Relevant bibliographies by topics / History - Military / War

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'History - Military / War'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "History - Military / War"

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Олександр Вікторович Мосієнко. "AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN AND RUSSIAN PROPAGANDA AMONG THE PRISONERS OF WAR DURING WORLD WAR I: ANALYSIS OF PRACTICES." Intermarum history policy culture, no. 5 (January 1, 2018): 371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/history.111828.

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The article traces the peculiarities of the Austro-Hungarian and Russian propaganda on prisoners of war and interned persons. The state of the study of the topic in the modern historical literature is analyzed and unresolved aspects are indicated. The use of prisoners of war for political and military purposes was sought by both empires. In the course of the First World War, the Russian command took such a step as the formation of military units from the prisoners of war of the hostile army – Czechs, Slovaks and Serbs. These units were created not only as purely military but also political units – for the agitation of the Slavic population of Austria-Hungary to the rebellion against government. In the Habsburg monarchy also hoped to use prisoners of war to undermine the combat capability of the Russian army. For this purpose, the Austro-Hungarian camps began the differentiation of the prisoners on a national basis. Ukrainian and Polish prisoners of war of the czar’s army were under privileged conditions, better provided with food, as well as better conditions for leisure and educational practices. Significant work in this direction was deployed by Ukrainian organizations that functioned on the territory of Austria-Hungary. Political agitation was supplemented by religious, which was carried out by Ukrainian priests from Galicia and Bukovina. National-cultural propaganda of the Union of the Liberation of Ukraine (SVU) and the separation of prisoners on national grounds for the Austrian military command were a means of recruiting volunteers for front-line propaganda, organizing an uprising in the rear of the Russian army in the Caucasus and the Kuban. Imperial propaganda was carried out mainly through print media specifically designed for prisoners of war.A promising object of historical research is the study of the content and visual aspects of propaganda, the peculiarities of the cooperation of the Austro-Hungarian and Russian authorities with representatives of national organizations in organizing propaganda among prisoners of war.
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Gladyshev, Andrey. "A Military History Without the History of Battles." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 4 (2022): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640021037-8.

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The emergence of military-historical anthropology as an independent trend in historiography has changed the traditional image of war. In place of the history of strategic operation plans, battles, marshals and generals, and casualty counts, came the story of the everyday life of soldiers, front-line life, and the emotions of the civilians and servicemen embroiled in the conflict. The “human dimension” of the war has become a topical subject, as evidenced by the publications of Russian and international researchers on the history of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars over the last two decades. An example of this is a book by Alan Forrest, Professor Emeritus at the University of York, Napoleon's Men: The Soldiers of the Revolution and Empire, recently published in Russian. This work, like an Art Nouveau gallery in its day, is a peculiar collection of examples of new approaches and problem formulations in the field of military history. The Revolutionary and Imperial Wars are viewed as the first experience of “total war” in modern history, affecting all sections of society and serving as a catalyst for processes of national self-identification. This approach allows one to answer a number of questions which are new to military history: how perceptions of manhood, civic duty, and patriotism were formed, what role women played in these processes, what was the “war culture” in relation to prisoners of war, how attitudes to recruitment changed, what the fate of veterans was after the war, etc. As the analysis of contemporary historiography demonstrates, the turn from purely positivist approaches to constructivism, from the history of battles to presentations of personal life experiences, is accompanied by a desire to link the study of the past with the study of the collective memory of that past.
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Byrne, Kevin B. "The Iraq War: A Military History." History: Reviews of New Books 32, no. 3 (January 2004): 92–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2004.10528639.

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Howard, M. "World War II: A Military History." English Historical Review 119, no. 480 (February 1, 2004): 257–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/119.480.257-a.

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Hennessy, Michael A., Williamson Murray, and Robert H. Scales,. "The Iraq War: A Military History." International Journal 59, no. 3 (2004): 735. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40203972.

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Hacker Hughes, Jamie, M. McCauley, and L. Wilson. "History of military psychology." Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 165, no. 2 (November 9, 2018): 68–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jramc-2018-001048.

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Military psychology is a specialist discipline within applied psychology. It entails the application of psychological science to military operations, systems and personnel. The specialty was formally founded during World War I in the UK and the USA, and it was integral to many early concepts and interventions for psychological and neuropsychological trauma. It also established a fundamental basis for the psychological assessment and selection of military personnel. During and after World War II, military psychology continued to make significant contributions to aviation psychology, cognitive testing, rehabilitation psychology and many models of psychotherapy. Military psychology now consists of several subspecialties, including clinical, research and occupational psychology, with the latter often referred to in the USA as industrial/organisational psychology. This article will provide an overview of the origins, history and current composition of military psychology in the UK, with select international illustrations also being offered.
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Vagts, Detlev F. "Military Commissions: A Concise History." American Journal of International Law 101, no. 1 (January 2007): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002930000029511.

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As military commissions have been revived in the wake of the attacks of September 11,2001, interest has grown in the history of the institution. The United States Supreme Court, in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, sketched out some historical notes and set forth a tripartite division between law-of-war commissions, martial law commissions, and occupation tribunals. Various authors have advanced insights on this history, though most have focused on the prominent episodes, particularly the handful of Supreme Court cases. Even the most comprehensive article gives short shrift to the massive employment of commissions in the Reconstruction era and in postwar Germany. This essay attempts to advance the cause by sketching out the entire scope of the institution’s history and indicating what further research would have to be done to arrive at a truly comprehensive treatment. A basic difficulty is that the work product of military commissions is not encompassed in a series of trial reports like the Federal Supplement or the military’s own Court-Martial Reports. A handful of cases wound up in the Supreme Court and another half dozen stood out enough to attract historians’ interest. Otherwise, commission proceedings are memorialized, if at all, only in military general orders and records of trials that were maintained in the Office of the Judge Advocate General. I have explored the records pertaining to commissions in the Reconstruction period following the Civil War in anticipation of writing a comprehensive article. It is a difficult and time-consuming task. To complete the picture, similar pick-and-shovel work would have to be done on such extensive use of the commission as occurred in Germany after World War II. Both the Civil War-Reconstruction period and the German occupation produced thousands of trials.
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Doron, Roy, and Charles G. Thomas. "Introducing the New Lens of African Military History." Journal of African Military History 3, no. 2 (December 19, 2019): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24680966-00302004.

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Abstract In an effort to enrich the historical understanding of the African past, the editors of the Journal of African Military History announce the creation of a new series titled the New Lens of African Military History. In this new series, we ask for contributions that examine various aspects of the African past from a military methodology, and assess the ways that using military history helps create a more complex and complete picture of different aspects of African history. In our inaugural issue, we examine the question of genocide during the Nigerian Civil War, a hard fought war with an underdeveloped military literature. By placing the evolution of Biafra’s genocide claims into the broader picture of the war, a more nuanced and complex analysis of the war and its most important legacy becomes possible.
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Najadov, Zafar, and Piotr Jerzy Gawliczek. "THE SIGNS OF THE SECOND KARABAKH WAR TYPİCAL OF THE 5TH GENERATİON WAR." Civitas et Lex 38, no. 2 (May 14, 2023): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/cetl.8652.

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This article discusses the great performance of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces in the Second Karabakh War, clarifies the features of Azerbaijan's military operations typical of modern wars and explains the reasons for the victory from different perspectives and prisms. The article analyzes the military operations of the Azerbaijani Army in the Second Karabakh War through the spectrum of generational war theory and makes the case that it is a 5th generation war in the context of Western military history and a 6th generation war in the military history of Russia. According to the author, Azerbaijan's victory was achieved due to the professional use of kinetic and non-kinetic capabilities. At the same time, the impact of this war on military tactics, operational art, military strategies, armaments programs and defense spending is undeniable.
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Eckstein, Arthur M., and J. F. Lazenby. "The First Punic War: A Military History." American Historical Review 102, no. 4 (October 1997): 1132. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2170651.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "History - Military / War"

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Buzzanco, Robert. "Masters of war? : military criticism, strategy, and civil- military relations during the Vietnam war /." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487844485899365.

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Cauley, Catherine S. "Queering the WAC: The World War II Military Experience of Queer Women." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2015. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2062.

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The demands of WWII mobilization led to the creation of the first standing women's army in the US known as the Women's Army Corps (WAC). An unintended consequence of this was that the WAC provided queer women with an environment with which to explore their gender and sexuality while also giving them the cover of respectability and service that protected them from harsh societal repercussions. They could eschew family for their military careers. They could wear masculine clothing, exhibit a masculine demeanor, and engage in a homosocial environment without being seen as subversive to the American way of life. Quite the contrary: the outside world saw them as helping to protect their country. This paper looks at the life of one such queer soldier, Dorothee Gore. Dorothee's letters, journals, and memorabilia demonstrate that for many lesbians of her generation, service in the WACS during WWII was a time of relatively open camaraderie and acceptance by straight society.
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Orativskyi, Volodymyr. "The principles of war reconsidered." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA501474.

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Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2009.
Thesis Advisor(s): Arquilla, John. "June 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on July 13, 2009. DTIC Identifiers: Principles of war, information age, contemporary militaries. Author(s) subject terms: Principles of war, Information Age, military history, military doctrine, military strategy. Includes bibliographical references (p. 127-130). Also available in print.
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Tsui, C. W. David. "Chinese military intervention in the Korean War." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286810.

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Harari, Yuval Noah. "Renaissance military memoirs : war, history, and identity, 1450-1600 /." Woodbridge : Boydell Press, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb392083492.

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Texte remanié de: Th. Ph. D.--Oxford--Jesus College, 2002. Titre de soutenance : History and I : war and the relations between history and personal identity in Renaissance military memoirs, c. 1450-1600.
Bibliogr. p. 205-218. Index.
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Willey, Amanda Mae. "Fashioning femininity for war: material culture and gender performance in the WAC and WAVES during World War II." Diss., Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/20556.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of History
Sue Zschoche
In 1942, the U.S. Army and Navy announced the creation of their respective women’s military services: the WAAC/WAC and the WAVES. Although American women had served alongside the military in past conflicts, the creation of women’s military corps caused uproar in American society. Placing women directly into the armed services called into question cultural expectations about “masculinity” and “femininity.” Thus, the women’s corps had to be justified to the public in accordance with American cultural assumptions regarding proper gender roles. “Fashioning Femininity for War: Material Culture and Gender Performance in the WAC and WAVES during World War II” focuses on the role of material culture in communicating a feminine image of the WAC and WAVES to the American public as well as the ways in which servicewomen engaged material culture to fashion and perform a feminine identity compatible with contemporary understandings of “femininity.” Material culture served as a mechanism to resolve public concerns regarding both the femininity and the function of women in the military. WAC and WAVES material culture linked their wearers with stereotyped characteristics specifically related to contemporary meanings of “femininity” celebrated by American society, while at the same time associating them with military organizations doing vital war work. Ultimately, the WAVES were more successful in their manipulations of material culture than the WAC, communicating both femininity and function in a way that was complementary to the established gender hierarchy. Therefore, the WAVES enjoyed a prestigious position in the mind of the American public. This dissertation also contributes to the ongoing historiographical debate regarding World War II as a turning point for women’s liberation, arguing that while the seeds of women’s liberation were sown in women’s wartime activities, those same wartime women were firmly convinced that their rightful place was in the private rather than the public sphere. The war created an opportunity to reevaluate gender roles but it would take some time before those reevaluations bore fruit.
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Williams, J. Barrie. "Re-Education of German Prisoners of War in the United States during World War II." W&M ScholarWorks, 1993. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625841.

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Jones, Gregory R. "They Fought the War Together| Southeastern Ohio's Soldiers and Their Families During the Civil War." Thesis, Kent State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3618882.

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Soldiers from southeastern Ohio and their families fought the Civil War (1861–1865) in a reciprocal relationship, sustaining one another throughout the course of the conflict. The soldiers needed support from their families at home. The families, likewise, relied upon the constant contact via letters for assurance that the soldiers were surviving and doing well in the ranks. This dissertation qualitatively examines the correspondence between soldiers and their families in southeastern Ohio, developing six major themes of analysis including early war patriotism, war at the front, war at home, political unrest at home, common religion, and the shared cost of the war. The source base for the project included over one thousand letters and over two hundred and fifty newspaper articles, all of which contribute to a sense of the mood of southeastern Ohioans as they struggled to fight the war together. The conclusions of the dissertation show that soldiers and their families developed a cooperative relationship throughout the war. This dissertation helps to provide a corrective to the overly romantic perspective on the Civil War that it was fought between divided families. Rather, Civil War soldiers and their families fought the war in shared suffering and in support of one another.

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Gray, Corey Patrick. "Industrial modernization and the American Civil War." Thesis, The Florida State University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1600045.

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What explains why and how America fought the civil war? This thesis argues that industrial modernization can be a useful analytical tool for understanding the causes of the American Civil War. The argument is developed by analyzing the social, political, and military events of the era through the lens of industrialization. This study will show that the American Industrial Revolution lay at the core of the social, political, and military events that shaped this great conflict. Understanding the causes of human events is as critical as understanding their effects. By grasping the root causes of the war, we can better understand how and why it was fought. This analysis of American society, American politics, and the country's military establishment will provide the rich context needed to apprehend the reasons for the American Civil war beyond the dichotomy of slavery and economics.

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Jameson, Sarah K. "American Soldiers' Use of Weaponry in World War I." TopSCHOLAR®, 2016. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1599.

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This thesis examines how the modern weaponry shaped the American soldiers’ use of weaponry and the change of tactics during World War I. The American experience was unique as Britain, France, and Germany grew accustomed to the advancements in weaponry over time, while the American Expeditionary Force encountered this type of warfare for the first time. The American Army served mainly as a constabulary, fighting guerilla forces before the war, and had to be trained to fight a conventional war in Europe. The common soldiers would modify official doctrine to fit the realities of the battlefield in which they found themselves.
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Books on the topic "History - Military / War"

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Howard, Michael Eliot. War in European history. Oxford, [UK]: Oxford University Press, 2001.

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Lawrence, Freedman. The Cold War: A military history. Edited by Keegan John 1934-. London: Cassell, 2001.

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David, Miller. The cold war: A military history. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, St. Martin's Press, 1999.

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Peter, McLoughlin, ed. The Rhodesian War: A military history. Barnsley [England]: Pen & Sword Military, 2008.

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1944-, Scales Robert H., ed. The Iraq war: A military history. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 2003.

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Robert, Cowley, ed. The Cold War: A military history. New York: Random House, 2005.

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David, Miller. The Cold War: A military history. London: John Murray, 1998.

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Robert, Cowley, ed. The Cold War: A military history. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2006.

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Robert, Cowley, ed. The Cold War: A military history. New York: Random House, 2005.

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1953-, McLaughlin Peter, ed. The Rhodesian War: A military history. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "History - Military / War"

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Allison, William Thomas, Jeffrey G. Grey, and Janet G. Valentine. "World War II." In American Military History, 261–85. Third edition. | New York: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003001232-12.

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Allison, William Thomas, Jeffrey G. Grey, and Janet G. Valentine. "Civil War and Reconstruction." In American Military History, 159–90. Third edition. | New York: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003001232-8.

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Allison, William Thomas, Jeffrey G. Grey, and Janet G. Valentine. "Challenges of the Cold War." In American Military History, 308–28. Third edition. | New York: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003001232-14.

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Allison, William Thomas, Jeffrey G. Grey, and Janet G. Valentine. "The Second War of Independence." In American Military History, 96–117. Third edition. | New York: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003001232-5.

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Allison, William Thomas, Jeffrey G. Grey, and Janet G. Valentine. "The First American Way of War." In American Military History, 1–20. Third edition. | New York: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003001232-1.

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Philpott, William J. "Total war." In Palgrave Advances in Modern Military History, 131–52. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230625372_8.

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Eriksson, Fredrik. "Military History and Military Theory." In Handbook of Military Sciences, 1–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02866-4_90-1.

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AbstractThe purpose of this article is to discuss the relationship between military history and military theory through a chronological analysis. Military history in some form has always been used to formulate military theory i.e. generalizations of historical experience to guide action in the present and in the future. History is however hard to interpret, and has served different purposes over time. In the ancient world history linked to morality, and historiography contained practicle advice for generals. The scientfic revolution saw the birth of scientific laws for warfare, inspired by natural sciences i.e. codifying historical experience. The Napoleonic era saw the birth of modern warfare and the development of modern military theory. Jomini synthezised the Enlightenment with experiences of the Napoleonic wars into scientific principles of war. From a Romantic historical tradition came Clausewitz, a historicist general focused on understanding the nature of war. For Clausewitz history was about understanding, and could not be used for scientific principles. In the same era came Marxism – a materialist, deterministic theory of history, influencing for example Russian and Chinese military thinking as well as theories of guerilla war. Using military history to create military theory still revolves around the dialectic, will history repeat itself or not? If it does, then it can be used for formulating theory. If it doesn´t, history can be used for understanding the past and as a guide. Every new generation of the military have reinvented and reinterpreted history. Most of the doctrines and theories of warfare today rests on a mixture of concepts from both Clausewitz and from Jomini – and in every case military history is the very foundation of both. The dialectic relationship between military history and military theory seems to be as old as the phenonema of war itself.
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Matray, James I. "The Korean War." In A Companion to American Military History, 222–56. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444315066.ch12.

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Milam, Ron. "The Vietnam War." In A Companion to American Military History, 257–71. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444315066.ch13.

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Hillman, Elizabeth Lutes. "The Cold War." In A Companion to American Military History, 272–83. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444315066.ch14.

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Conference papers on the topic "History - Military / War"

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Goberna Caride, Jose Luis. "Broadcasting in the Spanish Civil War. Military engineers work in the conflict." In 2010 Second IEEE Region 8 Conference on the History of Telecommunications (HISTELCON). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/histelcon.2010.5735289.

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Zizhiyan, Sergey. "TRENCH ART THE PERIOD OF THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR. PRIMITIVE ART ON BOTH FRONT LINES." In FIRST KULAKOV READINGS: ON THE FIELDS OF RUSSIA'S MILITARY. LCC MAKS Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m3649.khmelita-19/320-329.

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This article attempts to reveal the most characteristic features of “trench art” as a type of primitive art of the period of the Great Patriotic War and its role in the history of everyday life and military history. Through the prism of the analysis of artifacts stored in the funds of the GUK “Bykhovsky District Museum of Local Lore”, the finds of the search engines of the search group “Bykhovsky Frontier” tells about the items made by soldiers in the trenches on both front lines. The author attempts to typologize the objects of “trench art”, discusses the aspects of the creation and use of such artifacts, provides the main features regarding the methods of production and materials for manufacturing. Despite the fact that the complexes of these objects stored in many museums around the world are still not recognized as a separate art form in its classical sense, their role in military history and the history of everyday life of a soldier in war is undeniable, and deserves attention from researchers, historians and art historians.
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Daria, Borisova. "ESTATE OF L.I. KASHINA IN THE VILLAGE OF KONSTANTINOVO IN THE WAR AND POST-WAR YEARS AND ITS RESTORATION." In FIRST KULAKOV READINGS: ON THE FIELDS OF RUSSIA'S MILITARY. LCC MAKS Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m3643.khmelita-19/223-234.

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The article discusses the history of estate of L.I. Kashina in the village of Konstantinovo. A detailed description of the estate complex for the memorial period (the beginning of the XX century) is given, made on the basis of preserved memories and the results of scientific and design work of the Soviet and Russian times, including the central part of the estate, the Upper and Lower Parks, the Lord's Foothills. Further, the author gives the state of the estate in the war and post-war years. The changes occurring with the structure of the estate and its preservation as a whole are briefly displayed, information is provided on the destruction of the original buildings and the construction of new buildings necessary to fulfill urgent tasks. The gradual revival of the object of cultural heritage of federal significance is considered in more detail, including scientific research conducted at various times, restoration of park plantings and road network, demolition of disharmonious Soviet buildings, restoration of lost economic structures. The prospects for further restoration of the estate related to the restoration of the pond and the territory of the Lower Park have also been determined.
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Gubskaya, Olga, and Olga Jilevich. "FACT AND ALLEGORY: TWO POLES IN THE REPRESENTATION OF WAR (ON THE EXAMPLE OF “WAR’S UNWOMANLY FACE” BY S. ALEXIEVICH AND “THE CURSED AND THE SLAIN” BY V. ASTAFIEV)." In Aktuální problémy výuky ruského jazyka XIV. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9781-2020-19.

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The military actions of the 20th century (Revolutions, the First and Second World Wars, the Cold War, the war in Kosovo, Chechnya, Iraq) left a terrifying mark on the history. The article discusses traditional and innovative forms of recreating the military context in the Russian and Russophone Belarusian military prose on the example of V. Astafiev and S. Alexievich’s works.
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Zodian, Mihai. "GAMING IN VIRTUAL REALITY AND WAR: THE ROYAL WAY TO TEACHING?" In eLSE 2018. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-18-283.

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What if one could teach XVIth Century politics by taking the students right in the middle of events? This sounds like Star Trek, but is part of the promises brought about by a new wave of Virtual Reality (VR) tools. This paper will approach the issue of military history in gaming, with an accent upon the changes brought by this technological change. While teaching history with video games is a frequently discussed idea in social studies, both regarding the phenomenon of war and other, more general, issues, such as economics, social structures, diplomacy, religion, cultures or gender, Virtual Reality applications are still in flux and its perspectives aren`t very clear. Most of them are software demos or modest programs in comparison with established platforms like PCs, smartphones or consoles, and not only regarding video games. Its supporters argue that the new VR wave of products will change everything about the ways we interact in the electronic world, from using the Internet to publicity or elections, while its opponents consider that is a high-tech luxury for rich people, a mere fad. The paper will present VR`s main features: its technical details, the issue of costs, its most significant applications and some of its potential. The main conclusion is that, while there is a great potential for both playing and teaching military history in Virtual Reality, its prospects depends, the same as in other types of video entertainment, upon a combination of market successes and convincing gameplay (I. Cartarescu-Petrica, 2015; M. Sicart, 2009). For now, it is still too soon to decide if the early hopes weren`t too optimistic.
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TĂNASE, Mircea, and Alexandru Mihail TĂNASE. "ROMANIAN MILITARY PARATROOPERS - 80 YEARS OF HISTORY FOR ROMANIA (PERIOD 1941-1945)." In SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND EDUCATION IN THE AIR FORCE. Publishing House of “Henri Coanda” Air Force Academy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19062/2247-3173.2021.22.30.

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In 2021, the military paratroopers celebrated 80 years of existence, since their establishment as a specialty, within the Romanian Aeronautics, later as a distinct weapon and generating, in turn, new military specialties, so necessary for an army that wants to be modern and performant. This specialty, established in the Romanian army at the beginning of the Second World War, was an attempt to respond and align with the needs and, why not, the modernity of the time. Passed through the fire of August 1944, disbanded immediately after the war and reborn from its own ashes in 1950, it managed, despite many hardships and sacrifices, some particularly painful, to impose itself as an elite weapon in the panoply of a modern Romanian army. Side by side with the military aviators, who always supported them with aircraft and aerodrome infrastructure, the paratroopers wrote history for Romania.
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Chornyi, O. V. "THE CONCEPT OF “BATTLE” IN MODERN MILITARY-HISTORICAL SCIENCE (USING THE EXAMPLE OF THE BATTLE OF THE DNIEPER IN WORLD WAR II)." In HISTORY, POLITICAL SCIENCE, PHILOSOPHY, AND SOCIOLOGY: DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN THE 21ST CENTURY. Izdevnieciba “Baltija Publishing”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-343-9-6.

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Iliev, Andrej, Lazar Gjurov, and Zoran Cikarski. "HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP IN WARFARE." In SECURITY HORIZONS. Faculty of Security- Skopje, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20544/icp.2.5.21.p19.

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The Industrial Revolution of the 19th century had a profound effect on the way the wars were fought. Historians often refer to the American Civil War (1861-65) as the first genuine modern war. History has shown that the effects of technological advances in industry are processes which follow the revolution in the history of war. Napoleon's military campaigns formed the basis of formal military education and lidership in the Western world. Wars as a social phenomenon were more effective through the use of the first modern railways, roads, and warships, which in most military operations changed the doctrine and tactics of warfare and the deployment of military forces on the battlefield. The first and second generation of modern warfare was dominated by the massive use of military force, and numerous armies. This generation of warfare culminates in the Renaissance with the wars of the french emperor and one of the famoust strategic military leaders in that time, Napoleon Bonaparte. The third generation of warfare was a product of the First World War and was generally developed by the German army and was better known as “Blitzkrieg” or maneuver warfare. The strategic military leader in this generation of warfare was Adolf Hitler. The fourth generation of warfare is an evolved form of rebellion that uses all available networks: political, economic, social, and military, in order to create an imaginary image of the adversary. Also, the fifth generation of warfare is defined as contactless warfare, which states and destroys a specific goal without the physical presence of a human. This generation of warfare begins with long-range artillery and naval firearms and longrange missile systems and has been studied since the US terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Strategic leadership in the fourth and fifth generation of warfare have been most developed by US military strategic leaders especially after the US terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. World-class warriors are strategic leaders which have moved beyond tactical and operational competence in the employment of the future force. They understand and implement a full spectrum of operations at the strategic level to include theater and campaign strategy, joint force, interagency in multinational operations. At the end, the military strategic leaders are using all spectrum of military elements of national political 208 power and technology in the execution of the national security strategy. The aim of this paper is to analyze the historical development of strategic lidership in warfare throughout history, taking into account the comprehensive social changes that have taken place in the world over the last two centuries. Keywords: historical development, strategic lidership, generations of warfare, strategy, tactics
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Karkotko, Andrey. "MILITARY BURIALS OF THE 19TH-20TH CENTURIES ON THE TERRITORY OF THE VILEIKA DISTRICT OF THE MINSK REGION OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS." In FIRST KULAKOV READINGS: ON THE FIELDS OF RUSSIA'S MILITARY. LCC MAKS Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m3647.khmelita-19/295-308.

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The article deals with military burials on the territory of the Vileika district of the Minsk region of the Republic of Belarus, preserved from wars and armed conflicts that took place in this area during the 19th-20th centuries (War of 1812, Polish uprisings of 183018-31 and 1863-1864, World War I, Soviet-Polish war, World War II). Here is information about the main battles during these historical events and their result - military burials. Data are given on the number and types of surviving military graves, and those of them are mentioned that have not survived, but information about which is available in written sources. The article also tells a brief history of two unique military cemeteries in the city of Vileyka and in the agricultural town of Dolginovo. Their uniqueness lies in the fact that opponents who died during the last three wars and passed through these settlements in the 20th century are buried on them.
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Жердева, Ю. А. "Demobilization of the Russian Front of the First World War: Concept and Scope." In Конференция памяти профессора С.Б. Семёнова ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ЗАРУБЕЖНОЙ ИСТОРИИ. Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55000/semconf.2023.3.3.024.

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В статье рассматривается понятие демобилизации на материалах Русского фронта Первой мировой войны и дается характеристика масштабов демобилизации русской армии в конце 1917 – начале 1918 г. Демобилизация здесь понимается как комплексный процесс, охватывающий не только численный состав армии, но также ее ресурсы (военное имущество) и животных (лошадей). Основными источниками исследования являются фонды Российского государственного военно-исторического архива (РГВИА) и статистические материалы отдела военной статистики Центрального статистического управления. Методологической основой исследования, помимо принципов историзма и объективности, стали историко-сравнительный подход и экологическая история. Автор показывает, что ключевым принципом демобилизации русской армии стала трехчленная формула: «люди – лошади – имущество», которая отражала приоритеты демобилизации, выработанные Ставкой. На статистическом материале показывается сложность оценки масштаба демобилизации для современного исследователя, приводятся различные данные численности армии и конского состава, подлежавшего демобилизации. Оценка масштаба демобилизации позволяет проследить два противоположных тренда: численность людского состава и конского состава армии неуклонно уменьшалась в конце 1917 – начале 1918 г., сокращая объем демобилизации и требуемых для нее ресурсов, а объем военного имущества, напротив, оставался стабильным и к концу 1917 г. достиг невиданных для всего периода войны показателей. Соответственно, демобилизация людского и конского состава, отягощенная дезертирством войск и голоданием лошадей, должна была пройти проще и менее болезненно, чем демобилизация военного имущества, которое не просто увеличивалось в размерах, но и оказалось без охраны и транспорта в условиях бегства с фронта солдат и железнодорожного кризиса. The article examines the concept of demobilisation on the materials of the Russian front of the First World War and characterises the scale of demobilisation of the Russian army in late 1917 – early 1918. Demobilisation is understood here as a complex process, covering not only the numerical composition of the army, but also its resources (military property) and animals (horses in the first place). The main sources of the study are the fonds of the Russian State Military History Archive (RGVIA) and statistical materials of the Military Statistics Department of the Central Statistical Office. The methodological basis of the study, in addition to the principles of historicism and objectivity, is the historical-comparative approach and environmental history. The author shows that the key principle of demobilisation of the Russian army became the three-member formula: «men – horses – property», which reflected the priorities of demobilisation developed by the Stavka. The statistical material shows the difficulty of estimating the scale of demobilisation, which the modern researcher is facing, and provides different data on the number of army and horse personnel subject to demobilisation. The author concludes that the assessment of the scale of demobilization allows us to trace two opposite trends: the number of men and horses in the army steadily decreased in late 1917 – early 1918, reducing the volume of demobilization and the resources required for it, while the volume of military property, on the contrary, remained stable and by the end of 1917 reached unprecedented figures for the entire period of the war. Accordingly, the demobilization of manpower and horses, burdened by desertion of troops and starvation of horses, should have been easier and less painful than the demobilization of military property, which not only increased in size, but also found itself without protection and transport in the conditions of soldiers fleeing from the front and the railway crisis.
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Reports on the topic "History - Military / War"

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BALYSH, A., and O. CHIRICOVA. PROBLEMS OF PRODUCTION AND USE OF SHEALING SLEEVES IN THE USSR BEFORE AND DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2021-13-4-2-24-33.

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The aim of the article. One of the most interesting and topical problems in the USSR military industry development is the establishment and development of the USSR ammunition industry. The article is devoted to the study of one of the reasons for the poor supply of the Red Army by ammunition in the initial period of the war of 1941 - a lack of sleeves, which limited the production of artillery shells. The author sets the purpose of revealing the reasons for the unsatisfactory state of affairs in the field of manufacture by the industrial enterprises of the USSR industrial enterprises before the war, as well as the influence of this factor on the production and use of the sleeves during the war years. Methodology. General principles of historism and objectivity are the theoretical-methodological base of this work. Author also uses special historical methods: logic, systematic, chronological, actualisation and periodizing. Results. This article is based on documents storing in the Russian State Archive and Russian State Economical Archive. With the help of this documents and materials the author make the following decision: in 30th years of XX century in the USSR under forcing of industrial development the governmental bodies were not able to perform the efficient planning policy in the field of enterprises control especially in the defense branches. High-level personnel purposively disturbed technological process. It spoiled enterprises operation and it was the reason of defect production manufacturing. Practical application. Practical significance of this work is as follows: the archive data, which are for the first time used for scientific investigation and also the conclusions formulated in this article can be used for further scientific research of the USSR military industry in the industrialization period and on military production lend-lease during the Great Patriotic War and also in Soviet history in general.
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Khomenko, Tetiana, and Yuriy Kolisnyk. Втрати української культури у російсько-українській війні: культурно-інформаційний спротив. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2023.52-53.11749.

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The authors explored the activity of mass media and cultural organizations aimed at clarification of the current problematic issue – preservation of Ukrainian cultural heritage under the conditions of the full-scale invasion of Russia into Ukraine. The authors emphasize that occupants not only destroy historic buildings, i.e. material objects, but also steal art values, destroy library and archive funds; their actions are aimed at destruction of our spirituality, identity and history. It is pointed out that there are the main streams in the work of journalists, experts, and culture figures, namely: fixation of losses, propaganda of the Ukrainian culture in the world, expert evaluation of the restitution possibilities, and filling of the culture material with patriotic sense. The full-scale invasion of Russia into Ukraine on the 24th of February 2022 led to the numerous loss of life, ruination of the military, civil and infrastructure objects. But the state-aggressor destroys and robs our culture in this war. Since the beginning of the war mass media have been actively informing about the situation in the regions, which happened to be at the line of the Russian troops attack. The information was in particular about the fact that different educational establishments, libraries and their funds, museums with valuable collections, theatres, religious buildings and historic buildings had been ruined. To tell the truth the information was incomplete due to the limited opportunities to monitor the situation. However, later it has been systematized. The work of journalists and experts contributed to this since they stated the criminal acts of Russia, informing about the ruination facts of historic, sacral, cultural monuments, devastation of many museum collections, destruction of library and archive funds. Digitalization of the Russian war crimes against Ukrainian culture became one more important work aimed at preservation of the Ukrainian cultural heritage. It was done by means of interactive maps of the Ukrainian cultural losses and it enables documenting crimes of the occupant army and spreading this information at the international level. Key words: culture, cultural front, cultural losses, cultural values, cultural heritage, war, media.
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BALYSH, A. HOUSING CONSTRUCTION IN THE USSR IN THE 20T-30TH OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND THE INFLUENCE OF THIS FACTOR ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEAVY AND DEFENSE INDUSTRY. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2021-13-4-2-14-23.

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The aim of the article. How state-of-the-art in the field of home building influenced onto capital constructing in defense industry, putting into exploitation and operation of the new military plants during the industrialization period is examined. Methodology. General principles of historism and objectivity are the theoretical-methodological base of this work. Author also uses special historical methods: logic, systematic, chronological, actualisation and periodizing. Results. This article is based on documents storing in the Russian State Archive and Russian State Economical Archive. Collections of historical documents related to the Soviet period of Russian history are also used. On the base of these documents it is shown that poor situation in the field of home building was the reason of persistent deficits of building and exploitation workers. Due to this fact it was impossible to apply the funds given by the Government for building some plants (especially at the periphery), building works were delayed and proper operation of already built ones was spoiled. These problems were not completely solved till the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. All this effected negatively to the Red Army combat readiness before and during the war, especially at the beginning period. Practical application. The field of results application. Practical significance of this work is as follows: the archive data, which are for the first time used for scientific investigation and also the conclusions formulated in this article can be used for further scientific research on the USSR military industry in the industrialization period and also for scientific research on the USSR period in general.
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Saalman, Lora, Larisa Saveleva Dovgal, and Fei Su. Mapping Cyber-related Missile and Satellite Incidents and Confidence-building Measures. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/rjmh1479.

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Cyber incidents that—whether due to human error, system malfunction or intentional targeting—impact satellite and missile systems have a history and future that extend beyond the ongoing war in Ukraine. These systems are essential to civilian and military operations and disrupting them has the potential to elicit conventional or even nuclear retaliation. Due to the centrality of satellite and missile-related infrastructure, cyber incidents impacting the functionality of such infrastructure have served as a catalyst for previous confidence-building measures (CBMs) that may provide a template for future ones. This paper builds on SIPRI work to map cyber-related missile and satellite incidents, as well as unilateral, bilateral and multilateral CBMs to provide takeaways meant to foster greater predictability and stability in cyberspace.
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BALYSH, A. N., and O. B. CHIRICOVA. SOME ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ROCKET WEAPONS IN THE USSR IN THE 20-40S OF THE XX CENTURY. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2021-14-1-2-91-102.

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The aim of the article. Establishment and development of the USSR rocket weapons for the period of the New Economic Policy and industrialization is one of the most interesting and poorly researched problem of the USSR military industry. The USSR first researches in the field of rocket weapons and ammunition creation, their features and results are poorly investigated by national historical science and just they are observed in the paper. Methodology. General principles of historism and objectivity are the theoretical-methodological base of this work. Author also use special historical methods: logic, systematic, chronological, actualisation and periodizing. Results. The paper is written by using the declassified documents for Official Use Only, by military technical documents, stored in the Russian National Library, little known memories of direct participants and some published researches. By considering these documents and materials it become clear that in the USSR before the Great Patriotic War a complex of problems on rocket weapon implementation were conditioned by objective and subjective reasons. The consequence of this was the adoption of some unfounded species of reactive weapons before the Great Patriotic War, who received an overestimated assessment and not justified all expectations and hopes assigned to them during the fighting. As a result, only by the end of the war these systems began to be used for their true purpose. Practical application. Practical significance of this work is as follows: facts shown in the article and conclusions drawn on them can be used for further research of USSR rocket weapon establishment and development in 20-40th years of XX century and also for Soviet history in general.
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Zhytaryuk, Marian. Агресія росії проти України і світу. Рефлексії в контексті виправдання війни д. мєдвєдєвим та в. путіним 4 листопада 2022 р. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2023.52-53.11744.

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In this article the author analyzes in detail the “holiday” speeches by the former president of the russian federation dmitry medvedev and the current president vladimir putin devoted to the day of national unity of russia on November 4, 2022, in which politicians justify the war, call it sacred, a struggle between Good and Evil and predict their own victory. With the help of methods of critical analysis, the refutation of historical myths, the denial, an exposure and the generalization, the falsity and cynicism of the statements made regarding the expediency and possibility of geopolitical changes are demonstrated. The civilizational war of the russian federation against the Western democratic world, which began with aggression against the disobedience of neighboring Ukraine, which chose the Western vector of development, is gaining momentum. It would seem that in the 21st century global conflicts over territories are almost impossible, it is the time for the fourth-generation of war, but we can see that russia has various means in its arsenal, including weapons of mass destruction: aerial bombs, artillery, aviation, missile attacks, nuclear blackmail, rewriting history and ordinary lies. An analysis of the kremlin leaders’ military-strategic narratives about Ukraine and the West, shows the inadequacy and detachment of moscow politicians at the highest echelon of power from reality. Their aggressive and false rhetoric based on historical manipulations and maniacal efforts to transform the world order suggests that the kremlin will not stop on its own. Someone must stop him just decisively: either Ukraine or Ukraine’s allies. Sanction policy against the russian federation, political statements and words of support for Ukraine, even assistance with military equipment and finances may not be enough, because all these are certain procedures, a waste of time, and time today is the greatest value. Key words: Ukraine, russian federation, russian aggression, dmitry medvedev, vladimir putin, geopolitics.
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Yatsymirska, Mariya. Мова війни і «контрнаступальна» лексика у стислих медійних текстах. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2023.52-53.11742.

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The article examines the language of the russian-ukrainian war of the 21st century based on the materials of compressed media texts; the role of political narratives and psychological-emotional markers in the creation of new lexemes is clarified; the verbal expression of forecasts of ukrainian and foreign analysts regarding the course of hostilities on the territory of Ukraine is shown. Compressed media texts reflect the main meanings of the language of the russian-ukrainian war in relation to the surrounding world. First of all, the media vocabulary was supplemented with neologisms – aggressive and sad: “rashism”, “denazification”, “katsapstan”, “orks”, “rusnia”, “kremlins”, “parebrik”, “in the swamps”, “nuclear dictator”, “putinism”, “two hundred” and others. Numerals acquired new expressive and evaluative meanings: “200s” (dead), “300s” (wounded), “400s” (russian military personnel who filed reports for termination of the contract), “500s” (hopelessly drunk russian soldiers, alcoholics who are unable to perform combat tasks). The language of war intensified the slogans of the struggle for state independence and people’s freedom. The scope of the greeting “Glory to Ukraine! – Glory to Heroes!”. New official holidays have appeared in the history of Ukraine since 2014: “Heroes of the Heavenly Hundred” Day (February 20), “Ukrainian Volunteer Day” (March 14), “Defenders and Defenders of Ukraine Day” (October 14), “Volunteer Day” (5 December). As you know, the professional holiday of the military is the Day of the Armed Forces of Ukraine” (December 6). A special style is characteristic of media texts on military topics: “Iron Force of Ukraine” (Iron Force of Ukraine), “digitize the Army” (for effective simulation of military operations); “grain corridor” (export of Ukrainian grain to African and European countries); “don’t let Ukraine lose” (the position of the Allies at the first stage of the war), “Ukraine must win!” (the position of the Allies in the second stage of the war); “in the Russian-Ukrainian war, the thinking of the 19th century collided with the thinking of the 21st century”, “a politician is a person who understands time” (Grigori Yavlinskyy, Russian oppositionist); “aggressive neutrality” (about Turkey’s position); “in Russia”, “there, in the swamps” (in Russia), “weak, inadequate evil” (about Russia), “behind the fence”; “a great reset of the world order”; “technology of military creativity”; “they are not Russian and not Ukrainian, they are Soviet”, “people without mentality”, “in Ukraine and without Ukraine” (Vitaly Portnikov about a separate category of Russian-speaking citizens in Ukraine); “information bed of Ukraine” (about combat operations on the front line; “when a descendant asks me what I did in those terrifying moments, I will know what to answer. At the very least, I did not stand aside” (opinion of a Ukrainian fighter). Compressed in media texts is implemented in the headline, note, infographic, chronicle, digest, help, caption for photos, blitz poll, interview, short articles, caricature, visual text, commercial, etc. Researchers add “nominative-representative text (business card text, titles of sections, pages, names of presenters, etc.) to concise media texts for a functional and pragmatic purpose.” accent text (quote, key idea); text-navigator (content, news feed, indication of movement or time); chronotope”. A specific linguistic phenomenon known as “language compression” is widespread in media texts. Language compression is the art of minimization; attention is focused on the main, the most essential, everything secondary is filtered out. Compression uses words succinctly and sparingly to convey the meaning as much as possible. For example, the headline “Racism. What is the essence of the new ideology of the Russian occupiers?”. The note briefly explains the meaning of this concept and explains the difference from “nazism” and “fascism”. Key words: compressed media text, language compression, language of war, emotional markers, expressive neologisms, political journalism.
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Lylo, Taras. Російсько-українська війна в інтерпретаціях іранського видання «The Tehran Times»: основні ідеологеми та маніпулятивні прийоми. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2023.52-53.11730.

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The article analyzes the main ideologemes in the Iranian English-language newspaper The Tehran Times about the Russian-Ukrainian war. Particular attention is paid to such ideologemes as “NATO-created Ukraine war”, “Western racism”, “an average European is a victim of the US policy”. The author claims that the newspaper is a repeater of anti-Ukrainian ideologemes by the Russian propaganda, including such as “coup d’état in Ukraine”, “denazification”, “special military operation”, “conflict in Ukraine”, “genocide in Donbas”, but retranslates them in a specific way: the journalists of The Tehran Times do not often use such ideologemes, but mainly ensure their functioning in the newspaper due to the biased selection of external authors (mainly from the USA), who are carriers of the cognitive curvature. The object of the research is also the manipulative techniques of the newspaper (the appeal to “common sense”, simplification of a complex problem, etc.). Methods of modeling the image of the enemy are also studied (first of all, such an enemy for the Tehran Times is the USA), among which categoricalness occupies a special place (all features of the opponent are interpreted not only at its own discretion, but indisputably; such and only such perception of the opponent is “the ultimate truth”), stereotypes (stereotypes replace the true knowledge), demonization (the opponent is portrayed as the embodiment of absolute, metaphysical evil) and asynchrony (an astronomer’s view, who sees a star as if it was the same all eternity to this point. The dynamics of history is ignored by propagandist). Keywords: ideologeme, manipulative techniques, Russia, racism, propaganda.
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Tcha, MoonJoong. From Potato Chips to Computer Chips: Features of Korea's Economic Development: Knowledge Sharing Forum on Development Experiences: Comparative Experiences of Korea and Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007002.

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When considering countries of phenomenal economic development and growth, Korea is among the top tiers. While there are other economies with similar economic growth, including those of Singapore, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, the economic growth of Korea is exceptional considering that the country lacked basic economic foundation in the past. R. Lucas Jr. (1993), a Nobel Laureate in economics and also a renowned scholar of the respective field, praised the country's economic success, by stating that "I do not think it is in any way an exaggeration to refer to this continuing transformation of Korean society as a miracle". As an evidence for his argument, he asserted "Never before have the lives of so many people undergone so rapid an improvement over so long a period, nor is there any sign that this progress is near its end". Yet, the history of Korea is more than just its outcome; it is the history of continuous national ordeal, a series of challenges and crisis that required people to toil night and day to overcome the situation. If it were not for today's splendid economic success, it would have been more appropriate to describe the history of Korea as that of wretchedness and misery. The fact that South Korea became one of the leading nations in the world is nothing less than a miracle, considering that it underwent many hardships after its independence such as fratricidal Korean War, a long period of dictatorship, 4.19 revolution as a reactionary to the dictatorship, 5.16 military coup, the engagement in the Vietnam War, two oil crises, another military coup afterwards, civil revolutions, a foreign exchange crisis, and the global economic crisis. Economic growth means value-added increase in a certain period of time. To boost this value-added increase, the elements of production such as labor, capital, and land must be both accumulated and invested. Furthermore, it requires the effective use of these elements by combining them when necessary, so that the best value can be drawn out. In other words, the vital factor in economic growth is raising productivity. Then, given similar situations, how come some countries show different performance in factor accumulation or productivity improvement? The accumulation of resources and increase of productivity depend on economic incentive. Proper institution in an economy that provides incentives for economic agents enables factors to flow and to be accumulated where productivity is high. It also gives motivation for innovation and improvement of productivity. Competition in product markets and acquisition of resources and raw materials with low cost through an open-door policy can induce the accumulation of elements and improvement of technology, where in a broader perspective, open-door policy can also be considered as a part of institution.The growth of the Korean economy is unique since only a few economies could demonstrate compatibly high growth rates for a long period. However, at the same time, Korea's case is never unique as its success story is based on factor accumulation, productivity enhancement and, most of all, a fundamental called institution. Its growth was possible due to the fact that there was a proper functioning of market backed by the establishment of proper institutions. The Korean government indeed worked favorably towards the establishment of institution and running of economy in a market-friendly manner. Some features of its growth pattern are worthwhile to be illustrated as there are still a large number of developing countries and high income countries with unstable institutions worldwide, which could gain from a part of Korea's story, at least, and collect substantial knowledge for their future growth.
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Lavin, Mary K. Thematic Study and Guidelines: Identification and Evaluation of U.S. Army Cold War Era Military-Industrial Historic Properties. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada353034.

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