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1
Carotenuto, Matthew Paul. "Cultivating an African community the Luo Union in 20th century East Africa /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3238502.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of History, 2006.<br>"Title from dissertation home page (viewed July 12, 2007)." Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-10, Section: A, page: 3939. Adviser: John H. Hanson.
2
Dawe, Jennifer Ann. "A history of cotton-growing in East and Central Africa : British demand, African supply." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/19673.
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Based on extensive UK and African archival research and a wide survey of secondary sources, this thesis examines various aspects of African cotton production from prehistoric to modern times. Its main emphasis is on the interaction of British demand and African supply during the twentieth century colonial period. The British Cotton Growing Association (BCGA), Empire Cotton Growing Corporation (ECGC), Malawi and Tanzania are studied in detail to observe the means by which the BCGA and ECGC articulated British needs and nurtured the African cotton industry and the extent to which East and Central African cotton-growing was directed by external wants, supported by outside input and met local desires. Also examined are the dynamics of competition, control and occasional cooperation between European planters, African smallholders, metropolitan government, various levels of local government administration, large-scale merchants, small traders, Departments of Agriculture and the Colonial Office (CO). Background data is provided in technical appendices and over fifty statistical tables, graphs and maps. Starting with a discussion on the origins of cultivated cottons, the first chapter describes the rise of the Lancashire cotton industry and its search for a regular, secure supply of raw cotton. The second chapter narrates the history of the BCGA, inaugurated in 1902 to meet British cotton requirements, and assesses its success, its inherent dichotomy as 'semi-philanthropic, semi-commercial' and its relationships with the CO, overseas governments and trading firms. It also introduces the ECGC, chartered in 1921, the main subject of the third chapter which spotlights the varied areas of ECGC activity and its role in agricultural research. Chapter 4 bridges the metropolitan-colonial divide with an examination of economics, agriculture and cotton in British territories in Africa, with specific sections on Zimbabwe, Zambia, Kenya and Uganda. Chapters 5 and 6 present overviews of cotton-growing in Malawi and Tanzania, touching on regional variations, constraints on expansion, means of encouragement, ecological effect and economic and production results.
3
Kingdon, Zachary Edward. "A host of devils : the history and context of the modern Makonde carving movement." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282489.
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Doyle, Shane Declan. "An environmental history of the kingdom of Bunyoro in western Uganda, from c.1860 to 1940." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272008.
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Kleynhans, Evert Philippus. "Armoured warfare : the South African experience in East Africa 1940-1941." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95919.
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Thesis (MMil)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Following South African entry into the Second World War on 6 September 1939, the Union
Defence Force (UDF) transformed from an ageing peacetime defence force into a modern
armed force capable of projecting offensive power. During the interwar period a certain state
of melancholia had existed in the UDF in terms of military innovation, which resulted in
muddled thinking in the UDF in terms of armoured warfare and mechanisation. The offensive
potential of armoured forces was simply not understood by the South African defence
planners, with the result that there was only a token armoured force in the UDF in
September 1939.
The South African entry into the war was the impetus for the development of a viable
armoured force within the UDF, and the South African Tank Corps (SATC) was established
in May 1940. Changes in both the nature and organisational structure of the South African
defence establishment followed. The Italian presence in Abyssinia and Italian Somaliland
was seen as a direct threat to the neighbouring British East African territories, and South
Africa deployed to Kenya during June 1940, soon after the Italian declaration of war.
The South African deployment to East Africa was the first deployment of the UDF in a
situation of regular war since the First World War. Despite the doctrine that underpinned the
South African deployment of armoured forces in East Africa, the SATC units soon learned
that the accepted doctrine, borrowed from the British War Office during the interwar period,
was but a mere guide to offensive employment. The story of the South African deployment to
East Africa during the war is used as a lens through which to investigate the role and
employment of both the UDF armoured cars and light tanks. By separately discussing the
Allied offensives through Italian Somaliland and southern Abyssinia during 1940-1941, the
tactical and operational employment of the South African armour during this time becomes
paramount when evaluated against their successes and failures. The nature of the opposing
Italian forces in East Africa, the ever-changing topography and climate of the theatre of
operations, and the nature of the South African offensive operations throughout the
campaign, all combined to shape the novel way in which the armoured cars and tanks of the
SATC were employed throughout 1940-1941. The operational experiences that the UDF
gained during the campaign in East Africa shaped the further deployments of South African
armour to North Africa, Madagascar and Italy during the remainder of the war.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Na Suid-Afrika se toetrede tot die Tweede Wêreldoorlog op 6 September 1939, het die
Unieverdedigingsmag (UVM) verander vanaf ‘n verouderde vredestydse weermag na ‘n
moderne mag met offensiewe projeksievermoëns. Gedurende die tussenoorlogperiode het
‘n gevoel van swaarmoedigheid in terme van militêre inovasie in die UVM geheers. Die
resultaat hiervan was verwarde denke ten opsigte van pantseroorlogvoering en
meganisasie. Die Suid-Afrikaanse verdedigingsbeplanners het nie die offensiewe potensiaal
van pantsermagte verstaan nie. Die gevolg was dat die UVM in September 1939 slegs oor
‘n simboliese pantsermag beskik het.
Die Suid-Afrikaanse toetrede tot die oorlog het die stukrag vir die ontwikkeling van ‘n
lewensvatbare pantsermag binne die UVM verleen. Gevolglik is die Suid-Afrikaanse
Tenkkorps (SATK) in Mei 1940 gestig. Veranderinge in beide die aard en organisatoriese
struktuur van die Suid-Afrikaanse verdedigingsinstellings het gevolg. Die Italiaanse
teenwoordigheid in Abessinië en Italiaans-Somaliland is as ‘n direkte bedreiging vir die
aangrensende Britse Oos-Afrika gebiede gesien. In Junie 1940, kort na die Italiaanse
oorlogsverklaring, is Suid-Afrikaanse magte na Kenia ontplooi.
Die UVM ontplooiing na Oos-Afrika was die eerste in ‘n gereelde oorlogsituasie
sedert die Eerste Wêreldoorlog. Ten spyte van die doktrine wat die Suid-Afrikaanse
ontplooiing van pantsermagte na Oos-Afrika ondersteun het, het die SATK-eenhede gou
geleer dat die aanvaarde doktrine, ontleen aan die Britse Ministerie van Oorlog gedurende
die tussenoorlogsjare, slegs ‘n gids was tot offensiewe aanwending. Die storie van die Suid-
Afrikaanse ontplooiing in Oos-Afrika gedurende die oorlog, word as ‘n lens gebruik waardeur
die rol en aanwending van beide die UVM se pantserkarre en ligte tenks ondersoek word.
Die geallieerde offensiewe deur Italiaans-Somaliland en suidelike Abessiniȅ gedurende 1940
– 1941 illustreer duidelik dat die taktiese en operasionele aanwending van die Suid-
Afrkaanse pantsermagte gedurende hierdie tydperk van groot belang was vir die suksesse
en mislukkings van die veldtog. Die aard van die opponerende magte in Oos-Afrika, die
voortdurend veranderende topografie en klimaat van die operasionele teater, asook die aard
van die Suid-Afrikaanse offensiewe operasies gedurende die veldtog, het gekombineer om
die unieke manier waarop die pantserkarre en tenks van die UVM van 1940 tot 1941
aangewend is, te vorm. Die operasionele ervarings wat die UVM opgedoen het gedurende
die Oos-Afrika Veldtog, het die verdere ontplooiings van Suid-Afrikaanse pantser na Noord-
Afrika, Madagaskar en Italiȅ gedurende die res van die oorlog gevorm.
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Unangst, Matthew David. "Building the Colonial Border Imaginary: German Colonialism, Race, and Space in East Africa, 1884-1895." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2015. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/365905.
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History<br>Ph.D.<br>The dissertation explores the intellectual history of the interconnection of European and African ideas about race and space in 19th-century European imperialism. I examine German colonial geographies of East Africa, meaning not only cartography, but the new discipline of human geography, which studies the relationship between people and their environment. Germans and East Africans together produced a hybrid geography that combined precolonial conceptions of race and space and race from both Europe and Africa, and race explicitly entered German governance for the first time. By analyzing changes in how both Germans and East Africans imagined geographical relationships, I argue, we can better understand the ways in which they developed new conceptions of themselves and the world at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. The project traces the history of German racial thinking to a specific, earlier colonial context than other scholars have argued. It also brings a spatial dimension to studies of the colonial state in Africa in order to understand the ways in which spaces have become imbued with racial and ethnic meaning over the last century and a half.<br>Temple University--Theses
7
Vidmar, Hannah Marie. "The East African Community: Questions of Sovereignty, Regionalism, and Identity." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1427828269.
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Swanepoel, Paul Arthur Albertus. "Indifferent justice? : a history of the judges of Kenya and Tanganyika, 1897-1963." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5848.
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This thesis examines the history of the judges of Kenya and Tanganyika between 1897, when the first British court was established in Mombasa, and 1963, when Kenya gained independence. The formation of judicial identities and the judiciary’s role within the colonial state are the main themes. The recruitment process into the Colonial Legal Service is discussed. Legal recruitment was both unique and problematic, mainly because there was a shortage of vacancies for newly-qualified barristers. Many were forced to seek employment elsewhere, but for those fortunate enough to secure positions within the barristers’ profession the financial rewards were substantial. This led to fears that second-rate barristers who were unable to make a living in Britain applied to serve in the colonies as legal officers. As a consequence, the length of applicants’ professional experience became an important factor for recruitment officials. Aspects of judges’ backgrounds are systematically analysed in order to produce a profile of the type of judge who served in the two territories during the colonial period. Judges were among the most mobile of colonial officers and typically served in four or more territories during their colonial careers. These factors shaped their collective identity. At the same time, they partly determined their attitudes towards the various laws they were called on to administer. In setting out the structure of the courts and the laws that were in force, a number of cases are discussed in order to demonstrate judicial attitudes over time. Two chapters focus on Tanganyika during the interwar period, illustrating divides between the administration and the judiciary regarding the administration of justice. Based on memoirs and personal papers, the professional lives of two judges are traced in order to gauge their views on the political events that surrounded them. The final two chapters focus on Kenya in the 1950s. The testimony of advocates is used as a means of inquiring into the characters and attitudes of the judges they appeared before. It provides an impression of the legal profession in late colonial Kenya, as both advocates and judges alike defined their professionalism with reference to the legal profession in Britain. The focus then shifts to judicial decisions made during the Mau Mau rebellion between 1952 and 1959, with particular emphasis being placed on the attitudes and professionalism of the judges of the Court of Appeal for Eastern Africa. The thesis offers a new interpretation of the judiciary’s place within the colonial state; by arguing that as a result of remaining part of the barristers’ profession in Britain, it suggests that colonial judges found it more difficult to adapt to the realities of functioning within the colonial state than members of other branches of the Colonial Service. This discord contributed to the emergence of a distinct judicial identity in the colonies.
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Whitaker, Jamie L. ""Hark from the tomb" : the culture history and archaeology of African-American cemeteries." Virtual Press, 2007. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1371679.
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Archaeological material from early African-American cemeteries can yield a vast amount of information. Grave goods are evidence that certain West African burial traditions persisted over the years. Moreover, bioarchaeological data provides knowledge regarding health conditions, lifeways, and labor environments. Overall, these populations were under severe physical stress and average ages of death were young. Findings indicate that African folk beliefs persisted for a long period of time and were widespread in both the North and South of the United States and correspond to historical and ethnohistorical accounts. This is evidenced by the similar types of grave goods found in various cemeteries. Cemeteries from both the Northeast and Southeast are examined as proof that health and cultural trends were widespread throughout the continental United States.<br>Department of Anthropology
10
Nilsson, David. "Water for a few : a history of urban water and sanitation in East Africa." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Department of Philosophy and the History of Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4173.
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Von, Herff Michael. ""They walk through the fire like the blondest German" : African soldiers serving the Kaiser in German East Africa (1888-1914)." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60565.
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The maintenance of German colonial rule in East Africa depended on a strong military presence. The Kaiserliche Schutztruppe fur Deutsch Ostafrika was established to meet this need, but financial and political constraints dictated that this force be manned by an African rank and file. Initially, most of the African recruits came from outside of the colony, but, as time passed, the Germans began recruiting from a few specific ethnic groups in the colony.<br>The relationship between the African soldiers and their German employers yielded military successes for the new colonial government and, by extension, an enhanced status for the soldiers themselves. Over time, the Africans within the Schutztruppe distanced themselves from other Africans in the colony and began to develop separate communities at the government stations, which in turn fostered the growth of an askari group identity. The interests of these communities became inextricably linked to the German presence in the region. The development of this relationship helps to explain the askaris' support of the German campaign against the British during the First World War.
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Cheserem, Salina Jepkoech. "African responses to colonial military recruitment : the role of Askari and carriers in the first World War in the British East Africa Protectorate (Kenya)." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66074.
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Clemm, Robert H. "Delineating Dominion the use of cartography in the creation and control of German East Africa /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1236711886.
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Tankard, Keith Peter Tempest. "East London: the creation and development of a frontier community, 1835-1873." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004550.
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From Preface: Although East London exists today as one of the major ports of South Africa, the city appears to have been forgotten by historians. Little has been done to chronicle its history. In 1932, Bruce Gordon set out to initiate this research and he investigated East London's history to the end of 1865. However, Gordon's thesis, though accurate, is short and inadequate by today's standards. Furthermore, no-one continued from where Gordon left off. Several articles have been written over the previous six decades, each dealing with aspects of East London's past but these, on the whole, are inaccurate and misleading. The time is ripe, therefore, to begin again the research into the history of East London. East London owed its foundation to the state of unrest which existed on the eastern frontier of the Cape of Good Hope between 1834 and 1847. Although the geographic and climatic conditions were in the port's favour, East London remained in a suppressed condition until about 1870. It is the purpose of this thesis to examine the factors which gave rise to this truncated growth. The thesis will examine first the wider perspective of imperial and colonial policy in which East London was conceived and in which it had its early existence. The implications of this policy for East London at the various levels of the port's development will be explored in subsequent chapters. British and Cape colonial policy, however, evolved in a chronological sequence and so the examination of this policy likewise will tend to follow a chronological pattern within each chapter. The establishment of Port Rex in November/December 1836 enters into East London's story in several ways: its political development, the creation and development of the harbour on the Buffalo River, the evolution of trade, the growth of the community and the status of the black population at the mouth of the Buffalo River. It has been found necessary, therefore, to refer often to this beginning of East London's history. Although several theses have already been written which deal with topics related to British Kaffraria, none of these do more than allude to the creation and development of East London. Although, for example, the German Settlers played an important role in the growth of the port, Schnell's thesis hardly mentions the two communities at Panmure and Cambridge. The research for this thesis led me to two important and little known sources of early information, both in Cape Town. The first was the multiple volumed "Unsorted Archives" on East London which consists of reports and letters to the Resident Magistrate. It is a treasure chest of information on East London's early years. The second source was G.M. Theal's newspapers, The Kaffrarian Recorder and East London Shipping Gazette and, later, The Kaffrarian, East London's second newspaper which was believed to have been lost until copies were discovered recently in the South African Library in Cape Town. Theal, later prominent as a historian, had a clear insight into the problems which confronted the community at East London and the editorials of his newspaper make interesting reading. East London's first newspaper is, unfortunately, still lost. It was the East London Times which had its first issue in January 1863, and lasted a mere two months. It consisted of half a sheet of foolscap printed on one side, the other side being left blank, the editor of the King William's Town Gazette wrote, "'for want of room' or from lack of matter."
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Geber, Jill Louise. "The East India Company and southern Africa : a guide to the archives of the East India Company and the Board of Control, 1600-1858." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1998. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1349288/.
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This study's purpose is to locate, select and separate out from the wider India Office Records, the extensive archives of the East India Company and its supervisory state body, the Board of Control, those classes, series, volumes and documents which contain sources on the history of the southern African region. 'Southern Africa' is taken to be the region including those countries which form modern South Africa, Namibia, Lesotho, Botswana, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Angola and Mozambique. An extensive survey of the archives was undertaken to address the previous lack of investigation of these sources. The analysis and synthesis of the survey seeks to explain why the sources are there, their extent, and what they are about. The study aims to draw researchers' attention to the range and depth of the sources in these archives, spanning the period of the combined existence of the East India Company (1600-1858) and the Board of Control (1784-1858). The finding aid produced from the survey results aims to improve accessibility to and facilitate greater use of these archives. The thesis begins with a brief description of the context - the history and organisation of the East India Company and the Board of Control. It then focuses on the Company's interest in southern Africa, particularly its agencies at the Cape of Good Hope (1793- 1858). A general presentation of the evolution, arrangement and extent of the India Office Records follows. This leads into a core discussion of sources contained within the relevant classes of the archives. The appendix comprises a detailed descriptive listing of the East India Company's archives on southern Africa. The listing presents the results of the survey of these disparate records in an intellectually accessible form, in order to submit an extensive body of evidence in support of the main part of the study.
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Assubuji, Rui. "A visual struggle for Mozambique. Revisiting narratives, interpreting photographs (1850-1930)." University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7291.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD<br>‘A Visual Struggle for Mozambique. Revisiting narratives, interpreting photographs (1850 –
1930)’ is a study that requires an engagement with the historiography of the Portuguese
empire, with reference to Mozambique. This is initially to provide some context for the East
African situation in which photography began to feature in the mid- to late 19th century. But
the other purpose is to see what impact the inclusion of visual archives has on the existing
debates concerning Portuguese colonialism in Mozambique, and elsewhere. The rationale for
this study, therefore, is to see what difference photographs will make to our interpretation and
understanding of this past.
The central issue is the ‘visual struggle’ undertaken to explore and dominate the territory of
Mozambique. Deprived of their ‘historical rights’ by the requirements of the Berlin Treaties
that insisted on ‘effective occupation’, the Portuguese started to employ a complex of
knowledge-producing activities in which photography was crucially involved. Constituting
part of the Pacification Campaigns that led to the territorial occupation, photographic
translations of action taken to control the different regions in fact define the southern, central
and northern regions of the country.
The chapters propose ways to analyze photographs that cover issues related to different forms
of knowledge construction. The resulting detail sometimes diverges from expectations
associated with their archival history, such as the name of the photographers and exact dates,
which are often unavailable.1 In discussing processes of memorialization, the thesis argues
that memory is fragile. The notion of ellipsis is applied to enrich the potential narratives of
the photographs. The thesis reads them against the grain in search of counter-narratives,
underpinned by the concept of ‘visual dissonances’, which challenges the official history or
stories attached to the photographs. Besides a participation in the general debates about the
work of photography in particular, this research is driven by the need to find new ways to
access the history of Mozambique. Ultimately the project will facilitate these photographic
archives to re-enter public awareness, and help to promote critical approaches in the arts and
humanities in this part of southern Africa.
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Tankard, Keith Peter Tempest. "The development of East London through four decades of municipal control, 1873-1914." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002413.
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This thesis is a study in Urban History which explores the development of East London, a port in the Border region of the Eastern Cape, South Africa, through four decades of municipal control from 1873 to 1914. The town had been established in 1847 as a supply route for the British forces during the War of the Axe (7th Frontier War) but the frontier nature of the port led to economic and physical stagnation during its initial 25 years of existence. Indeed, by the time that the municipality was established in 1873, there were still no streets beyond cart tracks, no established water supply, and sanitary conditions were medieval. The Town Council therefore had much to occupy its attention but lack of positive leadership resulted in failure to capitalise on prosperous economic conditions, while a depression in the 1880's led to a further truncation of growth. It was only in the 1890's that a combination of economic growth and vibrant leadership brought about rapid civic advance, with large-scale expenditure on street construction, as well as the establishment of electricity and a tramway system. The outbreak of the Anglo-Boer War in 1899 slowed progress, however, and a post-war depression placed renewed stress on the municipality. The thesis examines the progress of the town on a broad front, dealing with the issues of economic fluctuations, the growth of the harbour as the heart of the trading sector, the physical advance of the municipality, the search for a viable water supply, the evolution of public health and sanitation, and the establishment of the port as a coastal resort. In addition, it studies the conflict of social attitudes among the townspeople, the evolution of racial segregation, and the effects of the Anglo-Boer War on the town, with the influx of some 5 000 Uitlander refugees and the establishment of a Boer concentration camp. A final chapter attempts an analysis of the reasons behind the Town Council's inability to make the best use of its opportunities to foster the development of East London.
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Dow, Philip Edward. "The influence of American evangelical missionaries on US relations with East and Central Africa during the Cold War." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607676.
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Ocita, James. "Diasporic imaginaries : memory and negotiation of belonging in East African and South African Indian narratives." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80354.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation explores selected Indian narratives that emerge in South Africa and East Africa between 1960 and 2010, focusing on representations of migrations from the late 19th century, with the entrenchment of mercantile capitalism, to the early 21st century entry of immigrants into the metropolises of Europe, the US and Canada as part of the post-1960s upsurge in global migrations. The (post-)colonial and imperial sites that these narratives straddle re-echo Vijay Mishra‘s reading of Indian diasporic narratives as two autonomous archives designated by the terms, "old" and "new" diasporas. The study underscores the role of memory both in quests for legitimation and in making sense of Indian marginality in diasporic sites across the continent and in the global north, drawing together South Asia, Africa and the global north as continuous fields of analysis.
Categorising the narratives from the two locations in their order of emergence, I explore how Ansuyah R. Singh‘s Behold the Earth Mourns (1960) and Bahadur Tejani‘s Day After Tomorrow (1971), as the first novels in English to be published by a South African and an East African writer of Indian descent, respectively, grapple with questions of citizenship and legitimation. I categorise subsequent narratives from South Africa into those that emerge during apartheid, namely, Ahmed Essop‘s The Hajji and Other Stories (1978), Agnes Sam‘s Jesus is Indian and Other Stories (1989) and K. Goonam‘s Coolie Doctor: An Autobiography by Dr Goonam (1991); and in the post-apartheid period, including here Imraan Coovadia‘s The Wedding (2001) and Aziz Hassim‘s The Lotus People (2002) and Ronnie Govender‘s Song of the Atman (2006). I explore how narratives under the former category represent tensions between apartheid state – that aimed to reveal and entrench internal divisions within its borders as part of its technology of rule – and the resultant anti-apartheid nationalism that coheres around a unifying ―black‖ identity, drawing attention to how the texts complicate both apartheid and anti-apartheid strategies by simultaneously suggesting and bridging differences or divisions. Post-apartheid narratives, in contrast to the homogenisation of "blackness", celebrate ethnic self-assertion, foregrounding cultural authentication in response to the post-apartheid "rainbow-nation" project.
Similarly, I explore subsequent East African narratives under two categories. In the first category I include Peter Nazareth‘s In a Brown Mantle (1972) and M.G. Vassanji‘s The Gunny Sack (1989) as two novels that imagine Asians‘ colonial experience and their entry into the post-independence dispensation, focusing on how this transition complicates notions of home and national belonging. In the second category, I explore Jameela Siddiqi‘s The Feast of the Nine Virgins (1995), Yasmin Alibhai-Brown‘s No Place Like Home (1996) and Shailja Patel‘s Migritude (2010) as post-1990 narratives that grapple with political backlashes that engender migrations and relocations of Asian subjects from East Africa to imperial metropolises. As part of the recognition of the totalising and oppressive capacities of culture, the three authors, writing from both within and without Indianness, invite the diaspora to take stock of its role in the fermentation of political backlashes against its presence in East Africa.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie fokus op geselekteerde narratiewe deur skrywers van Indiër-oorsprong wat tussen 1960 en 2010 in Suid-Afrika en Oos-Afrika ontstaan om uitbeeldings van migrerings en verskuiwings vanaf die einde van die 19e eeu, ná die vestiging van handelskapitalisme, immigrasie in die vroeë 21e eeu na die groot stede van Europa, die VS en Kanada, te ondersoek, met die oog op navorsing na die toename in globale migrasies. Die (post-)koloniale en imperial liggings wat in hierdie narratiewe oorvleuel, beam Vijay Mishra se lesing van diasporiese Indiese narratiewe as twee outonome argiewe wat deur die terme "ou" en "nuwe" diasporas aangedui word. Hierdie proefskrif bestudeer die manier waarop herinneringe benut word, nie alleen in die soeke na legitimisering en burgerskap nie, maar ook om tot 'n beter begrip te kom van die omstandighede wat Asiërs na die imperiale wêreldstede loods.
Ek kategoriseer die twee narratiewe volgens die twee lokale en in die volgorde waarin hulle verskyn het en bestudeer Ansuyah R Singh se Behold the Earth Mourns (1960) en Bahadur Tejani se Day After Tomorrow (1971) as die eerste roman wat deur 'n Suid-Afrikaanse en 'n Oos-Afrikaanse skrywe van Indiese herkoms in Engels gepubliseer is, en die wyse waarop hulle onderskeidelik die kwessies van burgerskap en legitimisasie benader. In daaropvolgende verhale van Suid-Afrika, onderskei ek tussen narratiewe at hul onstaan in die apartheidsjare gehad het, naamlik The Hajji and Other Stories deur Ahmed Essop, Jesus is Indian and Other Stories (1989) deur Agnes Sam en Coolie Doctor: An Autobiography by Dr. Goonam deur K. Goonam; uit die post-apartheid era kom The Wedding (2001) deur Imraan Covadia en The Lotus People (2002) deur Aziz Hassim, asook Song of the Atman (2006) deur Ronnie Govender. Ek kyk hoe die verhale in die eerste kategorie spanning beskryf tussen die apartheidstaat — en die gevolglike anti-apartheidnasionalisme in 'n eenheidskeppende "swart" identiteit — om die aandag te vestig op die wyse waarop die tekste sowel apartheid- as anti-apartheid strategieë kompliseer deur tegelykertyd versoeningsmoontlikhede en verdeelheid uit te beeld. Post-apartheid verhale, daarenteen, loof eerder etniese selfbemagtiging met die klem op kulturele outentisiteit in reaksie op die post-apartheid bevordering van 'n "reënboognasie", as om 'n homogene "swartheid" voor te staan.
Op dieselfde manier bestudeer ek die daaropvolgende Oos-Afrikaanse verhale onder twee kategorieë. In die eerste kategorie sluit ek In an Brown Mantle (1972) deur Peter Nazareth en The Gunny Sack (1989) deur M.G. Vassanjiin, as twee romans wat Asiërs se koloniale geskiedenis en hul toetrede tot die post-onafhanklikheid bedeling uitbeeld (verbeeld) (imagine), met die klem op die wyse waarop hierdie oorgang begrippe van samehorigheid kompliseer. In die tweede kategorie kyk ek na The Feast of the Nine Virgins (1995) deur Jameela Siddiqi, No Place Like Home (1996) deur Yasmin Alibhai en Migritude (2010) deur Shaila Patel as voorbeelde van post-1990 verhale wat probleme met die politieke teenreaksies en verskuiwings van Asiër-onderdane vanuit Oos-Afrika na wêreldstede aanspreek. As deel van die erkenning van die totaliserende en onderdrukkende kapasiteit van kultuur, vra die drie skrywers – as Indiërs en as wêreldburgers – die diaspora om sy rol in die opstook van politieke teenreaksie teen sy teenwoordigheid in Oos-Afrika onder oënskou te neem.
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Nesselhuf, F. Jon. "General Paul Von Lettow-vorbeck’s East Africa Campaign: Maneuver Warfare on the Serengeti." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2012. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc115128/.
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General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck’s East African Campaign was a conventional war of movement. Lettow based his operations on the military principles deduced from his thorough German military education and oversea deployments to China and German South West Africa. Upon assignment to German East Africa, he sought to convert the colony’s protectorate force from a counterinsurgency force to a conventional military force. His conventional strategy succeeded early in the war, especially at the Battle of Tanga in October 1914. However, his strategy failed as the war in East Africa intensified. He suffered a calamitous defeat at the Battle of Mahiwa in November 1917, and the heavy losses forced Lettow to adopt the counterinsurgency tactics of the colonial protectorate force.
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Maxengana, Nomalungisa Sylvia. "The impact of missionary activities and the establishment of Victoria East, 1824-1860." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1006292.
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This thesis covers a period of drastic change in that part of Xhosaland later known as Victoria East. Chapters one and two deal with the clash between the Glasgow missionaries at Lovedale and the amaXhosa who were expected to simply discard their way of life in favour of the new dispensation. Chapter three explains the arrival in the Eastern Cape of the amaMfengu, formerly called abaMbo, and their role in the divisive policies of the colonial government. Chapter four recounts the brief interlude (1836-1846) during which the colonial government tried but ultimately rejected a more equitable model of cross-border relations known as the Treaty System. The final chapter deals with the introduction of direct rule over the newly-created district of Victoria East, and with the policies of Henry Calderwood, its first magistrate, which were artfully constructed to perpetuate ‘Divide and Rule’ so as to maintain a comfortable life for the white settlers in the border area.
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Scott-Villiers, Patta. "A question of understanding : hermeneutics and the play of history, distance and dialogue in development practice in East Africa." Thesis, University of Bath, 2009. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.518799.
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This thesis is a phenomenology of understanding in the context of development practice in East Africa. It is framed by stories of my life and work, experiences rooted in European traditions and provoked and expanded in encounter with African traditions. My question began with methods for dealing with poverty and suffering. Even with all my goodwill and education and the might of large institutions behind me, I found myself part of a series of analytical interventions that seemed to make the problem worse. Yet I would like to contribute to a world where people live together well. This thesis is the story of how I laid siege to this conundrum, working on it from various angles until I saw development intervention for the incoherent prejudice that it was. How could something as co-operative as living well with others be achieved by something so domineering as methodical intervention? Western development consciousness has not noticed that other cultures cannot and will not bear such hubris. So I questioned the notion that a good method (or a good institution, analytical technique or moral code) is the first requirement for fair co-existence. Development, I realised, is conversations that we join, not instructions that we give. I asked instead how I and others come to agree, a question that many people in my profession have never asked. In a close examination of the way I have come to understandings in my own life, I draw on the work of German philosopher Hans-Georg Gadamer. His philosophical hermeneutics bring together multiple aspects of understanding: its consciousness, historicity, eventfulness, and linguistic and conversational nature. With the help of African thinkers, I gain more perspective - I take part in understandings that are held, provoked and renewed in conversation across time, geography and entire societies. Through the journey represented by this thesis I have come to understand that understanding speaks the world, its history, diversity and potential. I have come to know that from understanding comes method, not the other way around. It is an insight that has profound implications for those of us who work in the development field.
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Bagabo, Paul Wambi. "Commitment to the East African community customs union protocol, 2004-2009." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3731/.
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The thesis analyses commitment to the EAC customs union protocol. In contrast to previous studies, this research compares state preferences at the negotiation stage with their adherence to each provision in the protocol during the transposition, enforcement and application stages of the protocol. Based on data from fifty semi-structured interviews plus secondary sources, the analysis reveals that partner states are more successful at adhering to the customs related- than trade related provisions in the protocol. Drawing on enforcement, management and constructivist approaches in integration literature, the research identifies three factors that explain inadequate commitment by partner states: the weakness of the EAC secretariat’s monitoring and sanctioning system, strategic preferences of partner states to protect domestic business interests, and overlapping membership to multiple regional arrangements with different rules which affects adequate interpretation and compliance with the protocol. The findings call for more attention to the concept of ‘completeness’ of transposition and show that a disaggregated level of analysis that takes the preferences of partner states at the negotiation stage into consideration better accounts for the inadequate commitment to regional directives. The findings call for larger multi-sectoral case studies and include assessment of the design of regional arrangements.
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Clark, Bill. "Students in Transition: Introducing English Language Learners from Asia, Africa, and the Middle East to U.S. History." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2018. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/881.
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This two-year action research project discusses the transitions that English Language Learners (ELLs) experience in moving from remedial second language learning to content-area courses. Two cohorts of twenty-seven ELL students from Asia, Africa, and the Middle East—fifteen students in 2015-16 and twelve in 2016-17— participated in a U.S. History course while attending the pseudonymous West Ackerly High School.
Absent a pedagogical bridge connecting ELL instruction with social studies practice, I created a curriculum that emphasized the democratic principles embedded in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution—concepts that general education students have known almost from birth—as an entry point for ELL students who lacked any knowledge about these documents. I followed this introduction with thematic choices about immigration, imperialism, Westward Expansion, the Civil War, Reconstruction, civil rights, and current events. We examined the social construct of race, and how it weaves through American society.
My combined roles of practitioner and researcher created a unique awareness of the principles of second language instruction, especially best practices and co-teaching strategies that merged language learning and content instruction. I then evaluated students’ critical thinking and teachers’ methods of working with ELL students, experienced the value associated with co-teaching, and developed practical techniques to bring content knowledge into the ELL curriculum as a way to aid students in their transitions.
In two journal articles (Chapters Three and Four), I combine “scholarship and story,” reminiscent of Ladson-Billings’ The Dreamkeepers (2009), in a personal scholarly narrative about co-teaching U.S. History. Both Ladson-Billings’ narrative and the stories about the West Ackerly immigrant students describe the struggle that children of color experience. My reflections about co-teaching revealed innovative ideas that emerged from our practice, helped us better understand the backgrounds of our students, explored best practices for ELL instruction, and showed how an adapted mainstream U.S. History curriculum could work for second language learners.
The second article describes Socratic Seminar techniques that contribute to students’ learning and discourse development, with scaffolded instruction that incorporates the application of Common Core principles based on the work of Zwiers, O’Hara, and Pritchard (2014). I describe a thematic approach to U.S. History instruction that avoids “covering” all the material while highlighting what students need to know in order to function in American society.
Hopefully, this work will bring greater awareness of the struggles experienced by ELL students in their academic and cultural transitions. In the end, I hope secondary teachers and administrators will understand that ELL students require extensive skill development around reading, writing, and research in order to transition into—and then successfully navigate—content-area classes.
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Sumadraji, Sambomurthie. "An assessment of the role of narrative preaching in selected Indian churches in South Africa." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2002. http://www.tren.com.
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Ketema, Raymok. "ERITREAN SOUNDS OF RESISTANCE: A HISTORICAL, POLITICAL, and MUSICAL ANALYSIS ON THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR, 1960s to 1990s." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1524148034538656.
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Mills, Keely. "Ugandan crater lakes : limnology, palaeolimnology and palaeoenvironmental history." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2009. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/13219.
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This thesis presents the results of contemporary limnological and palaeolimnological investigations of a series of crater lakes in order to reconstruct the palaeoenvironmental history of western Uganda, East Africa. The research examines questions of spatial and temporal heterogeneity of climate changes in the context of growing human impacts on the landscape over the last millennium. Sediment records from two lakes, Nyamogusingiri and Kyasanduka within the Queen Elizabeth National Park (QENP) were investigated to look at the long term records of climate and environmental change (spanning the last c. 1000 years). Five shorter cores across a land-use gradient were retrieved to assess the impact of human activity on the palaeoenvironmental record over the last ~150 years. High-resolution (sub-decadal), multiproxy analyses of lake sediment cores based on diatoms, bulk geochemistry (C/N and δ13C) and sedimentary variables (loss-on-ignition, magnetic properties and physical properties) provide independent lines of evidence that allow the reconstruction of past climate and environmental changes. This multiproxy approach provides a powerful means to reconstruct past environments, whilst the multi-lake approach assists in the identification and separation of local (e.g. catchment-scale modifications and groundwater influences) and regional effects (e.g. climatic changes). The results of a modern limnological survey of 24 lakes were used in conjunction with diatom surface sediment samples (and corresponding water chemistry) from 64 lakes across a natural conductivity gradient in western Uganda (reflecting a regional climatic gradient of effective moisture) to explore factors controlling diatom distribution. The relationships between water chemistry and diatom distributions were explored using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and partial CCA. Variance partitioning indicated that conductivity accounted for a significant and independent portion of this variation. A transfer function was developed for conductivity (r2jack = 0.74). Prediction errors, estimated using jack-knifing, are low for the conductivity model (0.256 log units). The final model was applied to the core sediment data.This study highlights the potential for diatom-based quantitative palaeoenvironmental reconstructions from the crater lakes in western Uganda. Sedimentary archives from the Ugandan crater lakes can provide high-resolution, annual to sub-decadal records of environmental change. Whilst all of the lakes studied here demonstrate an individualistic response to external (e.g. climatic) drivers, the broad patterns observed in Uganda and across East Africa suggest that the crater lakes are indeed sensitive to climatic perturbations such as a dry Mediaeval Warm Period (MWP; AD 1000-1200) and a relatively drier climate during the main phase of the Little Ice Age (LIA; c. AD 1500-1800); though lake levels in western Uganda do fluctuate, with a high stand c. AD 1575-1600). The general trends support the hypothesis of an east to west (wet to dry) gradient across East Africa during the LIA, however, the relationship breaks down and is more complex towards the end of the LIA (c. AD 1700-1750) when the inferred changes in lake levels at Nyamogusingiri and Kyasanduka are synchronous with changes observed at Lakes Naivasha (Kenya) and Victoria and diverge from local lake level records (from Edward, Kasenda and Wandakara). Significant changes in the lake ecosystems have occurred over the last 50-75 years, with major shifts in diatom assemblages to benthic-dominated systems and an inferred increase in nutrient levels. These changes are coincident with large sediment influx to the lakes, perhaps as a result of increasing human activity within many of the lake catchments.
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Munyi, James Mwangi. "Maximizing the impact of print media in church development in the Presbyterian Church of East Africa (P.C.E.A.) (Kenya)." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1997. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/AAIDP14683.
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According to the report of the Communications Committee of the Presbyterian Church of East Africa (P.C.E.A.) to the 15th General Assembly, the church is aware of the immensity of information, education and revelation that can be shared and disseminated through the print media in the church. 1 However, to effectively disseminate the Gospel through the print media requires some creativity and administrative initiatives in the national office and particularly in the division of Communications and Publishing.
As an initiative proposal, this dissertation examines how the P.C.E.A. has used print media from the missionary period (early 1900) to the mid-1990s, and offers proposals for maximizing print media impact in church development and social transformation. This dissertation is the final stage and result of a Doctor of Ministry project study and research conducted in Kenya and the United States between 1993 and 1997.
Four parts comprised of eight chapters compose the dissertation. Part I is the ministry setting, containing chapters One and Two. Chapter One is a brief description of the nation of Kenya in terms of geography, history and politics. It is the wider context of this project. Chapter Two introduces the Presbyterian Church of East Africa as the central setting of the project. The history, the organizational structure and theological stance of this church are here discussed.
Part II is the main body of the dissertation. It is the ministry issue, and it is divided into Chapters Three and Four. Chapter Three contains the history of print media in the P.C.E.A., with some remarks on the early beginnings of print media in Europe. Chapter Four is a brief examination of biblical and theological basis for print media use.
Part III is the project, containing Chapters Five and Six. Chapter Five includes a review of six key texts which have been helpful in this research. The texts are: Keeping Your Church Informed by Austin Brodie; 2 Let the People Know: A Media Handbook for Churches by Charles Austin;3 Communications Media in the Nigerian Church Today by Boniface Ntomchukwu;4 How to Publicize Church Activities by William J. Barrows, Jr.; 5 Communication for Development by Karl Lundstrom; 6 and Hope for Africa by G. Kinoti.7 This chapter also includes questionnaire responses from a cross section of participants in Kenya and America, including the P.C.E.A. ministers living in Atlanta at the time, and members of the International Class of First Presbyterian Church-Atlanta. Chapter Six includes interviews, briefs from some P.C.E.A. leaders, and workshop proceedings from the P.C.E.A. Nkoroi and Chuka churches and from First Presbyterian Church-Atlanta.
Part IV is the project evaluation. This final part contains Chapters Seven and Eight. Chapter Seven discusses recommendations for possible implementation of the proposals or suggestions made in the dissertation. These primarily relate to finance, training and structural innovations and changes. Chapter Eight is the conclusion, restating the purpose of the project. It emphasizes questions of faith and the sense of urgency in doing whatever it takes to maximize the impact of print media in the P.C.E.A. for God's glory and the blessing of the church.
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Rolingher, Louise. "Originary syncretism and the construction of Swahili identity, 1890-1964 an experiment in history and theory /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/57294356.html.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Alberta, 2002.<br>"A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History, Dept. of History and Classics." eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.
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Inggs, Eric Jonathan. "Liverpool of the Cape: Port Elizabeth harbour development 1820-70." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004646.
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From the abstract: Fairy tales aside this study is an analysis of Port Elizabeth harbour development during its first half century from 1820-70. Despite the fact that Port Elizabeth quickly came to dominate Cape trade very little was actually done to improve its port facilities. Superficially the impression one gains from the available material is that everything was done by government not to develop a harbour at Algoa Bay. But the real question is: was harbour development really necessary at Port Elizabeth during the period under consideration? The answer must be no. The lack of facilities certainly did not hinder the massive expansion of wool exports that took place before 1870.
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Dritsas, Lawrence Stratton. "Local Informants and British Explorers: the Search for the Source of the Nile, 1850-1875." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35306.
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My thesis describes the praxis of geographical exploration in the mid-nineteenth century through the activities of members of the Royal Geographical Society of London (RGS). I focus on the First East African Expedition (1856-1859), which was led by Richard F. Burton. Geographical exploration was intended to provide data that would allow geographers in Britain to construct an accurate description of East Africa, with emphasis on the rivers and lakes that may contribute to the waters of the Nile and ethnographic research. Earlier geographies of the East African interior had relied upon a variety of sources: ancient, Arab, Portuguese, and local informants. In order to replace these sources with precise observation, the RGS provided some prescriptive instructions to explorers based upon the techniques of celestial navigation and surveying available for field research in the 1850s. The instructions emphasized careful, daily recording of data, using instruments as much as possible. However, in the field explorers experienced a diminished ability to control the consistency of their observations due to insufficient finances, politics, disease, and climate. Where unable to directly observe, they relied upon local informants for descriptions of the regional geography. These informants had a great impact upon the geographies produced by the expedition. In order to complete a full description of the praxis of geographical exploration it therefore becomes necessary to consider the expedition in its wider context--as a remote sensing tool for a scientific society and as a contingent of foreigners visiting a region for which they have little information and entered only with local permission. I propose that five steps, or contexts, must be considered during the analysis of expeditions: contact, acquisition, appropriation, reporting, meta-analysis. These steps make lucid the epistemic transformations that must take place as explorers gather data in the field. At each stage the identity of the individuals involved are contingent upon their relationship with each other and the information they desire. The relationship between explorers and local informants was especially critical to the establishment of credibility. Even when fully trusted by explorers, the British geographers who analyzed expedition data and generated maps of the region debated the veracity of local informants. Explorers (and by extension, local informants) found that other researchers, through the meta-analysis of expedition reports, appropriated any ownership of the information produced by expeditions.<br>Master of Science
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Blyth, Robert J. "The empire of the Raj : conflict and co-operation with Britain over the shape and function of the Indian sphere in Eastern Africa and Middle East from the 1850s to the 1930s." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387801.
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The western sphere of the Raj consisted of a region of Indian interest, influence and formal involvement from the Indo-Persian border to the East African coast. From the 1850s onwards, India's position was challenged by the increasing intrusion of metropolitan concerns. Despite occasional efforts by India to develop the scope of her activities, the relative importance of Imperial factors at various stations of Indian responsibility grew until, after often protracted diplomatic, bureaucratic, and fiscal negotiations, full control was assumed by Whitehall. During the nineteenth century, this process was gradual. Although Zanzibar and Somaliland had been transferred to the Foreign Office, much of the Indian sphere was still intact in 1914. Indeed, the Great War allowed India to contemplate the expansion of the sphere into Mesopotamia and East Africa. But, more generally, the conflict acted as a powerful catalyst to the advancing metropole and by 1917 no corner of the sphere was exclusively Indian in outlook. In addition, India's international status became more anomalous as a result of her membership of the Imperial Conference and the League of Nations. And, furthermore, constitutional reforms within India brought new internal considerations as Indians became involved in the process of government. After the war, the demands for greater Imperial control continued and London had, by the mid-1930s, determined to take over all the external commitments of the Raj around the western Indian Ocean. Each challenge to the external sphere of India presented by the growth of Imperial interests forced the Indian authorities to reassess their particular function with regard to the station or region in question. The crises faced by the Raj helped both to define the function of the Indian connection and to delineate the shape of the sphere throughout the period under examination. India's role in the sphere was determined, therefore, through her reaction to Imperial, international, and internal pressures.
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McAllister, Edward J. "Yesterday's tomorrow is not today : memory and place in an Algiers neighbourhood." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3031ef90-d145-4d7a-b7b8-711240b29fa0.
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Since the euphoria of a hard-won independence and the hopes attached to socialist nation-building, Algeria has experienced liberalisation, increasing inequality and civil war. This thesis sets out to explore memories of post-independence nation-building in the 1970s, interrogating the past-present relationship, by asking how Algerians remember their own recent past, and what these memories reveal about contemporary subjectivities. Based on a year of ethnographic fieldwork in the low-income Algiers neighbourhood of Bab el-Oued, the research focuses specifically on memories of politics, urban space and sociability. While the authoritarianism of the period was rejected for its repression of civil liberties, the overwhelming narrative on the period was nostalgic, with the past routinely couched as more positive than the present. Memories of intense social mobility and rising living standards within the context of state-led development, competent urban management and warm neighbourhood relations governed by traditional morality and solidarity were used to critique the present; particularly the retreat of the state from its responsibilities since the 1980s and the fragmented, consumerist society that has emerged from civil conflict since the 1990s. However, social memory also translated a series of principles that demonstrated the continued relevance of the egalitarian claims made by postcolonial nationalism. Popular notions of social justice mapped future aspirations for the Algerian polity. Nostalgia was not only a matter of the past, but of the lost future of material plenty and equality promised by industrial modernisation that once seemed just over the horizon, but is now divorced from present experience. Such memories translated the passing of the dream of mass utopia, even though the modernist principles of equality, justice and progress continued to underpin both daily interactions and the political aspirations of the present.
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Van, Zyl Jacobus 1962. "The impact of reformed missions on the origin, growth and identity of the Reformed Church of East Africa, 1905-2000." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52536.
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Thesis (DTh)--Stellenbosch University, 2001<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Mission work was done consecutively by two Reformed missionary enterprises in Kenya and led to
the establishment of the Reformed Church of East Africa (RCEA).
The Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (DRC), which established congregations amongst South
Africans who had come to Kenya from 1905 onwards, played an important role during the phase of
church- planting: initially through a spontaneous congregational outreach towards the local people
of western Kenya during the 1930s and subsequently through formal missionary action which began
with the calling ofBB Eybers as a full-time missionary in 1944. Thus the foundations were laid for
the establishment of what is today the RCEA. Before Eybers left in 1960 three congregations had
come into existence under the auspices of the DRC. The second phase of the missionary endeavour
began in 1961 with an agreement between the DRC and the Reformed Mission League in the
Netherlands (RML) whereby the latter was asked to continue the work started by the DRC.
The Reformed Church of East Africa (RCEA) was formally instituted in 1963. Despite almost a
century of activities, a thorough investigation of the history of the founding of this Church has not
yet been done. Due to the fact that information regarding this topic has been widely dispersed to
different parts of the world, and that it was written in several languages, there is a real danger that
such information may be lost or become irretrievable.
Considering this situation, the aim of the study was to investigate the history of the RCEA and to
determine the influence of the two missionary enterprises on the current identity of the RCEA. The
mission's objectives, policies and methods implemented by the South African DRC until 1961 were
compared to the objectives, policies and methods used by the Netherlands RML as from 1961 until
the present day. The study then attempted to determine what effect these two enterprises with their
respective and varying emphases had on the formation and development of the RCEA. An identity
analysis of the RCEA was undertaken to determine the influence of the two missionary enterprises
on the current identity of the RCEA. In various respects this identity reflects the influence of the DRC
in South Africa and the Reformed Mission League in the Netherlands on the RCEA. It appears that the impact of the Missions is evident in a variety of aspects of the church life of the
RCEA. The ecclesiastical model introduced by the DRC and continued by the RML remained
dominant in the RCEA. The fundamentals of Reformed theology (sola scriptura., sola gratia, sola
fide), the church concept (proclamational), the style of communication, the worship and the liturgy
reflect the lasting influence of both missions on the RCEA.
The findings were evaluated from a critical missiological perspective to indicate what the effect of
the dual involvement of the two Missions was on the RCEA. Still, the RCEA is no carbon copy of
either of these missionary enterprises. The identity of the RCEA developed within the culture and
context of the people of Kenya amongst whom it was established and, as such, formed a Church
unique in its own right.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die ontstaan van 'n inheemse gereformeerde kerk op die ewenaar, die Reformed Church of East
Africa (RCEA), was die gevolg van sendingwerk wat opeenvolgend deur twee gereformeerde
sendinge in Kenia gedoen is.
Die Nederduits Gereformeerde Kerk in Suid-Afiika (Ned. Geref. Kerk), wat sedert die begin van die
twintigste eeu gemeentes onder Suid-Afrikaners gevestig het, het 'n belangrike rol gespeel gedurende
die kerkplantingsfase. Dit het aanvanklik plaasgevind deur 'n spontane gemeentelike uitreik-aksie
na die plaaslike bevolking in Wes Kenia gedurende die 1930s. Dit is voortgesit deur formele
sendingwerk wat in 1944 begin het toe BB Eybers as voltydse sendeling beroep is. Gedurende
Eybers se dienstyd is die grondslag gele vir die kerk wat vandag bekend staan as die Reformed
Church of East Africa. Voordat Eybers in 1960 weg is, het drie gemeentes onder die toesig van die
Ned. Geref. Kerk ontstaan.
Die tweede fase van die sendingaksie het in 1961 met 'n ooreenkoms tussen die Ned Geref. Kerk
en die Gereformeerde Zendingsbond in Nederland (GZB) waartydens laasgenoemde gevra is om die
werk oor te neem. Die Reformed Church of East Africa (RCEA) het in 1963 tot stand gekom.
Alhoewel die vroee geskiedenis van die RCEA byna 'n eeu gelede begin het, is 'n deeglike ondersoek
aangaande die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van die kerk nog nie gedoen nie. Weens die feit dat inligting
oor hierdie onderwerp oor verskillende dele van die wereld verspreid is, en in verskillende tale geskryf
is, bestaan die gevaar dat hierdie inligting verlore kan raak.
In die lig hiervan was die doel van die studie om die geskiedenis van die RCEA na te gaan en te
bepaal watter invloed die twee sendingaksies op die huidige identiteit van die RCEA gehad het. Die
sendingdoelstellings, -beleid en -metodes van die Ned. Geref. Kerk tot in 1961 word vergelyk met
die doelstellings, beleid en metodes van die GZB vanaf 1961 tot en met 2000. Die studie probeer
bepaal watter effek die twee sendingaksies met hul onderskeie aksente op die ontstaan en
ontwikkeling van die RCEA, gehad het. Die bevindinge is geevalueer vanuit 'n kritiese missiologiese
perspektief. Dit was nodig om 'n identiteitsanalise van die RCEA te doen ten einde die invloed van
beide die Ned. Geref. Kerk in Suid-Afrika en die Gereformeerde Zendingsbond in Nederland op die kerk te bepaal.
Die navorsing het getoon dat die impak van die twee sendingaksies die identiteit van die RCEA
inderdaad in 'n groot mate bepaal het. Die ekklesiologiese model wat eie is aan die Ned. Geref. Kerk
en deur die GZB voortgesit is, is ook kenmerkend van die identiteit van die RCEA vandag. Die
grondslae van die Reformasie (sola scriptura, sola gratia, sola fide), die kerkbegrip
(verkondigingsmodel), die kommunikasiestyl, die erediens en die liturgie weerspieel die voortgaande
invloed van beide sendingaksies op die RCEA.
Hierdie bevindige is geevalueer vanuit 'n krities-rnissiologiese perspektief om aan te to on wat die
effek van die invloed van die sendingaksies op die RCEA was. Nogtans is die RCEA nie 'n blote
deurslag kopie van een of beide van hierdie sendingaksies nie. Die identiteit van die RCEA het
ontwikkel binne die kultuur en konteks van die mense van Kenia onder wie dit gevestig is. Sodoende
het 'n Kerk met 'n eiesoortige karakter ontstaan.
35
Haddad-Fonda, Kyle. "Revolutionary allies : Sino-Egyptian and Sino-Algerian relations in the Bandung decade." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7e283c84-8138-458b-8123-91c8662b86d4.
Full textAbstract:
In the decade following the Asian-African Conference of 1955, the communist government of the People’s Republic of China took unprecedented interest in its relations with countries in the Middle East. China’s leaders formed particularly strong ties first with Gamal Abdel Nasser’s Egypt, then, beginning in 1958, with the Algerian Front de Libération Nationale (FLN), which at that time was engaged in a bitter struggle for independence from France. The bonds that developed between China and Egypt and between China and Algeria were strengthened by a shared commitment of the governments of these countries to carry out “revolutions” that would challenge Western preeminence in global affairs and establish their own societies as independent voices on the world stage. The common ideological heritage of these three revolutionary countries allowed their leaders to forge connections that went beyond mere expressions of mutual support. Sino-Arab relations in the 1950s and 1960s cannot be explained by a realist narrative of attempts to exert power or influence through high-level diplomacy; rather, the evolving relationships between China and its Arab allies demonstrate how three countries could co-opt one another’s experiences to define and articulate their own nationalist identities on behalf of domestic audiences. This thesis pays particular attention to two constituencies that played a central role in mediating the development of Sino-Arab relations: Chinese Muslims and Arab leftists. Focusing on publications about Sino-Arab relations written by or intended for members of these two groups makes clear the manners in which domestic ideological concerns shaped the development of international relationships. Sino-Egyptian and Sino-Algerian relations between 1955 and 1965 were primarily symbolic. The perception of international amity gave journalists, policymakers, intellectuals, and religious figures free rein to expound their own distorted interpretations of Chinese and Arab society in order to promote their own ideological causes. These causes, which varied over the course of the decade, included the incorporation of Chinese Muslims into Chinese politics, the conferral of revolutionary legitimacy on Nasser’s government, the celebration of China as a champion of global revolution, the legitimization of the FLN, and the presentation of China as a fully anti-imperialist country in contrast to the Soviet Union. Each of these projects had in common the enduring goal of transforming how citizens of China, Egypt, and Algeria perceived their own national identity.
36
Sengo, Tigiti Shaaban Yusuf. "Hali ya kutatanisha ya Kiswahili hivi leo Afrika ya Mashariki." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-98041.
Full textAbstract:
The essay critically discusses the confusing state of the various Swahili language policies and studies brought forth in the colonial and post-colonial periods and examines the historical factors of the diversity within the Swahili language, which was once confined to the coastal area and later spread to the present area of distribution. The discussion focusses on the construction of Standard Swahili and the status of Swahili in regard to other East African languages. Special criticism is raised against recent East African and other authors, who wrote on the apparent unity of the Swahili language which they see as a result of the modern Tanzanian language policy.
37
Laubscher, C. J. (Constant Johannes). "Die geskiedenis van grondbesit in Distrik Ses tot 1984 met spesiale verwysing na die invloed van die Groepsgebiedewet na 1966." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49724.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: District Six originated in the eighteen fifties on neighbouring wine farms close to Cape
Town's city centre. The first inhabitants were Europeans, but were later joined by free slaves.
By 1849 the total number of inhabitants was 2943 and as a municipal area became known as
the sixth district of Cape Town.
Over the years District Six developed an own unique cosmopolitan character and despite a
stigma as a backward residential area District Six developed as a multiracial community with
its own vibrant spirit. By 1966 there were 3700 properties of which 56% were owned by
Whites, 26% by Coloureds and 18% by Indians. In the same year the area had 21 schools and
17 places of worship.
One of the main causes of physical deterioration was overpopulation. The occupancy figure
by the 1850's was approximately 2,5 persons per habitable room. Overcrowding led to
subletting of even the smallest rooms and resulted in gross exploitation of tenants, horrific
crime and moral decay, all of which contributed to the slum status of the area. In 1962 the
City of Cape Town devised a pilot plan for the rehabilitation of the area, but this plan was
never implemented. Years of neglect of municipal services worsened the degredation of
many historic buildings as well as decent living conditions for its residents.
In 1962 the Group Areas Board recommended that District Six be declared a Coloured Group
Area. The N.P. government rejected this recommendation and on 11 February 1966 through
Proclamation 43, declared 94 hectares of the traditional District Six as an area for White
occupation.
Between 1965 and 1975 the government froze all property transactions in District Six to
enable them to plan the redevelopment of the area. The state made financial offers to property
owners, but only 10% accepted these. The majority declined these and blamed this on inflexible property valuations of the state. By 1980 the state had spent R25 million on the
acquisition of properties in District Six.
Government demolition of structures took place between 1968 and 1982 and resulted in the
flattenning of most buildings except for a few churches. Expropriated Coloured and Indian
residents were removed to the newly created residential areas on the Cape Flats. Although
some previous residents of District Six were happy with their accommodation most objected
to the high bond repayments on their new homes, higher transport cost to work and the
breakdown of existing communities.
The biggest opposition to the declaration of District Six as an area for White occupation came
from local groups, namely: The Friends of District Six and the District Six Residents', Rent
and Ratepayers Association (RRR). Opposition political parties and the press used the
physical and mental suffering of the residents to challenge the government.
The redevelopment of District Six was characterised by continous changes to proposed plans.
In 1964 the government appointed the Niemand Committee to investigate the replanning and
redevelopment of District Six. In 1970 a master plan for redevelopment was recommended .
In 1974 the first properties were sold to white people by the government.
In 1975 the neighbouring Walmer Estate was declared a Coloured Group Area and three years
later District Six was renamed as Zonnebloem. In 1979 parts of the neighbouring Woodstock
and Salt River were declared Coloured Group Areas. In 1982 the Presidents Council
recommended that part of District Six be returned to the Coloured community, but the
government rejected this and in October 1982 year the first whites settled in District Six. The
following year a part of District Six was declared Coloured area.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Distrik Ses het in die vyftigerjare van die negentiende eeu op aanliggende wynplase van
Kaapstad ontstaan. Aanvanklik het Blankes van verskillende nasionaliteite daar gevestig en
later het vrygestelde slawe die inwonertal laat toeneem. Teen 1849 was die inwonertal
ongeveer 2943 en in 1867 het die gebied bekend geword as die sesde distrik van Kaapstad .
Distrik Ses het n eiesoortige en unieke kosmopolitiese karakter ontwikkel. Ten spyte van n
stigma van agterlikheid het die gebied n borrelende en veelrassige gemeenskap gehad. In
1966 was daar ongeveer 3700 eiendomme in Distrik Ses waarvan 56% aan Blankes, 26% aan
Kleurlinge en 18% aan Indiers behoort het. Teen 1966 was daar 21 skole en sewentien plekke
van godsdienstige aanbidding in die gebied.
Oorbevolking was een van die grootste oorsake van verval in die gebied. In die vyftigerjare
was die besettingsyfer van geboue ongeveer 2,5 persone per bewoonbare vertrek. Die gevolg
was onderverhuring, gruwelike uitbuiting van huurders, misdaad en sedelike verval wat aan
die gebied n slumstatus besorg het. Jarelange verwaarlosing van munisipale dienste het tot
vervaI van gebouestrukture en Iewenstoestande gelei. Die stadsraad se loodsplan vir
opruiming in 1962 is nooit geimplementeer nie.
Die Groepsgebiederaad het in 1962 aanbeveel dat die gebied as n Kleurling-groepsgebied
verklaar moes word. Ten spyte van die aanbeveling is 94 hektaar van die tradisionele Distrik
Ses op 11 Februarie 1966 volgens Proklamasie 43 van 1966 as n Blanke Groepsgebied
verklaar.
Die regering het vanaf 1965 tot 1975 aile eiendomstransaksies in Distrik Ses gevries om
sodoende die herontwikkeling van die gebied te beplan. Ongeveer 10% van die eienaars het
die staat se aanbod vir hul eiendom aanvaar. Die meeste het egter beswaar gemaak teen die
staat se onbuigsame skattings. Teen 1980 het die staat R25 miljoen bestee aan die verkryging Slopingswerk in Distrik Ses het tussen 1968 en 1982 plaasgevind. Byna aIle geboue is
gesloop en slegs enkele kerke is behou. Inwoners is na verskeie woonbuurte op die Kaapse
Vlakte verskuif Alhoewel sommige vorige inwoners van Distrik Ses tevrede was met hulle
nuwe woonplekke was die meeste ontevrede oor die hoe verbandkoste van nuwe wonings,
hoer reiskoste en die verbrokkeling van gemeenskappe.
Die grootste opposisie teen die Blankverklaring van Distrik Ses was The Friends of District
Six en die District Six Residents', Rent and Ratepayers' Association (RRR). Opposisiepolitieke
partye en die pers het die regering se rassebeleid aangeval deur te konsentreer op die
ontberinge van die inwoners.
Die herontwikkeling van Distrik Ses is gekenmerk deur voortdurende verandering. In 1964 is
die Niemand-komitee aangestel om die herbeplanning en herontwikkeling van Distrik Ses te
ondersoek. In 1970 is n meesterplan vir die ontwikkeling van Distrik Ses aanbeveel. In Julie
1974 het die regering die eerste eiendom in Distrik Ses aan Blankes verkoop.
In 1975 is die aangrensende Walmer Estate tot Kleurlinggroepsgebied verklaar. Distrik Ses is
in 1978 herdoop en R9 rniljoen is bewillig vir die rehabilitasieskema. In 1979 is dele van die
aangrensende Woodstock en Soutrivier tot Kleurlinggroepsgebiede verklaar. In 1980 is ri
gewysigde plan vir die ontwikkeling van Distrik Ses voorgele. In 1981 het die regering die
Presidentsraad se aanbeveling dat n gedeelte van Distrik Ses aan die Kleurlinggemeenskap
teruggegee moes word, verwerp. In Oktober 1982 het die eerste blankes in Distrik Ses
gevestig. In 1983 is n gedeelte van Distrik Ses as Kleurlinggebied verklaar.
38
Greenfield-Liebst, Michelle. "Livelihood and status struggles in the mission stations of the Universities' Mission to Central Africa (UMCA), north-eastern Tanzania and Zanzibar, 1864-1926." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270105.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is about the social, political, and economic interactions that took place in and around the Universities’ Mission to Central Africa (UMCA) in two very different regions: north-eastern Tanzania and Zanzibar. The mission was for much of the period a space in which people could – often inventively – make a living through education, employment, and patronage. Indeed, particularly in the period preceding British colonial rule, most Christians were mission employees (usually teachers) and their families. Being Christian was, in one sense, a livelihood. In this era before the British altered the political economy, education had only limited appeal, while the teaching profession was not highly esteemed by Africans, although it offered some teachers the security and status of a regular income. From the 1860s to the 1910s, the UMCA did not offer clear trajectories for most of the Africans interacting with it in search of a better life. Markers of coastal sophistication, such as clothing or Swahili fluency, had greater social currency, while the coast remained a prime source of paid employment, often preferable to conditions offered by the mission. By the end of the period, Christians were at a social and economic advantage by virtue of their access to formal institutional education. This was a major shift and schooling became an obvious trajectory for future employment and economic mobility. Converts, many of whom came from marginal social backgrounds, sought to overcome a heritage of exploitative social relations and to redraw the field for the negotiation of dependency to their advantage. However, as this thesis shows, the mission also contributed to new sets of exploitative social relations in a hierarchy of work and education.
39
Hosseinioun, Mishana. "The globalisation of universal human rights and the Middle East." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8f6bdf79-2512-4f32-840a-3565a096ae8d.
Full textAbstract:
The goal of this study is to generate a more holistic picture of the diffusion and assimilation of universal human rights norms in diverse cultural and political settings such as the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). The overarching question to be investigated in this thesis is the relationship between the evolving international human rights regime and the emerging human rights normative and legal culture in the Middle East. This question will be investigated in detail with reference to regional human rights schemes such as the Arab Charter of Human Rights, as well as local human rights developments in three Middle Eastern states, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates, and the Islamic Republic of Iran. Having gauged the take-up of human rights norms on the ground at the local and regional levels, the thesis examines in full the extent of socialisation and internalisation of human rights norms across the Middle East region at large.
40
Kenny, Christina Mary. "'They would rather have the women who are humbled': Gendered citizenship and embodied rights in post-colonial Kenya." Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/148124.
Full textAbstract:
For all the effort and attention Kenyan women receive from the international rights community and at times, from their own government, human rights frameworks are not significantly improving the lives of Kenyan women. Attempting to address this, a great deal of work has been done on monitoring and evaluating human rights based interventions, including tightening funding structures, making recipient organisations more accountable to donors, and assessing the progress of governments and non-government organisations in promoting human rights based reform. I take a different approach. Rather than assess individual projects or goals of aid, my approach questions the assumptions which underpin these interventions from their conception. Following Sally Engle Merry’s work on the vernacularisation of transnational gender rights projects, and taking Kenya as a case study, I argue that the local histories, understandings and hierarchies of gendered power must be understood in much more nuanced and critical manner that we are doing presently. Further, I contend that internationalist human rights discourses create certain kinds of subjects and requires these subjects to behave in particular ways. The current failure to recognize and make space for individual and cultural complexity means that human rights based interventions are only superficially affecting relationships and power dynamics in women’s lives, making substantive, long term change very difficult. My thesis is an interdisciplinary project, and combines an engagement with scholarly literature on gender, post-colonial feminism, human rights theory and practice, as well as Kenyan history and historiography, with research gathered during 13 months of field work. My field work is based on focus groups and interviews with women in Nairobi and rural areas around Lake Victoria and engages with the lived experience of African women. These discussions illustrate the ways in which the discourses of international human rights in fact reproduce the very patterns, structures, and hierarchies which are at the core of women’s disenfranchisement and marginalization. This project historicises women’s current experiences of human rights through Kenya’s late colonial and post-colonial history, and follows these colonial legacies into the modern period through four thematic cases: women as victims and objects of cultural violence; myths of the sorority of African women; women as victims of political and state violence; and women as actors in national political processes. These four cases carry two overarching concerns, firstly, that we need to challenge ourselves to locate women’s agency within their own politics and goals, rather than through what Saba Mahmood describes as the diagnostic and prescriptive lens of feminist analysis. And secondly, we need to be vigilant that our continued attention to the bodies of women does not re-inscribe the embodied-ness of women, and the disembodied-ness of men. In centring the lived experiences and views of Kenyan women, and historicising the production of gender, I critically evaluate the efficacy of modern human rights discourses and projects in local contexts, contributing to the post-colonial feminist project which explores the complex and intersecting dimensions of gender, race, and culture.
41
Maas, Lucy Gabrielle. "Moral homelands : localism and the nation in Kabylia (Algeria)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ca46f9d7-eda1-4932-a6ea-fc2c07efe88a.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is a study of attitudes to regional and national identity in Kabylia, a Berber-speaking region in northeast Algeria, and among Kabyle migrants in Paris. I illustrate how Kabyles nurture a fragile balance of nationalism and regional particularism through a primarily moral notion of local community, and extend it to an alternative vision for an Algerian nation which they believe has been debased by a corrupt state regime and Arabo-Islamic ideology since national independence. The thesis is based on two years of ethnographic fieldwork divided between two places – Paris and a large village in Kabylia – and reflects my interest in how people ‘imagine’ national community through their experience as members of smaller social groups. Many Kabyle activists today formulate an alternative vision of Algerian national politics as a federation of several regionally based affective communities, each maintaining internal solidarity. This echoes a tendency in French colonial writings on Kabylia, discussed in the opening chapter, to conceive of the region as an island, intensively connected yet defensive of its autonomy. As citizens of the existing Algerian state, many Kabyles contest assimilation by claiming to represent Algeria’s ‘true past’, and investing contemporary governance initiatives with its values. They represent the radical difference that this implies with metaphors of the Kabyle community as a family within ‘public’ national life, and accuse the state regime of reversing this relationship by adopting a language of coercive authority appropriate only within the family. The transmission of Kabyle values today relies heavily on music, and especially political song, which I demonstrate – beyond its role in disseminating dissident ideas – acts as a vehicle for a type of secular revealed knowledge widely seen as the purest embodiment of Kabyle morality. Beyond the hollow rhetoric of Western liberalism that some see in Kabyle activism, I set out to demonstrate that the particular narrative of identity that I examine, in stressing regional uniqueness at the expense of recognition from a centralized state, also reflects anomalies inherent in the concept of ‘nationalism’ itself as a compromise between the requirements of external co-operation and internal allegiance.
42
Stoil, Jacob. "Friends and patriots : a comparative study of indigenous force cooperation in the Second World War." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e11cdde6-8e2c-4b4e-a40b-01733f4f97e4.
Full textAbstract:
From the deployment of Roger's Rangers in the Seven Years War to the Sunni Awakening in the Second Gulf War, indigenous force cooperation has been a hallmark of significant armed conflicts in modern history. Indigenous forces are, by definition, recruited locally and are paramilitary in nature, as, for the most part, are their activities. They are not regular police, gendarme, or military forces. Rather, they represent a subset of a broader category of force that includes paramilitaries, unconventional forces, guerrillas, some militias, and auxiliaries. The focus of this dissertation is indigenous force cooperation. Indigenous force cooperation occurs when a metropolitan power (be it imperial or expeditionary) collaborates with one or more indigenous forces. Despite recurring employment, indigenous force cooperation remains largely ignored in historical literature and there has been no comprehensive study of the nature, structure, function, or experience of these forces. Using comparative case studies of indigenous force cooperation in Palestine Mandate and Ethiopia during the Second World War, this project seeks to identify whether successful indigenous force cooperation in war exists as a unified historical phenomenon and whether it was instrumental to theatres of operation in which it took place. The research supporting this dissertation includes personally conducted interviews with veterans of the indigenous forces and examinations of recently declassified documents. The comparative framework allows the project to determine what, if any, underlying patterns connect cases of indigenous force employment and govern the success or failure of cooperation. This dissertation consists of a comparative examination of four questions: why cooperation occurred, how cooperation was structured, what happened during cooperation, and whether cooperation was effective. Each chapter of this dissertation addresses one of the questions. Answering these questions will support a number of areas of study, including imperial history and contemporary strategic studies, by providing a theoretical framework by which to understand other cases of indigenous force cooperation.
43
Reusch, Kathryn. ""That which was missing" : the archaeology of castration." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b8118fe7-67cb-4610-9823-b0242dfe900a.
Full textAbstract:
Castration has a long temporal and geographical span. Its origins are unclear, but likely lie in the Ancient Near East around the time of the Secondary Products Revolution and the increase in social complexity of proto-urban societies. Due to the unique social and gender roles created by castrates’ ambiguous sexual state, human castrates were used heavily in strongly hierarchical social structures such as imperial and religious institutions, and were often close to the ruler of an imperial society. This privileged position, though often occupied by slaves, gave castrates enormous power to affect governmental decisions. This often aroused the jealousy and hatred of intact elite males, who were not afforded as open access to the ruler and virulently condemned castrates in historical documents. These attitudes were passed down to the scholars and doctors who began to study castration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, affecting the manner in which castration was studied. Osteometric and anthropometric examinations of castrates were carried out during this period, but the two World Wars and a shift in focus meant that castrate bodies were not studied for nearly eighty years. Recent interest in gender and sexuality in the past has revived interest in castration as a topic, but few studies of castrate remains have occurred. As large numbers of castrates are referenced in historical documents, the lack of castrate skeletons may be due to a lack of recognition of the physical effects of castration on the skeleton. The synthesis and generation of methods for more accurate identification of castrate skeletons was undertaken and the results are presented here to improve the ability to identify castrate skeletons within the archaeological record.
44
Whang, Patrick. "The collapse of a regional institution : the story of the East African Railways within the East African Community, 1967-1977." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20619.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation examines the deterioration and collapse of the East African Railways Corporation (EARC) during the time of the East African Community (EAC), 1967-1977. The EARC has a long history that stretched back to the beginnings of colonial settlement in the East African region. It survived two world wars and a global economic depression, but just a few years after the independence of East African nations in the early 1960s, the EARC rapidly disintegrated. This then leads to the main project question: What were the causes that contributed to the collapse of the EARC? In order to address this question, I traveled to Nairobi in June 2015 to explore two archival sources: the Kenya National Archives and the Kenya National Railway Museum Archives. Both proved to be an invaluable repository of primary source material. In particular the main documents found were the business records describing the operations of the EARC during the period in question. In addition, with the help of a librarian at the Daily Nation newspaper in Nairobi, I was able to access archived newspaper articles on the EARC dating back to the years of interest. With this data and along with secondary source material, I conducted an analysis that triangulated these sources to provide a holistic picture of the events that affected the EARC. The narrative therefore demonstrates that while many factors contributed to the failure of the EARC what ultimately determined this were the nationalistic tendencies of representatives of EAC member states that overcame any centripetal forces of regional unity. There were also several events that precipitated the downfall of the EARC but ultimately it was the financial crisis of 1974 that proved decisive. This so-called crisis stemmed from a failure of each region to remit funds toward headquarters to be able to continue rail operations. This episode could not be blamed solely on foreign exchange concerns as some scholars have claimed. Instead the crisis exposed the long simmering national divisions that had manifested during this period. Each of the EAC partner states desired equitable treatment. When some perceived that they could not receive this through the operations of regional institutions such as the EARC, they engaged in actions that paralyzed EARC operations. This culminated in the complete fracturing of the EARC by 1977. 3 Since the end of the twentieth century, the EAC has been reborn and even expanded upon to include new member states beyond the original three of Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. The East African Railways have also risen from the ashes and in late 2013, the initiation of the expansion on the existing rail lines to reinvigorate the railways commenced. But have the lessons of the EARC been learnt to avoid a repeat of the emergence of regional disunity that caused its collapse? It remains to be seen.
45
Wimmelbücker, Ludger. "Der Bericht des Mzee bin Ramadhani über den Maji-Maji-Krieg im Bezirk Songea." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-91287.
Full textAbstract:
There is a wide range of contemporary publications dealing with Maji Mai War in German East Africa (1905-1907) during which mor than 100000 people lost their lives as a consequence of brutal fighting, deliberate destruction and famine. Only three of these publications were written by Africans. The Swahili text reprinted here attests the view of Mzee bin Ramadhani, the headman (liwali) of Songea town, after colonial military had gained the upper hand in June 1906. It contains polemic statements against leaders and supporters of the Maji Maji movement and depicts aspects of mutual support of colonial officers and Swahili residents from a local perspective. His article as a whole presents the colonial regime as a non-interfering and supportive factor in regard to the Swahili Diaspora. Thus it is reasonable to assume that in his eyes succesful Swahili men were at least equal in many respects (e.g. linguistic competence, social experience, religious conviction) rather than inferior according to colonial understanding.
46
Maxwell, David James. "A social and conceptual history of North-East Zimbabwe, 1890-1990." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670267.
Full text
47
Nnamunga, Gerard Majella & Onyalla Don Bosco Ochieng'. "25 Years of the Spiritans of the East African Province." Holy Ghost Fathers, 1998. http://digital.library.duq.edu/u?/spiritanbook,4036.
Full textAbstract:
Contents -- Forward -- (p. 1) -- Acknowledgements -- (p. 4) -- Introduction -- (p. 5) -- Chapter One: A Brief History of the Spiritan Congregation -- Claude Poullart Des Places -- (p. 9) -- Francis Mary Paul Libermann -- (p. 10) -- Chapter Two: Spiritan Apostolate in Zanzibar, Bagamoyo, and the Interior -- Zanzibar -- (p. 13) -- Movement to the Mainland-Bagamoyo Mission -- (p. 15) -- Movement to the Interior -- (p. 17) -- Inland Tanzania: Mhonda, Kilimanjaro, and the other Missions -- (p. 17) -- Kenya: Mombasa, Machakos, and Nairobi -- (p. 18) -- First World War and its Aftermath -- (p. 19) -- American, Dutch and Irish Holy Ghost Missionaries -- (p. 20) -- Chapter Three: Our Forefathers East African Pioneers to the Congregation -- The First Category -- (p. 24) -- Br. Philip Mzuako (Ferdinand) -- (p. 24) -- Br. Godfrey (Joseph Mary) Pari Amontikira -- (p. 24) -- Br. Aurelian (Benoit) Colossi -- (p. 25) -- Post. Patrick Abouchoukoni -- (p. 25) -- Post. Dieudonne (Isodore Manjendo) -- (p. 25) -- Post. Julian Livualia -- (p. 25) -- The Second Category -- (p. 26) -- Fr. Joseph Babu -- (p. 26) -- Bp. Joseph Kilasara -- (p. 27) -- Fr. Francis Mketa -- (p. 28) -- Bp. Bernard Ngaviliau -- (p. 29) -- Fr. Joseph Msongore -- (p. 29) -- Chapter Four: East African Foundation (EAF) -- Preliminary Efforts -- (p. 38) -- Generalate's Reservation -- (p. 38) -- Fr. George Crocenzi's Initiative -- (p. 39) -- The Birth of EAF -- (p. 40) -- The 1970 District Chapter Accepts Local Candidates -- (p. 40) -- Implementation of the Chapter Decisions -- (p. 41) -- Establishment of the East African Foundation -- (p. 43) -- Chapter Five: The Dynamism of the East African Foundation -- Administration -- (p. 48) -- Fr. Tom Tunney (1972-1980) -- (p. 48) -- Fr. Christopher Promis (1980-1983) -- (p. 50) -- Fr. Daniel Macha (1983-1990) -- (p. 50) -- Fr. Augustine Shao (1990-1996) -- (p. 51) -- Fr. Daniel Macha (1996-1999) -- (p. 52) -- Fr. Gerard Nnamunga (1999-) -- (p. 53) -- Formation -- (p. 54) -- Vocation Work -- (p. 55) -- Usa River Seminary -- (p. 56) -- Postulancy in Uganda -- (p. 59) -- Philosophy: Spiritan Missionary Seminary -- (p. 60) -- The Novitiate -- (p. 63) -- Theology: Spiritan House, Langata -- (p. 69) -- Scholastics Abroad -- (p. 74) -- Spiritan Associates -- (p. 74) -- Sr. Maristelle Schanen -- (p. 75) -- Sr. Jordan Schaefer -- (p. 75) -- Mr. John Giordano -- (p. 75) -- Mrs. Elfrida Steffens -- (p. 75) -- Missionary Activity -- (p. 81) -- Zambia -- (p. 81) -- The Democratic Republic of Congo -- (p. 82) -- Central and West Africa -- (p. 83) -- South Africa -- (p. 84) -- Kenya -- (p. 84) -- Tanzania -- (p. 84) -- Uganda -- (p. 86) -- Europe -- (p. 88) -- USA -- (p. 88) -- Moments of Honor -- (p. 89) -- Bp. Augustine Shao -- (p. 89) -- Fr. Rogath Kimaryo -- (p. 89) -- Chapter Six: Missionary Experiences in Africa -- "Hospital Chaplaincy is our Charism" - Fr. Raszewski -- (p. 91) -- "I Remember" - Fr. Mketa -- (p. 93) -- "Kipawa Parish, Dar es Salaam" - Fr. O'Rourke -- (p. 94) -- "History has its own Ways" - Fr. Boer -- (p. 96) -- "Fumbo Parish, Monze Diocese, Zambia" - Fr. Tilisho -- (p. 98) -- "Pemba Parish, Monze Diocese, Zambia" - Fr. Temu -- (p. 100) -- "EAP Spiritans in Kasiya, Monze Diocese" - Fr. Njau -- (p. 101) -- "Our Presence in France..." - Fr. Mashaka -- (p. 102) -- "EAP Presence in Germany" - Fr. Temba -- (p. 104) -- "EAP is a Model of Spiritan International Co-op" - Fr. Tunney -- (p. 106) -- "Satellite Navigation to Flying Medical Service" - Don Fox -- (p. 107) -- "Happy to be Part of the Pioneering Efforts of EAP - Fr. Ryan -- (p. 111) -- "Building Parishes from Scratch..." - Fr. LeClair -- (p. 114) -- "Bashay Lambo, Karatu, Mbulu Diocese" - Bp. Durning -- (p. 117) -- "Spiritan Presence at Olkokola" - Fr. Patten -- (p. 120) -- "EAP Presence at Engikarret Mission" - Fr. Kway -- (p. 125) -- "The Union of Kilimanjaro District with the Province" - Fr. Herzstein -- (p. 129) -- "Voting at Moshi a Precious Event in the EAP History" - Fr. Crocenzi -- (p. 131) -- "Spiritan House, Arusha" - Fr. Kelly -- (p. 134) -- "The Cross of Bagamoyo" - Fr. De Jong -- (p. 135) -- Messages of Congratulations -- (p. 140) -- Conclusion -- (p. 142) -- Selected Bibliography -- (pg. 143)
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Comandini, Lucia. "A Taste of Home: Gastronomic Identity, Adaptation, and Nostalgia among East African migrants in Sweden." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Institutionen för kultur och samhälle, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-37801.
Full textAbstract:
“The main facts in human life are five: birth, food, sleep, love, and death.” – Forster, E.M., 1927, Aspects of the Novel.We might all have something to say about love, but we are certain about food.The thesis aims to develop a perspective on food, its role, and traditions as possible a tool of identification among first and second generation East-African migrants in Sweden, in the area of Falun. Particularly, I focused on the concept of gastronomic identity and the relation between food and nostalgia. The intention is to explore whether a gastronomic identity can be identified, and the importance of nostalgia by answering the following questions:1. How do the people interviewed refer to their gastronomic identity? How is it related to their country of origin, to Sweden, or a hybridization of the two?2. How do first and second generation of immigrants adapt their food traditions in the local context?3. What is the role of food, its tradition, and how is it related to the feeling of nostalgia for these people?In order to answer to these questions, I made use of an extensive academic literature research on food and gastronomic identity on both the historical and anthropological perspective and variety of multimedia materials (such as blogs, YouTube videos). I have also conducted semi-structured interviews with East African immigrants in Falun. Through the use of both literature and, above all, the interviews, I concluded that gastronomic identity takes on a much more personal and individual meaning than nationalistic or ethnic identity, and almost always emerges as a transculturalization of the two countries: Sweden and the country of origin. In the responses of the interviewed migrants from East Africa, it also emerges that food is an element to define our identity as individuals and it is linked to memory and influenced by the nostalgia of home. Therefore, according to the respondents, anywhere one may be, when feeling nostalgia, one will be looking for a taste of home, whatever and wherever it is.
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Boroughs, Jason. ""I Looked to the East---": Material Culture, Conversion, and acquired Meaning in Early African America." W&M ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626444.
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House, Wade Susan. "Representing colonial Korea in print and in visual imagery in England 1910-1939." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2009. https://research.brighton.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/50aa105b-57db-487a-8f80-3ba62f1afe00.
Full textAbstract:
This research assesses the extent to which written and illustrated imagery, created for a general audience, informed perceptions of colonial Korea, in England, between 1910 and 1939. Through the utilisation of primary sources and material evidence, I show how these perceptions were mainly constructed through a Japanese lens, even when consideration was being offered by Western people. Pre-existing views of Japan and of the Orient, held by the English public at the time, also informed these views. Evidenced here is the manner in which Japan played a role in the creation of a Korean image in England. My findings show that some aspects of modernisation, which Korea received via Japan, were perceived as beneficial, particularly in the facilitation of travel for foreigners to colonial Korea.