Dissertations / Theses: 'History of Astronomy'

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Ely, Joshua J. "Society and Science: Ancient Astronomy." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/31.

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Astronomy is the oldest scientific field in human history. As such, it is linked heavily with Ancient History as a central part of understanding, scientific development and cultural appreciation in the world of antiquity. The goal of this thesis will be to investigate the importance of the ancient astronomers, their discoveries, the differences in cultural understandings of the universe due to environmental and political reasons, planets and the cosmos, and the impacts their discoveries had on the ancient world. Primary sources will be various writings and documents by ancient astronomers and philosophers such as Eratosthenes, Hipparchus, Plato and the Pythagorean concept. Also to be consulted will be ancient documents that explain the cosmos and nature of this universe from the cultural aspect of the Egyptian, Maya, Mesopotamian, and Hellenistic civilizations. Secondary sources will a variety of modern historical and scientific writings about the history of astronomy. These will include Astronomy of the Ancients by Kenneth Brecher and Michael Feirtag, Ancient Egyptian Science by Marshall Clagett, and A History of The Ancient Mathematical Astronomy by Neugebauer. Also included will be modern sources that explain astronomical events and notions.

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Sullivan, William F. "The astronomy of Andean myth : the history of a cosmology." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/1011.

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The paper aims to show that Andean myth, on one level, represents a technical language recording astronomical observations of precession and, at the same time, an historical record of simultaneous social and celestial transformations. Topographic and architectural terms of Andean myth are interpreted as a metaphor for the organisation of and locations on the celestial sphere. Via ethnoastronmical data, mythical animals are identified as stars and placed on the celestial sphere according to their "topographical " location. Tested in the planetarium, these "arrays" generate clusters of dates - 200 B.C. and 650. A. D. Analysis of the names of Wiraqocha and Manco Capac indicates they represent Saturn and Jupiter and that their mythical meeting represents their conjunction in 650 A.D. The astronomy of Andean myth is then used as an historical tool to examine how the Andean priest-astronomers recorded the simultaneous creation of the ayllu and of this distinctive astronomical system about 200 B.C. The idea that the agricultural ayllu, with its double descent system stressing the importance of paternity, represents a transformation of society from an earlier matrilineal/horticultural era is examined in light of the sexual imagery employed in myth. Wiraqocha’s androgyny and the division of the celestial sphere into male (ecliptic) and -female(celestial equator = “earth” ) are interpreted as cosmological validations of the new social structure.

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Liu, Charles Tsun-Chu. "The star formation history of galaxies." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290658.

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The star formation history of galaxies is the primary influence on galaxy evolution, and hence the evolution of almost all the visible matter in the universe. In this dissertation, I present studies of the star formation history of galaxies which have come from two distinct perspectives: the study of galaxies that have unusual star formation histories, and the search within the general galaxy population for galaxies with unusual star formation histories. A spectrophotometric atlas of 40 merging and strongly interacting galaxies is obtained and analyzed in order to examine their stellar populations and star formation histories. Within the sample, the subsample of 10 ultraluminous IRAS systems is compared with the optically selected subsample. The population of objects in the sample with anomalously strong Balmer absorption lines, a spectral signature indicative of post-starburst evolution, is examined and compared with distant "E+A galaxies" which have similar spectrophotometric properties. Spectrophotometry across the entire optical wavelength range is obtained and analyzed for a sample of 8 E+A galaxies, ranging in redshift from 0.09 ≤ z ≤ 0.54. The method of stellar population modeling, widely used with only minor variations in the astronomical community, is examined and its strengths and limitations are discussed.

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Munns, David P. D. ""Wizards of the micro-waves" a history of the radio astronomy community /." Available to US Hopkins community, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/dlnow/308073.

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Kelkar, K. "Structure, star formation history and environment of galaxies." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/39909/.

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This thesis probes the role of environment in galaxy evolution, focussing particularly on understanding the links between the truncation of star formation, the transformation of galaxy structure, and environment. This study utilises deep HST imaging, photometric and spectroscopic data for galaxies within ten high-z cluster fields, which form part of the ESO Distant Cluster Survey (EDisCS). I first compare the mass--size relations of cluster and field galaxies, to address the dependence of galaxy size on environment observed from z~2.5, and which seemingly disappear at lower redshifts. I find no significant difference in the size distributions of cluster and field galaxies of a given morphology, or with similar rest-frame B-V colours. I rule out average size differences larger than 10--20 % in both cases. Thus, I conclude that if the size difference at higher-z reported in the literature is real, the growth of field galaxies seem to have caught up with that of cluster galaxies by z~1. Any putative mechanism responsible for galaxy growth has to account for the existence of environmental differences at high redshift and their absence (or weakening) at lower redshifts. I then move on to analyse the effects of the global cluster/field environment on the internal structure of galaxies and their colours. I introduce quantitative non-parametric measures like the residual flux fraction (RFF) and the asymmetry in galaxy residuals (A_res) which measure deviations from symmetric light distributions using HST images, to explore the internal structure of galaxies. I also obtain complementary information on the probable causes of structural disturbances, both internal and external in nature, by performing visual classifications of cluster and field galaxies. Combining these two approaches of measuring galaxy structure, it is found that the RFF is a good proxy for `roughness' in the surface brightness distribution, while A_ res is more sensitive to the causes of the structural disruption. Incorporating visual morphology and environment, it was found that the external causes of disturbances were most often associated with star formation in spiral galaxies. When adding information on the star formation activity of galaxies, I discover two complementary subpopulations of galaxies abundant in clusters: visually undisturbed passive spirals, and undisturbed star-forming lenticulars. In addition to being visually symmetric, these passive cluster spirals are also consistently smoother than their star-forming counterparts. These observations, therefore, strongly advocate gentle physical processes acting on the gas content to modify the star formation properties of galaxies accreted into clusters, without large-scale disturbances in their stellar structure. Considering the variations of quantitative galaxy structure with the star formation history of galaxies, I find that the young, star-forming galaxies are consistently rougher and more asymmetric than the galaxies with older passive stellar populations. Further, the galaxies with different average stellar ages seem to have similar distributions of RFF and A_res over cluster/field environments, thereby emphasising that the star formation history of galaxies is strongly linked to their intrinsic structure alone. Finally, complementing the global cluster/field environment, I explore the projected phase--space as a tool to investigate possible variations in galaxy structure and their stellar ages over the internal cluster environment. The analysis with the projected phase--space shows a decrease in the fraction of galaxies with younger stellar populations in the cluster core when separated by morphology, especially for spirals. This trend, however, is less pronounced in the observed distributions of RFF and A_res across the projected phase--space and the field. All these observations, when put together, signify that the star formation in galaxies is shut down as they get accreted into clusters, while the internal structure of galaxies remains more or less unaffected. The actual morphological change in galaxies, therefore, will follow later after the star formation has already been truncated. Furthermore, the physical mechanisms driving these transformations would, therefore, be gas extinguishing ICM processes like ram-pressure stripping and starvation, which leave the galaxy structure undisturbed.

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Hashimoto, K. "The process of the Chinese acceptance of Western astronomy : 1629-1635." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383766.

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Lanagan, Peter D. "Geologic history of the Cerberus Plains, Mars." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290115.

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This work examines the relative chronology of geologic units within the Cerberus Plains of Mars with an emphasis on lava flows emplaced after the last Marte Valles fluvial episode. High resolution images show the bulk of the Cerberus Plains is covered by platy-ridged and inflated lavas, which are interpreted as insulated sheet flows. Eastern Cerberus Plains lavas originate at Cerberus Fossae fissures and shields. Some flows extend for >2000 km through Marte Valles into Amazonis Planitia. Athabasca Valles are both incised into pristine lavas and embayed by pristine lavas, indicating that Athabascan fluvial events were contemporaneous with volcanic eruptions. Deposits of the Medusae Fossae Formation lie both over and under lavas, suggesting the deposition of the Medusae Fossae Formation was contemporaneous with volcanism. Statistics of small craters indicate lavas in the Western Cerberus Plains may be less than a million years old, but the model isochrons may be unreliable if the small crater population is dominated by secondary craters. Images showing no large craters with diameters >500 m superimposed on Western Cerberus Plains lavas indicate the same surface is younger than 49 Ma. High resolution Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) images have revealed the existence of small cones in the Cerberus Plains, Marte Valles, and Amazonis Planitia. These cones are similar in both morphology and planar dimensions to the larger Icelandic rootless cones, which form due to explosive interactions between surficial lavas and near-surface groundwater. If martian cones form in the same manner as terrestrial rootless cones, then equatorial ground-ice or ground water must have been present near the surface in geologically recent times. Evidence for a shallow lake in the Western Cerberus Plains during the Late Amazonian is also presented. High-resolution images show features interpreted as flood-eroded scarps and fluvial spillways exiting the lake. Based on present-day topography, a lake would have covered an area of 8.4 x 10⁴ km², had an average depth of 12 m, and have contained a volume of 1.0 x 10³ km³ of water. Lake waters were likely primarily lost to the atmosphere through sublimation, although some quantity of water likely spilled into the Eastern Cerberus Plains or infiltrated into the shallow crust.

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Kuntschner, Harald. "The star formation history of early-type galaxies in the Fornax cluster." Thesis, Durham University, 1998. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4849/.

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We have measured central line strengths and line-strength gradients for a complete sample of early-type galaxies in the Fornax cluster, comprising 11 elliptical and 11 lenticular galaxies, more luminous than M(_B) = -17. We find that the centres of Fornax ellipticals follow the locus of galaxies of fixed age in Worthey's models and have metallicities varying roughly from half solar to 2.5 times solar. Line-strength gradients indicate that elliptical galaxies do not show age gradients with radius but do exhibit a decrease of ~ 0.4 dex in [Fe/H] between the centre and one effective radius. The centres of lenticular galaxies however exhibit a substantial spread to younger luminosity weighted ages indicating a more extended star formation history. Metallicity gradients are generally shallower than for ellipticals. Five of the faint S0s have experienced a central starburst on top of an underlying older stellar population. Our conclusions are based on several age/metallicity diagnostic diagrams in the Lick/IDS system comprising established indices such as [MgFe] and Hβ as well as new and more sensitive indices such as C4668, Fe3 and Hγ(_A). The inferred difference in the age distribution between lenticular and elliptical galaxies is a robust conclusion as the models generate consistent relative ages using different age and metallicity indicators even though the absolute ages remain uncertain. The absolute age uncertainty is caused by the effects of non-solar abundance ratios which are not accounted for in the stellar population models. We find that Es are generally overabundant in magnesium where the most luminous galaxies show stronger overabundances. The luminosity weighted stellar populations of young S0s are consistent with solar abundance ratios, however the bulges of the two large S0s in our sample have [Mg/Fe] > 0. We have analysed in detail the sources of scatter in the Mg-crg relation by investigating the effects of age, metallicity and [Mg/Fe] variations. We find that young stellar populations are responsible for most of the scatter towards weak Mg-absorption. However, for the roughly coeval ellipticals the scatter at a given ctq is correlated with [Mg/Fe variations; metallicity and age effects seem to be less important. The young luminosity weighted ages of the faint S0s in the Fornax cluster are consistent with the recent discovery that the fraction of S0 galaxies in intermediate redshift clusters is a factor of 2-3 lower than found locally, and suggests that a fraction of the cluster spiral galaxy population has evolved into these faint S0s in the 5 Gyrs interval from z = 0.5 to the present. One of the proposed transformation mechanisms is the galaxy harassment picture. The properties of young S0s with large bulge to disk ratios in our sample are remarkably similar to the proposed end-products of galaxy harassment. However, we note that there are young disky S0s which are unlikely to be the result of harassment. Two of the faintest lenticular galaxies in our sample have blue continua and extremely strong Balmer-line absorption suggesting starbursts < 2 Gyrs ago.

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Newsham, Grant. "The Horizontal Branch as a probe of stellar population history." The Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1190035518.

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Nall, Joshua Fordor Kellogg. "News from Mars : transatlantic mass media and the practice of new astronomy, 1870-1910." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648750.

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Terlevich, Alejandro Ivan. "Probing the star formation history of early-type galaxies in clusters." Thesis, Durham University, 1998. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4864/.

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In this thesis, we present a new photometric catalogue of the local Coma galaxy cluster in the Johnson U- and V- bands. We cover an area of 3360arcmin(^2) of sky, to a depth of V = 20mag in a 13 arcsec diameter aperture, and produce magnitudes for ~ 1400 extended objects in metric apertures from 8.8 to 26arcsec diameters. The mean internal RMS scatter in the photometry is 0.014mag in V, and 0.026mag in U, for Via(_13) < 17mag. We use this photometric catalogue to place limits on the levels of scatter in the colour- magnitude relation (CMR) in the Coma cluster. We subdivide the galaxy population by morphology, luminosity and position on the sky, and analyse the CMR in each of them. The lowest levels of scatter are found in the elliptical galaxies, and the late type galaxies have the highest numbers of galaxies blue-wards of the CMR. We finds signs of decreased scatter and systematically bluer galaxy colours with increasing projected radius from the center of the cluster, and attribute it to a mean galactic age gradient. We find that the typical mass of galaxies within clusters can increase by a factor of two through dissipationless merging without destroying the CMR. We compare the spectral line indices of galaxies in the Coma cluster with their deviation from the mean colour-magnitude relation (CMR). We find that the CMR in Coma is driven primarily by a luminosity-metallicity correlation, however we cannot rule out a contribution from age effects. Colour deviations blue-ward of the mean relation are strongly correlated with the Hydrogen Baimer line series absorption, indicating the presence of a young stellar population in these blue galaxies. We use a wavelet code to suggest an association between X-ray cluster substructure and 'E+A' galaxy activity in high redshift clusters.

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Schael, Anita M. "The star-formation history of massive galaxies." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3126.

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This thesis presents multi-frequency data, galaxy identifications, estimated redshifts, and derived physical properties for the sub-millimetre source sample produced by the SCUBA HAlf Degree Extragalactic Survey (SHADES). SHADES is the largest, complete, sub-millimetre survey undertaken to date, and the aim of this work is to exploit this survey to study the evolution of sub-mm selected galaxies at high redshift, explore their possible connectionwith localmassive ellipticals, and to test current models of galaxy formation. The SHADES sample was selected from 850 micron images made with the submillimetre camera SCUBA at the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. These submillimetre maps cover a total area of 720 arcmin2 split between two well-studied extra-galactic survey fields, the Lockman Hole East and the Subaru/XMMNewton Deep Field (SXDF). The resulting sample of 120 sub-millimetre sources is the focus of this thesis. Here the wealth of information provided by deep radio, optical, near-infrared and mid-infrared imaging of the two SHADES fields is exploited to complete the identification of the SHADES sample, and then to derive a robust redshift estimate for every sub-millimetre source. Where possible this is achieved from the optical+ infrared photometry using a new two-component redshift estimation code developed specifically to deal with starbursting galaxies with potentially highly stochastic star-formation histories. The effectiveness of this code is demonstrated via comparison with the small subset of SHADES source which possess robust spectroscopic redshifts. For those galaxies which are too faint for effective redshift constraints to be provided by the existing optical+infrared photometry, the information on the long-wavelength spectral energy distribution provided by the radio+submm photometry is utilised to provide cruder constraints or limits on redshift. The result is the first complete and unbiased estimate of the redshift distribution of the bright extragalactic sub-millimetre galaxy population. It is found that the brightest sub-mm sources are confined to the redshift range 2 < z < 4, while more moderate luminosity sources span the full range of redshift out to z ∼ 5. The fits to themulti-frequency photometry provided by the redshift estimation technique are also used to derive estimates of the stellar mass, and star-formation history of each SHADES galaxy. The average derived stellar mass is ∼ 3 × 1011 M⊙ and it is found that the violent starburst powering the sub-millimetre emission typically contributes less than 10% of the stellar mass of the galaxy which has been assembled prior to the “current” starburst event. The distributions of redshift, stellar mass, and star-burst ages are compared with the predictions of a range of galaxy models, including the suite of models originally used to motivate the SHADES survey in van Kampen et al. (2005), and themost recent incarnation of the Durhamsemi-analytic galaxy formationmodels described by Swinbank et al. (2008). It is found that the redshift distribution and sub-mmflux versus redshift for bright sub-mmgalaxies can be reproduced best by one of the van Kampen models, which is based on semi-analytic modelling with a Chabrier IMF. We can rule out the non-semi-analytic prediction models and the Durham semi-analytic model with a top-heavy IMF. However the stellar masses are systematically underpredicted by all of the models. Either the stellar masses derived from the SHADES data have been systematically over-estimated, or the models need to be modified (perhaps by the inclusion of AGN feedback) to allow larger galaxy masses to assembled prior to z ∼ 2. Finally, it is demonstrated that themass in place prior to the observed starburst cannot have been produced by an analogous super-burst at higher redshift, but rather requires to have been assembledmore gradually over a timescale of ∼ 1−2 Gyr. It is thus concluded thatmassive galaxies undergo theirmost violent phase of star formation at redshifts 2 < z < 4, but that the enormous starbursts which lead to detection in current sub-millimetre surveys can only take place in the potential well provided by an already massive galaxy. This supports a scenario in which bright sub-millimetre galaxies are indeed the progenitors of the massive elliptical galaxies found in the local Universe.

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Falk, Seb. "Improving instruments : equatoria, astrolabes, and the practices of monastic astronomy in late medieval England." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2016. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/256996.

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Histories of medieval astronomy have brought to light a rich textual tradition, of treatises and tables composed and computed, transmitted and translated across Europe and beyond. These have been supplemented by fruitful inquiry into the material culture of astronomy, especially the instruments that served as models of the heavens, for teaching and for practical purposes. But even now we know little about the practices of medieval astronomers: how they obtained and passed on their knowledge; how they drew up and used mathematical tables; how they drafted the treatises in which they found words to express their ideas and inventions for their particular audiences. This thesis uses a case study approach to elucidate these medieval astronomical practices. Long thought to be a holograph manuscript in the hand of Geoffrey Chaucer, the Equatorie of the Planetis (Peterhouse, Cambridge MS 75.I) has recently been identified as the work of John Westwyk (d. c. 1400), a Benedictine monk of Tynemouth Priory and St Albans Abbey. His draft description of the construction and use of an astronomical instrument, with accompanying tables, provides an opportunity to reconstruct the practices of an unexceptional astronomer. The first chapter of this thesis reconstructs Westwyk’s astronomical reading and understanding, through an examination of the other manuscript that survives in his hand: a pair of instrument treatises by the outstanding monastic astronomer Richard of Wallingford. I show how Westwyk copied this manuscript in a monastic context, learning as he annotated texts and recomputed tables. In the second chapter I discuss the purposes of planetary instruments such as equatoria, their place among other astronomical instruments, and the physical constraints and possibilities experienced by their makers. Through this discussion I assess the craft environment in which Westwyk came to write his own instrument-making instructions. Chapters three and four assess Westwyk’s language, explaining the basis for his choice to write a technical work in the vernacular, and analysing how his innovative use of Middle English furthered his didactic objectives. In the final chapter, I undertake a technical reassessment of the Equatorie treatise, an integrated analysis of the instrument with the somewhat neglected tables that Westwyk compiled alongside it. The thesis thus applies a range of methodologies to examine the practices and products of a single inexpert astronomer from all angles. It aims to show what an in-depth case study approach can offer historians of the medieval sciences.

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Mundy, Carl J. "The history of stellar mass in the most massive galaxies at z < 3.5." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/40667/.

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Observations have shown that galaxies have undergone intense transformations over the past 11 Gyr, increasing both their size and stellar mass in the process. Uncovering and understanding the mechanisms behind such changes remains one of the aims of modern astronomy. This Thesis presents an investigation into two mechanisms - star-formation and galaxy mergers - which may be responsible for these observed changes. This is achieved through the analyses of several publicly a available semi-analytic models of galaxy formation and evolution, combined with a large sample of approximately 350,000 galaxies at 0.005< z <3.5. Firstly, a comprehensive study is detailed comparing two methods which aim to connect galaxies across cosmic time, to ascertain the best method of tracing the true evolution of a galaxy population's most fundamental properties across large redshift ranges. This is done using a suite of semi-analytic models and selecting galaxies at either a constant stellar mass, or a constant cumulative number density ranked by stellar mass. It is found that the latter selection is better at tracing the true evolution in stellar mass and star-formation rate of a galaxy population, both forwards and backwards in time, compared to the former method. The method allows these properties to be recovered within a factor of 2-3 across a redshift range of 0< z <3, with the systematic o set proportional to the redshift range probed. This contrasts with a constant stellar mass selection - used throughout the literature - which often overestimates these physical properties by up to a factor of ~20, depending on the mass range probed. Secondly, this Thesis introduces a method allowing for the measurement of the close-pair fraction for galaxies selected by stellar mass from a flux-limited survey. Previous measurements of the merger fraction suffered from small volumes or uncertain statistical corrections for projected close-pairs of galaxies. The method presented herein, adapted from that presented in Lopez-Sanjuan et al. (2015), uses the full redshift probability distribution to measure the pair fraction of galaxies at >1010M, and at a constant cumulative number density of 10-4 Mpc-3, representing the best constraints on the pair fraction at z < 3.5 to date. Major and minor merger pair fractions approximately a factor of ~ 2 smaller than previous works are found and subsequently converted to merger rates. The major merger rate is found to be similar for galaxies at >1011Mand>1010M, while the minor merger rate is larger for the most massive galaxies by a factor of ~ 2. Finally, the relative role of galaxy mergers and star-formation in the build up of stellar mass is explored. Using star-formation rate estimates, a statistical estimation of the star-formation rate density and the merger accretion rate density of stellar mass-selected samples are compared and contrasted. From this analysis, it is found that star-formation remained the dominant source of stellar mass growth in massive galaxies until z ~ 0.5, with major merger becoming comparable in more recent times and minor mergers a factor of ~ 10 smaller even today. Furthermore, simple virial arguments are used to show that major and minor mergers are likely not the dominant mechanism in the size evolution of massive galaxies at z < 3.5, increasing their sizes by a factor of ~ 1.6 at most. In summary, the results presented in this Thesis explore the stellar mass, star-formation and size evolution of massive galaxies over the past 11 Gyr, and shed new light on the mechanisms responsible. By taking advantage of the latest wide-area, deep surveys, the largest sample of galaxies is used to constrain the merger histories of massive galaxies and infer their role in the evolution of massive galaxies in a consistent manner.

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Swanner, Leandra Altha. "Mountains of Controversy: Narrative and the Making of Contested Landscapes in Postwar American Astronomy." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10781.

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Beginning in the second half of the twentieth century, three American astronomical observatories in Arizona and Hawai'i were transformed from scientific research facilities into mountains of controversy. This dissertation examines the histories of conflict between Native, environmentalist, and astronomy communities over telescope construction at Kitt Peak, Mauna Kea, and Mt. Graham from the mid-1970s to the present. I situate each history of conflict within shifting social, cultural, political, and environmental tensions by drawing upon narrative as a category of analysis. Astronomers, environmentalist groups, and the Native communities of the Tohono O'odham Nation, the San Carlos Apaches, and Native Hawaiians deployed competing cultural constructions of the mountains--as an ideal observing site, a "pristine" ecosystem, or a spiritual temple--and these narratives played a pivotal role in the making of contested landscapes in postwar American astronomy.
History of Science

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Morgan, Daniel Patrick. "Knowing heaven| Astronomy, the calendar, and the sagecraft of science in early imperial China." Thesis, The University of Chicago, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3606338.

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This dissertation is a series of textual case studies on nontraditional sources for li[special characters omitted]"calendro-astronomy" circa 250 BCE - 250 CE: (1) the silk manuscript guide to military planetary astronomy/astrology Wuxing zhan[special chracters omitted] (168 BCE), (2) excavated calendars and state li manuals, and (3) the Jin shu's [special characters omitted] record of the debate surrounding a failed attempt at li reform in 226 CE. This selection affords us a number of unique cross sections through the astral sciences. Balancing transmitted with excavated sources, I emphasize realia and their perspective on era technical knowledge, the formats in which it was produced and consumed, and its transmission and practice beyond an elite court-centered context. In addition to the three elements of li--calendrics, eclipses, and planetary astronomy--my selection draws together the broad array of astral sciences, exploring distinctions in genre, sociology, and epistemology between, for example, mathematical astronomy, hemerology, and omenology, and the (tortuous) processes by which knowledge moved between them. Each chapter also juxtaposes the normative descriptions of manual literature with products of practice—tables, calendars, and test results—to reflect upon the distance between them and, thus, the limitations of the former as historical testimony. Across these cross sections, my study focuses on the question of empiricism and progress. I foreground these topics not because they define twentieth-century notions of science but because, as I argue, they define early imperial notions of li—a point that our twenty-first-century aversion to positivism and Whig history tends to obscure. To this end, I catalog the conceptual vocabulary of observation and testing, submit empirical practices to mathematical and sociological analysis, and, most importantly, explore the formation and function of legend—the histories of science that early imperial actors wrote and recounted in their own day.

As it stands, the dissertation has four body chapters. Chapter 1 provides a history and sociology of the astral sciences in the Han, covering the sources, legend, and conceptual vocabulary of li, the history of Han li from the perspective of both ideas and institutional reforms, and a survey of participants' backgrounds, motivations, education, and epistemological contentions. Chapter 2 examines how the Wuxing zhan manuscript segregates and conflates distinct genres of planetary models, then sketches the subsequent history of these genres, showing how, despite seemingly opposite orientations to reality, actors gradually rewrote and reassessed (crude) hemerology-based omenological (tianwen[special characters omitted]) models through the lens of progress made in mathematical (li) ones. Chapter 3 explores a similar gulf that opened between astronomy and calendrics in this period, as well as the gulf between imperial ideology—within which the calendar was the premier symbol of cosmo-ritual dominion—and the actualities of the production, distribution, and use of calendars in a manuscript culture. Lastly, chapter 4 analyzes the two epistemic strategies at the center of (the Jin shu's take on) the circa 226 CE court debate on li: the quantitative determination of "tightness" (accuracy) of lunisolar and planetary models through competitive testing, and the contestation of claims through the deployment of precedence from the history of the field.

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Holmberg, Gustav. "Reaching for the stars : studies in the history of Swedish stellar and nebular astronomy, 1860-1940 /." Lund : Lund university, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb388120921.

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Schawinski, Kevin. "The star formation history of early-type galaxies." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670098.

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Calil, Marcos Rogerio. "Astronomia de Vitrúvio e a datação da sua época." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2013. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/13281.

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Born in the surrounding areas of Rome between 85 and 80 BC, Vitruvius has written The Ten Books on Architecture. The period, possibly, dates between the end of the Republic and the beginning of Augustus principality. Between 29 and 27 BC, after had written the main text of his work, Vitruvius saw the need of preface and dedicate his treaty to Augustus Caesar. Inserted on this accented political movement, Vitruvius publishes, in 27 BC, his work. For Vitruvius, the science of the architect is compounded by several disciplines and different types of knowledge, being necessary have acquaintance in literary art, science of drawing, geometry, arithmetic, historical facts, philosophy, music, medicine and astronomy, since all this disciplines have, among them, connection and communication. In fact, Vitruvius proofs on its work that managed all these knowledge areas. From The Ten Books on Architecture, the book 9 is dedicated to Astronomy, objectifying the comprehension of sundials systems. The complex construction of its analemma, a pre-construction of the sundials, brings several Astronomy concepts practiced on that time. And based on these concepts we determined the year of 47 BC as the year the ninth book was written. Besides, through the historical debate occurred among the vitruvian scholars, we determined the year Vitruvius has born, died, written, prefaced and dedicated his work. We present, in the first chapter, an abstract of the Ten Books of Vitruvius, the different trajectories of the vitruvian editions since the IX century until the present date and 16 editions we consider significant for any vitruvian scholar. In the second chapter, we analyze the historical process about the debate among scholars, referent to the date Vitruvius lived and wrote his work. In the third chapter, we analyzed the book 9, objectifying localize Astronomy contents described by Vitruvius, of which, thereafter, assisted us to conclude which year he wrote this book. Finally, in the chapter 4, the conclusion is made based on the studies of theorists presented in the chapter 2 and the concepts of Astronomy presented in chapter 3, we determined the year Vitruvius has born, died, written, prefaced and dedicated his work
Nascido nas regiões próximas à Roma, entre 85 a 80 a.e.c. Vitrúvio redigiu a obra Dez Livros de Arquitetura. O período, possivelmente, data entre o final da República e o começo do principado de Augusto. Entre 29 a 27 a.e.c, após ter escrito o texto principal da obra, Vitrúvio vê a necessidade de prefaciar e dedicar seu tratado para Augusto César. Inserido nessa acentuada movimentação política, Vitrúvio publica, em 27 a.e.c. sua obra. Para Vitrúvio, a ciência do arquiteto é ornada de muitas disciplinas e de vários saberes, sendo necessário ter conhecimento em arte literária, ciência do desenho, geometria, aritmética, fatos históricos, filosofia, música, medicina e astronomia, pois todas essas disciplinas tem, entre si, ligação e comunicação. De fato, Vitrúvio prova na sua obra que era munido de todos esses saberes. Dos Dez Livros de Arquitetura, o livro 9 é dedicado para a Astronomia, objetivando a compreensão do sistema dos relógios solares. A complexa construção do seu analema, uma pré construção dos relógios solares, traz consigo diversos conceitos de Astronomia praticados na época. E foi com base nesses conceitos que determinamos o ano de 47 a.e.c. como sendo o ano de redação do nono livro. Além disso, através do debate histórico ocorrido entre os estudiosos vitruvianos, determinamos o ano em que Vitrúvio nasceu, faleceu, redigiu, prefaciou e dedicou sua obra. Apresentamos, no primeiro capítulo, um resumo dos Dez Livros de Vitrúvio, as diferentes trajetórias das edições vitruvianas durante os séculos IX até apresente data e 16 edições que consideramos significativas para qualquer estudioso vitruviano. No segundo capítulo, analisamos o processo histórico sobre o debate entre os estudiosos, referente à data que Vitrúvio viveu e redigiu sua obra. No terceiro capítulo, analisamos o livro 9, objetivando localizar conteúdos de Astronomia descritos por Vitrúvio, os quais, mais a frente, nos auxiliaram a concluir a determinação do ano que ele redigiu esse livro. Por fim, no capítulo 4, a conclusão é realizada com base nos estudos dos teóricos apresentados no capítulo 2 e dos conceitos de Astronomia apresentados no capítulo 3, determinamos o ano que Vitrúvio nasceu, faleceu, redigiu, prefaciou e dedicou sua obra

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Jo, Sokhyo. "Topics on the History of Tibetan Astronomy With a Focus on Background Knowledge of Eclipse Calculations in the 18th Century." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493606.

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The eclipse calculations in Tibet feature religious implications. One religious issue is Buddhist chronology (bstan rtsis). With Kālacakra calculational bases, Tibetan Kālacakra astronomers have tried to synchronize with the Buddhist texts, stating that the Buddha’s enlightenment occurred during a lunar eclipse of the full moon. The concept is called “backward calculation” (yar log gi rtsis). Another religious issue is the rite of poṣadha (gso sbyong). At some point in Tibet, the idea of ūnarātra (zhag mi thub) in the Abhidharma literature was used to argue the accuracy of the weekday (gza’) value of the skar rtsis for the performance of gso sbyong. However, the decision of the accurate day for the gso sbyong during the 18th century Amdo became an issue. At stake was the conjunction with the occurrence of the solar eclipses, whose dates occasionally matched up with the Qing Chinese calendar, not with the skar rtsis calendar. Upon these cases, one of the possible solutions was to perform gso sbyong in conformity with region (yul bstun gso sbyong) according to the Chinese date. Under the situation that an eclipse is closely tied to the religious chronology and practice, Tibetan astronomers made great efforts to produce the eclipse calculation results which were in accordance with direct experience (mngon sum). However, they have been confronted with the incongruity between their calculations and the real phenomena of an eclipse. Inevitably, the non-Kālacakra methods and knowledge, including observation, empirical data, debates, criticism, research into other traditions, etc. have been incorporated into the skar rtsis system based upon the Kālacakra. Technically, adding a correction (nur ster), the correction of residual (rtsis ’phro), the correction of a Great Conjunction at the zero point (stong chen ’das lo), etc., within the conceptual and methodological framework of the Kālacakra, have been used to tally calculations with the real phenomena of an eclipse. Also, the non-Kālacakra Chinese Lixiang kaocheng system (later known as Mā yang rgya rtsis), which was based upon modern geometric and trigonometric knowledge, was used.
Inner Asian and Altaic Studies

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Saridakis, Voula. "Converging Elements in the Development of Late Seventeenth-Century Disciplinary Astronomy: Instrumentation, Education, and the Hevelius-Hooke Controversy." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29611.

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In this dissertation, I examine astronomical practice in the second half of the seventeenth century by analyzing the nature of observation and instrumentation within an institutional and social context. I argue that astronomical practice was transformed by the convergence of several overlapping factors including the deployment of new instruments, the mathematical and astronomical education of practitioners, the gradual assimilation of new ideas, and the rise of scientific societies and networks. More specifically, I argue that the 1670's controversy between Johannes Hevelius and Robert Hooke and the ensuing debate that involved a larger circle of practitioners, helped establish a new foundation for the discipline of astronomy. In forcing practitioners to take sides, the controversy prompted them to define the precise nature of astronomical practice as well as the necessary qualifications for its practitioners. In Chapter 1, I discuss sixteenth and seventeenth-century astronomical instruments, and I provide a history of instrumentation from the use of positional measuring instruments in the late sixteenth century to the more widespread use of micrometers and telescopically-mounted positional measuring instruments in the late seventeenth century. Proceeding from the instruments to the people involved, in Chapters 2 and 3 I discuss the mathematical and astronomical community of the late sixteenth to late seventeenth centuries. The "community" included those individuals working both within and outside the universities. In Chapter 4, I discuss the Hevelius-Hooke controversy over the relative merits of naked-eye versus telescopic sights as the watershed in positional astronomy that defined the role of astronomers, shaped their methods of observation, and directed future research. In the final chapter of this study, Chapter 5, I discuss the work of Cassini at the Paris Observatory and Flamsteed at the Greenwich Observatory, and how their efforts were shaped by the Hevelius-Hooke controversy.
Ph. D.

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Biro, Jackie School of History &amp Philosophy of Science UNSW. "&quotHeavens and earth in one frame&quot Cosmography and the form of the earth in the scientific revolution." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of History and Philosophy of Science, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/24916.

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This thesis addresses the role of geography in the Scientific Revolution, a matter yet to be settled by historians of science. Specifically it argues that cosmography, the parent discipline of both astronomy and geography, was central to Copernican natural philosophy in the early modern period. Copernicus, Bruno, Gilbert, Galileo and Descartes all sought to provide a unified picture of the heavens and earth by harmonising ideas in geography and astronomy, according to established principles of cosmography. In addition, using concepts about the earth?s form to build heliocentric cosmological theories was routine amongst Copernican thinkers. Indeed, this analysis demonstrates that Copernicus, Bruno and Gilbert staked their claims about the heavens on their theories of the earth. Recognising cosmography offers several advantages to historical understanding of the Scientific Revolution. It helps explain the form of Bruno?s argument for an infinite cosmos and a multiplicity of worlds. It provides insights into Gilbert?s interest in the detailed structure of the earth, beyond simply magnetism, and reveals that his argument followed a more traditional path than generally thought. A cosmographic perspective explains why Galileo took such pride in his theory of the tides and clarifies the place of this theory in his case for heliocentrism. From the cosmographic viewpoint, Descartes appears as a radically ambitious cosmographer with his use of a single account of the creation of the heavens and earth, thereby linking geography and astronomy in a single physical theory. Thus, cosmography represented a competitive enterprise among the Copernican natural philosophers. In general, thinking in terms of cosmography helps us understand the manner in which geographical ideas entered into the conceptual developments of the Scientific Revolution. The main contribution to knowledge in this thesis is its identification of cosmography as a key frame of reference for early modern thinking about cosmology, overlooked in the historical literature.

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Mor, Crespo Roger. "The star formation history and the stellar initial mass function of the Milky Way disc. The population synthesis Besançon Galaxy Model in the Gaia era." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667482.

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AIMS: We develop a new theoretical framework to generate Besançon Galaxy Model Fast Approximate Simulations (BGM FASt) to address fundamental questions of the Galactic structure and evolution performing multi-parameter inference. The flexibility of BGM FASt allows the inference of fundamental parameters related to the stellar initial mass function (IMF), the star formation history (SFH), the density distribution, the kinematics and the chemo-dynamics, among others. BGM FASt allows the study of different Milky Way (MW) components. In this thesis we are focused in a first application of our strategy to simultaneously infer the IMF and the SFH of the MW disc. METHOD: BGM FASt is based on a reweighing scheme, that uses a specific pre-sampled simulation. We use BGM FASt together with an approximate Bayesian computation algorithm to obtain the posterior probability distribution function of the inferred parameters, by automatically comparing synthetic versus observed data. Our full strategy is codified to run on Apache Spark and Hadoop, suited to deal with large surveys. BGM FASt is implemented in the big data infrastructure known as Gaia Data Analytics Framework (GDAF) at the University of Barcelona. To evaluate the performance of BGM FASt we execute a set of validation tests comparing density, colour, mass and age distributions of BGM FASt versus BGM standard simulations. We present two scientific cases that compare synthetic versus Tycho-2 colour-magnitude diagrams. We obtain for the first time using BGM an IMF and SFH of the thin disc by exploring a 6-Dimensional parameter space. We use Gaia data-release 2 magnitudes, colours, and parallaxes for stars with G<12 to explore a parameter space with 15 dimensions. This includes simultaneously the IMF and, for the first time, a non-parametric SFH for the Galactic disc. RESULTS: The set of tests applied show a very good agreement between equivalent simulations performed with BGM FASt and standard BGM. It has resulted to be 10000 times faster. We demonstrate it is a very valuable tool to perform multi-parameter inference using large catalogues. The two scientific demonstration cases of our strategy applied to Tyhco-2 data gives us, for the first time using BGM, a full 6D posterior probability distribution function of the parameters involved in the IMF and the SFH of the thin disc component. Using Gaia DR2 we find an imprint of a star formation burst 2-3 Gyr ago in the Galactic thin disc domain. Our results show a decreasing trend followed by a Star Formation Rate (SFR) enhancement starting at about 5 Gyr ago and continuing until about 1 Gyr ago. This enhancement is detected with high statistical significance by discarding the null hypothesis of an exponential SFH. The timescale and the amount of stellar mass generated during this SFR enhancement event lead us to hypothesise that its origin, currently under investigation, is not intrinsic to the disc. When we adopt a non-parametric SFH the resulting IMF for the thin disc has an alpha3 of approximately 2 for masses M larger than 1.53 Msun and alpha2 approximately 1.3 for the mass range between 0.5 and 1.53Msun. CONCLUSIONS: BGM FASt has allowed us to increase our knowledge about the IMF and the SFH of the MW disc. Our results have shown that the evolution of the SFR with time is much more complex than a simple mathematical exponential decreasing shape. We have seen how the imposition of a mathematical shape for the SFH has a clear impact into the derivation of the IMF at high masses. The good performance of our whole strategy opens very promising perspectives, among them, the possibility to study whether the IMF variates with the time or not.

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Calil, Marcos Rogério. "Analema de Vitruvius: dos relógios solares até o relógio de sol plano horizontal." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2008. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/13383.

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Vitruvius, who was born near Rome around the first century BC, introduces in his work Ten Books on Architecture several teachings on Roman architecture, concepts regarding war machines, and also information about the science of his time. His name, place of birth, the dates of his birth and death, and the exact year when the work was written are still open issues, stimulating controversies among specialists who seek to understand the thoughts of the Roman architects who lived in that period. Besides that, several words used within the Ten Books on Architecture are left without translation, because their contextual meaning cannot be understood. The work Ten Books on Architecture, allegedly written by Vitruvius, not only provides the reader with architectural concepts of the first century BC, but also allows a glimpse of the Roman view of the Universe at that time. The aim of the ninth book is explaining Astronomy and the mechanism of the sky for the construction of sundials, and presents the analemma. Vitruvius analemma is a basic geometric analysis preceding the construction of all sundials at that time. However, Vitruvius only describes the construction of the geometric diagram, and not its use and application, a task that is left to mathematicians. He does mention the names of several inventors and their respective sundials, but he does not offer any further details. This work presents, in chapter I, a philological analysis of Vitruvius. Chapter II offers a detailed analysis of Vitruvius book IX, chapter VIII, verse I, where the author refers to many types of sundials and their inventors. After a thorough examination of those sundials, in chapter III the readers will be able to check each stage of the construction of the analemma, commented with the use of translations into Latin, French, Italian, English, Spanish and Portuguese, together with the opinions of commentators. Finally, chapter IV shows an example of how Vitruvius analemma can be applied for the construction of a plane horizontal sundial, following the analysis of Gustav Bilfinger
Nascido por volta do século I a.C. nas regiões próximas de Roma, Vitruvius apresenta na sua obra Dez Livros de Arquitetura, diversos ensinamentos sobre arquitetura romana e conceitos construtivos sobre as máquinas de guerras da época, acompanhadas de informações sobre a ciência da época. Seu nome, local de nascimento, datas de vida e morte e data exata da elaboração da obra são questões abertas que geram debates entre os especialistas que desejam entender os pensamentos dos arquitetos romanos que viveram durante esse período. Atrelados a esses fatores, os textos inseridos nos dez livros deixam diversas palavras sem tradução por não apresentarem um entendimento acerca do propósito contextual. A obra Dez Livros de Arquitetura, atribuído a Vitruvius, além de proporcionar ao leitor os conceitos arquitetônicos do século I a.C. também permite captar uma visão de Universo que os romanos tinham dessa época. Desses dez livros, apenas o nono apresenta o propósito de explicar a Astronomia com fundamentos de mecânica celeste objetivando como resultado final a construção de relógios solares e apresentação do analema . O analema de Vitruvius é uma analise fundamental que antecede todas as demais construções de relógios solares existentes na época. Porém, Vitruvius nos indica apenas a construção e não o uso e aplicação do mesmo, deixando essa tarefa para os matemáticos. Descrevendo os nomes de vários inventores e seus respectivos relógios solares, sem no entanto esclarecer detalhes. Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar ao leitor, no decorrer do primeiro capítulo, uma análise filológica de Vitruvius. No segundo capítulo, a pesquisa realiza uma análise aprofundada do capítulo oito, verso um, contido no livro nove, onde Vitruvius apresenta diversos tipos de relógios solares e seus autores. Após a análise minuciosa desses relógios solares, no capítulo três o leitor poderá verificar cada etapa de construção do analema de Vitruvius com seus comentários através da análise de textos traduzidos para o latim, francês, italiano, inglês, espanhol e português, além de opiniões apresentadas por comentadores. Por fim, no capítulo quatro, será apresentado para o leitor um exemplo de aplicação do analema de Vitruvius para a construção de um relógio solar plano horizontal, seguindo a análise de Gustav Bilfinger

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Poliquin, Émilie-Jade. "Les textes astronomiques latins : un univers de mots : enquête épistémologique, logique et rhétorique." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOU20115.

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Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié un corpus de dix textes latins abordant des questions astronomiques telles que la forme de l’univers et de la Terre, la description des constellations ou le mouvement des astres et des planètes, à savoir les Aratea de Cicéron, le livre IX du De architectura de Vitruve, le De astronomia d’Hygin, les Astronomica de Manilius, les Arati phaenomena de Germanicus, le livre II de la Naturalis historia de Pline, une large portion du Timaeus a Calcidio translatus commentarioque instructus de Calcidius, les Aratea d’Aviénus, certains chapitres des Commentarii in Somnium Scipionis de Macrobe et, enfin, le livre VIII du De Nuptiis Mercurii et Philologiae de Martianus Capella. Cette recherche avait pour objectif d’une part de comprendre ce qu’était le savoir astronomique pour les auteurs de ces textes et d’autre part de voir quels étaient les moyens à leur disposition pour transmettre cette connaissance. Pour ce faire, nous avons jeté un regard double sur notre corpus : alors que notre plan a été essentiellement guidé par une enquête épistémologique abordant les grands thèmes de l’astronomie antique – autrement dit, le contenu –, notre analyse a été quant à elle davantage concentrée sur la forme, tant logique que rhétorique, de ces exposés. Nos analyses nous ont permis de mieux comprendre l’aspect didactique de toutes ces œuvres, aussi diverses soient-elles quant à leur genre, en repérant un certain nombre de procédés littéraires qui leur étaient communs, parmi lesquels nous trouvons la mise en scène de l’homme qui observe les phénomènes célestes, la mise en scène de l’homme qui raisonne et la mise en scène du ciel lui-même
In our thesis, we study a corpus of ten Latin texts discussing astronomical topics such as the shape of the universe, the constellation descriptions and planet movements : the Aratea by Cicero, the ninth book of the De architectura by Vitruvius, the De astronomia by Hyginus, the Astronomica by Manilius, the Arati phaenomena by Germanicus, the second book of the Naturalis historia by Pliny, a large part of the Timaeus a Calcidio translatus commentarioque instructus by Calcidius, the Aratea by Avienus, some chapters of the Commentarii in Somnium Scipionis by Macrobius and, finally, the eighth book of the De Nuptiis Mercurii et Philologiae by Martianus Capella. The major aims of this research were first to understand what was astronomical knowledge for the authors of these texts and, secondly, to see what were the means at their disposal to convey that knowledge. To achieve this, we did a dual study of our corpus : as our plan was essentially guided by an epistemological inquiry addressing the major themes of ancient astronomy - in other words, content, our analysis was in turn more focused on the form, both logical rhetorical, of these presentations. Our analyses allowed us to better understand the didacticism or educational aspect of all these works, as diverse as they were, by identifying a number of common literary devices, among which we find the staging of the man observing celestial phenomena, the staging of the man who reasons and the staging of the sky itself

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Oliveira, Zaqueu Vieira [UNESP]. "As relações entre a Matemática e a Astronomia no século XVI: tradução e comentários da obra Ouranographia de Adriaan van Roomen." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/91044.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Durante a Idade Média a astronomia era estudada como uma das disciplinas do quadrivium, parte das artes liberais onde se abordava o conjunto das “matemáticas”, e no Renascimento o estudo da astronomia como parte das “disciplinas matemáticas” perdurou ainda por algum tempo e diversos estudiosos continuaram a se dedicar à publicação de obras sobre o assunto. Adriaan van Roomen (1561-1615), matemático e médico renascentista, escreveu alguns trabalhos referentes à astronomia, dentre os quais podemos citar a sua Ouranographia sive caeli descriptio (1591). Neste trabalho, apresentamos a primeira tradução da Ouranographia direta do latim para o português e acrescentamos notas e comentários acerca dos assuntos tratados em alguns dos capítulos da obra. Na Ouranographia, percebemos claramente o entrelaçamento entre diversas áreas da ciência, não só no que consideramos como matemática e astronomia, mas também no que diz respeito à astrologia, à filosofia e à história. A Ouranographia de van Roomen é constituída por três livros: no liber primus, descreve genericamente a máquina celeste, sua matéria e forma, seus movimentos e orbes; no liber secundus, descreve o primeiro céu e as linhas e círculos celestes que usamos para nos referenciar estando aqui da Terra; no liber tertius, explica o primeiro móvel, seus círculos e movimentos. Percebemos que van Roomen faz uma compilação de boa parte do conhecimento existente sobre o tema desde a Antiguidade até seu tempo e, através de suas citações, percebemos ainda que ele teve contato com obras de inúmeros autores, se mostrando um grande intelectual
During the Middle Ages the astronomy was studied as one of the disciplines of the quadrivium, part of the liberal arts where they approached the math, and in the Renaissance the study of astronomy as part of the mathematical disciplines went even on for some time and several scholars have continued to devote himself to the publication of works on the subject. Adriaan van Roomen (1561-1615), renaissance mathematician and physician, wrote several works about to astronomy, among which we mention its Ouranographia sive caeli descriptio (1591). In this work we present the first direct translation from Latin to Portuguese of the Ouranographia and add notes and comments on the issues addressed in some of the chapters of the work. In the Ouranographia, we clearly see the interconnectedness of different fields of science, not only in what we consider as mathematics and astronomy, but also with regard to astrology, philosophy and history. The van Roomen’ Ouranographia consists of three books: in the liber primus, describes generally the heaven machine, its matter and form, their movements and orbs; in the liber secundus, describes the heaven first and the celestial circles and lines that we use to refer being here on Earth, in the liber tertius, explains the mobile first, their movements and circles. We perceive that van Roomen makes a compilation of much of the existing knowledge on the subject from antiquity to his time, and through their citations, we perceive still that he had contact with works by several authors, is showing a great intellectual

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Carver, Ben. "Arranging the past, reconsidering the present : the emergence of alternate history in the nineteenth century." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/4243.

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This study examines the expression and patterns of alternate history in nineteenth-century Britain and France. “Alternate history” refers to the presentation of events that did not happen in order to consider historical trajectories that might have been and the consequent displacements of present and future. The central chapters of this thesis correspond to the three fields of writing in which these texts are clustered: in narratives of undefeated and resurgent Napoleons, which I trace from the rival journalistic claims made about Napoleon and his historical significance; in accounts that re-imagine the transition from antiquity to modernity, for example by delaying the passage of Christianity from the Middle East to western Europe; and, as part of the plurality-of-worlds debate, in the popular-astronomical imagination of variant versions of human history upon other planets. Three patterns of alternate history are discernible: the romantic-utopian, the critical-reflexive and the linear-chronological. I attach to these patterns the figures of the garden, the map and the dial. These models do not correspond to the three temporal fields of the recent, antique and planetary past, and there is not a straightforward development of these patterns or modes across the nineteenth century; they rather represent a spectrum of purposes for the fictional alteration of the past which occur at various moments and contexts in the century. Alternate history in this period has never been the subject of in-depth analysis. The approach of this study will not absorb such transformations of history into a tradition of futurist writing, as some critics have done. Maintaining alternate history’s distinctness from futurism makes it possible to avoid framing the texts as precursors to science fiction’s historical anticipations. This study will argue that alternate history should instead be recognised as a category of writing that is aware of and concerned with the way that history is written and received, in particular with history’s interactions with other literary forms and the relationships between writing history and other disciplinary fields. More broadly, alternate history should be interpreted in the context of the often described formation of History as a positivist discipline by the late nineteenth century; but far from indicating a steady progression toward scientific historiography, alternate-historical texts reflect upon that transformation and its consequences in other literary fields (journalism, political theory, popular Astronomy, the romance novel) in the century whose “great obsession” is said to have been history.

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Ribeiro, Erick Elisson Hosana. "Contemplando o céu paraense : a inserção da astronomia nas instituições acadêmicas do Pará (1918 - 1967) /." Bauru, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/192803.

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Orientador: Fernando Bastos
Resumo: Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo principal investigar e analisar o processo de inserção da Astronomia no contexto educacional e científico paraense, discutindo suas características e sua trajetória nos currículos formais das instituições de ensino superior do Pará no período de 1918 a 1967, tendo como principais instituições de análise a Escola de Agronomia e Veterinária e a Escola de Engenharia. Para isso, a pesquisa assumiu caráter qualitativo e se desenvolveu a partir do levantamento documental de fontes primárias e secundárias tais como currículo de cursos, programas de disciplina, provas e documentos avaliativos, atas e relatórios institucionais, dentre outros, obtidos em arquivos públicos e pessoais. A perspectiva historiográfica adotada se fundamenta em referenciais teóricos da História da Ciência e da produção Historiográfica que consideram a ciência como uma atividade essencialmente humana, produto da interação social e cultural associada às condições materiais de produção do contexto social tais como fatores políticos, econômicos, filosóficos, os quais se entrelaçam numa complexa rede de relações por vezes assimétricas e pautadas por relações de poder que regulam e determinam os rumos da sociedade. Para complementar a análise historiográfica, foram utilizados elementos da Análise do Discurso da escola francesa no intuito de evidenciar informações sobre a ciência e a astronomia nos discursos oficiais de personagens envolvidos na trama histórica. A partir de todo esse... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This research had as main objective to investigate and analyze the insertion of Astronomy in the educational and scientific context of the state of Pará, discussing its characteristics and its trajectory in the curricula of higher education institutions in the period from 1918 to 1967, having as main institutions of analysis the School of Agronomy and Veterinary and the School of Engineering. For this, the research assumed a qualitative character and was developed from the documentary survey of primary and secondary sources such as course curriculum, discipline programs, tests and evaluative documents, minutes and institutional reports, among others, obtained from public and personal files. The historiographical perspective adopted is based on references from the History of Science and Historiographical production that consider science as an essentially human activity, a product of social and cultural interaction associated with the material conditions of production of the social context such as political, economic, philosophical factors, which are intertwined in a complex network of relations, sometimes asymmetrical and guided by power relations that regulate and determine the direction of society. To complement the historiographical analysis, elements of the Discourse Analysis of the French school were used in order to highlight information about science and astronomy in the official speeches of characters involved in the historical scenario. From all this path, it was poss... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

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Soares, Jerry Luiz. "A defesa do copernicanismo por Galileu Galilei." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2013. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/3721.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Galileo Galilei supported Nicolaus Copernicus astronomic theory, from which the former has attracted philosophical as well theological consequences. The celestial discoveries made possible with the usage of spyglasses allowed Galileo to challenge some of the aristotelic principles of cosmology and to break up the limits imposed to astronomy as hypothetical discipline which would aim just to "save the phenomena".
Galileu Galilei defendeu a teoria astronômica de Nicolau Copérnico, e dela extraiu consequências filosóficas e teológicas. As descobertas celestes com a utilização da luneta permitiram a Galileu questionar alguns princípios da cosmologia aristotélica, e romper os limites impostos à Astronomia, enquanto disciplina hipotética que teria como objetivo tão somente "salvar os fenômenos".

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Oliveira, Zaqueu Vieira. "As relações entre a Matemática e a Astronomia no século XVI : tradução e comentários da obra Ouranographia de Adriaan van Roomen /." Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/91044.

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Orientador: Marcos Vieira Teixeira
Banca: Irineu Bicudo
Banca: Carlos Henrique Barbosa Gonçalves
Resumo: Durante a Idade Média a astronomia era estudada como uma das disciplinas do quadrivium, parte das artes liberais onde se abordava o conjunto das "matemáticas", e no Renascimento o estudo da astronomia como parte das "disciplinas matemáticas" perdurou ainda por algum tempo e diversos estudiosos continuaram a se dedicar à publicação de obras sobre o assunto. Adriaan van Roomen (1561-1615), matemático e médico renascentista, escreveu alguns trabalhos referentes à astronomia, dentre os quais podemos citar a sua Ouranographia sive caeli descriptio (1591). Neste trabalho, apresentamos a primeira tradução da Ouranographia direta do latim para o português e acrescentamos notas e comentários acerca dos assuntos tratados em alguns dos capítulos da obra. Na Ouranographia, percebemos claramente o entrelaçamento entre diversas áreas da ciência, não só no que consideramos como matemática e astronomia, mas também no que diz respeito à astrologia, à filosofia e à história. A Ouranographia de van Roomen é constituída por três livros: no liber primus, descreve genericamente a máquina celeste, sua matéria e forma, seus movimentos e orbes; no liber secundus, descreve o primeiro céu e as linhas e círculos celestes que usamos para nos referenciar estando aqui da Terra; no liber tertius, explica o primeiro móvel, seus círculos e movimentos. Percebemos que van Roomen faz uma compilação de boa parte do conhecimento existente sobre o tema desde a Antiguidade até seu tempo e, através de suas citações, percebemos ainda que ele teve contato com obras de inúmeros autores, se mostrando um grande intelectual
Abstract: During the Middle Ages the astronomy was studied as one of the disciplines of the quadrivium, part of the liberal arts where they approached the "math", and in the Renaissance the study of astronomy as part of the "mathematical disciplines" went even on for some time and several scholars have continued to devote himself to the publication of works on the subject. Adriaan van Roomen (1561-1615), renaissance mathematician and physician, wrote several works about to astronomy, among which we mention its Ouranographia sive caeli descriptio (1591). In this work we present the first direct translation from Latin to Portuguese of the Ouranographia and add notes and comments on the issues addressed in some of the chapters of the work. In the Ouranographia, we clearly see the interconnectedness of different fields of science, not only in what we consider as mathematics and astronomy, but also with regard to astrology, philosophy and history. The van Roomen' Ouranographia consists of three books: in the liber primus, describes generally the heaven machine, its matter and form, their movements and orbs; in the liber secundus, describes the heaven first and the celestial circles and lines that we use to refer being here on Earth, in the liber tertius, explains the mobile first, their movements and circles. We perceive that van Roomen makes a compilation of much of the existing knowledge on the subject from antiquity to his time, and through their citations, we perceive still that he had contact with works by several authors, is showing a great intellectual
Mestre

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Gardner, Sara Lee. "The sun, moon and stars of the southern Levant at Gezer and Megiddo: Cultural astronomy in Chalcolithic/Early and Middle Bronze Ages." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280233.

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Astronomical images are found on monumental structures and decorative art, and metaphorically in seasonal myths, and are documented by calendars. In Israel and the southern Levant, images of the sun, the moon, and the stars were common decorating motifs. They were found on walls, pottery, and seals and date to as early as the Chalcolithic period; for example, the wall painting of a star at Teleilat Ghassul (North 1961). This dissertation establishes that the people of the Levant were aware of the apparent movement of the sun, and this will be discussed in Chapter 4. They began recording through representation drawings, astronomical phenomena no later than the Chalcolithic/Early Bronze Age and continued to do so late into the Middle Bronze Age. The argument moves beyond the simple use of symbols to the use of images to represent constellations, with the focus on the constellation Leo in Chapter 5. Furthermore, the use of astronomy as a power and political tool is also suggested in Chapter 6. Nonetheless, the primary purpose that is addressed here is the tendency in Syro-Palestinian archaeology has been to attribute technological evidence found in the northern and southern Levant as diffused from Egypt or Assyria, particularly astronomy. This dissertation firmly establishes that astronomy was used in the southern Levant before any significant contact with the civilizations of Egypt or Assyria.

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Ali, Sahba Yahya Hamid. "Probing the expansion history of the universe using upernovae and Baryon Acoustic Oscillations." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5054.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
The standard model of cosmology (the ɅCDM model) has been very successful and is compatible with all observational data up to now. However, it remains an important task to develop and apply null tests of this model. These tests are based on observables that probe cosmic distances and cosmic evolution history. Supernovae observations use the so-called `standard candle' property of SNIa to probe cosmic distances D(z). The evolution of the expansion rate H(z) is probed by the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) feature in the galaxy distribution, which serves as an effective `standard ruler'. The observables D(z) and H(z) are used in various consistency tests of ɅCDM that have been developed. We review the consistency tests, also looking for possible new tests. Then the tests are applied, first using existing data, and then using mock data from future planned experiments. In particular we use data from the recently commissioned Dark Energy Survey (DES) for SNIa. Gaussian Processes, and possibly other non-parametric methods, used to reconstruct the derivatives of D (z) and H (z) that are needed to apply the null tests of the standard cosmological model. This allows us to estimate the current and future power of observations to probe the ɅCDM model, which is the foundation of modern cosmology. In addition, we present an improved model of the HI galaxy number counts and bias from semi-analytic simulations, and we use it to calculate the expected yield of HI galaxies from surveys with a variety of phase 1 and 2 SKA configurations. We illustrate the relative performance of the different surveys by forecasting errors on the radial and transverse scales of the BAO feature. We use the Fisher matrix method to estimate the error bars on the cosmological parameters from future SKA HI galaxy surveys. We find that the SKA phase 1 galaxy surveys will not contend with surveys such as the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) whereas the full "billion galaxy survey" with SKA phase 2 will deliver the largest dark energy Figure of Merit of any current or future large-scale structure survey.
South African Square Kilometre Array Project (SKA) and German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD)

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Varga, Ian Jasper. "FROM LIVING WORLD TO A DEAD EARTH:MARS IN AMERICAN SCIENCE SINCE THE SPACE AGE." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1461578235.

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Lacerda, Flaubert Meira Rocha. "A unidade temática \"Compreensão Humana do Universo\" pela perspectiva antropológica da Astronomia Cultural." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/14/14135/tde-26072018-093708/.

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A partir da unidade temática Compreensão Humana do Universo, referida nas Orientações Educacionais Complementares aos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais do Ensino Médio: Ciências da Natureza, Matemática e suas Tecnologias, capítulo Física, é possível discutir uma série de conceitos presentes em seus objetivos, em especial, sobre os modelos explicativos do universo em diferentes modos de conhecimento. A fim de contribuir com esta discussão, de forma a tratar igualitariamente os diferentes modelos, que o presente trabalho tem como objetivo fornecer subsídios teóricos e metodológicos para o planejamento e implementação de aulas direcionadas para tal unidade temática, a partir de uma abordagem histórica-filosófica e pela perspectiva antropológica da Astronomia Cultural. Para transformar esta intenção em ação foi elaborada uma sequência didática, a qual foi conduzida segundo o processo EAR de validação. A sequência foi aplicada em uma turma de primeiro ano do ensino médio. Os dados da aplicação foram coletados por meio de gravação das aulas, dos diários de aula e do material (desenhos e questionários diagnósticos) produzidos pela turma. A fonte principal de dados foi o material produzido pela turma, o qual foi submetido à análise de conteúdo categorial. Como resultado da análise desse material verificou-se que a sequência didática aplicada, de acordo com os parâmetros adotados para sua elaboração, conseguiu com que a turma caracterizasse e delimitasse os modelos explicativos do universo segundo os tipos de conhecimentos dos quais estes são advindos
From the thematic unit \"Compreensão Humana do Universo\", referred to in the Orientações Educacionais Complementares aos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais do Ensino Médio: Ciências da Natureza, Matemática e suas Tecnologias, chapter \"Física\", it is possible to discuss a series of concepts present in its objectives, in particular, on the explanatory models of the universe in different models of knowledge. In order to contribute to this discussion, treating the different models equally, the present work aims to provide theoretical and methodological support for the planning and implementation of classes directed to such thematic unit, based on a historical-philosophical approach and by anthropological perspective of Cultural Astronomy. To transform this intention into action, a didactic sequence was elaborated, which was conducted according to the EAR process of validation. The sequence was applied in a first-year High School class. The application data were collected by recording the classes, class diaries and the material (drawings and diagnostic questionnaires) produced by the students. The main source of data was the material produced by the students, which was submitted to Categorical Content Analysis. As a result of the analysis of this material, it was verified that the didactic sequence applied, according to the parameters adopted for its elaboration, enabled the students to characterize and delimit the explanatory models of the universe according to the types of knowledge from which these are derived

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Rodrigues, Danilo Miranda. "O conceito de espaço e a evolução das distâncias astronômicas: construção de um material didático." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/14/14135/tde-29012018-224420/.

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O conceito de espaço é um dos mais fundamentais da natureza e tem sido, ao longo da história da ciência, objeto de estudo de diversos filósofos, físicos e também astrônomos. Do ponto de vista epistemológico, este conceito foi de grande importância para algumas das mais famosas visões cosmológicas: desde a concepção aristotélica, passando pela gravitação newtoniana até a formulação da teoria geral da relatividade. Por outro lado, reconstruir a evolução das medidas de distancias astronômicas é uma forma de abordar a própria história da Astronomia. Essa história é repleta de construções, desconstruções e mudanças de paradigmas. Tal dinamismo é um elemento instigante e motivador, mas estranhamente não se reflete, na maioria dos casos, nos livros didáticos e nas aulas de ciências como um todo. Este trabalho consiste na elaboração e na aplicação de um material didático composto por atividades e oficinas que, utilizando as muitas formas de abordar pedagogicamente o conceito de espaço, buscam estimular alunos e até mesmo professores a refletir sobre como nos relacionamos com a natureza por meio da ciência. As atividades, construídas e aplicadas, ao longo de dois anos, a alunos do nono ano do Ensino Fundamental e do primeiro ano do Ensino Médio, foram divididas segundo dois objetivos específicos. As primeiras exploraram algumas questões ainda em aberto estudadas pela física de partículas e a grande controvérsia existente durante séculos que marcou a transição da visão Geocêntrica para a Heliocêntrica no século XVI. Tais questões foram elaboradas no sentido de ressaltar o quão dinâmico é o nosso entendimento sobre a natureza. A segunda parte do trabalho de campo consistiu na elaboração e na aplicação de oficinas de determinação de distâncias astronômicas por métodos consagrados ao longo da história da ciência. O relato dos alunos e a avaliação dos resultados das oficinas nos mostraram que, de fato, os famosos experimentos reconstruídos pelos alunos durante as oficinas levaram a resultados próximos dos valores conhecidos pela literatura e, muito mais importante, revelaram o caráter dinâmico e evolutivo do conhecimento científico.
The concept of space is one of the most fundamental of the nature and it has been, throughout the history of science, an object of study by several philosophers, physicists and astronomers. From the epistemological point of view, this concept has been of great importance for some of the most famous cosmological visions: from the Aristotelian conception, through Newtonian gravitation until the formulation of the General Theory of Relativity. On the other hand, reconstructing the evolution of measurements of astronomical distances is a way of approaching the history of astronomy itself. This story is full of constructions, deconstructions and paradigmatic changes. Such dynamism, despite being an exciting and motivating element, has not been reflected in textbooks and in the general learning of science. This work consists in the elaboration and application of a didactic material composed by activities and workshops that, considering the plenty of approaches for the concept of space in the pedagogical context, seeks to stimulate students and even teachers to reflect on how we relate to nature through science. The activities were prepared and applied over two years to students from the last year of elementary school, and first year in high school, those activities were grouped according to two specific objectives. The first one intended to explore some open questions studied by particle physics and the great controversy over the centuries that marked the transition from the Geocentric to the Heliocentric view in the sixteenth century. Both questions wished to emphasize how dynamic our understanding of nature is. The second part of the fieldwork consisted of the elaboration and application of workshops to determine some astronomical distances by methods well established throughout the history of science. The students\' reports and the evaluation of the workshops results showed that, in fact, the famous experiments reconstructed by them during the workshops led to results close to the values known by the specific literature and, more importantly, revealed the dynamic and evolutionary character of the scientific knowledge.

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Smethurst, Rebecca. "The influence of morphology, AGN and environment on the quenching histories of galaxies." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c7023345-ec69-42c3-907e-32c12a9ee115.

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What drives the transition of galaxies from the disc dominated, star forming blue cloud to the elliptical dominated, quiescent red sequence? What role does the morphology, central supermassive black hole and galaxy environment play in this transition? I have attempted to answer these questions by using Bayesian statistics to infer a simple star formation history (SFH) describing the time, t_q, and exponential rate, τ, that quenching occurs in a galaxy. I use both the optical and NUV photometry of a galaxy in order to infer the posterior distribution of its SFH across the two dimensional [t_q, τ] parameter space. I then utilise the Galaxy Zoo 2 morphological classifications to obtain a morphology weighted, combined population distribution across each quenching parameter for a sample of galaxies. I apply this method across the blue cloud, green valley and red sequence of a sample of 126,316 galaxies and find a clear difference between the quenching timescales preferred by smooth and disc weighted populations, with three major routes through the green valley dominated by smooth (rapid rates, attributed to major mergers), intermediately classified (intermediate rates, attributed to galaxy interactions) and disc morphologies (slow rates, attributed to secular evolution). I hypothesise that morphological changes occur in systems which have undergone quenching with an exponential rate, τ < 1.5 Gyr, in order for the evolution of galaxies in the green valley to match the ratio of smooth to disc galaxies observed in the red sequence. I repeat this SFH analysis for a sample of 1,244 Type 2 AGN host galaxies and find statistical evidence for recent, rapid quenching, suggesting that this may be caused by AGN feedback. However I find that rapid quenching rates cannot account for all the quenching across the AGN host population; slow quenching rates, attributed to secular evolution, are also significant in the evolution of AGN host galaxies. I investigate this possible secular co-evolution of galaxies and black holes further by measuring the black hole masses of a sample of 101 bulgeless AGN host galaxies and compare them to typical black hole-galaxy scaling relations. I find that the measured black holes of the bulgeless galaxies are ~1-2 dex more massive than they should be, given their lack of bulges. This suggests that black hole-galaxy scaling relations may arise due to mutual correlations to the overall gravitational potential of the dark matter halo of the galaxy. I also considered the effect of the group environment on the time and rate that quenching occurs, with respect to the group-centric radius, for 4,629 satellite galaxies. I find that although mergers, mass quenching and morphological quenching are all occurring in groups, environmentally driven quenching mechanisms are also prevalent. However, I find that these environmentally driven quenching processes are not correlated with the velocity of a satellite within a group, ruling out ram pressure stripping as a possible mechanism. I discuss how all of these quenching mechanisms are likely to affect a galaxy across its lifetime, acting in concert to reduce the SFR, which in turn produces the wide distribution of quenching timescales seen across the colour-magnitude diagram. I discuss ideas for future work using the method employed in this work, including applying it to forthcoming data from large integral field unit surveys.

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Lu, Peng. "The Khaṇḍakhādyaka with the Commentary of Utpala Study, Translation, Mathematical Notes and Critical Text." Kyoto University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/226751.

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Damiani, Francesca. "Research, teaching and science popularization in the XVIII century: an analysis of the correspondence of Jacopo Belgrado with Giovanni Poleni." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/24843/.

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Europoleni is a project promoted by the Centre for Correspondence and Diary Studies (CECJI) of the University of Brest, France. Its purpose is to digitalize the correspondence of the physicist Giovanni Poleni (1683-1761), the first professor of experimental physics at the Physics Cabinet of Padova. The letters he exchanged with Jacopo Belgrado (1704-1789), mathematics and physics professor, Jesuit abbot and founder of the astronomical observatory of Parma, have been transcribed and analyzed for this thesis. They will be then encoded to be available online, completed with a report of their scientific contents. Thanks to this work, it has been possible, besides widening the knowledge about Poleni, to bring back to light the figure of Belgrado. Not so many sources are available about this fascinating character, tirelessly busy on the spiritual and scientific fronts. Careful research allowed to study his life, works and experiments, and to contextualize them in the Enlightenment movement of the eighteenth century. Through this thesis, guided by his letter exchange with his colleague and friend Giovanni Poleni, we will discover the main steps of Belgrado’s lifeworks.

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Guidi, Anastasia. "Astronomia nova : a historia da guerra contra Marte como exposição do metodo astronomico de Kepler." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/280329.

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Orientador: Fatima Regina Rodrigues Evora
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: Apresentamos aqui um estudo da Astronomia nova, trabalho publicado pelo astrônomo alemão Johannes Kepler em 1609. O livro é composto na forma de uma narrativa histórica daquela que o astrônomo chamou sua guerra contra Marte, trabalho exaustivo de análise e interpretação dos dados previamente coletados pelo grande observador Tycho Brahe que teve como resultado a descoberta das duas primeiras leis dos movimentos planetários que levam o nome de Kepler. Mostramos que, à luz da Defesa de Tycho contra Ursus, tratado póstumo escrito por Kepler cerca de uma década antes da publicação da Astronomia nova, a estrutura narrativa desta última revela-se como a exposição de um método de pesquisa, segundo o qual o astrônomo percorreu o caminho que leva dos movimentos observados do planeta à determinação de seu percurso real em torno do Sol. Procuramos destacar os principais elementos constituintes deste método, reconstruindo o caminho que leva à descoberta da forma elíptica da órbita do planeta
Abstract: We present an exposition on the New astronomy, published by the german astronomer Johannes Kepler in 1609. The book is composed in the form of a historical narrative of Kepler's war on Mars, exhaustive work of analysis and interpretation of data relative to the planet previously collected by the great obderver Tycho Brahe, which resulted on the discovery of the two first laws of planetary motion that bear Kepler¿s name. We have shown here that in light of Tycho¿s defence against Ursus, posthumous work written by Kepler about a decade before the publication of the New astronomy, the historical narrative presented in the latter is the blueprint of a method, by means of which the astronomer derived the true orbit of Mars around the Sun from the observed motions of the planet. We have attempted to provide an account of the main elements of this method, reconstructing the path that leads to the discovery of the elliptical shape of the planet's orbit
Doutorado
Doutor em Filosofia

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Smith, Kelly M. "The Science of Astrology: Schreibkalender, Natural Philosophy, and Everyday Life in the Seventeenth-Century German Lands." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1522057810431579.

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Hirose, Sho. "Critical edition of the Goladīpikā (Illumination of the sphere) by Parameśvara, with translation and commentaries." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC171/document.

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Le Goladīpikā (L’illumination de la sphère) est un traité composé par Parameśvara. Il existe deux versions de ce texte : l’une a été éditée avec une traduction anglaise et l’autre n’est qu’une édition utilisant trois manuscrits. Cette thèse donne une nouvelle édition de la deuxième version en utilisant onze manuscrits dont un commentaire anonyme nouvellement trouvé. Elle se compose aussi d’une traduction anglaise et de notes explicatives. Pour l’essentiel, le Goladīpikā est une collection de procédures pour déterminer la position des objets célestes. Cette thèse décrit les outils mathématiques qui sont utilisées dans ces procédures, en particulier les Règles de trois, et discute de la manière dont Parameśvarales fonde. Il y a une description d’une sphère armillaire au début du Goladīpikā. Donc ce doctorat examine aussi comment cet instrument a pu être utilisé pour expliquer ces procédures. Ce travail tente aussi de positionner le Goladīpikā au sein du corpus des oeuvres Parameśvara et d’autres auteurs
The Goladīpikā (Illumination of the sphere) is a Sanskrit treatise by Parameśvara, which is extant in two distinctly different versions. One of them has been edited with an English translation and the other has only an edition using three manuscripts. This dissertation presents a new edition of the latter version using eleven manuscripts, addinga newly found anonymous commentary. It further consists of an English translation of the base text and the commentary as well as explanatory notes. The main content of the Goladīpikā is a collection of procedures to ind the positions of celestial objects in the sky. This dissertation highlights the mathematical tools used in these procedures, notably Rules of Three, and discusses how the author Parameśvara could have grounded the steps. There is a description of an armillary sphere at the beginning of the Goladīpikā, and the dissertation also examines how this instrument could have been involved in explaining the procedures. In the course of these arguments, the dissertation also attempts to position the Goladīpikā among the corpus of Parameśvara’s text as well as in relation to other authors

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Marchi, Magali Conceição de Barros de. "Henrietta Swan Leavitt e a relação período-luminosidade de estrelas variáveis." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2011. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/13242.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
This study has to focus on analysis of period-luminosity relationship for variable stars discovered by Henrietta Swan Leavitt in the early twentieth century. In it we present, through the analysis of documents published at that time, the path taken by Leavitt to find such a relationship as well as presenting the context in which research is embedded Leavitt. The relationship found by Leavitt had an important use in astronomy, since through it was possible to estimate the distance between stars and galaxies
Este estudo tem como foco de análise a relação período-luminosidade para estrelas variáveis encontrada por Henrietta Swan Leavitt no início do século XX. Nele buscamos apresentar, por meio da análise de documentos publicados naquela época, o caminho percorrido por Leavitt para encontrar a tal relação, bem como apresentar o contexto em que a investigação Leavitt está inserida. A relação encontrada por Leavitt teve importante uso na Astronomia, visto que por meio dela era possível estimar a distância entre estrelas e galáxias

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Castronovo, Joseph Anthony Jr 1950. "Reading hidden messages through deciphered manual alphabets on classic artwork." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282678.

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Decipherment is the tool used to uncover several types of hand signs that played vital roles in the creation of hidden messages in classic artwork. A 3,100 B.C. bas-relief of The 'Kaph' Telescope, formerly named The Narmer Palette, and Michaelangelo Buonarrotte's Battle of Cascina of 1506 were two key works of art that show certain similarities even though separated by 4,500 years. It is evident that Renaissance humanists provided artists with certain knowledge of the ancients. Results of incorporating a number of minor works of art showed that the competence of ancient Egyptians, Cretans and Australian Aboriginals, to name a few, as astronomers, was underestimated. Some deciphered Indus seals attested to a global understanding of the universe, with Gemini and the star of Thuban at the center of their attention. Certain forms of secrecy had to be undertaken for various reasons throughout the millennia. Three examples are: (1) In Italy, to keep controversial and truthful teachings discreet and hidden, artists embedded them in artwork long before the plight of Galileo Galilei and his discoveries. (2) Among Jewish Kabbalists, a well-known design was obscured in The Arnolfini Wedding painting for fear it would be lost due to persecution. (3) Michaelangelo Buonarrotte indicated several meanings through the hands of The Statue of Moses. They were overlooked by several societies, including the gesticulating culture of Italy, because they oppressed the value of signed languages. Spatial decipherment may testify to a need for the restoration of a spatial writing system for expanded linguistic accessibility. A 21st century model community for sign language residents and employees will benefit visual learners, particularly visual artists and non-phonetic decipherers, to better uncover, understand and perhaps use ancient hand forms to restore ancient knowledge. Moreover, the National Association of Teaching English (NATE) has recently endorsed the addition of two skills, viewing and visual representing, to the traditional list of reading, writing, speaking and listening. Students will master these two new skills far more effectively when they are exposed to such a signing community.

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Holmberg, Megan Elizabeth. "Anomalous Apparitions of Light in Colonial America: Visions of Comets, New Stars, the Aurora Borealis, and Rainbows." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2019. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/590919.

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English
Ph.D.
This dissertation examines the body of literature that formed around anomalous light apparitions (comets, new stars, the aurora borealis, and rainbows) as it explores questions about the representation and response to celestial and meteorological phenomena during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in colonial America. I further consider the ways that these texts’ meanings are informed by rational scientific thought and by other non-scientific or non-rational, emotive, or aesthetic modes of thinking. I consider how these phenomena elicit a set of empirical yet emotionally-charged observational practices that complicate how we understand the roles of the rational and the non-rational in the scientific literature of this period. I argue that non-rational passionate investments are evident within or as part of the period’s rational scientific literature; they act as the impetus for scientific inquiry therefore forming an integral part of the scientific endeavor. This dissertation further explores how the practice of writing about these phenomena generates and facilitates the formation of communities of amateur scientific observers in colonial America. I further investigate how practices of data collection contribute to knowledge about the regular and irregular behaviors of celestial bodies, and how this knowledge impacts everyday practices essential for survival such as farming and travelling. What science writing from this period demonstrates is the ability for multiple ways of thinking to be in play simultaneously; these texts show how several worldviews (i.e. science, Puritanism, popular religion) are intrinsic to each other. Because of their liminality, these texts function outside of traditional categories such science, religion, and natural philosophy. Furthermore, they destabilize traditional conceptions of genre with their blend of rational and non-rational modes of thought and their incorporation of fact and fiction. While I treat these literary texts within their historical contexts, I am also interested in the ways in which these texts reach modern audiences, particularly in academia at a time when the humanities and sciences are positioned against one another.
Temple University--Theses

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Gysembergh, Victor. "Eudoxe de Cnide : une édition traduite et commentée des fragments et testimonia." Thesis, Reims, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REIML007.

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L'activité d'Eudoxe de Cnide, savant grec du IVe siècle av. n. è., s'est déployée dans de nombreux domaines incluant la philosophie, les mathématiques, l'astronomie, la géographie, la médecine, la législation et l'astrologie. La présente thèse de doctorat consiste en une édition traduite et commentée des fragments et témoignages relatifs à Eudoxe. Elle réunit quelque 800 passages de textes antiques et byzantins faisant référence à Eudoxe. Elle inclut notamment des textes inédits et des conjectures nouvelles. L'édition est accompagnée de la première traduction en langue moderne de tous les fragments et témoignages antiques relatifs à Eudoxe. Le commentaire donné en notes de bas de page éclaire les difficultés d'interprétation et s'attache à déterminer la valeur des différentes sources pour la reconstruction de l'œuvre d'Eudoxe. La notice qui précède l'édition traduite et commentée contient un exposé synthétique de l'activité intellectuelle d'Eudoxe, qui restitue sa profondeur et sa cohérence dans l'ensemble des domaines où elle s'est déployée, tout en la replaçant dans son contexte historique et culturel
Eudoxus of Cnidus, a Greek scholar from the 4th century BCE, was active in a wide range of fields including philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, geography, medicine, legislation and astrology. This doctoral thesis consists of an edition, translation and commentary of the fragments and testimonia concerning Eudoxus. It brings together some 800 passages from ancient and Byzantine texts dealing with Eudoxus. In particular, it includes unpublished texts and new conjectures. The edition is comes with the first modern-language translation of all ancient fragments ant testimonia concerning Eudoxus. The commentary provided in the footnotes sheds light on problems of interpretation and endeavours to determine the value of the various sources for reconstructing Eudoxus' work. The introduction preceding the edition, translation and commentary contains a synthetic account of Eudoxus' intellectual activity which reconstitutes its depth and consistency in all of the fields in which it took place, and puts it back in its historical and cultural context

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Chinellato, Juliana de Paula. "História da Ciência, ensino e divulgação científica no Brasil: Ronaldo Mourão e a revista Ciência Popular (1950-1970)." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/19442.

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Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-11-30T11:41:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana de Paula Chinellato.pdf: 6094025 bytes, checksum: f4e2f0936380c10d4a6a6690712d7b25 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-30T11:41:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana de Paula Chinellato.pdf: 6094025 bytes, checksum: f4e2f0936380c10d4a6a6690712d7b25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-02
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo
This work aims to analyze the views of science and history of science present in Astronomy content presented by Ronaldo Mourão in Popular Science Magazine, broadcast in Brazil between 1950 and 1970. We began our work with the discussion of what is meant by scientific communication currently and what are the terms of discussion in this field. Understanding the ways of dissemination of knowledge and the socio-cultural context of the time, we can also understand the relation between science and society, present in the American educational projects, had influenced the teaching of science in Brazil in the period of War Cold and as Popular Science magazine included the dissemination of science in this period. To develop this work, it was necessary to conduct a parallel between aspects presented by historians of science and education researchers, seeking to establish criteria that allow recognize that articles written by Ronaldo Mourão about astronomy are included in a broader problem, because although to be placed in the context of his time, often the researchers made approaches with a different perspective of the period in study, which probably resulted in the directions of his career and may also have influenced the vision of science and history of science of many readers magazine. It is at this juncture that we emphasize the need to rethink what kind of science education should be promoted, and the role of dissemination of science to the formation of critical citizens
Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar as visões de ciência e história da ciência presentes nos conteúdos de Astronomia apresentados por Ronaldo Mourão na revista Ciência Popular, veiculada no Brasil entre 1950 e 1970. Iniciamos nosso trabalho com o debate sobre o que se entende por divulgação científica atualmente e quais são os termos de discussão neste campo. Por sabermos que, ao compreendermos as maneiras de difusão do conhecimento e o contexto sociocultural de uma época, podemos também entender a relação estabelecida entre ciência e sociedade, apresentamos como os projetos educacionais norte-americanos influenciaram o ensino de ciências no Brasil no período da Guerra Fria e como a revista Ciência Popular contemplou a divulgação da ciência neste período. Para desenvolver este trabalho, foi necessário realizar um paralelo entre aspectos apresentados por historiadores da ciência e pesquisadores de educação, em busca de estabelecer critérios que permitissem reconhecer que os artigos escritos por Ronaldo Mourão sobre Astronomia são incluídos em uma problemática mais ampla, pois, apesar de estar inserido no contexto de sua época, muitas vezes o estudioso fez abordagens com uma perspectiva diferente do período em estudo, o que provavelmente implicou nos direcionamentos de sua carreira e também pode ter influenciado a visão de ciência e de história da ciência de muitos leitores da revista. É nesta conjuntura que reforçamos a necessidade de repensar que tipo de educação científica promovemos, bem como o papel da divulgação da ciência para a formação do cidadão crítico

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Woodman, Jennifer Elizabeth. "Stellar Works: Searching for the Lives of Women in Science." PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3030.

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While women have had a profound impact in the world of science, they struggle to gain an equal foothold in many science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields today. This has led to considerable public and private sector efforts to recruit women into these arenas. In order to understand how schools and nonprofits engage today's young women in STEM studies, this account includes time spent both in high school science classrooms and with ChickTech -- a Portland-based organization that works to provide a pathway into tech careers for high school-aged girls. A historical perspective reveals that modern women aren't treading into completely uncharted territory, in spite of the current disparity of representation in today's STEM arenas. This perspective is offered via an examination of the lives of a group of extraordinary women who worked in astronomy at Harvard College Observatory from the late 1800s into the 1960s. While several noteworthy women are discussed, the focus here is on Cecilia Payne, the first person to earn a Ph.D. in astronomy at Harvard, and one of the 20th century's greatest astronomers. A great many people have never heard of her . . . yet.

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Picazzi, Valeria. "Il progetto di telescopio a tasselli di Guido Horn d’Arturo: forefather of the new generation multi-mirror telescopes." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/12829/.

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In this thesis we want to acknowledge one of the topics developed in his vast work by Guido Horn d’Arturo, the Director of the Bologna University Astronomical Observatory for large part of the 20th century. The topic addressed is of great international relevance in astronomy, even if it is unknown to most researchers. This thesis wants to be an in-depth analysis of the work started in 1999 for the inauguration of the new location of the Department of Astronomy and, mostly, the dedication of the Library to Guido Horn d’Arturo. A booklet printed in that occasion collects the most important papers on the instrument that the astronomer first conceived and realised: a telescope with a tessellated mirror. Thanks to the donation of Horn’s private correspondence to the Department Historical Archives, done by the Horn’s descendant, it has been possible to reconstruct the history, the evolution of the project, the efforts and the experiments that have led to the realization of the tessellated telescope, an attempt to obtain a patent included. This project occupied a great part of his life. The astronomer’s activities came to a standstill owing to historical events. Being Horn a Jew, he was obliged to leave his high position at Bologna University because of racial laws. He could resume his office at University and continue to work hard on his telescope only at the end of World War II. He continued to work on his project developing it more and more. In 1978, Luigi Jacchia - a Horn’s pupil and friend, then at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory - was the first to call attention to the link between the project of Horn’s tessellated mirror and the then under construction Multiple Mirror Telescope in his paper “Forefathers of the MMT”. In conclusion, with this thesis we would like to enhance and spread the ingenious work done by this astronomer who succeeded in overcoming the large number of scientific, technical, economic, and environmental difficulties of his time.

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Sacay, Marcia Nobue. "Diálogos de Fontenelle: uma contribuição para a divulgação da ciência." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2013. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/13280.

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This paper Will present the scientific facts discussed in the book Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds, written by Bernard Le Boyer de Fontenelle, in 1686, which had a great impact on many issues. To narrate the scientific facts of the time, Fontenelle deals, the book first published in 1686, the form of dialogues between supposedly caught him and a marquese on their evening walks around the castle gardens in the Summer. Both talk about the design of astronomical systems from Ptolomy and Copernicus. The Moon, the planets and the possibility of existence of other worlds like our own, are also discussed during the meetings. Narratives built using a communications strategies and arguments in order to facilitate understanding of abstract and complex astronomical phenomena by means of analogies. With the book, takes part in iniciatives to popularize science, in order to inform and entertain people without impose theories, staying somewhat on the fringes of science academies. In this paper we present the ideas of science contained in the book, trying to recognize, at the same time, the similarities and differences of those groups conveyed by scholars
Este trabalho apresentará os fatos científicos discutidos no livro Diálogos sobre a Pluralidade dos Mundos, escrito por Bernard Le Boyer de Fontenelle, em 1686, que teve grande repercussão com grande número de edições. Para narrar os fatos científicos da época, Fontenelle adota a forma de diálogos supostamente travados entre ele e uma marquesa em seus passeios noturnos pelos jardins do castelo, no verão. Os dois conversam sobre a concepção dos sistemas astronômicos de Ptolomeu e Copérnico. A Lua, os planetas e a possibilidade de existência de outros mundos semelhantes ao nosso, também são tratados durante os encontros. Fontenelle construiu narrativas utilizando estratégias de comunicação e argumentação, de modo a facilitar a compreensão dos fenômenos astronômicos abstratos e complexos por meio de analogias, Com o livro, toma parte de iniciativas em divulgar a ciência, com o intuito de informar e entreter as pessoas, sem impor teorias, mantendo-se, de certa forma, à margem da ciência das academias. Neste trabalho vamos apresentar as ideias de ciência contidas no livro, buscando reconhecer, ao mesmo tempo, as aproximações e distanciamentos daquelas veiculadas pelos grupos eruditos

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Tatum, Brian Shane. "Rearranging an Infinite Universe: Literary Misprision and Manipulations of Space and Time, 1750-1850." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1404533/.

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This project explores the intersection of literature and science from the mid-eighteenth century to the mid-nineteenth century in the context of this shift in conceptions of space and time. Confronted with the rapid and immense expansion of space and time, eighteenth and nineteenth-century philosophers and authors sought to locate humans' relative position in the vast void. Furthermore, their attempts to spatially and temporally map the universe led to changes in perceptions of the relationship between the exterior world and the interior self. In this dissertation I focus on a few important textual monuments that serve as landmarks on this journey. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the intersection of literary and scientific texts transformed perceptions of space and time. These transformations then led to further advancements in the way scientific knowledge was articulated. Imagination became central to scientific writing at the same time it came to dominate literary writing. My project explores these intersecting influences among literature, astronomy, cosmology, and geology, on the perceptions of expanding space and time.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'History of Astronomy'

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