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Bartlett, Samuel Andrew. "God, Gold, or Glory: Norman Piety and the First Crusade." UNF Digital Commons, 2008. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/119.
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Recent trends in crusade historiography depict the Frankish participants of the First Crusade as acting out of piety, while their Norman counterparts remain as impious opportunists. This thesis challenges this prevailing point of view, arguing that the Norman crusaders met the same standard of piety as the Franks. To support my theory, I looked at four different facets on the question of Norman piety, dividing them up into chapters of my thesis. In the first chapter, there is a brief discussion of the current portrayal of the Normans in modem crusade historiography. In the next chapter, I established what piety meant and how it was demonstrated by Christians of the 11th and 12th centuries. This includes an examination of relevant monastic charters, which provide evidence that the Normans had strong ties to the Papacy prior to the expedition to the East. The third chapter is a short summary about the developments leading to the First Crusade, and the standard of piety set by Pope Urban II. In the fourth chapter I examine the chronicles of the First Crusade and their characterization of the crusaders, both Norman and Frank, to see if the crusaders met the pontiff's standard.
I conclude that the primary accounts depict the Normans as no different from their Frankish co-religionists, with both groups acting out of piety as well as ambition. The actions of a Norman knight, Bohemond, and a Frankish crusader, Raymond of Toulouse, exemplify this fact. The comparison of these two, as well as the rest of the crusade leaders, demonstrate that the Norman crusaders were driven by a complex and sometimes conflicting mix of pious and secular motivations, no different from their Frankish counterparts.
The armies of soldiers fighting in the First Crusade in response to Pope Urban II's call to retake Jerusalem were composed of a variety of cultural groups from Western Europe. The argument over what motivated these men to become armed pilgrims, to travel long distances to strange lands, to fight and most likely die, began with the accounts of the eyewitnesses and continues to the present day. Early on the distinction was made between the pious Franks and the materialist Normans. Some Medieval chroniclers portrayed the Norman crusaders as interested only in amassing land and power, rather than fulfilling their religious vow. Even in recent historiography, the traditional interpretation of the Norman role in the First Crusade is not one of piety, but rather of opportunism - to use the conflict as a springboard for expansion into Byzantine and Muslim lands. This depiction is in stark contrast to the ongoing reexamination of the Frankish crusaders, who some crusade historians see as having a deep religious motivation. The Normans remain as the standard bearer of the pre-revisionist interpretation of crusader motives - for gold and glory, but not for God. However, examination of the evidence does not bear this distinction out. Instead of greed, a pattern of pious acts emerges performed by the families of the prominent Norman crusaders or in the case of Bohemond of Taranto, the crusaders themselves. The Normans who took up the cause for crusade were as conventionally pious as the Franks and other Europeans, exposing the falsehood of their historical portrayal as impious opportunists.
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Packard, Barbara. "Remembering the First Crusade : Latin narrative histories 1099-c.1300." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2011. http://repository.royalholloway.ac.uk/items/30bc10ac-ba25-0f0e-cef0-76af48433206/9/.
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The success of the First Crusade by the Christian armies caught the interest and arrested the imagination of contemporaries, stimulating the production of a large number of historical narratives. Four eyewitness accounts, as well as letters written by the crusaders to the West, were taken up by later authors, re-worked and re-fashioned into new narratives; a process which continued throughout the twelfth century and beyond. This thesis sets out to explore why contemporaries continued to write about the First Crusade in light of medieval attitudes towards the past, how authors constructed their narratives and how the crusade and the crusaders were remembered throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. It will analyse the development in the way the First Crusade was recorded and investigate the social, religious, intellectual and political influences dictating change: How, why and under what circumstances was the story re- told? What changed in the re-telling? What ideas and concepts were the authors trying to communicate and what was their meaning for contemporaries? The thesis will also aim to place these texts not only in their historical but also in their literary contexts, analyse the literary traditions from which authors were writing, and consider the impact the crusade had on medieval literature. The focus will be on Latin histories of the First Crusade, especially those written in England and France, which produced the greatest number of narratives. Those written in the Levant, the subject of these histories, will also be discussed, as well as texts written in the Empire and in Italy.
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Coupe, M. D. "The Gesta Dei per Francos of Abbot Guibert of Nogent." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373563.
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Edgington, Susan Beatrice. "The Historia Iherosolimitana of Albert of Aachen : a critical edition." Thesis, University of London, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309967.
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John, Simon Antony. "The creation of a First Crusade hero : Godfrey of Bouillon in history, literature and memory, c.1100-c.1300." Thesis, Swansea University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.678558.
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Pelech, Tomasz. "Shaping the Image of Enemy-Infidel in the Relations of Eyewitnesses and Participants of the First Crusade : The Case of Muslims." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CLFAL002.
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L’objectif de ce travail est d’examiner la formation de l’image d’un groupe spécifique « d’autres », façonné dans le contexte socioculturel latino-chrétien à la fin du XIe et au début du XIIe siècle, d’après des récits de témoins oculaires de la première croisade, tels que portés par les Gesta Francorum, l’Historia de Hierosolymitano Itinere de Pierre Tudebode, l’Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Ihierusalem de Raymond d’Aguilers et Historia Hierosolymitana: Gesta Francorum Iherusalem peregrinantium de Foucher de Chartres. Le choix de la base des sources, volontairement limité à deux genres littéraires proches (gesta et historia), permet de restreindre relativement le champ de la construction de l’image des musulmans et, en conséquence, de se concentrer sur l’analyse détaillée des descriptions ; il fournit aussi une base de comparaison limitée mais bien établie dans un matériau relativement homogèneThe main aim of the doctoral thesis is the issue of the shaping the image of enemy-infidel in the socio-cultural context of the Latin Middle Ages at the end of the 11th and the beginning of the 12th century. The research area is marked by selected written sources with similar genre characteristics (gesta and historia) written by participants of the First Crusade. The thesis studies anonymous Gesta Francorum, Historia de Hierosolymitano Itinere by Peter Tudebode, the Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem by Raymond of Aguilers and Fulcher of Chartres' Historia Hierosolymitana: Gesta Francorum Iherusalem peregrinantium. The selection of these works, similar in form, content and time of creation, allows to narrow down and unify the area of analysis, indicate the earliest stage of the process of shaping the image of the enemy-infidel, and at the same time provides a basis for further comparisons
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Bouskill, Robert H. (Robert Howard). "Exempla and lineage : motives for Crusading, 900-1150." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23710.
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From 900 to 1150, major institutional and political changes took hold in Europe. With the advent of the castellans and consolidation of the agnatic noble family, new terms of reference were deployed by writers to reflect these changes. Contributing to the militarization of the aristocracy were exempla and descent myths in house histories and hagiography. Public recitation of this literature thus familiarized the arms-bearer with his heroes, nourished his martial piety and motivated him to defend his patria. Patria also carried an anagogical significance: the heavenly Jerusalem. This permitted its earthly counterpart--Palestine and the literal Jerusalem--to be incorporated into this concept of patria. With the unforseen taking of Jerusalem in 1099, clerical chroniclers in France took the opportunity to cast the pilgrimage and victory in epic terms, reverting to the use of certain conventions of epic intended to motivate arms-bearers in the twelfth century and beyond to defend the Holy Land.
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Lovell, Michael Anthony. "Church Reunification: Pope Urban II’s Papal Policy Towards the Christian East and Its Demise." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2013. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/honors_theses/38.
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The relations between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church have long been studied over the years in academia. Much focus has been placed upon the Fourth Crusade as the final act that brought the schism of 1054 into full development between the two churches. However, it was during the First Crusade that the Roman Catholic Church made its first concrete efforts to repair relations with the Eastern Orthodox Church. Yet such efforts were eventually twisted to suit the purposes of some of the crusading lords, and thus becoming arguably the largest blow to church reunification because it lead to the permanent formation of an anti-Greek attitude in Latin Europe.
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Kolovou, Ioulia. "First Crusade fictions." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8752/.
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The world of Byzantium is under-represented in historical fiction written in English, a fact that reflects a general negativity or even absence of Byzantium in the non-academic, cultural traditions of the Anglophone world. Sir Walter Scott’s penultimate novel Count Robert of Paris (1832), set in Constantinople at the time of the First Crusade (1096), is an interesting late work of Scott’s whose ambivalent stance towards Byzantium both asserts and refutes this fact and hints at its possible causes, at the same time offering interesting insights on how to read historical fiction meaningfully. This thesis, comprising a critical essay and a novel, explores ways of reading and writing Byzantium in historical fiction. The critical essay titled ‘Reading and writing Byzantium and the First Crusade in historical fiction: a reading of Sir Walter Scott’s Count Robert of Paris (1832)’ uses Marxist, gender, reader-response, and postcolonial theory as tools to decode Scott’s artistic strategies in the representation of Byzantium and at the same time to propose a theoretical approach to reading historical fiction. The novel titled A Secret Fire, inspired by and conversing with Scott’s Count Robert, employs the characters of a cross-dressing female crusader and a Byzantine eunuch in order to signpost the ambivalent position of Byzantium in regards with the European west at the time of the First Crusade and to subvert stereotypes of power and domination. Written in the current context of the Greek financial crisis and subsequent discussion on the position in Greece within the European Union (and the questioning of the EU in general), the thesis aims to contribute to the historical imaginary and to open up a discursive space for engaging with Byzantium and Greece beyond received ideas and negative representations.
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Graham, Ian D. (Ian Douglas) 1961. "The episiotomy crusade." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28764.
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This thesis traces and analyses the evolution of obstetrical and midwifery doctrine and use of episiotomy in the United States and United Kingdom. In the U.S., the routinization of episiotomy resulted from strenuous lobbying efforts of a small group of obstetrician/gynecologists between 1915 and 1935. These physicians claimed episiotomy prevented perineal lacerations, infant mortality and morbidity, and gynecological problems. In the U.K., the liberal use of episiotomy came about during the 1970s from pressure from obstetricians although no overt campaigning for the practice occurred. In both countries adoption of routine episiotomy was encouraged by social forces which involved changes occurring in the dominant belief system in obstetrics, maternity care practices, and the obstetrics and midwifery professions. Questioning of the practice by childbirth activists and others eventually led to declines in episiotomy. This was facilitated, particularly in Britain, by midwifery interest in resisting obstetrical control. Neither the adoption nor rejection of routine episiotomy was informed by scientific evidence. This study contributes to understanding the process of innovation in maternity care.
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Lowe, John Francis. "Baldwin I of Jerusalem: Defender of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1029.
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The reign of King Baldwin I (1100-1118) has thus far received little noteworthy attention by historians as the important pivotal period following the First Crusade conquest of Jerusalem in 1099. The two decades of his rule marked the extension of Latin conquests in the east, most notably by the conquest of the important coastal cities of Arsulf, Acre, Caesarea, Beirut and Sidon. These vital ports for the early Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem provided outlets to the sea for commerce, as well as safe harbors for incoming assistance from the west. Further, Baldwin led in the establishment of strong secular control over ecclesiastical authorities, and provided a model of administration for subsequent monarchs to follow until the loss of the kingdom in 1187.
Baldwin's contributions to these developments are presented here in a bibliographical framework to illustrate both his important place in crusader historiography, as well as to gauge the significance of his memory in contemporary literature as a second Joshua archetype. The conquest of Jerusalem and the decades that followed were extraordinarily perilous for the western "colonial" transplants, and thus a Biblical precedent was sought as an explanation to the success of the crusaders. This thesis argues that Fulcher of Chartres, the chaplain and primary contemporary biographer of Baldwin I, saw a parallel with the Biblical figure of Joshua as beneficial to posterity. By the establishment of Baldwin's memory in such a context, Fulcher of Chartres encouraged further western support for the Latin Kingdom, and reveals the important trials that faced Jerusalem's first Latin king.
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Andrews, Tara L. "Prolegomena to a critical edition of the Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa, with a discussion of computer-aided methods used to edit the text." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ouls.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid%3A67ea947c-e3fc-4363-a289-c345e61eb2eb.
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Maxson, Brian. "Claiming Byzantium: Papal Diplomacy, Biondo Flavio, and the Fourth Crusade." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6176.
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The humanist Biondo wrote three different narratives of the Fourth Crusade aimed at establishing the legitimacy of western claims to lands in the east. Biondo had played an integral part in the ephemeral reunification of the Greek and Latin Churches at the Council of Florence in July 1439. Biondo blamed the Greeks for the failure and thus did not mourn the loss of their empire to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. However, Biondo did urge several states in the Italian Peninsula to set out en mass to fight the Turks. He viewed the fall of Constantinople as an opportunity for the Latin West to reestablish its rightful empire in the east. He explicated this opinion in at least two different treatises dedicated to rulers shortly after the fall of the ancient city. To Alfonso of Aragon, Biondo argued that the King could establish a peaceful and prosperous extension of his maritime holdings to include a fallen empire with no legal ruler. To the Venetians, he presented the Fourth Crusade as a glorious victory that established their legal claim to rule the now-lost remnants of the Byzantine Empire. Biondo shaped his source material of the Fourth Crusade into an historical narrative that made this primary argument and urged powerful rulers in the Italian peninsula to take back what was rightfully theirs.
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Walker, Seth. "The Last Crusade: British Crusading Rhetoric During the Great War." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3763.
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During the Great War many in British society started to utilize Crusading language and rhetoric to describe their experiences during the war. Those utilizing the rhetoric ranged from soldiers, journalists, politicians, to clergymen. The use of Crusading rhetoric tended to involve British nationalism, the region of Palestine, anti-Germanism, and more. Adding to the complexity, the soldiers’ and civilians’ rhetoric differed greatly between the two groups. While the soldiers focused on their personal experiences during the war, and often compared themselves to the British crusaders of old serving under Richard the Lionheart. The civilians had a less personal approach, and a far greater tendency to use the rhetoric against the German Empire. The focus of this study will be to examine who utilized crusading rhetoric, why they used it, and the contrast between the soldiers and civilians who used it.
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Giles, K. R. "The Emperor Frederick II's crusade 1215-c.1231." Thesis, Keele University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382170.
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Nelson, Laura M. "The Byzantine perspective of the First Crusade a reexamination of alleged treachery and betrayal /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2007. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5361.
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Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2007.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iii, 94 p. : ill. (some col.), col. maps. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-94).
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Thompson, Sidney 1965. "Bass Reeves: a History • a Novel • a Crusade, Volume 1: the Rise." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc804965/.
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This literary/historical novel details the life of African-American Deputy US Marshal Bass Reeves between the years 1838-1862 and 1883-1884. One plotline depicts Reeves’s youth as a slave, including his service as a body servant to a Confederate cavalry officer during the Civil War. Another plotline depicts him years later, after Emancipation, at the height of his deputy career, when he has become the most feared, most successful lawman in Indian Territory, the largest federal jurisdiction in American history and the most dangerous part of the Old West. A preface explores the uniqueness of this project’s historical relevance and literary positioning as a neo-slave narrative, and addresses a few liberties that I take with the historical record.
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Mathews, Justin Lee. "The Great Men of Christendom: The Failure of the Third Crusade." TopSCHOLAR®, 2011. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1115.
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This thesis is a study of the reasons for the failure of the Third Crusade to achieve its stated objectives, despite the many advantages with which the venture began. It is proposed herein that the Third Crusade—and by extension all of the previous and subsequent Crusades—were destined to fail because of structural disadvantages which plagued the expeditions to the Holy Land. The Christians in the Holy Land were not selfsufficient, and they depended on an extensive amount of aid from Europe for their existence, but the Christians of Europe had their own goals and concerns which did not allow them to focus on building a stable kingdom in the Holy Land. For European Christians, crusading was a religious obligation, and once their vows were fulfilled, they no longer had any desire to remain in the Levant. Although the Crusaders did score some short-term victories over their Muslim adversaries, the Christian presence in the Holy Land was unsustainable, for the Crusades—from the European perspective—were a religious movement without a tangible, long-term political objective, and given those circumstance, any crusade would be unsuccessful.
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Turnator, Ece Gulsum. "Turning the Economic Tables in the Medieval Mediterranean: The Latin Crusader Empire and the Transformation of the Byzantine Economy, ca. 1100-1400." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10753.
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This dissertation investigates the growth and decline of a major Mediterranean commercial economy at the crossroads of Christian Europe and the Muslim Middle East from 1100 to 1400. New and old evidence uncovers the transformation of the commercial economy of the Byzantine Empire in its relations with the Middle East, western Europe, and Crusader principalities established in Byzantium's ruins. Ultimately, this work helps identify and understand the economic roots for enduring divisions between East and West, and it is unique in observing from Byzantium's perspective the transformation of the Middle East--the economic dynamo of the ancient and medieval Mediterranean.History
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Slonaker, Randall Scott. "THE FAILED CRUSADE: THE KU KLUX KLAN AND PUBLIC EDUCATION REFORM IN THE 1920s." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1462807359.
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Brucken, Rowland M. "A most uncertain crusade : The United States, human rights and The United Nations, 1941-1954 /." The Ohio State University, 1999. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488186329503146.
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Ewoldt, Amanda M. "Conversion and Crusade| The Image of the Saracen in Middle English Romance." Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10813454.
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Abstract This dissertation is a project that examines the way Middle English romances explore and build a sense of national English/Christian identity, both in opposition to and in incorporation of the Saracen Other. The major primary texts used in this project are Richard Coer de Lion, Firumbras, Bevis of Hampton, The King of Tars, and Thomas Malory?s Morte Darthur. I examine the way crusade romances grapple with the threat of the Middle East and the contention over the Holy Land and treat these romances, in part, as medieval meditations on how the Holy Land (lost during a string of failed or stalemated Crusades) could be won permanently, through war, consumption, or conversion. The literary cannibalism of Saracens in Richard Coer de Lion, the singular or wholesale religious conversions facilitated by female characters, and the figure of Malory?s Palomides all shed light on the medieval English politics of identity: specifically, what it means to be a good Englishman, a good knight, and a good Christian. Drawing on the works of Homi Bhabha, Geraldine Heng, Suzanne Conklin Akbari, and Siobhain Bly Calkin, this project fits into the overall conversation that contemplates medieval texts through the lens of postcolonial theory to locate early ideas of empire.
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Villeneuve, Hubert. "Teaching anticommunism: Fred C. Schwarz, the Christian anti-communism crusade and American Postwar Conservatism." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=106350.
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This study constitutes the contextualized and analytical biography of Frederick Charles Schwarz (1914-2009), an anticommunist figure who had a marked influence on American postwar conservatism. Born in Brisbane, Australia, and trained as a physician, Schwarz was a conservative evangelical layman who developed during the WWII years an antipathy for communism. Having acquainted himself with the basics of Marxist-Leninism, he became renowned for his sermons which combined fire and brimstone with scholarly exposés of communist theory. Invited to North America for a lecture tour in 1950, at the peak of McCarthyism, he settled permanently in the United States in 1953 and founded the Christian Anti-Communism Crusade (CACC), which he led until 1998. By the late 1950's, the Crusade had become one of the most important conservative organizations in America, notably due to the well-attended weeklong anticommunism "schools" it held in many cities. The Crusade also extended its activities worldwide to combat communism in several Third World countries. Despite the Crusade's decline from the mid-1960's on, Schwarz and his organization had, during their prime years, a discernable impact on American conservatism. The history of Schwarz and the CACC highlights many elements central to a better understanding of the evolution and durability of the American right to this day.Cette étude constitue la biographie historique et analytique de Frederick Charles Schwarz (1914-2009), une figure anticommuniste ayant eu une influence notable sur le conservatisme américain de l'après-guerre. Né à Brisbane, Australie, et formé comme médecin, Schwarz est un Chrétien évangélique conservateur ayant développé durant la Seconde guerre mondiale une profonde aversion pour le communisme. Après une formation autodidacte sur les éléments essentiels du marxisme-léninisme, il développe une renommée pour ses sermons fusionnant prêches enflammés et exposés intellectuels sur la théorie communiste. Invité à effectuer une tournée de conférences aux États-Unis en 1950, alors que le Maccarthisme atteint son sommet, il y déménage de manière permanente en 1953 et y fonde la Christian Anti-Communism Crusade (CACC), qu'il dirige jusqu'en 1998. Vers la fin des années 1950, la Crusade est devenue l'une des organisations conservatrices les plus importantes en Amérique, connue pour ses populaires « écoles » anticommunistes qu'elle organise dans plusieurs villes. Parallèlement, la Crusade étend ses activités à l'échelle mondiale, combattant le communisme dans de nombreux pays du Tiers Monde. En dépit du déclin de la Crusade à partir du milieu des années 1960, Schwarz et son organisation eurent, durant leur apogée, un indéniable impact sur le conservatisme américain. L'histoire de Schwarz et de la CACC illustrent plusieurs dynamiques majeures mettant en lumière l'évolution et la durabilité de la droite américaine jusqu'à nos jours.
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Bird, Jessalynn. "Heresy, Crusade and reform in the circle of Peter the Chanter, c.1187-c.1240." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367449.
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Lau, Maximilian Christopher George. "The reign of Emperor John II Komnenos, 1087-1143 : the transformation of the old order." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3e1770a8-f5f8-4a0d-bb8d-65be6a2d6d80.
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Despite ruling over arguably the most powerful Christian nation in the period, in a time when European and middle-eastern history entered a new phase of interaction due to the Crusades, John's reign has received little scholarly attention. The only major monograph is Chalandon's Les Comnènes from 1912, since which a number of new sources have come to light, together with numerous studies on his contemporaries. Despite the impression that sources are lacking for his reign, in fact there are over 50,000 words of court letters and poetry that allow us to take the political pulse of the Komnenian court. When incorporated with the extra information found in Syriac, Arabic, Russian, Hungarian and many other texts, archaeological remains, sigillographic and numismatic evidence, John's reign is in fact very well covered, and ripe for analysis. Between fieldwork in Turkey, Serbia and Kosovo and translations of these previously unused texts, this thesis contains new material on top of over a century of updated methodologies and research since Chalandon. As such, this thesis will reevaluate assumptions concerning John and his reign, including rewriting the narrative itself, which has previously been distorted due to the agendas of the few sources used. Through the reconstruction of this narrative John's empire can be reexamined, and how it operated in the changed world of the twelfth century determined. The empire found itself in a more multi-polar power dynamic, and tackled this by operating more as an empire than it had as a larger polity as in the previous century: incorporating other peoples as clients and emphasing the rhetoric of imperial piety and legitimacy of the Roman empire. Equally, all of John's actions on the frontiers were fuel for the political theatre that was Constantinople, and this dynamic shaped his actions and resulted in the empire that Manuel inherited.
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Bektas, M. Yakup. "The British technological crusade to post-Crimean Turkey : electric telegraphy, railways, naval shipbuilding and armament technologies." Thesis, University of Kent, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282484.
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Roche, Jason T. "Conrad III and the Second Crusade in the Byzantine Empire and Anatolia, 1147." Thesis, St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/524.
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Viglio, Steve Anthony. "The Ku Klux Klan in Northeast Ohio: The Crusade of White Supremacy in the 1920s." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1629396642103053.
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Keene, Brandon J. "A Crusade against the “Cowboy”?: Austrian Anti-Americanism during the Presidency of George W. Bush, 2001-2009." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2015. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2090.
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This essay examines anti-Americanism in Austria throughout George W. Bush’s presidency, and Austrians’ response to Bush’s neoconservative team of advisers and his military actions in Iraq following the September 11, 2001 attacks in New York and Washington. For the first time in a century, a disposition of general hostility towards the United States came from both the Austrian Left and Right during the Bush years. Austrians’ latent notions of negativity towards the United States grew inflamed over Bush’s alienation of Western Europe and his determination to go to war against the Saddam regime in Iraq. Austrian anti-Americanism began to subside as Bush’s power declined during his second term. Austrians’ opinion of the United States sharply turned positive with the election of Barack Obama in 2008.
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Conway, Jordan A. "Living in a Gangsta’s Paradise: Dr. C. DeLores Tucker’s Crusade Against Gansta Rap Music in the 1990s." VCU Scholars Compass, 2015. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3812.
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This project examines Dr. C. DeLores Tucker’s efforts to abolish the production and distribution of gangsta rap to the American youth. Though her efforts were courageous and daring, they were not sufficient. The thesis will trace Tucker’s crusade beginning in 1992 through the end of the 1990s. It brings together several themes in post-World War II American history, such as the issues of race, gender, popular culture, economics, and the role of government. The first chapter thematically explores Tucker’s crusade, detailing her methodology and highlighting pivotal events throughout the movement. The second chapter discusses how opposition from rap artists, and the music industry, media coverage of Tucker and her followers, and resistance from members of Congress contributed to the failure of her endeavor.
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Lippiatt, Gregory Edward Martin. "Simon V of Montfort : the exercise and aims of independent baronial power at home and on crusade, 1195-1218." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a07c0df0-232a-48e0-95a3-5d5b2780e042.
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Historians of political development in the High Middle Ages often focus on the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries as the generations in which monarchy finally triumphed over aristocracy to create a monopoly on governing institutions in western Europe. However, it was precisely in this period that Simon of Montfort emerged from his modest forest lordship in France to conquer a principality stretching from the Pyrenees to the Rhône. A remarkable ascendancy in any period, it is perhaps especially so in its contrast with the accepted historiographical narrative. Nonetheless, Simon has been largely overlooked on his own terms, especially by English historiography. Despite the numerous works over the course of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries devoted to the Albigensian Crusade, only a handful of biographies of Simon have been published, none of which are in English. Furthermore, those French works dedicated to his life have been little more than narrative retellings of the Albigensian Crusade from Simon's perspective, with an introductory chapter or two about his family background, participation in the Fourth Crusade, and life in France. French domination of the historiography has also prevented any deep exploration of Simon's English connexions, chiefly his inheritance of the earldom of Leicester in 1206. The substantial inquest regulating this inheritance awaits publication by David Crouch, but at least forty other acts from Simon's life remain unedited, despite increased interest in the Albigensian Crusade and several having been catalogued for over a century. Though one of the aims of this thesis is to correct the lack of Anglophone attention paid to this seminal figure of the early thirteenth century, a biographical study of Simon has consequences beyond the man himself. The inheritance of his claims to the Midi by the French Crown after his death means that his documents survive in a volume uncharacteristic of a baron of his station. The dedicated narrative history of his career provided by Peter of Vaux-de-Cernay's Hystoria albigensis is likewise the most intimate prose portrait of a comital figure available from the period. Thus Simon's life is perhaps the best recorded of his contemporary peers, offering a rare insight into the priorities and means of a baron's administration of his lands and leadership of a crusade. Moreover, despite the supposed triumph of monarchy during his lifetime, Simon's meteoric career took place largely outside of royal auspices and sought crowned approval for its gains only after the fact. Simon's experience was certainly exceptional, both in itself and in the volume of its narrative and documentary records, but it nevertheless provides a challenge to an uncomplicated or teleological understanding of contemporary politics as effectively national affairs directed by kings. Rather than spend his life in the train of one particular king, as did his contemporaries William the Marshal or William of Barres, Simon's career, in its various geographical manifestations, saw him in the lordship of three different Crowns: France, England, and Aragon. Though his relations with the first of these were almost entirely amicable - if not always harmonious - he was more often in open conflict with the latter two. As a crusader, Simon was also subject to a fourth lord, the pope, for the major events of his career. But even while executing papal mandates, Simon at times came into conflict with the distant will of Rome. However, none of these lords successfully prevented Simon's ascendancy. Angevin and Barcan influence in the Midi was drastically handicapped by the Albigensian Crusade, in the latter case, definitively. And while popes may have disagreed with some particulars of Simon's prosecution of the crusade, he remained their best hope for curbing the threat of heresy. One reason for Simon's success in the face of opposition was his ability to exploit the margins of monarchical authority, retreating from his obligations of fidelity to lord in favour of another, thus presenting himself as a legitimate actor while interfering with the designs of a nominal superior. Such independence, however, required alternative bases for his own power that could not be found in the largely rhetorical refuge offered by a distant overlord. In the absence of support from above, Simon worked to cultivate relationships with his social peers and the lesser French nobility. Notably, however, outside of his immediate family, adherence to his cause more often came from his socially inferior neighbours and those with common spiritual devotions than from his wider kinship network. His extended family, of roughly equivalent social standing to himself, were more interested in following the French king in his campaigns to consolidate royal power than investing deeply in Simon's crusade. However, those with similar ideological concerns or dependent on his success saw in Simon a charismatic and effective leader worthy of their allegiance. For Simon himself, the crusade was animated by the programme of reform advocated by the Cistercians and certain Parisian theologians. His context was permeated by the reformers, especially in his close connexions with the abbey of Vaux-de-Cernay. Concerns about just war, the liberation of the Holy Land, ecclesiastical liberty, sexual morality, and the purgation of heresy espoused by Cistercians and schoolmen were reflected in Simon's career. He was more than a simple cipher for ecclesiastical priorities: his campaigns and government were ambiguous in their attitude toward mercenaries and complicit in the problem of usury. Nevertheless, Simon's crusades to both Syria and the Midi demonstrated a remarkable dedication to building a Christian republic according to the vision of the reformers. But Simon was not always a crusader, and the majority of his career - though not the majority of its records - took place in his ancestral lands in France. Though his time in the shadow of Paris does not offer the same salient examples of baronial independence as his conquest of the Midi, it does provide a crucial glimpse at the ordinary exercise of aristocratic government on a more intimate scale. His forest lordship furnished lessons of administration that would prove relevant to his rule in the Midi, such as the diplomatic projection of authority, the value of seigneurial continuity, the economic benefit of thriving towns, the necessity of an intensively participating chivalric following, and the advantage of wide ecclesiastical patronage. Similarly, Simon's brief seisin and subsequent disseisin of the honor of Leicester demonstrated the fragility of his power when many of these elements were lacking. In addition to abstract lessons of governance, his northern lands also provided the financial backing necessary for at least the initial phases of his crusading career. Thus Simon's lordship in France and England, though not nearly as autonomous as in the Midi, is far from irrelevant to his later manifestations of independence: it rather informs his later government and even made it possible.
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Mellinger, Laura. "The first wandering preachers." PDXScholar, 1985. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3538.
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This thesis attempts to trace the origins of the wandering preachers who appeared around 1100 in Europe. These were men who took it upon themselves to wander through towns am countryside, preaching a variety of messages wherever they from an audience. They are of interest in prefiguring St Francis' style, and in exemplifying the ramification of voluntary poverty styles which formed their context. They are also important for their central role in various movements of popular piety.
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Wartzman, Emma. "First We Cook." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/363.
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This thesis is an exploration of cooking as a tool for personal health and community building, as well as for larger social change of the American food system. It looks at the decline of cooking in mid-20th century America, due to changes in technology, women's movement into the workforce, and the rise of fast and processed food. It then examines three distinct efforts going on today that are bringing cooking to the forefront of what they do--one in community gardening, one in food access programs, and one in food education. Each demonstrates the unique ability that cooking has to give immediate satisfaction. The lens is then widened to understand how this immediate satisfaction can, in turn, create waves in the way our food is currently produced on a much broader scale.
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Humpert, Edward M. "Richard I: Securing an Inheritance and Preparing a Crusade, 1189-1191." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1275598926.
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Petro, Theodore D. "Returning home from the first crusade : an examination of three crusaders : Stephen of Blois, Robert Curthose, and Robert II of Flanders." Virtual Press, 1998. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1100450.
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Cooler, Kathleen E. Hudson. "Hop Agriculture in Oregon: The First Century." PDXScholar, 1986. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3608.
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This thesis was written to document, through both primary and secondary sources, the history of hop growing as it was in Oregon between 1850 and 1950. In those years, hop growing was most often a speculative venture. Growers could be rich one year and bankrupt the next due to the uncertainties of marketing.
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Batten, Richard John. "Devon and the First World War." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/14600.
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This thesis examines the experiences and impact of wartime mobilization in the county of Devon. It argues that a crucial role was played by the county’s elites who became the self-appointed intermediaries of the war experience on a local level and who took an explicitly exhortative role, attempting to educate Devonians in the codes of ideal conduct in wartime. These armchair patriots, defined by the local commentator Stephen Reynolds as ‘provincial patriots’, superintended the patriotism of Devon’s population, evaluating that patriotism against the strength of their own. Through a critical exploration of Reynolds’ definition of Devon’s elite as the police-men and women of patriotism, this thesis reveals the ambiguities, constraints and complexities surrounding mobilization and remobilization in Devon. The evidence from Devon reveals the autonomy of Devon’s citizens as they attempted to navigate the different challenges of the war while they weighed-up individual and local interests against the competing requests that the ‘provincial patriots’ prescribed for them. In many cases, their responses to the appeals and prescriptions from Devon’s elite were informed by what they considered to be an appropriate contribution to the war effort. Therefore, the choice to participate in the measures introduced in the name of war effort in Devon was not a binary one. A tension between individual survival and national survival in the county was apparent in the encounters between Devon’s elite as agents of mobilization and the county’s populace during the war. Through various campaigns of superintendence in order to police the patriotism of Devon’s people, the ‘provincial patriots’ attempted to navigate through the terrain of these competing priorities and resolve this tension. In their endeavours to mobilize Devon’s populace, the authority of Devon’s elite was criticised and they faced constant negotiation between individual priorities and those of the nation. This analysis of the complexity of the Devonian experience of the First World War is sceptical about the ‘total’ nature of the First World War because the war to some Devonians was not the pre-eminent issue and did not absorb all of the county’s efforts. Rather, a significant part of Devon’s population was primarily concerned with individual priorities and that of the county throughout the war years.
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Trott, Vincent Andrew. "The First World War : history, literature and myth." Thesis, Open University, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.664476.
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This thesis explores the role literature played in the creation and subsequent development of the mythology of the First World War in Britain. In this thesis, the term 'mythology' is used to denote a set of dominant symbols and narratives which characterise how the past is represented and understood. Many historians consider literature to be the source of the British mythology of the First World War, but it is argued here that previous historical approaches have paid insufficient attention to the processes by which books were published, promoted and received. Drawing on Book History methodologies, this thesis therefore also examines these processes with reference to a range of literary works, whilst employing theoretical models advanced in the field of memory studies to interrogate further the relationship between literature and evolving popular attitudes to the First World War. Through a series of case studies this thesis demonstrates that publishers, hitherto overlooked by scholars in this context, played a crucial role in constructing the mythology of the First World War between 1918 and 2014. Their identification of texts, and promotional strategies, were key processes by which this mythology was developed across the twentieth century and beyond. By examining critical and popular responses to literature this thesis also problematizes the linear narrative by which the mythology of the war is often taken to have evolved. It demonstrates that myths of the war have been constructed and contested by various groups at different times, and that the evolving memories of veterans were not always in alignment with those of the wider public. In doing so it provides a powerful counterargument to the assumption that a mythology of the First World War has become hegemonic in recent decades.
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Lamey, Emeel S. "The Idea of ‘Holy Islamic Empire’ as a Catalyst to Muslims’ Response to the Second Crusade." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2359.
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The oral traditions in the Islamic world presented only the moral benefits of Jihad. Yet, the fact is that, though the moral benefits continued to exist before and after the First Crusade, though the interest seemed to have been present and the necessary intellectual theories continued on, Muslims did not advance the practical Jihad. Nonetheless, the disastrous Second Crusade struck a powerful chord among Muslims. It forced Muslims to battle for their very survival, and to do so they would have to adapt, but equally they could only survive by drawing on their imperial inheritance built up over centuries. A number of concerns identified with the “golden age” of the Islamic empire influenced the Jihad movements for Muslims associated the imperial traditions with Islam itself. Given the examples of the First and Second Crusades, this study proposes that the idea of “Islamic Empire” constituted Muslims’ practical response to the crusades.
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Davall, Nicole Elizabeth. "Shakespeare and concepts of history : the English history play and Shakespeare's first tetralogy." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2014. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/65797/.
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Divided into three large chapters, this thesis explores sixteenth-century concepts of history, considers how those concepts appear in Elizabethan history plays on English history, and finally looks at Shakespeare’s first tetralogy of history plays. The aim of the thesis is to consider in some detail the wider context of historical and dramatic traditions in Tudor England to gain a better appreciation of how they influenced possible readings of Shakespeare’s early history plays. Chapter One looks at how medieval approaches were modified in the fifteenth century. St. Augustine’s allegorical method of biblical exegesis made it possible to interpret history from inside the historical moment by allowing historically specific incidents to stand for trans-historical truths. However, the sixteenth-century chronicle tradition shows an increasing awareness of the difficulties of interpreting history. Chapter Two looks at early English history plays outside of the Shakespearean canon. History plays borrowed the conventions of comedy, tragedy and the morality play to provide frameworks for interpretation. Nevertheless, early histories such as Kynge Johan, Edmund Ironside, Famous Victories, Edward III, The True Tragedy, and The Troublesome Reign did not fit comfortably within established dramatic modes, leading to history’s gradual recognition as a separate genre. Chapter Three looks at the contribution Shakespeare’s plays made to the developing genre. The un-unified dramatic structure of the Henry VI plays denies the audience a stable framework within which to interpret events. In Richard III, a clear tragic framework appears, but is undermined by a strong thread of irony that runs through the play. History appears in the tetralogy as a repetitive cycle of violence perpetuated by characters’ attempts to memorialise the past while failing to learn from it. The crisis presented by history is the necessity of acting on partial information, while the promise of fuller understanding is projected into an unknowable future.
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Biancolli, Dani E. "The First Dissenter: Richard B Russell and the Warren Commission." W&M ScholarWorks, 2002. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626373.
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Keohane, Nigel Thomas. "The Unionist Party and the First World War." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2005. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1862.
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Filling the historiographical gap created by an overemphasis upon its rival Liberal and Labour parties, this study analyses the part played by the war in shaping Unionist (later Conservative) fortunes between 1914-18. The first two chapters consider the internal party dynamic between leaders, MPs and grassroots supporters, and scrutinise the effect of war upon the central tenets of the Unionist Party (most especially Ireland). The third and fourth chapters concentrate. respectively upon the party's reaction to the threat of socialism and Bolshevism, and the response to the onset of a mass electorate and of class politics in 1918. The fifth chapter investigates the party's approach to state intervention during the war and its immediate aftermath. The thesis shows that a primary Unionist response to the rise of the Labour Party was the construction of an appeal based on the wartime link between patriotism and anti-socialism. Bolstered by state propaganda and the press, this served to clarify the party's approach through into the 1920s and to counter the Labour Party at a crucial juncture in its evolution. It shows how patriotism preserved the unity of Unionism and shaped its ideological development. Patriotism also dictated the primacy accorded to economic, social and national efficiency, and thus shaped responses generated towards post-war reconstruction, most notably in the emphasis upon competition along international rather than internal lines. Moreover, because the `total' war was viewed as placing exceptional but temporary demands upon the economy and society, the party was able to adapt itself to war and post-war challenges in a flexible manner distinct from that of its counterparts. This however determined that the coalition with Lloyd George and notions of reconstruction were also viewed principally as short-term necessities to ensure military victory and social stability in the immediate years of recovery. Taken together, these conclusions illustrate the Conservative Party's organic ideological development into a group committed to the protection of property, and its willingness to utilise the means of the state and propaganda to make its anti-socialist message a viable goal.
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Hennessey, Allison L. "A case study of the history, development, and future of Campus Crusade for Christ as a representative of the parachurch movement." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Access this title online, 2004. http://www.tren.com.
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Hess, Robert M. "Prayer fellowship in the first half of Synod's history." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1985. http://www.tren.com.
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Edwardes, Lorelei Kaye. "New historicism and Shakespeare's first tetralogy of history plays /." Title page and introduction only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09are2477.pdf.
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Asel, Virginia E. "The history of the First Congregational Church of Royalston." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2001. http://www.tren.com.
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Milne-Walasek, Nicholas. "The History/Literature Problem in First World War Studies." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35162.
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In a cultural context, the First World War has come to occupy an unusual existential point half-way between history and art. Modris Eksteins has described it as being “more a matter of art than of history;” Samuel Hynes calls it “a gap in history;” Paul Fussell has exclaimed “Oh what a literary war!” and placed it outside of the bounds of conventional history. The primary artistic mode through which the war continues to be encountered and remembered is that of literature—and yet the war is also a fact of history, an event, a happening. Because of this complex and often confounding mixture of history and literature, the joint roles of historiography and literary scholarship in understanding both the war and the literature it occasioned demand to be acknowledged. Novels, poems, and memoirs may be understood as engagements with and accounts of history as much as they may be understood as literary artifacts; the war and its culture have in turn generated an idiosyncratic poetics.
It has conventionally been argued that the dawn of the war's modern literary scholarship and historiography can be traced back to the late 1960s and early 1970s—a period which the cultural historian Jay Winter has described as the “Vietnam Generation” of scholarship. This period was marked by an emphatic turn away from the records of cultural elites and towards an oral history preserved and delivered by those who fought the war “on the ground,” so to speak. Adrian Gregory has affirmed this period's status as the originating point for the war's modern historiography, while James Campbell similarly has placed the origins of the war's literary scholarship around the same time.
I argue instead that this “turn” to the oral and the subaltern is in fact somewhat overstated, and that the fully recognizable origins of what we would consider a “modern” approach to the war can be found being developed both during the war and in its aftermath. Authors writing on the home front developed an effective language of “war writing” that then inspired the reaction of the “War Books Boom” of 1922-1939, and this boom in turn provided the tropes and concerns that have so animated modern scholarship. Through it all, from 1914 to the current era, there has been a consistent recognition of both the literariness of the war's history and the historiographical quality of its literature; this has helped shape an unbroken line of scholarship—and of literary production—from the war's earliest days to the present day.
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McPherson, Catherine. "The First Illyrian War: A study in Roman Imperialism." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=107788.
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This paper presents a detailed case study in early Roman imperialism in the Greek East: the First Illyrian War (229/8 B.C.), Rome's first military engagement across the Adriatic. It places Roman decision-making and action within its proper context by emphasizing the role that Greek polities and Illyrian tribes played in both the outbreak and conclusion of the war. It argues that the primary motivation behind the Roman decision to declare war against the Ardiaei in 229 was to secure the very profitable trade routes linking Brundisium to the eastern shore of the Adriatic. It was in fact the failure of the major Greek powers to limit Ardiaean piracy that led directly to Roman intervention. In the earliest phase of trans-Adriatic engagement Rome was essentially uninterested in expansion or establishing a formal hegemony in the Greek East and maintained only very loose ties to the polities of the eastern Adriatic coast. However, Rome did exercise a certain influence in the decision-making processes of these polities in the decades following the war. Nonetheless, the absence of a Roman presence in the region following the war led directly to further intervention in the region a decade later.Ce mémoire se veut être une étude de cas approfondie de l'impérialisme romain naissant dans l'Orient grec : le cas de la Première Guerre illyrienne (229/8 av. J.C.), la première entreprise militaire romaine de l'autre côté de l'Adriatique. L'approche choisie situe le processus décisionnel et les actions de Rome dans leur contexte propre en insistant sur le rôle que les communautés grecques et illyriennes eurent à jouer à la fois dans le déclenchement et dans la conclusion de la guerre. Cette étude soutient que la déclaration de guerre de Rome contre les Vardéens en 229 fut principalement motivée par le désir de s'assurer le contrôle des lucratives routes de commerce reliant Brundisium à la côte orientale de l'Adriatique. Ce fut en fait l'incapacité des principales puissances grecques à mettre un frein à la piraterie vardéenne qui mena directement à l'intervention romaine. Rome ne montra d'abord que peu d'intérêt envers une expansion ou l'établissement d'une quelconque hégémonie dans l'Orient grec. Elle ne maintint que de vagues relations avec les communautés de la côte est de l'Adriatique. Rome exerça cependant une certaine influence sur le processus de décision de ces communautés au cours des décennies qui suivirent la guerre. Malgré cela, c'était en effet l'absence des romains dans cette région qui mena directement à l'intervention romaine dans la région dix ans plus tard.
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Shaffer, Ryan. "America's First Great Moderation." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/280.
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This paper identifies America's first Great Moderation, a period from 1841-1856 of unbroken economic expansion and low volatility comparable to the Great Moderation of the 1980s-2000s. This moderation occurred despite a lack of central banks, low governmental spending, and barriers to interstate commerce during the antebellum period. I demonstrate this moderation in industrial production and stock market indexes and compare the first Great Moderation with the second in these economic factors. These results also call into question the conventional wisdom of the National Bureau of Economic Research business cycle chronology that the antebellum period was volatile and fraught with recessions. I then identify several possible causes of this stable growth in the effects of cotton prices, technological revolutions such as railroads, and wage and interest rate integration during the period, among other factors. Understanding these factors helps develop our understanding of the American antebellum economy and the causes of economic growth and stability, especially during these Great Moderations.
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Hill, Christine Ann. "Sickness and service : the British Army and the First World War." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2004. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/21886/.
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This researchc oncernss icknessa nd ill health experiencedb y the British Army during the First World War. A review of the literature has confirmed that this issue offers considerable scope for further exploration by historians, and is an issue that continues to remain in the shadow of the wounded. The focus within past research has been so successfully placed upon battle injuries, that it is difficult to uncover the situation concerning non-combat casualties. This research aims to open up debate, establish the types and extent of illness experienced by the troops and some of the causes of sickness and disease. The thesis also explores links between the health of the troops and military effectiveness. In order to undertake this assessment in any meaningful way, indicators of military effectiveness need to be determined, and six such indicators are defined within the thesis. To establish a better understanding of how far the British Army was prepared for sickness by 1914, the approach taken by the army towards illness over the years leading up to the First World War is considered. The Crimean War marks the starting point of historical context setting in this case, and this research has investigated how far experiences gained in war during the latter half of the nineteenth century, shaped army planning concerning the health of the troops by 1914. Rarely used primary sources have been consulted, including regimental archives at Fulwood Barracks Preston, press reports, professional journals, government reports, and documents held at the Public Records Office, Kew, including War Diaries of active service units, Casualty Clearing Station records, Hospital records, personal diaries and individual service records. A range of secondary sources have also been explored together with autobiographical accounts and personal letters. A further historical source of value is the content of professional medical journals, and the content of a number of contemporaneous journals also underpin the thesis. In November 1996, approximately 750,000 individual service records of men discharged by the army during the years under examination within this study were released for public scrutiny for the first time. This remarkable new archive offers to extend our knowledge regarding the health of the troops, and analysis of these records forms an important element within this study. A pilot of fifty records was undertaken which combines history with computer technology, and involved the compilation of a spreadsheet wherein discharge diagnoses, age, height, chest measurement and weight were analysed in order to arrive at a better understanding about the health of the men. Evaluation of the pilot study was informative, and as a result it was extended to include analysis of a total of five hundred and thirty-three individual service records of rank and file men serving within over one hundred various regiments, corps, and services during the First World War. This thesis represents worthwhile and original contribution to historical debate about sickness within the British Army during this time, by establishing the historical context of sickness, exploring the types and extent of illness, and by examining organisational problems directly and indirectly contributing towards rising sickness rates. The thesis also determines that two broad categories of illness beset the army from the start, and these were firstly preexisting illnesses from civilian life and secondly illnesses acquired as a result of service. The thesis further shows that a costly 'revolving door', of recruitment and discharge beleaguered the army from the outset of the war, and that neither refinements to the recruitment process or the implementation of conscription made very much difference to the overall health of the British force. Establishing links between sickness and military effectiveness is in itself both original and challenging, and relatively new primary sources have been consulted in order to offer a fresh perspectivein this case. Whilst the issue of sickness amongst the troops during the First World War remains relatively unexplored, historical debate will remain wanting.