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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'History of friendly societies'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Neave, David. "Friendly societies in the rural East Riding, 1830-1912." Thesis, University of Hull, 1985. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:5037.

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Local and affiliated order friendly societies which together formed the largest working-class movement in Victorian Britain have been largely ignored by social and labour historians. Oddfellows, Foresters, Druids, Shepherds and Gardeners with their ritual, regalia, and secrecy imitative of Freemasonry, emerged as benefit societies in industrial Yorkshire and Lancashire in the second and third decades of the nineteenth century. The orders exploded into the East Riding in the wake of the passing of the New Poor Law in 1834 and its implementation three years later but many branches suffered severe set-backs or extinction during the economic crisis which hit agriculture in 1848-52. A substantial number of those that survived, many of them well into the twentieth century, chose independence rather than the authoritarian rule of a national headquarters.Affiliated branches far from being the preserve of the urban artisan, as has been often suggested, had an extensive agricultural worker membership. The founders and leaders of branches, which were most commonly located in larger open settlements with a substantial nonconformist and artisan population, were drawn from all sections of the membership but village craftsmen predominated. The club anniversary which became the principal feast day for many villages was initially, along with public house meetings and funeral ritual, much criticised by Anglican clergy. They found, however, that their annual sermon and attendance at the dinner gave them their principal point of contact with the rural working-class, a fact also realised after 1885 by politicians. The sickness and funeral benefits provided by the orders were considerable in relation to agricultural workers' incomes in the mid-19th century but higher wages and the passing of the National Insurance Act in 1912 considerably decreased their significance to the rural community.

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2

O'Neill, Julia Anne. "The spirit of independence : friendly societies in Nottinghamshire 1724-1913." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359006.

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3

Downing, Arthur Michael. "The friendly planet : friendly societies and fraternal associations around the English-speaking world, 1840-1925." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:363dd204-d5f5-4639-bafd-31fd20d1ab95.

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Friendly societies and fraternal associations were self-governing convivial clubs that provided members with mutual aid in case of sickness or death. Over the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries they blossomed around the English speaking world, attracting millions of members. Combining archival research and quantitative methods, this thesis is the first multi-national economic history of the friendly societies and fraternal associations. How effective were these organisations as insurers? Were they able to overcome the problems of moral hazard and adverse selection? Were they significant in generating 'social capital'? How were they affected by the emergence the welfare state?

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4

Topping, Christopher James. "Welfare, class and gender : non-affiliated friendly societies in Lancashire, 1750-1835." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670192.

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5

Edwards, E. "The friendly societies and the ethic of respectability in nineteenth century Cambridge." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379106.

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6

Turner, James John. "Friendly societies in South Durham and North Yorkshire c.1790-1914 : studies in development, membership characteristics and behaviour." Thesis, Teesside University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283898.

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7

Morley, Shaun Philip. "Community, self-help and mutual aid : friendly societies and the parish welfare system in rural Oxfordshire, 1834-1918." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:403cd6ef-0a80-4115-9d2e-9de84fb2b4cd.

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This thesis examines welfare provision in rural Oxfordshire after the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act. The county had little industrial development, remained largely agricultural in nature, and the region had been perceived as a backwater of friendly society development. This thesis rectifies that view and places Oxfordshire as an important component of the movement with its independent nature and early rejection of affiliated order branches that emanated from urbanized and industrialized areas. There is no evidence of impetus given to friendly society formation after the implementation of the new poor law with the general increase in societies continuing. However, the relationship with poor law administration changed. A case study of Stonesfield demonstrates how the friendly society became the heart of village life and was integral to self help and support for the poor. A wider view is taken of welfare provision, with detailed assessment of a range of welfare instruments, such as coal and clothing clubs, soup kitchens, and medical clubs, together with an appraisal of their geographical spread. The range of welfare instruments available is compared to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need, a model of human motivation. The case study of Whitchurch provides an in-depth assessment of one parish welfare system where after 1834 at least nine stands of welfare were available at all times to the poor who held a degree of selection in what was an increasingly a consumer market. The thesis is underpinned throughout by the use of extensive primary source material.

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8

Reader, Nicola Sian. "Female friendly societies in industrialising England, 1780-1850." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.428270.

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9

Caranton, Julien. "Les fabriques de la "paix sociale" : acteurs et enjeux de la régulation sociale (Grenoble, 1842-1938)." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAH034.

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Mots clés : catholicisme social, entreprises, microhistoire, municipalité, mutualité, prévoyance & protection sociale, régulation, savoirs et savoir-faire, sociétés de secours mutuelsCette thèse traite des formes de régulation sociale mises en œuvre par les acteurs grenoblois au XIXe siècle et au cours de la première moitié du XXe siècle. Pour les élites, qui participent plus ou moins activement à leur élaboration en fonction du contexte sociopolitique, ces formes doivent assurer la « paix sociale ». Ces dernières s’adressent en priorité aux populations qu’ils jugent à risque : les gens de métiers au XIXe siècle, puis les populations ouvrières qualifiées de l’industrie au cours de la première moitié du XXe siècle. La spécificité de cette recherche réside dans sa démarche microhistorique. Elle s’attache, d’une part, à l’étude des individus et des acteurs collectifs qui conçoivent et administrent les organismes de régulation, à leurs parcours, savoirs et savoir-faire. Elle porte également son attention aux acteurs qui bénéficient de ces organismes, à leurs itinéraires et stratégies de protection.Ce travail montre que la régulation sociale se désencastre de ses milieux d’application à la fin du XIXe siècle. Ce désencastrement est physique et social. Au tournant des XIXe et XXe siècles, le savoir et le savoir-faire des catégories populaires sont disqualifiés au profit de l’objectivation du social, celle-ci étant jugée plus à même de régler la question sociale. Cette objectivation, conduite par les nouvelles élites républicaines, est réalisée en dehors des terrains d’application des politiques de régulation sociale. Dès le début du XXe siècle, les catégories populaires ne participent plus que marginalement à l’administration du social

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10

Hadley, Linda Carol. "Poetry and fiction from the friendly societies, 1860-1900." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/4136.

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11

Bee, Malcolm. "Business in the community : consumer co-operative societies and friendly societies in Oxfordshire and Berkshire, 1830-2000." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.432752.

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12

Gorsky, Martin. "Charity, mutuality and philanthropy : voluntary provision in Bristol, 1800-70." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/104fbd2e-c6d6-4131-9d6f-271dedbc6fde.

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13

Stahl, Simone K., and Bastian Ristau. "History Friendly Models in der Evolutorischen Ökonomik." Thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2006. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1140603035821-14926.

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14

Jordan, Allison. "Voluntary societies in Victorian and Edwardian Belfast." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303854.

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15

Gelber, Emily O. S. "Fear of Forgetting: How Societies Deal with Genocide." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/382.

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This thesis discusses how certain societies (Germany, Israel, and Argentina) that have been involved in two documented cases of genocide in the 20th Century -- one that was the source for and falls within the United Nations Treaty definition of genocide (the Holocaust), and one that does not (the Dirty War in Argentina) --have dealt with these events in their recent past. In dealing with these issues, the thesis employs the analysis of genocide developed by the Argentine scholar, Daniel Feierstein, who has proposed that all genocides progress through a series of steps that first create what he calls a "negative otherness" to the victims of the genocide, that then isolates and debilitates the victim group, and that ultimately leads, as a penultimate (not final) step, to the physical annihilation of the victims of the genocide. Feierstein's most novel and provocative contribution to the study of genocide, however, is his concept that there is an additional and final step -- which he calls the threat of “symbolic realization” -- that will actually take place in society after the killing or physical annihilation has been completed and the historical order of things has been restored. In Feierstein’s view, the purpose of genocide is to use the technologies of power of the state against the victim group in order to permanently change social relations within the state by excluding and then annihilating the victims of the genocide. For this reason, Feierstein argues that, unless the post-genocide society continues to confront the causes and reality of the genocide as a present and ongoing political and social dynamic in the society, so that the memory and cultural and social presence of the victim group is preserved in an immediate way, the genocide will be realized on a symbolic level in the sense that the change of social relations that the perpetrators of the genocide intended will in fact occur. In the analysis that follows of the issues of assigning culpability, providing reparations, and constructing memorials in post-genocide societies, the thesis argues that, whether consciously articulated or not, what drives the bitter controversy and debates over these matters in post-genocide societies is an underlying fear on the part of victims and victim groups that the significance of what they have suffered and why they have suffered will be lost and forgotten (symbolically realized, in Feierstein’s terminology) in the state's efforts at reconciliation precisely through the process of assigning guilt, awarding reparations, and constructing memorials. Going a step beyond where Feierstein leaves off, the thesis suggests, however, that this sort of symbolic realization is, in fact, an inevitable and unavoidable consequence of the process of writing the history of the genocide (or any event) and the detachment, analysis, contextualization, reductiveness, and simplification that history requires.

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16

Kleber, Michaela Y. "Gendered Societies, Sexual Empires: French Colonization Among The Illinois." W&M ScholarWorks, 2020. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1593091816.

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This dissertation reconstructs the gender and sexuality structures of Indigenous Illinois society in order to explain how these structures, including the Illinois recognition of four genders, guided French colonization in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. I argue that while the Illinois has considerable military, economic, and diplomatic power throughout their relationship with the French, French colonists established a stable foothold in Illinois by mobilizing their knowledge of Illinois gender and sexuality. At the same time, the Illinois drew on French and Native gender practices to contain French expansion and behavior. From this understanding of Illinois gender structures, it becomes clear that the Illinois-French relationship was not that of a parent to a child, as the French then cast it, but rather a marriage. As such, this dissertation plots French colonization in terms of Native marriage, which recognizes both that the French were a colonizing force and that the Illinois had considerable power throughout the encounters.

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17

Logan, Roger. "The role of the Friendly Society Orders in British society, 1793-1911, with particular reference to the Ancient Order of Foresters Friendly Society." Thesis, Kingston University, 2003. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/20237/.

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The evolution of friendly societies in Britain during the 18th and 19th centuries resulted in a variety of formats and structures providing similar objectives of financial support in times of sickness and death. In this thesis. friendly society Orders in particular are considered by addressing specific questions. These relate to (a) their distinctive characteristics, (b) the processes at work which produced these characteristics, (c) the fundamental significance of the individual contributing to formation and management, within a hitherto neglected model of working classes democracy, and (d) the wider appeal other than simply that of financial benefit. Within the timespan 1793-1911. issues are identified and examined, primarily with reference to the Ancient Order of Foresters Friendly Society. These take into account both chronological and geographical diversity. They include structural evolution, the fundamental feature of the Orders' culture; the establishment and maintenance of representative and participatory democratic features; self-government by locally constituted units constrained by universally adopted Order-wide rules; diversity of experience according to the wishes of members and reliance on individuals in the formation and administration of the Orders. The superceding of an explicit moral base by a business driven approach is looked at as is the. establishment of widow and orphan Funds to support two very visible elements of 19th century society. Aspects of membership beyond that of adult males is presented against a broader background of changes in society. Formation of female branches and recruitment and retention of young members, male and female, are examined. Finally the seemingly paradoxical presence of non-benefit. honorary members, is analysed. In placing the Orders at the centre of study. this thesis provides a context for examination of friendly society activity at local community and national levels. By identifying structures, characteristics and processes it reveals the capacity and desire of working people in Britain to secure for themselves, as far as was possible at the time, secure and stable lives.

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18

Redekop, Gloria L. Neufeld. "Mennonite women's societies in Canada: A historical case study." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6752.

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This study is a social history of Canadian Mennonite women's societies in the two largest Russian Mennonite denominations in Canada--the Conference of Mennonites in Canada (CMC) and the Mennonite Brethren (MB). Using archival materials and information generated by the author's survey, the thesis traces the growth and decline of Mennonite women's societies in Canada within CMC and MB churches established during the three periods of Russian immigration to Canada. Set within the historical context of the role of Mennonite women from the time of Anabaptism in the Netherlands, and through subsequent migrations to Prussia and Russia, it explores the development of Mennonite women's societies in Canada in the light of the changing role of Mennonite women both in the church and in society. It suggests that, in the early years, Mennonite women's societies gave Mennonite women an opportunity to serve God and fully participate in worship at a time when their roles were restricted in the church. In later years, interest in Mennonite women's societies declined. This thesis argues that Mennonite women's societies became a context for women's service to God. Motivated by the call of God through the biblical text, it was here that they organized for the support of missions as they raised money in their own creative ways. It was a context as well for fellowship and mutual support as women. For Mennonite women, their societies were also an avenue for spiritual growth. In their regular meetings they developed a worship ritual that was so strikingly similar to the components of the Sunday morning worship service in the church that we could say Mennonite women's societies functioned as a parallel church for Mennonite women. The decline of Mennonite women's societies occurred along with other trends in the church and society. Women were gradually being included within the official church structure. First they were granted the vote at church business meetings. Then their role was enlarged and they were able to take positions on church boards and committees. Not only were women becoming more involved in the church, they were also becoming more integrated into Canadian society. The women's movement did not leave Mennonite women untouched. From the late 1960s, they began to pursue higher education and employment outside the home. Concurrent with the changes in women's roles in church and society came a self-questioning of the usefulness of Mennonite women's societies as interest in membership was declining.

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19

Wells, Samuel S. ""Friendly Fire": Free Quakers, Fatherhood and Religious Identity in the Early Republic." W&M ScholarWorks, 2013. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626730.

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20

Heffernan, Ken. "Limatambo : archaeology, history and the regional societies of Inca Cusco /." Oxford : BAR : Tempus reparatum, 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36693081n.

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21

Averley, Gwendoline. "English scientific societies of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries." Thesis, Teesside University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.238137.

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22

Chevill, Elizabeth Jane. "Music societies and musical life in old foundation cathedral cities 1700-60." Thesis, Online version, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.308531.

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23

Yohn, Elizabeth K. "The Use of History in Migrating: Cases from the Haitian Diaspora." W&M ScholarWorks, 2013. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626725.

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24

Scott, Simeon G. "Thought and social struggle: A history of dialectics." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4205.

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25

Scott, Simeon Guy. "Thought and social struggle : a history of dialectics." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4205.

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26

Finnegan, Diarmid Alexander. "Natural history societies in Victorian Scotland : towards a historical geography of civic science." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/17584.

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This thesis examines the historical geography of Scottish natural history societies active during the period 1831-1900. It argues that the work of the societies described and constituted an important set of relations between science and Scottish civil society that has not been investigated hitherto. The institutional practices of natural history, including fieldwork and display, involved encounters between scientific and cultural expectations which were played out in relation to different audiences and in a variety of sites and spaces. A central concern of Scottish associational naturalists was to transpose science into the language of civic pride and progress. At the same time, members of these societies were anxious to maintain epistemic credibility in relation to a scientific culture itself in flux. The task of appealing both to a local public and to a scientific constituency took different forms in different civic and scientific contexts. The thesis attempts to detail this historical geography with reference to the societies' activities of display, fieldwork, publishing and collective scientific endeavour. The work is based on assessment of primary sources, published and unpublished, and a variety of secondary material. The thesis is organised to reflect the features central to the past geographies of Scottish natural history as associational civic science. The first substantive section (Section II, Chapters 2-5) analyses the efforts of society members to persuade local publics of the relevance and the benefits of associational natural history. Fieldwork involved a series of situated negotiations and affiliations between the language and practices of leisure, aesthetic taste, moral improvement and science. Through public events and built spaces natural history was promoted as an expression of civic culture and as a set of practices capable of transforming urban society. At an individual level, supporters of civic science championed an image of the naturalist as public servant and votary of nature, an image that linked scientific conduct to civic identity. The second substantive section (Section III, Chapters 6-7) examines the influence of the meaning and methods of later-nineteenth-century science on the organisation and activities of Scottish natural history societies. Initiatives to standardise the work of local scientific societies are considered alongside the efforts of individual members to secure a scientific reputation. In addition, the changing relations between the research activities of the societies and the emergence and consolidation of scientific disciplines are investigated alongside the maintenance of an inter-disciplinary ethos. In Chapter 7, engagement with evolutionary ideas is examined, uncovering the ways in which Darwinism was deployed to reinforce, and also to modify, an inductivist view of science and to argue for the continuing relevance of associational natural history to local civil society. In conclusion, the thesis reveals the historical geography of nineteenth-century Scottish natural history to be a dynamic narrative of intellectual and institutional activity conducted in different social and scientific spaces, and it suggests that these practices of local science were an important constituent of civic society and, in part, of national natural knowledge in nineteenth-century Scotland.

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27

Durazzi, Niccolo. "The political economy of high skills : higher education in knowledge societies." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2018. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3818/.

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A successful transition into the knowledge economy is said to depend upon higher level skills, creating unprecedented pressure on university systems - as they expand across countries - to provide knowledge-based labour markets with the skills needed. But what are the political economy dynamics underlying national patterns of high skill formation? This thesis argues that existing theoretical approaches are not well-suited to answer the question: ideational and structuralist frameworks downplay persistent national differences, while institutionalist accounts assume that national differences rest upon the very lack of higher education expansion in some countries, downplaying the crossnational trend of higher education expansion. The thesis proposes a framework that accounts for distinct national trajectories of high skill formation within the convergent trend of higher education expansion. In particular, two crucial variables are identified to theorise the relationship between higher education systems and knowledge-based labour markets: (i) the predominant type of knowledge economy in a given country; and (ii) the degree of inter-university competition across different higher education systems. It is argued that the former explains what type of higher level skills will be sought by employers and cultivated by governments, while the latter helps understanding of why some higher education systems are more open at the outset to satisfy labour market demands compared to others, determining whether institutional change in a given higher education system is likely to be encompassing or marginal. Cross-national descriptive statistics and systematic process analysis across a set of diverse country case studies (Britain, Germany and South Korea) are used to test the theory. By highlighting the agency of universities, governments and businesses and by linking higher education policy with knowledge-based growth strategies, this thesis provides a theoretical and empirical contribution on processes of institutional change in higher education and on broader trajectories of institutional change across advanced capitalist countries.

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28

Spady, James O'Neil. "Friendly Meetings: The Art of Conquest and the Mythical Origins of Pennsylvania, Ca 1620-1771." W&M ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626285.

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29

Marwick, Sandra M. "'Sons of Crispin' : the St Crispin societies of Edinburgh and Scotland." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4195.

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City of Edinburgh Museums and Galleries hold a substantial collection of artefacts and record books donated in 1909 by the office bearers of the Royal Ancient Order of St Crispin. This organisation was the final reincarnation of the Royal St Crispin Society established around 1817. From 1932 the display of a selection of these objects erroneously attributed their provenance to the Incorporation of Cordiners of Canongate with no interpretation of the meaning and use of this regalia. The association of shoemakers (cordiners in Scotland) with St Crispin their patron saint remained such that at least until the early twentieth century a shoemaker was popularly called a ‘Crispin' and collectively ‘sons of Crispin'. In medieval Scotland cordiners maintained altars to St Crispin and his brother St Crispianus and their cult can be traced to France in the sixth century. In the late sixteenth century an English rewriting of the legend achieved immediate popularity and St Crispin's Day continued to be remembered in England throughout the seventeenth century. Journeymen shoemakers in Scotland in the early eighteenth century commemorated their patron with processions; and the appellation ‘St Crispin Society' appeared in 1763. This thesis investigates the longevity of the shoemakers' attachment to St Crispin prior to the nineteenth century and analyses the origin, creation, organisation, development and demise of the Royal St Crispin Society and the network of lodges it created in Scotland in the period 1817-1909. Although showing the influence of freemasonry, the Royal St Crispin Society devised and practised rituals based on shoemaking legends and traditions. An interpretation of these rituals is given as well as an examination of the celebration of the saint's day and the organisation and significance of King Crispin processions. The interconnection of St Crispin artefacts and archival material held by Scottish museums and archives is demonstrated throughout the thesis.

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30

Ellis, Alexander Hampton. "Early Undergraduate Publishing At The University Of Vermont: Literary And Debating Societies & Their Publications, 1803-1865." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2019. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/1057.

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Since the foundation of the University of Vermont’s (UVM) first official extracurricular organization in 1803—the literary and debating society, Phi Sigma Nu—undergraduates have continuously produced extracurricular publications for differing purposes, made possible by the changing varieties of undergraduate organizations that developed concomitantly with the university over time. Several historical monographs have been written that utilize these various types of materials to describe undergraduate student life, yet none have focused their efforts upon these printed sources in and of themselves, nor has the subject of undergraduate publications merited a full historical monograph to this day. This thesis seeks to address this historiographical deficiency. In the first half of the nineteenth century, UVM’s early extracurricular organizations acted as a supplement to the official classical curriculum, facilitating much of these early students’ interactions with the English language in a period prior to the professionalization and departmentalization of English literature within the formal university. Undergraduates of the early national and antebellum eras employed the literary and debating society as an organization to connect ideas located in their classical course work with the vernacular, English-speaking world that surrounded them, and their publications exist as one of the mechanisms that these students utilized to marry their early neohumanistic curriculum with the changing necessities of life in Burlington, the state of Vermont, and the nation on a whole. These undergraduates—immersed in the oratorical culture of the classical college—published transcripts from important speeches, discourses, and poems that they had heard spoken at events such as commencement or the anniversary celebrations of the societies and later desired to preserve for future reading or sharing with others. Such publications represent the earliest form of undergraduate publishing at UVM and can provide historians with not only the means to describe undergraduates’ earliest relationships with the rising medium of print in the new national and antebellum periods, but also an important clue into the boundaries and interests of their own intellects.

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31

Litvine, Alexis David. "The space and time of industrialising European societies : Belgium, England, France and Italy 1850s-1910s." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610339.

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32

Morrison, Shannon M. "Navigating Secret Societies: Black Women in the Commercial Airline Industry." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1587030922882857.

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33

Purvis, Martin. "Nineteenth century co-operative retailing in England and Wales : a geographical approach." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1a79cd64-8d4e-42ed-89a3-79f822e3e3bd.

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The thesis reconstructs and analyses the changing geographical strength of co-operative retailing in England and Wales c.l820-1901. It charts the spatial and temporal distribution of all recorded society foundations during this period. From 1862 onwards the changing pattern of cooperative membership is presented. The distribution of society foundations by settlement size is investigated. The analysis of the pattern of co-operative growth - including the setbacks suffered as some societies failed to establish themselves permanently - draws ideas from and extends upon the existing literature on the geographical diffusion of innovations. The importance of the circulation of information - distinguishing basic awareness of the idea of co-operation and the practical knowledge necessary for its execution - is studied. This suggests the importance of printed sources in rapidly and widely extending awareness but their limitations in providing the knowledge necessary for practical operations. Factors deriving from the relative location of adopting centres and their access to information must be supplemented by consideration of the specific character of these places. In particular the significance of local conditions of retail trade is asserted together with the importance of wider social and economic circumstances as an influence on the potential for the development of collective working class initiative. Variations in the conditions of work and residence are examined as forces underlying the development attitudes amongst workers, the internal cohesion of the working class and its relationship with the middle and upper class establishment; all of which had a bearing on the extent to which co-operation was seen as a desirable and practical exercise within individual settlements.

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34

Costa, Luis Miguel. "Patronage and bribery in sixteenth-century Peru : the government of Viceroy Conde del Villar and the visita of licentiate Alonso Fernández de Bonilla." FIU Digital Commons, 2005. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2646.

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This dissertation deals with the nature of the political system in sixteenth- century colonial Spanish America through an analysis of the administration of Viceroy Fernando de Torres y Portugal, Conde del Villar, in Peru (1585-1590). The political conflicts surrounding his government and the accusations of bribery leveled against him and members of his household provide the documentation for a case study in a system in which prestige and authority were defined through a complex network of patronage and personal relationships with the Spanish monarch, the ultimate source of legitimate power. This dissertation is conceptualized using categories presented in Max Weber’s theory on the nature of political order and authority in the history of human societies and the definition of the patrimonial system as one in which the power of he king confers legitimacy and authority on the whole political structure. The documentary base for this dissertation is an exceptionally detailed and complete record related to the official administrative review (visita) ordered by Philip II in 1588 to assess the government of Viceroy Torres y Portugal. Additionally, letters as well as other primary and secondary sources are scattered in repositories on both sides of the Atlantic. The study of this particular case offers an excellent opportunity to gain an understanding o f a political order in which jurisdictional boundaries between institutions and authorities were not clearly defined. The legal system operating in the viceroyalty was subordinated to the personal decisions of the king, and order and equilibrium were maintained through the interaction of patronage networks that were reproduced at all levels of the colonial society. The final charges against Viceroy Conde del Villar, as well as their impact on the political career of those involved in the accusations, reveal that situations today understood to constitute bribery had a different meaning in the context o f a patrimonial order.

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35

Thomas, Jeffrey Scott. "The Political Imaginings of Slave Conspirators: Atlantic Contexts of the 1710 Slave Conspiracy in Martinique." W&M ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626661.

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36

Bregman, Leigh Davin. "'Snug little coteries' : a history of scientific societies in early nineteenth century Cape Town, 1824-1835." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2004. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446709/.

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This thesis provides an account of four scientific societies in Cape Town in the early nineteenth century. The societies are the 'first' South African Literary Society (proposed and suppressed in 1824), the 'second' South African Literary Society (established in 1829), South African Institution (also established in 1829) and the South African Literary and Scientific Institution (formed from a merger of the previous two organisations in 1832). Before 1824, there had been no scientific societies in the Cape. After the decline of the Literary and Scientific Institution in the late 1830s, the colony did not support another general scientific society until the 1870s. This study links the establishment of scientific societies to the temporary ascendancy of British liberal humanitarianism in the late 1820s and early 1830s in the Cape and to changes in the organisational and structure of British science. The two Literary Societies and the two Institutions represented different scientific traditions in the colony. The Literary Societies were established by the radical Scottish newspaper editor John Fairbairn as part of an attempt to create a liberal political movement in the colony. They represented the interests of Cape Town's emerging middle class and were led by the city's professionals. The two Institutions emerged from the activities of the Scottish Army surgeon and naturalist Dr. Andrew Smith. He established several organisations at the Cape to further his career within the British Army's Medical Service. The city's official and Army elite were closely affiliated with the Institutions. Whereas Fairbairn was largely reacting to domestic political changes, Smith was reacting to the changing structure and opportunities of British science. This study reveals that science served diverse technical, professional and ideological ends at the Cape and that as a result it enjoyed widespread interest.

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37

Vlasity, Sarah Marie. "Networks in Favor of Liberty: St Eustatius as an Entrepôt of Goods and Information during the American Revolution." W&M ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626806.

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38

Kowalski, Amy B. "Breadnut Island Pen: Thomas Thistlewood's Jamaican Provisioning Estate, 1767-1768." W&M ScholarWorks, 1991. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625697.

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39

Stiles, Carol. "Vineyard: A Jamaican Cattle Pen, 1750-1751." W&M ScholarWorks, 1985. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625316.

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40

Devlin, Sean Edward. "Education, Literacy and Ink Pots: Contested Identities in Post-Emancipation Barbados." W&M ScholarWorks, 2008. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626552.

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41

Schmitt, Casey Sylvia. "Virtue in Corruption: Privateers, Smugglers, and the Shape of Empire in the Eighteenth-Century Caribbean." W&M ScholarWorks, 2013. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626724.

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42

Bennett, Lynch D. "Surreptitious Spaces: Cabarets and the French Contest for Empire in Martinique, 1680-1720." W&M ScholarWorks, 2014. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626762.

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43

Woods, Holly Irene. "Amazons of the Ancient World: Women in Greek and Roman Societies as Seen in the Amazon Myth." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2010. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1716.

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The myth of the Amazons began in Ancient Greece. Renditions of the myth were found in art and literature of the Greeks and Romans in the ancient world. The image of the Amazons changed with the culture and ideology that discussed them. The Amazon myth reflected Greek and Roman views of women. Through looking closely at the three stages of the myth of the Amazons one can determine the myth strengthens the image of women that was held by men of the ancient world. The Amazons were connected with the heroes Heracles, Theseus, and Alexander the Great. Individual Amazons such as Antiope, Penthesilea, and Camilla were also dominant in the mythology of the Amazons. By completing a literary analysis of the myths of the Amazons beginning in the eighth century B.C. and through the fourth century A.D. one is able to see what was expected and deemed acceptable of women.

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44

Baldassarri, Stefano, and Brian Maxson. "Giannozzo Manetti, the Emperor, and the Praise of a King in 1452." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6173.

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This article publishes a new text by Giannozzo Manetti and places it into the political, diplomatic, and biographical context from which it emerged. Manetti’s “Panegyric to King Alfonso” was written for the occasion of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III’s visit to Naples in the spring of 1452. This article and the accompanying first edition of Manetti’s treatise add new insights into the events of mid-Quattrocento Italy that led to Manetti’s voluntary exile from Florence, in addition to a new chapter in the narrative of patrician resistance to the consolidation of political power in Florence under Cosimo de’ Medici and his allies.

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45

Mikuš, Marek. "What reform? : civil societies, state transformation and social antagonism in 'European Serbia'." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/788/.

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This thesis examines a set of intentional transformations of the government of society and individuals in the globalising (‘Europeanising’) and neoliberalising Serbia in 2010–11. It asks two closely related kinds of question about these ‘reforms’ – first, what reform is really there, of what depth, and second, whose reform is it, in and against whose interests? This inquiry strives to identify some of the dominant transformational tendencies and resistances to these, and to relate these governmental projects and their actual achievements to the conflicted interests and identities in Serbian society that undergoes profound restructuring in the context of a prolonged economic decline and political crisis. Based on ethnographic engagements with various kinds of nongovernmental organisations, social movements and public institutions, the reforms are traced at the interface of the ‘state’ and ‘civil society’ so as to examine how their mutual relations are being reimagined and boundaries redrawn. Civil society is conceptualised, building on anthropological and Gramscian approaches, as a set of ideas and practices that continually reconstitute and mediate the relationships of ‘state,’ ‘society’ and ‘economy,’ and which reproduce as well as challenge domination by consent – cultural and ideological hegemony. While a particular liberal understanding of civil society has become hegemonic in Serbia, in social reality there is a plurality of ‘civil societies’ – scenes of associational practice that articulate diverse visions of a legitimate social order and perceive each other as antagonists rather than parts of a single harmonious civil society. The discourses and practices of three such scenes – liberal, nationalist and post-Yugoslav – and their relationships to the perspectives and interests of various social groups are examined in order to identify some of the key moments of social antagonism about reform in contemporary Serbia.

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46

Hayes, Jack Patrick. "Environmental change, economic growth and local societies : "change in worlds" in the Songpan Region, 1800-2005." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/2658.

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This dissertation examines the relationship between human societies and natural landscape in the Songpan region of northern Sichuan, China from 1800 to 2005. It seeks to achieve three goals. First, it seeks to complicate our understanding of China's modern political transformation from dynastic state to republic and socialist state by adding an environmental perspective to these changes. Second, it seeks to complicate existing understanding of China's environmental history, which is largely concerned with developments in "China proper," by focusing on an isolated and historically autonomous locality in western China. Finally, this dissertation seeks to understand the historical processes that led to the region's gradual incorporation into the Chinese state in terms of changing patterns of land use, resource management, and how a variety of local actors interacted with one another to produce these changes. To achieve these goals, the dissertation explores and analyzes the various ways that indigenous communities, largely Tibetan, and successive Chinese states have inhabited the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau and how their socio-economic structures, land use strategies, political ideologies, and technologies combined with environmental factors to shape the world around them. This program of research contributes a local environmental and socio-economic dimension to existing political and religious histories of the Sino-Tibetan borderlands. No separate study has analyzed the social, political, economic and environmental encounters in the late imperial, Republican, and modern periods as a whole in western China. In order to analyze the dynamics of local socio-economic and environmental change, this dissertation de-centers China geographically and socially in order to look at an "exceptional typical" periphery. In the process, it challenges common and ideological historical chronologies of social and political development in western China. By analyzing Tibetan-Chinese political, social and market relations, it also adds to the literature of local elite and state patterns of dominance in twentieth century China. Finally, it contributes to a growing literature on Chinese environmental history by analyzing the role of changing systems of resource use and development in western China while revealing the often complex and dialectical ways that human societies and environmental factors have interacted in western China.

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Baxter, Christina E. "The Wolf Attacks: A History of the Russo-Chechen Conflict." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2460.

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In the 1990s and early 2000s, the Chechens fought against the Russians for independence. The focus in the literature available has been on the wars and the atrocities caused by the wars. The literature then hypothesizes that the insurgency of today is just a continuation of the past. They do not focus on a major event in Chechen history: the Soviet liquidation of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1944. It is this author’s assertion that the liquidation of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR forever changed the mindset of the people because it fractured a society that was once unified. This project will compare the Chechen insurgency from the beginnings until the deportation and after the deportation. This will allow me to show how the deportation changed the Chechen mindset and disprove the assertion that these two Chechen wars were just a continuation of the past.

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48

Reid, Lillian Parks. "A History of Tourism in Barcelona: Creation and Self-Representation." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/45.

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Through researching the history of the construction of Barcelona, one can see how the city has been intentionally shaped in order to draw in the public. From the end of the 19th century the city has strived to replicate attractions from other, more well known cities, in order to create a tourism industry of its own. This has resulted in a modern day tourism that is thriving, but lacking in substance. By looking at the political history of Catalonia one learns the powerful independence the city has always had. This strength has only been reflected in times of trouble, and the tourism industry of today has chosen to ignore this history. By only expressing itself to visitors as metropolitan and sophisticated, travelers cannot fully understand what it is that truly makes Barcelona unique.

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Johns, Duncan Eric. "Reconnection to Gila River Akimel O'odham History and Culture Through Development of a User-Friendly O'odham Writing Method." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/223373.

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At one time before European contact Indigenous groups flourished on the American continent and maintained their ideas of conveying knowledge, history, and beliefs through the oral tradition. It is widely concluded that hundreds of Native languages were spoken to convey the aspects related above, which were unique and specific to each individual tribe. With the colonization of the American continent by European peoples, came the beginning of the end of the Indian way of life. Because of this reality and circumstances that were yet to be endured by Indigenous groups, the destruction of many Native languages also occurred over time. Presently, only a few hundred Indigenous languages have survived. In the effort at preserving some of the remaining Indigenous languages, writing systems which often have a foundation in non-Native higher academia have been developed for some; O'odham being one. This paper examines developing a more grassroots O'odham writing system.

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Maxson, Brian. "Review of Contesting the Renaissance by William Caferro." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6201.

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