpose of the received data from the interviews was to answer questions about motivations and reasons for the usage of this type of nappies and decide what benefits they see in them. As our society is used to disposable baby diapers and looks at them as a norm, I was interested in people's reactions, which these mothers have faced and how they have coped with. Finally, I have tried to find out the role of the internet and the social media in this matter. The theoretical part is devoted to the history of cloth and disposable diapers. There I have put into the context the issue of cloth diapers with the principles of sustainable development and responsible consumption. In the practical part I have carried out an analysis of ten semi-structured interviews with mothers who have been using cloth diapers for babies, along with examples of expressions of activities associated with cloth diapers in social media on the internet.

This master's thesis summarizes the results of analytical surface collections and large-scale geophysical survey of early medieval settlement Havraň, cadastral municipality Vestec nad Mrlinou, district Nymburk. The Mrlina river basin was chosen as a model region, as it is an area of continuous archaeological interest with a complete record of High Middle Ages settlement. Havraň seems to be a site with the greatest study potential, the site is also a historically significant place. According to written sources, the settlement Havraň was an administrative centre of a lower order in the Early Middle Ages. There was a motte and bailey with a farmyard and several homesteads in the High Middle Ages. The site was newly researched using analytical surface collections and large-scale geophysical surveys. The aim of non-destructive archaeological research was primarily to understand the form and disposition of early medieval settlement and its changes in the High Middle Ages. A substantial part of the work is the analysis of the ceramic assemblage from the surface collections, evaluation the data in GIS, and correlation with the results of the geophysical survey. During the interpretation of the results, the graduate focused mainly on the basic idea of (1) the chronology of settlement, (2) the spatial extent...

This master's thesis deals with the natural environment of two selected deserted medieval localities - Jevany-Dubina (Prague-East District) and Hol (Capital City of Prague). This work consists of two relatively independent parts. The first theoretical part describes chemical processes occurring in forest soils, and anthropogenic impact on soil. The second part is the actual research associated mainly with the study of agricultural land use and the variability of the natural environment influenced by man. The research of the Jevany-Dubina site consisted of an additional geodetic survey, a description of all relics, a surface collection and a geophysical survey. Selected procedures partially helped to interpret the parts of the settlement and its function. We conclude that a farmstead with guardians was most probable. The main part of the thesis is devoted to a geochemical research in the intravilan and extravilan of the deserted medieval village Hol. The greatest attention was paid to the interpretation of phosphorus (P) distribution in soil. Another of the issues dealt with in this thesis was the extent to which residents fertilized their fields and gardens around the village. Higher values of anthropogenic P in soil have been documented only in the intravilan of the village. Farther away from the...