Relevant bibliographies by topics / History of friendly societies

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'History of friendly societies'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "History of friendly societies"

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Morris, Susannah. "Review: British Friendly Societies, 1750–1914." English Historical Review 120, no. 485 (February 1, 2005): 243–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cei092.

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Rendall, Jane. "‘The Principle of Mutual Support’: Female Friendly Societies in Scotland, c. 1789–1830." Journal of Scottish Historical Studies 40, no. 1 (May 2020): 17–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jshs.2020.0285.

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Friendly societies gave working people an element of security through mutual insurance against sickness, while also offering opportunities for regular, sometimes ritual-based, sociability. Their history has often been viewed as a part of labour history and dominated by the associational patterns of skilled men. More recently much has been done by social historians to explore friendly societies as fraternal associations through which different kinds of identities, including gender identities, might be developed. The regional diversity and the heterogeneity of male societies before 1830 have been emphasised. This paper examines the appearance of female friendly societies in Scotland between c. 1790 and 1830, set against the growth of male friendly societies: sixty-six female societies and over 1500 male societies have been identified. The previously unexplored development of female friendly societies in Scotland has also been compared to existing literature on such societies in England and Wales. Like them, Scottish women's societies were unlikely to be occupationally based, and much more likely to relate to neighbourhood and community ties and to be committed to values of respectability. Their regulations were likely to reflect women's dual identities as workers and carers for their families. Elite women found in them opportunities to extend their own local influence in a philanthropy directed towards mutual self-help. But the growth of Scottish female societies followed a different chronology from those of England and Wales, and had a different regional distribution, concentrated in south-west Scotland and largely absent from major cities.
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Buckley, Anthony D. "‘On the Club’: Friendly Societies in Ireland." Irish Economic and Social History 14, no. 1 (March 1987): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/033248938701400103.

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Johnson, Howard. "Friendly societies in the Bahamas 1834–1910." Slavery & Abolition 12, no. 3 (December 1991): 183–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01440399108575041.

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Weinbren, Daniel. "The Good Samaritan, friendly societies and the gift economy." Social History 31, no. 3 (August 2006): 319–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071020600764464.

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Cordery, Simon. "Friendly Societies and the Discourse of Respectability in Britain, 1825–1875." Journal of British Studies 34, no. 1 (January 1995): 35–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386066.

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In nineteenth-century Britain, friendly societies (working-class mutual benefit clubs) and ruling elites contested definitions of respectability and independence in a struggle to delineate relations between societies and the state. This process was an important part of an ongoing set of negotiations by which working-class organizations influenced middle-class attitudes toward collective action. Pressure from friendly societies forced members of Parliament and bureaucrats to accept their claim to respectability and, with it, to independence from state control, changing the discourse of respectability in three stages. During the first quarter of the century, clergymen and landowners equated respectability with middle-class patronage and independence from the Poor Law. Around midcentury, the societies appropriated the discourse of respectability and, with qualified elite approval, used it to redefine independence as freedom from middle-class supervision. By the 1870s, however, friendly society leaders requested government assistance to limit the independence of rank-and-file members, whose autonomy they claimed was a threat to the societies' respectability.Friendly societies wanted, as one member wrote, “to do what is ‘respectable.’” This meant redefining respectability in a collective, working-class context. While middle-class definitions rested on the premise that individualism and self-help were the twin foundations of respectability, friendly societies gained access to the social power of respectability by offering an alternative definition based on collective self-help and independence from external control. Friendly societies were democratically managed insurance clubs offering sickness and burial coverage and sociable activities in return for regular payments. They often met in public houses, which they identified as respectable, contradicting middle-class attitudes.
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Alborn, Timothy L. "British Friendly Societies, 1750-1914 (review)." Victorian Studies 47, no. 1 (2004): 104–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/vic.2005.0028.

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Clark, Anna. "Penelope Ismay. Trust among Strangers: Friendly Societies in Modern Britain." American Historical Review 126, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 382–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhab011.

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Roe, Jill, David G. Green, and Lawrence G. Cromwell. "Mutual Aid or Welfare State. Australia's Friendly Societies." Labour History, no. 49 (1985): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27508766.

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Wallace, E. K. "The Needs of Strangers: Friendly Societies and Insurance Societies in Late Eighteenth-Century England." Eighteenth-Century Life 24, no. 3 (October 1, 2000): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00982601-24-3-53.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "History of friendly societies"

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Neave, David. "Friendly societies in the rural East Riding, 1830-1912." Thesis, University of Hull, 1985. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:5037.

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Local and affiliated order friendly societies which together formed the largest working-class movement in Victorian Britain have been largely ignored by social and labour historians. Oddfellows, Foresters, Druids, Shepherds and Gardeners with their ritual, regalia, and secrecy imitative of Freemasonry, emerged as benefit societies in industrial Yorkshire and Lancashire in the second and third decades of the nineteenth century. The orders exploded into the East Riding in the wake of the passing of the New Poor Law in 1834 and its implementation three years later but many branches suffered severe set-backs or extinction during the economic crisis which hit agriculture in 1848-52. A substantial number of those that survived, many of them well into the twentieth century, chose independence rather than the authoritarian rule of a national headquarters.Affiliated branches far from being the preserve of the urban artisan, as has been often suggested, had an extensive agricultural worker membership. The founders and leaders of branches, which were most commonly located in larger open settlements with a substantial nonconformist and artisan population, were drawn from all sections of the membership but village craftsmen predominated. The club anniversary which became the principal feast day for many villages was initially, along with public house meetings and funeral ritual, much criticised by Anglican clergy. They found, however, that their annual sermon and attendance at the dinner gave them their principal point of contact with the rural working-class, a fact also realised after 1885 by politicians. The sickness and funeral benefits provided by the orders were considerable in relation to agricultural workers' incomes in the mid-19th century but higher wages and the passing of the National Insurance Act in 1912 considerably decreased their significance to the rural community.
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O'Neill, Julia Anne. "The spirit of independence : friendly societies in Nottinghamshire 1724-1913." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359006.

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Downing, Arthur Michael. "The friendly planet : friendly societies and fraternal associations around the English-speaking world, 1840-1925." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:363dd204-d5f5-4639-bafd-31fd20d1ab95.

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Friendly societies and fraternal associations were self-governing convivial clubs that provided members with mutual aid in case of sickness or death. Over the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries they blossomed around the English speaking world, attracting millions of members. Combining archival research and quantitative methods, this thesis is the first multi-national economic history of the friendly societies and fraternal associations. How effective were these organisations as insurers? Were they able to overcome the problems of moral hazard and adverse selection? Were they significant in generating 'social capital'? How were they affected by the emergence the welfare state?
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Topping, Christopher James. "Welfare, class and gender : non-affiliated friendly societies in Lancashire, 1750-1835." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670192.

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Edwards, E. "The friendly societies and the ethic of respectability in nineteenth century Cambridge." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379106.

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Turner, James John. "Friendly societies in South Durham and North Yorkshire c.1790-1914 : studies in development, membership characteristics and behaviour." Thesis, Teesside University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283898.

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Morley, Shaun Philip. "Community, self-help and mutual aid : friendly societies and the parish welfare system in rural Oxfordshire, 1834-1918." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:403cd6ef-0a80-4115-9d2e-9de84fb2b4cd.

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This thesis examines welfare provision in rural Oxfordshire after the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act. The county had little industrial development, remained largely agricultural in nature, and the region had been perceived as a backwater of friendly society development. This thesis rectifies that view and places Oxfordshire as an important component of the movement with its independent nature and early rejection of affiliated order branches that emanated from urbanized and industrialized areas. There is no evidence of impetus given to friendly society formation after the implementation of the new poor law with the general increase in societies continuing. However, the relationship with poor law administration changed. A case study of Stonesfield demonstrates how the friendly society became the heart of village life and was integral to self help and support for the poor. A wider view is taken of welfare provision, with detailed assessment of a range of welfare instruments, such as coal and clothing clubs, soup kitchens, and medical clubs, together with an appraisal of their geographical spread. The range of welfare instruments available is compared to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need, a model of human motivation. The case study of Whitchurch provides an in-depth assessment of one parish welfare system where after 1834 at least nine stands of welfare were available at all times to the poor who held a degree of selection in what was an increasingly a consumer market. The thesis is underpinned throughout by the use of extensive primary source material.
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Reader, Nicola Sian. "Female friendly societies in industrialising England, 1780-1850." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.428270.

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Caranton, Julien. "Les fabriques de la "paix sociale" : acteurs et enjeux de la régulation sociale (Grenoble, 1842-1938)." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAH034.

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Mots clés : catholicisme social, entreprises, microhistoire, municipalité, mutualité, prévoyance & protection sociale, régulation, savoirs et savoir-faire, sociétés de secours mutuelsCette thèse traite des formes de régulation sociale mises en œuvre par les acteurs grenoblois au XIXe siècle et au cours de la première moitié du XXe siècle. Pour les élites, qui participent plus ou moins activement à leur élaboration en fonction du contexte sociopolitique, ces formes doivent assurer la « paix sociale ». Ces dernières s’adressent en priorité aux populations qu’ils jugent à risque : les gens de métiers au XIXe siècle, puis les populations ouvrières qualifiées de l’industrie au cours de la première moitié du XXe siècle. La spécificité de cette recherche réside dans sa démarche microhistorique. Elle s’attache, d’une part, à l’étude des individus et des acteurs collectifs qui conçoivent et administrent les organismes de régulation, à leurs parcours, savoirs et savoir-faire. Elle porte également son attention aux acteurs qui bénéficient de ces organismes, à leurs itinéraires et stratégies de protection.Ce travail montre que la régulation sociale se désencastre de ses milieux d’application à la fin du XIXe siècle. Ce désencastrement est physique et social. Au tournant des XIXe et XXe siècles, le savoir et le savoir-faire des catégories populaires sont disqualifiés au profit de l’objectivation du social, celle-ci étant jugée plus à même de régler la question sociale. Cette objectivation, conduite par les nouvelles élites républicaines, est réalisée en dehors des terrains d’application des politiques de régulation sociale. Dès le début du XXe siècle, les catégories populaires ne participent plus que marginalement à l’administration du social
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Hadley, Linda Carol. "Poetry and fiction from the friendly societies, 1860-1900." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/4136.

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Books on the topic "History of friendly societies"

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Halladay, Allan. Friendly societies in today's world: Looking back, looking forward with the ANA Friendly Society, Queensland. Nundah, Qld: ANA Friendly Society (Qld.), 1994.

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Bassi, Patrizia. Accordi musicali: Le società di mutuo soccorso fra musicisti in Torino dalla metà dell'Ottocento. Torino: Regione Piemonte, Assessorato alla cultura, 1995.

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Quevedo, Hugo Orlando. Pioneras del mutualismo riojano. Córdoba, Argentina: Marcos Lerner Editora Córdoba, 1998.

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Levi, Giorgina. Campidoglio a Torino: La Società operaia di mutuo soccorso Campidoglio dalla fondazione ai giorni nostri : il borgo del Campidoglio e i suoi abitanti tra otto e novecento. Torino: Regione Piemonte, Assessorato alla cultura, 1990.

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Stevenson, Brian. Stand fast together: A history of the Protestant Alliance Friendly Society of Victoria. Brisbane, Qld: Boolarong Press, 1996.

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Candelaresi, Ana María. La presencia italiana en la ciudad de Córdoba, 1869-1895. Córdoba [Argentina: s.n.], 1989.

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Neave, David. Mutual aid in the Victorian countryside: Friendly societies in the rural East Riding, 1830-1914. [Hull]: Hull University Press, 1991.

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Neave, David. Mutual aid in the Victorian countryside: Friendly societies in the rural East Riding, 1830-1912. Hull: Hull University Press, 1991.

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Pramotton, Luciana. Alle origini della solidarietà operaia: Le società valdostane di mutuo soccorso. Aosta: Istituto storico della resistenza in Valle d'Aosta, 1992.

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Kruse, Herman C. Los orígenes del mutualismo uruguayo. Montevideo, Uruguay: Ediciones Populares para América Latina, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "History of friendly societies"

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Cordery, Simon. "Introduction." In British Friendly Societies, 1750–1914, 1–11. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230598041_1.

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Cordery, Simon. "Roots and Rituals." In British Friendly Societies, 1750–1914, 12–41. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230598041_2.

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Cordery, Simon. "Patrons, Radicals, and the Struggle for Control." In British Friendly Societies, 1750–1914, 42–64. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230598041_3.

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Cordery, Simon. "Regulatory Voluntarism." In British Friendly Societies, 1750–1914, 65–97. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230598041_4.

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Cordery, Simon. "The Politics of Respectability." In British Friendly Societies, 1750–1914, 98–124. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230598041_5.

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Cordery, Simon. "The Late-Victorian Loss of Confidence." In British Friendly Societies, 1750–1914, 125–51. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230598041_6.

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Cordery, Simon. "Into the State." In British Friendly Societies, 1750–1914, 152–74. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230598041_7.

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Cordery, Simon. "Conclusion." In British Friendly Societies, 1750–1914, 175–82. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230598041_8.

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Weinbren, Daniel. "The Fraternity of Female Friendly Societies." In Gender and Fraternal Orders in Europe, 1300–2000, 200–222. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230283381_10.

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Zarach, Stephanie. "Building Societies." In British Business History, 63–66. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13185-3_13.

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Conference papers on the topic "History of friendly societies"

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Ozkan, Selim Hilmi. "History Education in Pluralistic Societies." In University for Business and Technology International Conference. Pristina, Kosovo: University for Business and Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.33107/ubt-ic.2018.127.

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"Geometric Pottery from Elateia-Alonaki. The End of a Long History." In Mycenean and Homeric Societies. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/0x003b4182.

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Hochheiser, Sheldon. "125 Years of IEEE History." In 2009 IEEE Conference on the History of Technical Societies. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hts.2009.5337857.

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Coopersmith, Jonathan. "Historians: Learning from the History of Technical Societies." In 2009 IEEE Conference on the History of Technical Societies. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hts.2009.5337825.

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Vig, John R. "Growth of Diversity in IEEE's History." In 2009 IEEE Conference on the History of Technical Societies. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hts.2009.5337841.

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Aldridge, M. Dayne, and Keryl Cryer. "ABET and IEEE: A History Intertwined." In 2009 IEEE Conference on the History of Technical Societies. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hts.2009.5337858.

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"Elateia-Alonaki. The Mycenaean and Early Iron Age Pottery and the History of the Cemetery." In Mycenean and Homeric Societies. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/0x003b4142.

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Bejczy, Antal K. "The IEEE Robotics and Automation Society History." In 2009 IEEE Conference on the History of Technical Societies. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hts.2009.5337822.

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Ohno, Eiichi. "History of the IEEE Organization in Japan." In 2009 IEEE Conference on the History of Technical Societies. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hts.2009.5337843.

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Burger, David E. "The History of the IEEE in Australia." In 2009 IEEE Conference on the History of Technical Societies. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hts.2009.5337860.

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Reports on the topic "History of friendly societies"

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Harris, Bernard. Anthropometric history and the measurement of wellbeing. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2021.rev02.

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It has often been recognised that the average height of a population is influencedby the economic, social and environmental conditions in which it finds itself, andthis insight has inspired a generation of historians to use anthropometric data toinvestigate the health and wellbeing of past populations. This paper reviews someof the main developments in the field, and assesses the extent to which heightremains a viable measure of historical wellbeing. It explores a number of differentissues, including the nature of human growth; the impact of variations in diet andexposure to disease; the role of ethnicity; the relationships between height, mortalityand labour productivity; and the “social value” of human stature. It concludes that,despite certain caveats, height has retained its capacity to act as a “mirror” of theconditions of past societies, and of the wellbeing of their members.
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Ovcharov, A. V. On criminal law approaches to the assessment of «friendly fire». DOI CODE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/2074-1944-2021-0165.

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The article is devoted to the consideration of the phenomenon of «friendly fire» in modern military conflicts and the development of general criminal-legal approaches to its assessment. The article analyzes the causes of «friendly fire», discusses its types and provides the most famous cases of «fire on their own» in military history. Еhe article contains recommendations for determining the guilt of persons who committed cases of «friendly fire» and compares the phenomenon under consideration with the criminal-legal category of extreme necessity
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Keinan, Ehud. Asian Chemists speak with one voice. AsiaChem Magazine, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.51167/acm00001.

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Dear Reader, the newly born AsiaChem magazine echoes the voice of the Federation of Asian Chemical Societies (FACS). We believe that this biannual, free-access magazine will attract worldwide attention because it comprises diverse articles on cutting-edge science, history, essays, interviews, and anything that would interest the broad readership within the chemical sciences. All articles are authored by scientists who were born in Asian countries or actively working in Asia. Thus, eight FACS countries, including Australia, China, India, Israel, Jordan, South Korea, Taiwan, and Turkey, are represented in this inaugural issue.
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Downes, Jane, ed. Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.184.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building the Scottish Bronze Age: Narratives should be developed to account for the regional and chronological trends and diversity within Scotland at this time. A chronology Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report iv based upon Scottish as well as external evidence, combining absolute dating (and the statistical modelling thereof) with re-examined typologies based on a variety of sources – material cultural, funerary, settlement, and environmental evidence – is required to construct a robust and up to date framework for advancing research.  Bronze Age people: How society was structured and demographic questions need to be imaginatively addressed including the degree of mobility (both short and long-distance communication), hierarchy, and the nature of the ‘family’ and the ‘individual’. A range of data and methodologies need to be employed in answering these questions, including harnessing experimental archaeology systematically to inform archaeologists of the practicalities of daily life, work and craft practices.  Environmental evidence and climate impact: The opportunity to study the effects of climatic and environmental change on past society is an important feature of this period, as both palaeoenvironmental and archaeological data can be of suitable chronological and spatial resolution to be compared. Palaeoenvironmental work should be more effectively integrated within Bronze Age research, and inter-disciplinary approaches promoted at all stages of research and project design. This should be a two-way process, with environmental science contributing to interpretation of prehistoric societies, and in turn, the value of archaeological data to broader palaeoenvironmental debates emphasised. Through effective collaboration questions such as the nature of settlement and land-use and how people coped with environmental and climate change can be addressed.  Artefacts in Context: The Scottish Chalcolithic and Bronze Age provide good evidence for resource exploitation and the use, manufacture and development of technology, with particularly rich evidence for manufacture. Research into these topics requires the application of innovative approaches in combination. This could include biographical approaches to artefacts or places, ethnographic perspectives, and scientific analysis of artefact composition. In order to achieve this there is a need for data collation, robust and sustainable databases and a review of the categories of data.  Wider Worlds: Research into the Scottish Bronze Age has a considerable amount to offer other European pasts, with a rich archaeological data set that includes intact settlement deposits, burials and metalwork of every stage of development that has been the subject of a long history of study. Research should operate over different scales of analysis, tracing connections and developments from the local and regional, to the international context. In this way, Scottish Bronze Age studies can contribute to broader questions relating both to the Bronze Age and to human society in general.
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Atkinson, Dan, and Alex Hale, eds. From Source to Sea: ScARF Marine and Maritime Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.126.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under four headings: 1. From Source to Sea: River systems, from their source to the sea and beyond, should form the focus for research projects, allowing the integration of all archaeological work carried out along their course. Future research should take a holistic view of the marine and maritime historic environment, from inland lakes that feed freshwater river routes, to tidal estuaries and out to the open sea. This view of the landscape/seascape encompasses a very broad range of archaeology and enables connections to be made without the restrictions of geographical or political boundaries. Research strategies, programmes From Source to Sea: ScARF Marine and Maritime Panel Report iii and projects can adopt this approach at multiple levels; from national to site-specific, with the aim of remaining holistic and cross-cutting. 2. Submerged Landscapes: The rising research profile of submerged landscapes has recently been embodied into a European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action; Submerged Prehistoric Archaeology and Landscapes of the Continental Shelf (SPLASHCOS), with exciting proposals for future research. Future work needs to be integrated with wider initiatives such as this on an international scale. Recent projects have begun to demonstrate the research potential for submerged landscapes in and beyond Scotland, as well as the need to collaborate with industrial partners, in order that commercially-created datasets can be accessed and used. More data is required in order to fully model the changing coastline around Scotland and develop predictive models of site survival. Such work is crucial to understanding life in early prehistoric Scotland, and how the earliest communities responded to a changing environment. 3. Marine & Maritime Historic Landscapes: Scotland’s coastal and intertidal zones and maritime hinterland encompass in-shore islands, trans-continental shipping lanes, ports and harbours, and transport infrastructure to intertidal fish-traps, and define understanding and conceptualisation of the liminal zone between the land and the sea. Due to the pervasive nature of the Marine and Maritime historic landscape, a holistic approach should be taken that incorporates evidence from a variety of sources including commercial and research archaeology, local and national societies, off-shore and onshore commercial development; and including studies derived from, but not limited to history, ethnology, cultural studies, folklore and architecture and involving a wide range of recording techniques ranging from photography, laser imaging, and sonar survey through to more orthodox drawn survey and excavation. 4. Collaboration: As is implicit in all the above, multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross-sector approaches are essential in order to ensure the capacity to meet the research challenges of the marine and maritime historic environment. There is a need for collaboration across the heritage sector and beyond, into specific areas of industry, science and the arts. Methods of communication amongst the constituent research individuals, institutions and networks should be developed, and dissemination of research results promoted. The formation of research communities, especially virtual centres of excellence, should be encouraged in order to build capacity.
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Saville, Alan, and Caroline Wickham-Jones, eds. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland : Scottish Archaeological Research Framework Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.163.

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Why research Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland? Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology sheds light on the first colonisation and subsequent early inhabitation of Scotland. It is a growing and exciting field where increasing Scottish evidence has been given wider significance in the context of European prehistory. It extends over a long period, which saw great changes, including substantial environmental transformations, and the impact of, and societal response to, climate change. The period as a whole provides the foundation for the human occupation of Scotland and is crucial for understanding prehistoric society, both for Scotland and across North-West Europe. Within the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods there are considerable opportunities for pioneering research. Individual projects can still have a substantial impact and there remain opportunities for pioneering discoveries including cemeteries, domestic and other structures, stratified sites, and for exploring the huge evidential potential of water-logged and underwater sites. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology also stimulates and draws upon exciting multi-disciplinary collaborations. Panel Task and Remit The panel remit was to review critically the current state of knowledge and consider promising areas of future research into the earliest prehistory of Scotland. This was undertaken with a view to improved understanding of all aspects of the colonization and inhabitation of the country by peoples practising a wholly hunter-fisher-gatherer way of life prior to the advent of farming. In so doing, it was recognised as particularly important that both environmental data (including vegetation, fauna, sea level, and landscape work) and cultural change during this period be evaluated. The resultant report, outlines the different areas of research in which archaeologists interested in early prehistory work, and highlights the research topics to which they aspire. The report is structured by theme: history of investigation; reconstruction of the environment; the nature of the archaeological record; methodologies for recreating the past; and finally, the lifestyles of past people – the latter representing both a statement of current knowledge and the ultimate aim for archaeologists; the goal of all the former sections. The document is reinforced by material on-line which provides further detail and resources. The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic panel report of ScARF is intended as a resource to be utilised, built upon, and kept updated, hopefully by those it has helped inspire and inform as well as those who follow in their footsteps. Future Research The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarized under four key headings:  Visibility: Due to the considerable length of time over which sites were formed, and the predominant mobility of the population, early prehistoric remains are to be found right across the landscape, although they often survive as ephemeral traces and in low densities. Therefore, all archaeological work should take into account the expectation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic ScARF Panel Report iv encountering early prehistoric remains. This applies equally to both commercial and research archaeology, and to amateur activity which often makes the initial discovery. This should not be seen as an obstacle, but as a benefit, and not finding such remains should be cause for question. There is no doubt that important evidence of these periods remains unrecognised in private, public, and commercial collections and there is a strong need for backlog evaluation, proper curation and analysis. The inadequate representation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic information in existing national and local databases must be addressed.  Collaboration: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross- sector approaches must be encouraged – site prospection, prediction, recognition, and contextualisation are key areas to this end. Reconstructing past environments and their chronological frameworks, and exploring submerged and buried landscapes offer existing examples of fruitful, cross-disciplinary work. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology has an important place within Quaternary science and the potential for deeply buried remains means that geoarchaeology should have a prominent role.  Innovation: Research-led projects are currently making a substantial impact across all aspects of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology; a funding policy that acknowledges risk and promotes the innovation that these periods demand should be encouraged. The exploration of lesser known areas, work on different types of site, new approaches to artefacts, and the application of novel methodologies should all be promoted when engaging with the challenges of early prehistory.  Tackling the ‘big questions’: Archaeologists should engage with the big questions of earliest prehistory in Scotland, including the colonisation of new land, how lifestyles in past societies were organized, the effects of and the responses to environmental change, and the transitions to new modes of life. This should be done through a holistic view of the available data, encompassing all the complexities of interpretation and developing competing and testable models. Scottish data can be used to address many of the currently topical research topics in archaeology, and will provide a springboard to a better understanding of early prehistoric life in Scotland and beyond.
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Queensland Government Savings Bank - Brisbane (Head Office) - Legislation - Regulations under the "Government Savings Bank Act of 1864" re Friendly Societies - 6 June 1913. Reserve Bank of Australia, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2006/20735.

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