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Journal articles on the topic 'History and philosophy of science'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 April 2024

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1

Fortino, Mirella. "Philosophie, connaissance et nouvelle histoire des sciences." Revue des questions scientifiques 190, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2019): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.14428/qs.v190i1-2.69453.

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Expression de l’esprit positiviste, la pensée du philosophe et historien des sciences Abel Rey est caractérisée par « l’affirmation philosophique de l’histoire des sciences ». L’histoire des sciences, selon Rey, n’est pas érudition, ni histoire événementielle, mais philosophie. Bien loin de réduire toutefois la philosophie à la science, il s’agit, selon la nouvelle perspective critique de Rey, de considérer que « la théorie de la connaissance ne peut sortir que de son histoire ». Dans cet article, nous aimerions souligner que la liaison étroite, que Rey a défendu, entre la philosophie et l’histoire des sciences comme histoire de la raison humaine et fait de civilisation promeut une valeur pédagogique et se traduit, donc, en humanisme. * * * As an expression of the positivist spirit, the thinking of the philosopher and science historian, Abel Rey, is characterized by “the philosophical affirmation of the history of science”. The history of science, according to Rey, does not stem from erudition, nor event-driven history, but from philosophy. Far from reducing philosophy to science, however, according to Rey’s new critical perspective, it is a matter of considering that “the theory of knowledge can only emerge from its history”. In this article, we would like to draw attention to the fact that the strong connection, which Rey upheld, between philosophy and the history of science as the history of human reason and a result of civilization, promotes pedagogical value and thus translates into humanism.

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2

Uebel, Thomas. "Philosophy of History and History of Philosophy of Science." HOPOS: The Journal of the International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science 7, no. 1 (March 2017): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/691118.

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3

Zammito, John H. "HISTORY/PHILOSOPHY/SCIENCE: SOME LESSONS FOR PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY." History and Theory 50, no. 3 (October 2011): 390–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2303.2011.00592.x.

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4

Rennie, Bryan. "The History (and Philosophy) of Religions." Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses 41, no. 1 (March 2012): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0008429811430055.

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In a paper given at a Roundtable at the American Academy of Religion (AAR) National Annual Conference in Montreal in November of 2009, jointly organized by the North American Association for the Study of Religion and the Critical Theory and Discourses in Religion Group of the AAR, I argued for the ineluctably philosophical nature of what is most commonly called ‘method and theory in the study of religion.’ That paper ( Rennie, 2010 ) also argues that what is conventionally referred to as ‘philosophy of religion’ does not, strictly speaking, warrant that name since it is in fact a form of theology that utilizes philosophical methodologies to consider principally, if not exclusively, Christian concerns. I also argued that a philosophy of religion(s) constituted along the lines of the philosophy of science would be a potential improvement in both ‘philosophy of religion’ and ‘method and theory in the study of religion.’ In this paper I would like to consider—with the help of a closer look at contemporary philosophy of science—precisely what a reconstituted history (and philosophy) of religions might look like, how it might differ from current scholarship, and what it might achieve. Dans une communication donnée lors d’une table ronde à l’American Academy of Religion (AAR) National Annual Conference à Montréal en novembre 2009, organisée conjointement par le North American Association for the Study of Religion et le groupe de Critical Theory and Discourses in Religion de l’AAR, j’avais argué la nature inéluctablement philosophique de ce qui est couramment appelé « Method and Theory in the Study of Religion ». Cet article ( Rennie, 2010 ) soutient également la thèse que ce qu’on appelle couramment « Philosophie de la religion » ne correspond pas stricto sensu à ce qu’une telle dénomination recouvre puisqu’il s’agit en fait d’une forme de théologie recourant à des méthodes philosophiques pour envisager des préoccupations principalement, sinon exclusivement, chrétiennes. Je soutiens aussi qu’une philosophie des religions constituée à partir des lignes de force de la philosophie des sciences pourrait apporter une amélioration potentielle de la philosophie de la religion, de la méthode et de la théorie dans l’étude des religions. Dans cet article, j’aimerais examiner précisément —par le biais des apports de la philosophie des sciences contemporaine— ce à quoi l’histoire (et la philosophie) des religions pourrait ressembler, les termes dans lesquels elle se distinguerait des approches actuelles et ce à quoi nous pourrions ainsi aspirer.

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5

Crane, Tim. "Philosophy, Logic, Science, History." Metaphilosophy 43, no. 1-2 (January 2012): 20–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9973.2011.01732.x.

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6

Wylie, Alison. "Between Philosophy and Archaeology." American Antiquity 50, no. 2 (April 1985): 478–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/280505.

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The journal of the Philosophy of Science Association,Philosophy of Science, celebrates its fiftieth anniversary this year, and in honor of this has reprinted the Table of Contents from its first issue as well as the lead article, “On the Character of Philosophic Problems” by Rudolf Carnap (1984). Carnap's object in this article is to determine just whatphilosophicalproblems in science are. He took this to be a question about what distinguishes the “standpoint” of a philosopher from that of the empirical investigator (1984:6). He begins with the observation that “philosophers have ever declared that their problems lie at a different level from the problems of the empirical sciences . . . the question is, however, where one should seek this level” (1984:5).

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7

Condé, Mauro L. "Women in the History of Science." Transversal: International Journal for the Historiography of Science, no. 6 (June 30, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24117/2526-2270.2019.i6.01.

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8

Prasad, Rajendra, Pietro Redondi, P. V. Pillai, and Gary Gutting. "History and Philosophy of Science." Social Scientist 18, no. 6/7 (June 1990): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3517485.

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9

da Cunha, Ivan Ferreira. "Using History of Philosophy in Philosophy of Science." Science & Education 24, no. 9-10 (April 3, 2015): 1251–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11191-015-9756-8.

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10

Nickles, Thomas. "Philosophy of Science and History of Science." Osiris 10 (January 1995): 138–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/368747.

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11

Wray, K. Brad. "Philosophy of science after Mirowski’s history of the philosophy of science." Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 36, no. 4 (December 2005): 779–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2005.08.016.

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12

Fisch, Menachem. "How and Why I Write History of Science." Science in Context 26, no. 4 (October 30, 2013): 573–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889713000276.

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I have always been a philosopher at heart. I write history of science and history of its philosophy primarily as a philosopher wary of his abstractions and broad conceptualizations. But that has not always been the case. Lakatos famously portrayed history of science as the testing ground for theories of scientific rationality. But he did so along the crudest Hegelian lines that did injury both to Hegel and to the history and methodology of science. Since science is ultimately rational, he argued, rival methodologies can prove their mettle by competing for whose tendentiously reconstructed account of the history of science renders more of it rational! (Lakatos 1971). My own approach to the relationship between history and philosophy of science started out perhaps a little more open-mindedly than Lakatos's, but in a manner no less crude. Over the years the relationship between the history I wrote and the philosophy to which I was committed took on a firmer and more reciprocal shape. It did so in the course of a process that I now realize exemplified the philosophical position it eventually yielded. I would like to trace that development in the following pages and reflect as best I can on where it has led and left me.

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13

Lytvynko, A. "International scientific associations of the History of Science and Technology: formation and development (part III)." Studies in history and philosophy of science and technology 29, no. 1 (February 8, 2021): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/272014.

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The activity of international organizations on the history and philosophy of science and technology is a remarkable phenomenon in the world scientific and sociocultural sphere. Such centers influence and contribute to the scientific communication of scientists from different countries and the comprehensive development of numerous aspects of the history and phylosiphy of science and technology, carry out scientific congresses. That is why the analysis of the acquired experience and the obtained results of these groups are important. The history of the formation and development, task, structure, background and directions of the activities of some international organizations in the field of history and philosophy of science and technology, including The European Philosophy of Science Association (EPSA), The International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science (HOPOS), The International Federation of Philosophical Societies (FISP) and The International council for philosophy and human sciences (ICPHS) have been shown. The European Philosophy of Science Association (EPSA) was established in 2007 to promote and advance the investigations and teaching the philosophy of science in Europe. EPSA edits the European Journal for Philosophy of Science (EJPS), which publishes articles in all areas of philosophy of science. The International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science (HOPOS) promotes serious, scholarly research on the history of the philosophy of science and gathers scholars who share an interest in promoting research on the history of the philosophy of science and related topics in the history of the natural and social sciences, logic, philosophy and mathematics. The scholarly journal HOPOS is published by University of Chicago Press. The International Federation of Philosophical Societies (FISP) is the highest nongovernmental world organization for philosophy, whose members-societies represent every country where there is significant academic philosophy. It was established in Amsterdam in 1948. FISP’s first seat was located at the the Sorbonne in Paris. FISP includes approximately one hundred members. It does not include individual members, but only «societies» in a broad sense, that is, philosophical institutions of different kinds, such as associations, societies, institutes, centres and academies at national, regional and international levels. The International council for philosophy and human sciences (ICPHS) is a non-governmental organisation within UNESCO, which federates hundreds of different learned societies in the field of philosophy, human sciences and related subjects. It was conceived as the intermediary between UNESCO on one hand, and learned societies and national academies on the other. Its aim was to extend UNESCO's action in the domain of humanistic studies.

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14

Sauer, Jim. "Philosophy and History in David Hume." Journal of Scottish Philosophy 4, no. 1 (March 2006): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jsp.2006.4.1.51.

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In this paper, I argue that there is a recursive relationship between history and philosophy that provides the methodological basis for the moral (human) sciences in the work of David Hume. A grasp of Hume's use of history is integral to understanding his project which I believe to be the establishment of “moral science” (i.e., the social sciences) on an empirical basis by linking that history and philosophy as two sides of the same discourse about human beings.

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15

Jardine, Nicholas. "Intellectual history and philosophy of science." Intellectual News 1, no. 1 (September 1996): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15615324.1996.10432172.

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16

East Asian Science, Technology, and, Editors. "Philosophy and the History of Science." East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine 11, no. 1 (August 13, 1993): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26669323-01101009.

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17

Dunning, David E. "A history of philosophy of science." Physics Today 75, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 50–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.3.5123.

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18

Petitjean, Patrick. "Introduction: Science, Politics, Philosophy and History." Minerva 46, no. 2 (June 2008): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11024-008-9095-x.

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19

Steinle, Friedrich, and Richard M. Burian. "Introduction: History of Science and Philosophy of Science." Perspectives on Science 10, no. 4 (December 2002): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/106361402322288020.

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20

Schickore, Jutta. "Explication Work for Science and Philosophy." Journal of the Philosophy of History 12, no. 2 (August 8, 2018): 191–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18722636-12341387.

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Abstract This article disentangles the various assumptions and expectations tied to case studies, to testing philosophy through cases, and to historical adequacy. Several notions of historical adequacy are distinguished: 1) adequacy to the standards of professional history of science, 2) historical accuracy, i.e. capturing the historical record, 3) relevance of historical episodes to the epistemic interests of philosophers of science, and 4) withstanding tests by historical cases. I argue that philosophers’ preoccupation with historical adequacy is misplaced if we understand “historical adequacy” as adequacy to professional history of science, capturing the historical record, a path to philosophical discovery, or as a test. In the last part of the article, I identify two important roles for philosophically informed studies of science: case studies of current issues can do explication work for the sciences. Tracing the history of philosophical reflections in past science can do explication work in the service of philosophy. Both kinds of endeavors are worthwhile but have very different goals and should not be conflated.

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21

Lee, Keekok. "Technology: History and Philosophy." Essays in Philosophy 6, no. 1 (2005): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/eip20056123.

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It is sometimes remarked that while the preoccupation with the history of technology is a mature and well-established discipline, the preoccupation with the philosophy of technology is at best recent, and at worst considered as marginal in academic terms. In contrast, its relative, the philosophy of science is eminently respectable and unquestioningly accepted by the philosophical community.This paper, first, briefly sets out the historical relationship between science and technology in the West. Against such a context, it then looks at the epistemological values and goals embedded respectively in the philosophy of science and the philosophy of technology, to consider their overlap as well as their differences. It uses the study of genetics, its two revolutions in the twentieth century – classical Mendelian genetics and DNA molecular genetics – as an example to demonstrate these points of similarities and differences, thereby also establishing that the philosophy of technology is indeed a serious preoccupation.

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22

Mikhaylov, Igor A. "The Path to “Normal Science” Through Existentialism." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 9 (2023): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2023-9-157-161.

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The article reflects upon the developmet of professional history of philosophy, philosophy of science and theoretical sociology in Soviet Union in the 1950s and 1960s. The decisive contribution to the formation of modern historical and philosophical problems, as well as to modern disputes about the nature of philosophy and science, belongs to Piama Gaidenko. The author focuses on the role of studies in existentialism and the way its problematic shaped human and science studies in soviet philosophy. A small review article published in Voprosy Filosofii in 1959, the very first scientific paper by Gaidenko despite its formal status, appears to be an extremely important scientific document, revealing not only the characteristic personal style of the author soon to become famous, but also the full thematic structure of Gaidenko’s future works. Contrary to the common in the 50-60-s classification of existentialism as “irrationalism” and hence as hostile to science, this movement was the first to be studied as a region of contemporary philosophy thus fostering soviet philosophy to move away from harsh criticism of bourgeois philosophy and develop the branch of history of philosophy as “normal science”.

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23

Kampourakis, Kostas. "History and Philosophy of Science Courses for Science Students." Science & Education 26, no. 6 (August 2017): 611–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11191-017-9921-3.

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24

Kondratas, Ramūnas, and Birutė Railienė. "29th Baltic Conference on the History of Science in Vilnius." Vilnius University Proceedings 6 (September 16, 2019): 1–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/proceedings.2019.6.

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Welcome to the 29th Baltic Conference on the History of Science. This conference carries on the tradition of rotating conferences in the Baltic countries (now including Finland) which was begun in the summer of 1958. This year it is part of Vilnius University’s celebration of its 440th anniversary, and thus the theme Science and the University. The lectures in our plenary session will explore in greater depth the founding during the interwar period of the major national universities in the Baltic States and Finland. The presentations in our general sessions are divided into five sections: medicine, biological sciences, physical sciences, science and technology, and philosophy. In addition to presenters from the Baltic States and Finland, there will be representatives from Poland, Russia, Ukraine and the United States. I would like to thank the members of the organizing and local arrangements committees for their help, and especially Birutė Railienė, the secretary-treasurer of the Lithuanian Association of the History and Philosophy of Science, and Barbara Omelčenko, the Vilnius University Museum administrator. We are very grateful for support from Vilnius University which has provided the facilities for our conference and the very generous financial contribution from Thermo Fisher Scientific Baltics. The organization of this conference in Lithuania began under the very able leadership of Prof. Juozapas Algimantas Krikštopaitis, who was the heart and soul and long-time head of the Lithuanian Association of the History and Philosophy of Science. Unfortunately, he died last year and passed the baton onto me. An In Memoriam for Prof. Krikštopaitis can be found in the front of the abstract booklet. In the name of us all, I would like to dedicate this conference in his memory.Dr. Ramūnas KondratasPresident, Baltic Association of the History and Philosophy of SciencePresident, Lithuanian Association of the History and Philosophy of Science

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25

Laidler, David, and Scott Gordon. "The History and Philosophy of Social Science." Canadian Journal of Economics 25, no. 2 (May 1992): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/135878.

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26

Mazlish, Bruce, and Scott Gordon. "The History and Philosophy of Social Science." American Historical Review 97, no. 4 (October 1992): 1176. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2165517.

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27

Anderson, Warwick. "History and philosophy of science takes form." Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 93 (June 2022): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2022.04.001.

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28

Amatucci, Marcos. "TOWARDS A HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE." Problemata 12, no. 1 (August 2021): 270–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7443/problemata.v12i1.55358.

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29

Davis, John B., and Scott Gordon. "The History and Philosophy of Social Science." Southern Economic Journal 59, no. 4 (April 1993): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1059749.

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30

Farmer, Mary K., and Scott Gordon. "The History and Philosophy of Social Science." Economic Journal 102, no. 415 (November 1992): 1533. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2234810.

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31

Aghadiuno, M. C. K. "Mathematics: history, philosophy and applications to science." International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology 23, no. 5 (September 1992): 683–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0020739920230506.

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32

Steinle, Friedrich. "Experiments in History and Philosophy of Science." Perspectives on Science 10, no. 4 (December 2002): 408–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/106361402322288048.

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33

Horowitz, Irving Louis. "The history and philosophy of social science." History of European Ideas 17, no. 1 (January 1993): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-6599(93)90025-l.

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34

Weingart, Scott B. "Finding the History and Philosophy of Science." Erkenntnis 80, no. 1 (February 2015): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10670-014-9621-1.

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35

Matthews, Michael R. "History, philosophy and science teaching: A bibliography." Synthese 80, no. 1 (July 1989): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00869954.

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36

Gooday, Graeme. "History and philosophy of science at Leeds." Notes and Records of the Royal Society 60, no. 2 (April 21, 2006): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2005.0093.

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37

Boschiero, Luciano. "Why history and philosophy of science matters." Metascience 29, no. 1 (February 11, 2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11016-020-00497-0.

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38

Shermer, Peter. "On Integrating History and Philosophy of Science." Theory & Psychology 2, no. 4 (November 1992): 507–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959354392024009.

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39

Matthews, Michael R. "History, Philosophy and Science Teaching: A Rapprochement." Studies in Science Education 18, no. 1 (January 1990): 25–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057269008559980.

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40

van Dongen, J. "HISTORY OF SCIENCE: Fame, Philosophy, and Physics." Science 317, no. 5839 (August 10, 2007): 752–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1145110.

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41

Matthews, Michael R. "History, philosophy, and science teaching — A bibliography." Interchange 20, no. 2 (June 1989): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01807052.

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42

Barton, Michael D. "Blogging the history and philosophy of science." Endeavour 36, no. 2 (June 2012): 42–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.endeavour.2012.01.001.

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43

Ferrari, Massimo. "Ernst Cassirer’s Legacy: History of Philosophy and History of Science." Journal of Transcendental Philosophy 2, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 85–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jtph-2021-0008.

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Abstract The paper is devoted to an overview of Cassirer’s work both as historian of philosophy and historian of science. Indeed, the “intelletcual cooperation” between history of philosophy and history of science represents an essential feature of Cassirer’s style of philosophizing: while the roots of a wide exploration stretching from Renaissance thought to modern physics go back to the Neo-Kantianism of the Marburg School, the results of a similar cross-fertilization of research fields have deeply contributed to shaping new standards of inquiry. Cassirer’s relationship with the Warburg milieu in Hamburg and late in his life with the American intellectual scenario (for instance, with the “Journal of History of Ideas”) are surely worthy of closer investigation. Distinguished scholars such as Meyerson, Brunschvicg, Burtt, Koyré, Metzger, Lovejoy, Kristeller, have disussed, appreciated, critizised Cassirer’s still today fascinating studies devoted to Pico della Mirandola, Galileo, Newton, Leibniz, to mention but a few. To explore some of these aspects focusing both on affinities and differences within a cosmpolitian intellectual community can provide a better understanding of philosophy and history of science in the first half of 20th century. Cassirer’s legacy requires, therefore, a new assessment.

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44

HUDSON, Robert. "The Relevance of History to Philosophy of Science." THEORIA 21, no. 2 (January 6, 2010): 197–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/theoria.538.

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I argue for the possibility of historicized philosophy of science, and then respond to three criticisms of view: 1) history of science provides too few case examples to be useful to philosophy, 2) philosophy based on history is prone to reflexive inconsistency and 3) history of science exhibits an incoherent flux of methods.

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45

Fragio, Alberto. "Similarities, Differences, and Missed Connections between Thomas S. Kuhn, Gaston Bachelard and the Continental Historiography of Science." HoST - Journal of History of Science and Technology 14, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 94–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/host-2020-0016.

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Abstract According to the American philosopher, Michael Friedman, while triggering the so-called “historical turn,” Kuhn reinstated the history of science as perhaps the most important object for the philosophy of science. In this paper, I show that this reinstatement is rather a rehabilitation of the philosophical and epistemological uses of the history of science, something already present in the continental historiography of science in the first half of the twentieth century, and especially in Gaston Bachelard’s work. In this sense, I undertake a review of the European history and philosophy of science during that period, paying special attention to Gaston Bachelard as one of the leading representatives of the French historical epistemology of the 1930s. I conclude with the late and quite problematic reception of Bachelard’s thought in the early work of Thomas S. Kuhn. My thesis is this strand may help to outline what is continental history and philosophy of science.

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46

Grosholz, Emily R. "Philosophy of Mathematics and Philosophy of History." PARADIGMI, no. 3 (December 2011): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/para2011-003002.

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If we suppose that the central activity of mathematicians is analysis, the search for the conditions of solvability of a problem (and more generally, a search for the conditions of intelligibility of the things that mathematics problems concern), then mathematical reasoning must concern narrative as well as argument. It follows as well that philosophers of mathematics must use historical method as well as logic and the deductive methods of natural science. I illustrate these claims by Andrew Wiles' proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, and criticize Philip Kitcher's ahistorical account of mathematical knowledge.

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47

Copleston, Frederick. "Philosophy and its History." Philosophy 67, no. 261 (July 1992): 357–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819100040468.

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The claim that philosophy and its history are two distinct, though interrelated, things would probably seem allmost people who have any idea of what philosophy is, to be so obviously true that it would be foolish or perverse to call it in question. Do we not assume, and rightly, that there is a real distinction between art and the history of art, between science and the history of science? Is there not also a real distinction between philosophy and history of philosophy? Artistic creation and telling the story of the development of the arts through the centuries are clearly not the same thing, though there is an obvious relationship between them. Similarly, the actual process of scientific inquiry and formulating scientific hypotheses and theories is not the same thing as recounting the genesis of such hypotheses and theories. Again, it hardly needs saying that there is a difference between Kant's original creative development of his philosophy and the activity of providing even a sympathetic and illuminating interpretative account of Kant's thought.

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48

Kondakov, Igor V. "From the Philosophy of Culture to the Philosophy of History." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 6 (2023): 152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2023-6-152-155.

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Yu.M. Lotman’s creative path from philologist to philosopher was difficult and risky. The scientist resolutely moved away from the mossy traditions of Soviet vulgar sociological literary criticism and began to master modern methods of text analysis developed by structuralism and semiotics. Since structuralism and semiotics were banned in Soviet science as products of bourgeois ideology, Lotman and his colleagues at the Tartu-Moscow School called the subject of their research “secondary modeling systems”, to which they referred not only literary texts, but also texts of art, texts of behavior, city, history, etc. Thus, a culturological turn took place in the methodology of Lotman and his associates, which was expressed in the fact that the philosophy of culture became the theoretical basis of structural analysis, and the philosophy of history became the historical and cultural approach. With his works in the field of humanities, Lotman showed that the key to understanding and predicting history is culture, and for building a philosophy of history is the philosophy of culture. Lotman actually acted as a profound theorist and philosopher of culture on a par with such domestic thinkers as A.F. Losev, M.M. Bakhtin, or foreign ones like O. Spengler, A. Toynbee, K. Levi-Strauss, R. Barth or U. Eco.

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49

Anstey, Peter R. "Locke, Bacon and Natural History." Early Science and Medicine 7, no. 1 (2002): 65–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338202x00036.

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AbstractThis paper argues that the construction of natural histories, as advocated by Francis Bacon, played a central role in John Locke's conception of method in natural philosophy. It presents new evidence in support of John Yolton's claim that "the emphasis upon compiling natural histories of bodies ... was the chief aspect of the Royal Society's programme that attracted Locke, and from which we need to understand his science of nature". Locke's exposure to the natural philosophy of Robert Boyle, the medical philosophy of Thomas Sydenham, his interest in travel literature and his conception of the division of the sciences are examined. From this survey, a cumulative case is presented which establishes, independently of an in-depth exegesis of his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, the central role for Locke of the construction of natural histories in natural philosophy.

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Bazhanov, Valentin A. "On the origins of the political philosophy of science and analytical philosophy." Philosophy of Science and Technology 28, no. 1 (2023): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2413-9084-2023-28-1-5-19.

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The article puts forward arguments refuting the claims of some representatives of Western philosophy that we are witnessing the birth of a new direction of research within the philosophy of science – political philosophy of science. It is shown that, in fact, the making of political philosophy of science dates back to the activity of left wing of the Vienna Circle representatives and B.M. Hessen’s work “The Social and Economic Roots of Newton’s Mechanics” (1931). The paper traces evolution of the views of the left wing Vienna Circle representatives who emigrated to the USA, and cooperated with the “Philosophy of Science” journal founded by the Russian emigrant V. Malisoff, the International Encyclopedia of Unified Science and Association of Unified Science in the context of which analytical philosophy took shape, where there was no place for political philosophy of science. It is stressed that this evolution happened due to several reasons: the McCarthyism riots in the U.S. in the mid-1950’s; the death of several prominent scientists who paid attention to the political philosophy of science; the disagreement between prominent scholars in logical empiricism, which led to the blurring of the problems of this segment of research. Nevertheless in the European philosophy these studies have been continued. The case of modal logic enables to argue that sometimes the political sympathies and antipathies of scientists significantly affect their perception and assessment of colleague’s works. Attention drawn to the weak development in the history and philosophy of science of the problems associated with the impact of the political views of scientists on the reception of ideas of their political opponents. Finally, an attempt is made to outline the subject area of contemporary political philosophy of science.

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