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Journal articles on the topic 'History, 1845'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 27 July 2024

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

YOUNG, DAVIS A. "JOSEPH HENRY AND GEOLOGY AT PRINCETON." Earth Sciences History 38, no. 2 (November 1, 2019): 232–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6178-38.2.232.

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ABSTRACT The first documented geology lectures at Princeton were given in 1825 by John Finch (circa 1790–circa 1835), an English visitor to the United States. In the 1830s, John Torrey (1796–1873) delivered a few geology and mineralogy lectures at the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), but Joseph Henry (1797–1878), Professor of Natural Philosophy at the College of New Jersey from 1832 to 1848, introduced the first repeated geology course. In the 1830s, the College of New Jersey instituted a handful of short courses on topics outside of the regular curriculum. Geology was assigned to Henry, owing to his geological experience with Amos Eaton (1776–1842) along the recently opened Erie Canal. Henry taught geology for the first time in August 1841, repeated the course in 1843, 1846, and 1847, and probably also in 1844, 1845, 1850, and 1851. Henry typically focused on geophysical aspects of Earth, such as internal heat and Laplace's nebular hypothesis. He also discussed the geologic time scale from Primitive to Alluvium and Diluvium with descriptions of rock types and fossil content of each group. The final lecture was normally devoted to paleontology. Henry relied on Eaton and Edward Hitchcock (1793–1864) for much of his information and took advantage of published cross-sections to explain structural features. The content and timing of the various offerings is reconstructed from Henry's various lecture notes, dated correspondence, and three student notebooks. The impact of Henry's course on students, himself, and the Smithsonian Institution is evaluated.

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DIEMER, JOHN A. "PLATE 6 OF THE GEOLOGY OF RUSSIA: PRODUCT OF A ‘GENIUS OF COMBINATION’." Earth Sciences History 41, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 264–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-41.2.264.

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ABSTRACT In 1845, Roderick Murchison, Edouard de Verneuil and Alexander von Keyserling published The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains, reporting on the results of two field seasons in Russia (1840 and 1841) as well as additional fieldwork in Poland (1843) and Scandinavia (1844 and 1845). The book contains 7 plates comprising 5 cross-sections and 2 geologic maps. Plate 6 is a geologic map titled “Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains . . .” and it is the subject of this paper. Murchison had 600 copies of the large format (quarto) book printed by John Murray in the laborious hand-press manner. He also had the 68 × 84 cm map produced as a copper engraving with water color washes. Plate 6 has been described as “the finest hand coloured map ever produced”. The map was drawn and engraved by John Arrowsmith from a sketch map begun in 1840, expanded after the 1841 field season, and further modified by incorporating work of other geologists, including Keilhau, Hisinger, Zejszner, Boué, Dubois de Montpereux, Hamilton, Ainsworth, and Helmersen. All of these geologists were meticulously acknowledged by Murchison in The Geology of Russia. In addition to the map, Plate 6 contains a stratigraphic column with key locations and characteristic fossils, and a crosssection extending from St. Petersburg to the Sea of Azof. Thus, Plate 6 represents a synthesis of much of what was known in 1845 of the geology of Russia and surrounding territories, clearly demonstrating Murchison’s ‘genius of combination’. Murchison revised the map several times, resulting in 4 ‘states’ of the map.

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3

Vinogradov, Igor A. "“Three Epochs” of the Creation of Nikolai Gogol’s Article on Russian Poetry. To the 175th Anniversary of “Selected Passages from Correspondence with Friends”." Two centuries of the Russian classics 4, no. 1 (2022): 6–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2686-7494-2022-4-1-6-57.

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The creative history of N. V. Gogol’s article “What is Finally the Essence of Russian Poetry and Its Peculiarity,” the most voluminous chapter of his book “Selected Passages from Correspondence with Friends” (1847), and its relation to the poem “Dead Souls” are studied. Three long stages of Gogol’s work on the article, which ended with the burning of manuscripts, and the fourth, which ended with its publication, reveal a close connection with the content of the poem. Evidence of simultaneous maturation of the ideas of the article and the poem in the 1830s is summarized. It is proved that the article was prepared by Gogol for P. A. Pletnev’s journal “Sovremennik.” Unknown data on the second stage of work on the article in 1841–1842 are introduced into scientific circulation, the expansion of concept of the article at the third stage in 1843–1845, which led to its inclusion in the book of letters to friends in 1846, is traced. It is emphasized that, created over more than ten years, the article contains the final reflections of the writer on the importance of literature in the public and state life of Russia and is an irreplaceable auto-commentary to “Dead Souls.”

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4

Scott, Ana Silvia Volpi, and Dario Scott. "Demografia da guerra: mortalidade em Porto Alegre na Guerra dos Farrapos, 1835-1845." História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 29, no. 2 (June 2022): 399–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702022000200006.

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Resumo Este artigo apresenta resultados de análises relativas aos impactos da Guerra dos Farrapos (1835-1845) sobre a mortalidade na população de Porto Alegre, a partir, principalmente, da utilização de assentos de batizado e de óbito, comparando os períodos anterior e posterior ao conflito, abrangendo os anos entre 1825 e 1854. Destacam-se as perturbações nos primeiros cinco anos da guerra (1835-1840), quando a cidade enfrentou cercos impostos pelos rebeldes. Os resultados, baseados no cálculo da mortalidade infantil, entre outros indicadores, evidenciam, além das dificuldades de abastecimento e agravamento das condições sanitárias, uma grave crise de mortalidade causada por epidemia de escarlatina que atingiu duramente crianças livres e escravizadas.

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5

Mandle, W. F. "Newman and his Audiences: 1825-1845." Journal of Religious History 24, no. 2 (June 2000): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9809.00106.

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6

Turner, I. M. "Natural history publications arising from Theodore Cantor's visit to Chusan, China, in 1840." Archives of Natural History 43, no. 1 (April 2016): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2016.0344.

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In 1840, Theodore Edward Cantor, nephew of Nathaniel Wallich, served as an assistant surgeon with the British forces on an expedition to China during the First Opium War. Cantor, a keen naturalist, was requested to use the opportunity to collect natural history specimens for the East India Company. Despite only spending four months on Chusan (Zhoushan), Cantor managed to amass a considerable number of specimens on the voyage and during the time in China. Cantor sought assistance from William Griffith with the identification of the plants, Edward Blyth with the birds, William Benson with the molluscs and Frederick Hope with the insects. Cantor published an account of Chusan and its fauna in Annals and magazine of natural history in 1842, but he also submitted the work to the Asiatic Society of Bengal to be published in Asiatick researches with many coloured plates and a chapter on the plants by William Griffith. The cost and slow progress with producing the plates contributed to the demise of Asiatick researches and the failure to publish the Chusan report as intended. William Griffith's paper on the botany was issued in a small number of preprints paginated either from 1 or from 33 in late 1844 or very early 1845. Sets of the twelve hand-coloured lithograph plates that were completed were issued with proof copies of pp 1–32 representing the introductory material written by Cantor as Zoology of Chusan, probably in 1847.

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7

Hershey, David R. "TEN NOTABLE WOMEN HORTICULTURISTS IN THE HISTORY OF HORTICULTURE." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1115a—1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1115a.

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There are many notable women horticulturists who deserve greater recognition in college horticultural curricula. Ten notable women in horticultural history, listed alphabetically, are,Jenny Butchart (1868-1950) - Created Butchart Gardens.Beatrix Farrand (1872-1959) - American landscape gardener, famous for Dumbarton Oaks and many other landscapes.Annie Jack (1839-1912) - Canadian horticultural author.Gertrude Jekyll (1843-1932) - English landscape gardener.Martha Logan (1702/04-1779) - Pioneer nurseryman.Jane Loudon (1807-1858) - English horticultural author.Isabella Preston (1881-1965) - Canadian plant breeder.Theodosia Burr Shepherd (1845-1906)- Pioneer California flower seed grower/breeder and retail florist.Harriet Williams Russell Strong (1844-1926) - Pioneer in irrigation and in the California walnut industry.Cynthia Westcott (1898-1983) - The plant doctor.

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8

Davis, Sonny B. "España frente al México amenazado, 1845–1848." Hispanic American Historical Review 84, no. 4 (November 1, 2004): 770–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-84-4-770.

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9

White, D. Anthony, and Miguel Soto. "La conspiracion monarquica en Mexico 1845-1846." Hispanic American Historical Review 69, no. 3 (August 1989): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2516337.

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10

White, D. Anthony. "La conspiración monárquica en México 1845-1846." Hispanic American Historical Review 69, no. 3 (August 1, 1989): 593–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-69.3.593.

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11

Canelas, Letícia Gregório. "Família, maternidade, escravidão e resgate forçado na Martinica (1845-1847)." Tempo 29, no. 1 (April 2023): 256–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/tem-1980-542x2023v290103.

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Resumo: Nos anos finais da escravidão no mundo Atlântico francês, a política colonial passou por mudanças que afetaram o domínio senhorial. Sob a Lei Mackau, regulamentaram-se os direitos das pessoas escravizadas ao pecúlio e à compra de sua alforria e de seus familiares, por meio do resgate amigável ou forçado. A partir da investigação de um conjunto documental sobre a Martinica, este artigo explora evidências que apontam a preponderância de mães escravizadas e seus filhos entre os sujeitos que conquistaram a liberdade no Caribe francês por meio do resgate forçado parcialmente indenizado por um fundo estatal. Esta investigação busca analisar tanto as visões da classe senhorial e dos governos colonial e metropolitano, quanto a agência das mulheres e de suas famílias nos processos de resgate forçado. O objetivo deste estudo é compreender, em perspectiva interseccional, as imbricações entre maternidade, escravidão e conquista da liberdade.

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Pires, Guilherme Nunes. "Marx and history: the limits of ‘radical change’ thesis." Acta Scientiarum. Human and Social Sciences 41, no. 3 (November 26, 2019): e46707. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascihumansoc.v41i3.46707.

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The aim of this paper is to point out the limits of ‘radical change’ thesis in Marx’s thought. According to this view, there would be a ‘unilinear’ and teleological conception of history in his period of youth. However, for some authors, at some point in his theoretical evolution from 1850’s, Marx would break with this position and formulated a multilinear view of history. From a critical revision, it is intended to point the limits of this thesis from the analysis of Marx’s theory of history that was already in consolidation in the 1840’s. More precisely, in the texts The german ideology (1845-46) and Poverty of philosophy (1847), we can see that Marx’s theoretical works of the mid-1840’s is precisely against a philosophy of history, pointing limitations for the idea of ‘radical change’ in the theory of history.

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13

ANDERSON, CLARE. "The Transportation of Narain Sing: Punishment, Honour and Identity from the Anglo–Sikh Wars to the Great Revolt." Modern Asian Studies 44, no. 5 (December 23, 2009): 1115–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x09990266.

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AbstractThis paper examines fragments from the life of Narain Sing as a means of exploring punishment, labour, society and social transformation in the aftermath of the Anglo–Sikh Wars (1845–1846, 1848–1849). Narain Sing was a famous military general who the British convicted of treason and sentenced to transportation overseas after the annexation of the Panjab in 1849. He was shipped as a convict to one of the East India Company's penal settlements in Burma where, in 1861, he was appointed head police constable of Moulmein. Narain Sing's experiences of military service, conviction, transportation and penal work give us a unique insight into questions of loyalty, treachery, honour, masculinity and status. When his life history is placed within the broader context of continuing agitation against the expansion of British authority in the Panjab, we also glimpse something of the changing nature of identity and the development of Anglo–Sikh relations more broadly between the wars of the 1840s and the Great Indian Revolt of 1857–1858.

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14

Quinn, John R. ""Safe in Old Ireland": Frederick Douglass's Tour, 1845–1846." Historian 64, no. 3-4 (March 2002): 535–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6563.2002.tb01951.x.

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15

Quinn, John F. "“Safe in Old Ireland”: Frederick Douglass’s Tour, 1845–1846." Historian 64, no. 3-4 (June 1, 2002): 535–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-6563.00003.

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16

Bratt, James D. "The Reorientation of American Protestantism, 1835–1845." Church History 67, no. 1 (March 1998): 52–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3170771.

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In March 1835 Charles Finney told a gathering in New York City: “If the church will do all her duty, the millennium may come in this country in three years.” This statement has often served as an epigram for the era, the motto of that movement for revivalism and social reform that, having already swept the churches, was to so infuse the culture with its moral imperatives as to make a Civil War against slavery inevitable and the hegemony of evangelical Protestantism secure. On this reading Finney's declaration marks the midpoint in a story of triumph—triumph for revival religion, and triumph for a nation that aspired to righteousness.

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17

Miranda, Márcia Eckert. "Entre a República e a Província: administração fiscal em tempo de guerra no Rio Grande de São Pedro, 1835-1845." História Unisinos 25, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4013/hist.2021.251.04.

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O início do período Regencial (1831-1840) no Brasil foi marcado pelo movimento de transformação das instituições e normas herdadas do período colonial, abrangendo a justiça, o serviço militar de segunda linha, entre outras. Na área fiscal, essas reformas se deram inicialmente pela a lei do orçamento de 1832 que estabeleceu a divisão dos impostos e despesas que cabiam ao governo central e às províncias e pelo Ato Adicional de 1834 à Constituição que concedeu às assembleias provinciais o poder de legislar sobre seus impostos. Em consequência, as províncias tiveram que progressivamente estabelecer órgãos e nomear funcionários encarregados da administração fazendária. No Rio Grande do Sul, a província mais meridional do Brasil, esse movimento foi especialmente conturbado devido à guerra civil (1835-1845) e à secessão do território provincial sob o controle dos rebeldes que proclamaram uma república, o Estado Rio-Grandense. O presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar como se deu a administração tributária em tempo de guerra nas duas entidades políticas existentes no território sul-rio-grandense entre 1836 e 1845, observando os limites impostos pela necessidade de mobilizar recursos para o conflito e pela relação como governo central brasileiro.

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18

Sheidley, Harlow, Robert E. Moody, and Leverett Saltonstall. "The Papers of Leverett Saltonstall, 1816-1845, Vol. 3: July 1840-December 1841." Journal of the Early Republic 5, no. 3 (1985): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3122598.

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19

Akveld, Leo. "Book Review: Südsee-Tagebuch eines Bremer Kaufmanns (1845–1848)." International Journal of Maritime History 25, no. 2 (December 2013): 277–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387141302500225.

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Akveld, Leo. "Book Review: Südsee-Tagebuch eines Bremer Kaufmanns (1845–1848)." International Journal of Maritime History 26, no. 1 (February 2014): 173–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871413515824n.

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21

Game, Chantal S., Lisa M. Cullen, and Alistair M. Brown. "The rise of financial accountability in British joint stock banks: 1825 to 1845." Financial History Review 27, no. 2 (August 2020): 234–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565020000086.

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This study explores parliamentary reforms related to the financial accountability of banks following the 1825–6 and 1836–7 financial crises in England. An appraisal of nineteenth-century parliamentary Hansard transcripts reveals early banking legislative pursuits. The study observes the laissez-faire and interventionist approaches towards the banking enactments of 1826, 1833 and 1844 that underpin the transformation of financial accountability during this era. The Bank Notes Act 1826 imposed financial accountability on the Bank of England by requiring the mandatory disclosure of notes issued. The Bank Notes Act 1833 extended this requirement to all other banks. The Bank Charter Act 1833 increased the financial accountability of the Bank of England by requiring it to provide an account of bullion and securities belonging to the governor and company, as well as deposits held by the bank. Thereafter, the Joint Stock Banks Act 1844 pioneered the regular publication of assets and liabilities and communication of the balance sheet and profit and loss account to shareholders. State intervention in the financial accountability of banks during the period from 1825 to 1845 appears to have been cumulative.

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22

Weil, François. "Capitalisme et Industrialisation en Nouvelle-Angleterre, 1815-1845." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 50, no. 1 (February 1995): 29–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ahess.1995.279348.

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« L'histoire de l'industrie textile en Nouvelle-Angleterre est l'histoire de la révolution industrielle aux États-Unis », énonçait en 1931 l'historienne Caroline F. Ware. Transposant au cas américain l'interprétation alors courante de l'industrialisation de la Grande-Bretagne, cette équation a longtemps dominé les analyses de l'industrialisation américaine et a conduit les chercheurs à décrire dans le détail l'émergence, à l'instigation d'investisseurs audacieux de Boston, de grandes usines textiles mécanisées dans la Nouvelle-Angleterre de la première moitié du 19esiècle. Mais ce paradigme textile n'a pas résisté aux efforts d'approfondissement des trois dernières décennies : aux États-Unis comme ailleurs, la notion de révolution industrielle a été critiquée par des travaux qui soulignent à la fois la continuité du processus d'industrialisation par rapport à une époque antérieure considérée naguère comme préindustrielle, et la diversité des situations rencontrées dans le cadre de l'industrialisation, au rebours de la vision assez uniforme qui prévalait auparavant.

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23

Barney, William L., and Clyde N. Wilson. "The Papers of John C. Calhoun. Volume XXII, 1845-1846." Journal of Southern History 62, no. 3 (August 1996): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2211520.

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24

Pousada, Rafael Vallejo. "Reforma y contrarreforma tributaria en 1845–1852." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 19, no. 1 (March 2001): 53–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610900008934.

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RESUMENEste artículo sostiene dos hipótesis novedosas. La primera es que el programa fiscal del gobierno en 1845 experimentó una deriva conservadora a su paso por las Cortes. La segunda es que la reforma tributaria de 1845 fue seguida de una contrarreforma, materializada entre 1846 y 1852. La alteración de las previsiones del gobierno y esta contrarreforma cambiaron la naturaleza del sistema fiscal propuesto y del aprobado por las Cortes, así como el modelo de crecimiento económico y de distribución de la carga fiscal implícito en el mismo. La contrarreforma garantizó la viabilidad del sistema fiscal, pero éste se separó del ideal tributario de los reformadores de 1845.

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25

Tammiksaar, Erki, and Ian R. Stone. "Alexander von Middendorff and his expedition to Siberia (1842–1845)." Polar Record 43, no. 3 (July 2007): 193–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247407006407.

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ABSTRACTAlexander Theodor von Middendorff's name is closely associated with the exploration of Siberia and research on the natural history of the Russian Arctic. Yet it is surprising that, in the extensive literature in Russian and German on the environment of those regions, there are no specific analyses of Middendorff's important contribution to these areas of research. He is barely mentioned in English language studies on the history of exploration and science in Siberia and there are very few accounts of his life and work. The present paper is largely based on a number of newly discovered archival documents and contemporary literary sources and is an attempt to fill this lacuna. In this account, all dates are given according to the new style calendar.

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26

Johnson, Timothy D., Charles R. Smith, and Robert Ryal Miller. "The Journals of Marine Second Lieutenant Henry Bulls Watson 1845-1848." Journal of Military History 56, no. 2 (April 1992): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1985806.

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27

Servais, Paul. "La crise des années 1845-1848 dans l’est de la Wallonie." Histoire & mesure XXVI, no. 1 (July 1, 2011): 157–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/histoiremesure.4129.

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28

Olson, S. L. "The early scientific history of Galapagos tortoises." Archives of Natural History 44, no. 2 (October 2017): 241–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2017.0447.

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Specimens of Galapagos tortoises (Testudo, now Chelonoidis) obtained by scientific institutions up to and including the voyage of the Beagle (1835) are reviewed, along with the scientific literature of that period. The idea that all giant tortoises (Galapagos and Indian Ocean) were a single species (Testudo indica) was challenged as early as 1817 by Amasa Delano and refuted scientifically by Harlan in 1826, although his publication was widely ignored; some authors continued to use T. indica for Galapagos tortoises at least until 1855. That Galapagos tortoises varied from island to island was reported first by David Porter in 1815, but such differences continued to be in the realm of hearsay until well after the publication of the second edition of Darwin's Journal of researches in 1845. Contrary to what has been written by modern authors, Darwin did not think that tortoises had been introduced to the Galapagos from elsewhere. Also contrary to popular mythology, tortoises did not play an important role in the development of Darwin's evolutionary theories.

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29

Serrano Sanz, José María, and Ana Belén Gracia Andía. "Funcionarios, políticos y hombres de negocios. Las Juntas de Aranceles en el tránsito al liberalismo, 1816-1845." Ayer. Revista de Historia Contemporánea 119, no. 3 (September 15, 2020): 197–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.55509/ayer/119-2020-08.

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Este trabajo se ocupa de las Juntas de Aranceles entre su creación en 1816 y su desaparición temporal en 1845. Estudiar su regulación y composición aporta nuevas perspectivas a los procesos de elaboración de una política tan importante como la arancelaria y el papel en ella de ideas y grupos de interés. Analizar su personal ilustra la compleja transición del Antiguo Régimen al primer liberalismo. Las Juntas ordinarias, con un personal muy estable, fueron un factor importante en la continuidad de la política arancelaria en los aranceles de 1820, 1825 y 1841.

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30

Pratt, Rod, and Jeff Hopkins-Weise. "Redcoats in the 1840s Moreton Bay and New Zealand frontier wars." Queensland Review 26, no. 01 (June 2019): 32–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qre.2019.6.

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AbstractThis article examines the significant place of the 99th (Lanarkshire) Regiment of Foot as part of the shared history of Australia and New Zealand through the 1840s and 1850s, including its role in frontier conflict with Aboriginal peoples in Queensland and Māori peoples in New Zealand. This preliminary comparison explores the role and experiences of detachments of the British Army’s 99th Regiment on three different colonial frontiers during the 1840s transitional period: the end of convict transportation and the opening of free settlement in Moreton Bay in 1842–48; the short-lived North Australia colony (later Gladstone) in 1847; and New Zealand’s North Island in 1845–47.

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31

Melonio, Françoise. "Editions récentes de Tocqueville." Tocqueville Review 13, no. 2 (January 1992): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.13.2.185.

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On répète trop souvent que Tocqueville avait commencé à penser avant d'avoir rien appris. Il était un homme de terrain bien plus qu'un homme de cabinet et le premier volume de ses Oeuvres publié par Gallimard (la Pléiade) vient opportunément le rappeler. On y trouve la totalité des notes de voyages de Tocqueville : Sicile (1826), Amérique (1831-1832), Angleterre (1833 et 1835), Irlande (1835), Suisse (1836). Algérie (1841 et 1846). A quoi s'ajoutent des réflexions pour un ouvrage projeté sur l'Inde (1840-1842) et un choix de discours politiques et académiques.

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32

Cutler, Wayne, and Robert H. Ferrell. "Monterrey is Ours! The Mexican War Letters of Lieutenant Dana, 1845-1847." Journal of Southern History 58, no. 1 (February 1992): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2210492.

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33

Weiland, David J., and Pedro Santoni. "Mexicans at Arms: Puro Federalists and the Politics of War, 1845-1848." Western Historical Quarterly 28, no. 3 (1997): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/971048.

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34

Arthur, C. J. "Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels." Royal Institute of Philosophy Lecture Series 20 (March 1986): 147–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0957042x00004089.

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Karl Marx (1818–1883) was born in Trèves in the Rhineland. He studied law in Bonn, philosophy and history in Berlin, and received a doctorate from the University of Jena for a thesis on Epicurus (341–270 BC). (Epicurus' philosophy was a reaction against the ‘other-worldliness’ of Plato's theory of Forms. Whereas for Plato knowledge was of intelligible Forms, and the criterion of the truth of a hypothesis about the definition of a Form was that it should survive a Socratic testing by question and answer, for Epicurus the criterion of truth was sensation, and employment of this criterion favoured the theory with which Plato explicitly contrasted the theory of Forms (Sophist 246a–d), namely, the materialism of the atomists, Leucippus and Democritus.) Marx was editor of the Rheinische Zeitung of Cologne, 1842–1843. The paper was suppressed and he moved to Paris, becoming co-editor of the Deutsch-französische Jahrbücher, the one and only issue of which contained two articles by Marx and two by his friend, Friedrich Engels (1829–1895). Together they wrote The German Ideology (1846) and their most influential work, The Communist Manifesto (1848). Marx had been expelled from France in 1845, and went to Brussels, from where he was expelled during the 1848 revolutions. He went to Cologne to start, with Engels and others, a paper with a revolutionary editorial policy, the Neue Rheinische Zeitung. Expelled once again, Marx finally settled in London, working in the British Museum on his great historical analysis of capitalism, Das Kapital. The first volume was published in 1867, the remaining two volumes, completed by Engels after Marx's death, in 1885 and 1895.

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Sabourin, Lise. "Théophile Gautier, Critique théâtrale, t. V, septembre 1844-1845." Studi Francesi, no. 181 (LXI | I) (March 1, 2017): 168–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/studifrancesi.6895.

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Bell, Stephen. "Alone in Mexico: The Astonishing Travels of Karl Heller, 1845–1848." Hispanic American Historical Review 89, no. 2 (May 1, 2009): 328–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-2008-089.

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Mahon, John K., and Robert H. Ferrell. "Monterrey Is Ours! The Mexican War Letters of Lieutenant Dana, 1845-1847." Journal of American History 78, no. 2 (September 1991): 666. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2079586.

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Aksın, Ahmet. "Tanzimat'ın Harput Eyaleti'nde Uygulanması ve Karşılaşılan Güçlükler." Belleten 62, no. 235 (December 1, 1998): 851–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.1998.851.

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Osmanlı öncesi bir çok devlet ve beyliğin hâkimiyeti altında bulunan ve Doğu Anadolu'nun önemli stratejik bölgelerinden biri olan Harput, Yavuz Sultan Selim döneminde (1516 baharında) Osmanlı hâkimiyeti altına girmiştir. Harput Osmanlı hâkimiyeti altına alındıktan sonra Diyarbekir Eyaleti'ne bağlı bir sancak haline getirilmiş ve bu idari statüsü 1845 yılına kadar devam etmiştir. Bu tarihten sonra 20 Eylül 1845 tarihli bir fermandan, anlaşıldığına göre, Harput'a bağlı bütün kazalar ve Maden-i Hümâyûn'un bazı kazaları Diyarbekir Eyaleti'nden ifraz edilerek ayrı bir mutasarrıflık haline getirilmiştir. Bu tarihten kısa bir müddet sonra 1 Nisan 1846 tarihinde Harput müstakil bir eyalet haline getirilerek, valiliğine Yakup Paşa tayin edilmiştir. Harput'un idarî yapısında meydana gelen bu değişikliğin en büyük sebebi Tanzimat'ın ilanıyla birlikte eyaletlerin sınırlarında da değişiklikler yapılmaya başlanmasıdır.

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Antosik, Szymon. "Famine in the Kingdom of Poland in the Mid-19th Century, Exemplified by the Augustów Governorate." Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski 45 (2023): 127–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/pdp.2023.45-05.

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W artykule omówiono demograficzne skutki nieurodzaju w północno-wschodnich powiatach guberni augustowskiej na przełomie 1845 i 1846 roku. Zwrócono uwagę na kwestie oceny wiarygodności źródeł notujących ruch naturalny w zaborze rosyjskim, wykazujących wiele niedociągnięć w rejestracji zgonów, i podkreślono konieczność krytycznego podejścia przy ich wykorzystaniu. Wyeksponowano falę emigracji włościan wywołaną przez głód oraz konieczność dalszych i pogłębionych badań nad kryzysami demograficznymi na ziemiach polskich w połowie XIX wieku.

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Davis, Richard W., and E. A. Smith. "Lord Grey, 1764-1845." American Historical Review 96, no. 4 (October 1991): 1195. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2165078.

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Bončkutė, Roma. "Simono Daukanto BUDĄ Senowęs-Letuwiu Kalnienu ĩr Ƶamajtiu (1845) šaltiniai." Archivum Lithuanicum, no. 22 (December 3, 2020): 217–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33918/26692449-22005.

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SOURCES OF SIMONAS DAUKANTAS’S BUDĄ SENOWĘS-LËTUWIÛ KALNIENÛ ĨR ƵÁMAJTIÛ (1845) The article investigates Simonas Daukantas’s (1793–1864) BUDĄ Senowęs-Lëtuwiû Kalnienû ĩr Ƶámajtiû (The Character of the Lithuanian Highlanders and Samogitians of the Old Times, 1845; hereafter Bd) with regards to genre, origin of the title, and the dominant German sources of the work. It claims that Daukantas conceived Bd because he understood that the future of Lithuania is closely related to its past. A single, united version of Lithuanian history, accepted by the whole nation, was necessary for the development of Lithuanian national identity and collective feeling. The history, which up until then had not been published in Lithuanian, could have helped to create the contours of a new society by presenting the paradigmatic events of the past. The collective awareness of the difference between the present and the past (and future) should have given the Lithuanian community an incentive to move forward. Daukantas wrote Bd quickly, between 1842 and May 28, 1844, because he drew on his previous work ISTORYJE ƵEMAYTYSZKA (History of the Lithuanian Lowlands, ~1831–1834; IƵ). Based on the findings of previous researchers of Daukantas’s works, after studying the dominant sources of Bd and examining their nature, this article comes to the conclusion that the work has features of both cultural history and regional historiography. The graphically highlighted form of the word “BUDĄ” used in the work’s title should be considered the author’s code. Daukantas, influenced by the newest culturological research and comparative linguistics of the 18th–19th centuries, propagated that Lithuanians originate from India and, like many others, found evidence of this in the Lithuanian language and culture. He considered the Budini (Greek Βουδίνοι), who are associated with the followers of Buddha, to be Lithuanian ancestors. He found proof of this claim in the language and chose the word “būdas” (character), which evokes aforementioned associations, to express the idea of the work.

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Колыванов, Георгий Евгеньевич. "Novo-Arkhangelsk Theological Seminary." Церковный историк, no. 2(4) (June 15, 2020): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31802/ch.2020.4.2.006.

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В этой статье рассматривается история первого православного Духовного учебного заведения в Америке - Новоархангельской Духовной семинарии, которая была создана трудами святителя Иннокентия (Вениаминова) в 1841 г. как Духовное училище, а в 1845 г. преобразована в Духовную семинарию. Семинария, находящаяся в столице Русской Америки городе Новоархангельск на острове Баранова (Ситха, Ситка), возрастала под архипастырским окормлением святителя Иннокентия. В 1858 г. семинария была перемещена в Якутск. The article traces the history of the first Orthodox Christian theological school in America - Novo-Arkhangelsk Theological Seminary, which was created by St. Innocent of Alaska as a Theological College in 1841 and reformed into a Seminary in 1845. Located on the Baranof Island, in the then capital of Russian Amerika - Novo-Arkhangelsk (now Sitka), the Seminary progressed under the archpastoral guidance of St. Innocent. In 1858 the Seminary was transferred to Yakutsk.

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Atkins, Jonathan M., John C. Calhoun, and Clyde N. Wilson. "The Papers of John C. Calhoun, Vol. XXII: 1845-1846." Journal of the Early Republic 15, no. 4 (1995): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3124044.

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Anna, Timothy E., and Pedro Santoni. "Mexicans at Arms: Puro Federalists and the Politics of War, 1845-1848." American Historical Review 103, no. 2 (April 1998): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2649946.

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45

Costeloe, Michael P., and Pedro Santoni. "Mexicans at Arms: Puro Federalists and the Politics of War, 1845-1848." Hispanic American Historical Review 77, no. 4 (November 1997): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2517020.

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Spenser, Daniela, and Brooke A. Caruso. "The Mexican Spy Company: United States Covert Operations in Mexico, 1845-1848." Hispanic American Historical Review 73, no. 1 (February 1993): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2517685.

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47

Spenser, Daniela. "The Mexican Spy Company: United States Covert Operations in Mexico, 1845-1848." Hispanic American Historical Review 73, no. 1 (February 1, 1993): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-73.1.189.

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48

Costeloe, Michael P. "Mexicans at Arms: Puro Federalists and the Politics of War, 1845-1848." Hispanic American Historical Review 77, no. 4 (November 1, 1997): 727–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-77.4.727.

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Slinn, E. Warwick. "BROWNING’S BISHOP CONCEIVES A TOMB: CULTURAL ORDERING AS CULTURAL CRITIQUE." Victorian Literature and Culture 27, no. 1 (March 1999): 251–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150399271148.

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ON FEBRUARY 18, 1845, Robert Browning sent a poem entitled “The Tomb at Saint Praxed’s” to the acting editor of Hood’s Magazine. He writes: “I pick it out as being a pet of mine, and just the thing for the time — what with the Oxford business, and Camden society and other embroilments” (DeVane and Knickerbocker 35–36). Because of this letter, the immediate historical context for the poem has commonly been taken as the Oxford (Tractarian) movement and Newman’s retraction in 1843. The Cambridge Camden Society (not the London antiquarian society of the same name, which is sometimes thought to be Browning’s reference) was also associated with Romanism, being accused of popery in 1844 and subsequently dissolved by the Cambridge authorities in February 1845, the same month Browning submitted his poem. (It continued as the Ecclesiological Society.) Through its journal, The Ecclesiologist (1841–), the Cambridge Camden Society aimed to study ecclesiastical architecture, following Pugin’s Contrasts (2nd edition, 1841) in complaining about the moral corruption of church architecture and promoting an ethical-spiritual basis for reform.1 Journal items focussed on a range of issues from the symbolic function of church layout to the details of epitaphs and tombs, generally mixing visual values with ecclesiology. Kenneth Clark in The Gothic Revival: An Essay in the History of Taste (139–44) and John Morley in Death, Heaven, and the Victorians (52–62) detail these issues. Browning’s “other embroilments” may well refer therefore to the growing controversy in the 1840s about sepulture and sepulchral style, about the appropriateness or otherwise of ornate tombs and canopies. Hence this poem about a deathbed scene and a Bishop’s tomb may be clearly located within the broadly enveloping mid- Victorian network of cultural practices related to death: distinctively encoded rituals of mourning, debate about gravestones and epitaphs, depictions of deathbed scenes (in painting as well as literature), and widespread discussion of what came to be known as the four last things — death, judgement, heaven, and hell.

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Chatterjee, Chhanda. "War for Independence: The Khalsa against the Company Raj, 1845–46 and 1848–49." Indian Historical Review 39, no. 2 (December 2012): 317–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0376983612461421.

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