Journal articles: 'History of international relations'

1

Barringer, Terry. "International History and International Relations." Round Table 102, no. 6 (November 9, 2013): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00358533.2013.858428.

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Bain, William, and Terry Nardin. "International relations and intellectual history." International Relations 31, no. 3 (September 2017): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047117817723069.

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The history of international thought has traditionally focused on a limited number of canonical texts. Such an approach now seems both naive and parochial. International Relations scholars often read their own ideas into these texts instead of getting ideas from them – ideas that if properly understood have the potential to undermine theirs. By ignoring non-canonical texts, we overlook resources that are not only necessary to establish the historical contexts of canonical writings but that can also help theorists of International Relations to understand their subject better. Judgements of what is and is not canonical are in any case themselves context-bound and contestable. Intellectual history can help us understand how the International Relations canon was constructed and for what purposes. It can also counter the abstractions of theory by reminding us not only that theories are abstractions from the activities of people living in particular times and places but also that our own theories are embedded in historicity. In these and other ways, paying attention to intellectual history expands the repertoire of ideas on which International Relations theorists can draw and against which they can measure their conclusions. The articles in this issue illustrate these points in relation to a wide range of texts and contexts. They suggest that whether one approaches international relations from the angle of description, explanation, policy or ethics, knowing how past thinkers have understood the subject can lead to better informed and more robust scholarship.

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SAKURAI, Mariko. "“History Problem” and International Relations." TRENDS IN THE SCIENCES 14, no. 3 (2009): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5363/tits.14.3_69.

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Linklater, Andrew. "World History and International Relations." International Relations 21, no. 3 (September 2007): 355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047117807080212.

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5

Endy, Christopher. "International Relations Meets Urban History." Diplomatic History 36, no. 5 (September 25, 2012): 927–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7709.2012.01078.x.

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Hobson, John M., and George Lawson. "What is History in International Relations?" Millennium: Journal of International Studies 37, no. 2 (December 2008): 415–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305829808097648.

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Pitts, Jennifer. "International relations and the critical history of International Law." International Relations 31, no. 3 (September 2017): 282–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047117817726227.

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Just as the contemporary global structure is a product of nineteenth-century economic and political developments, namely, industrial capitalism and global empires dominated by European metropoles, a misleading conception of the international system as composed of formally equal sovereign states is a product of the same period, as Vattel’s conception of states as equal moral persons was taken up and transformed in the early nineteenth century, especially in imperial Britain. This model continues to shape interpretations of global politics in International Relations (IR), despite the persistence of the imperial legacy in the form of a stratified globe. Historical work informed by postcolonial studies and recent scholarship in International Law can give IR greater analytical and critical purchase on the current global order.

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8

Narinskii, M. M. "School of International Relations." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 5(38) (October 28, 2014): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-5-38-32-43.

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International Relations have been and remain not only one of the basic academic disciplines, but also one of the main directions of research work at MGIMO. Doing IR is closely intertwined with theory and practice, history and current events, the desire to combine a deep knowledge of the factual material and research-based evaluation in accordance with objective laws found in international life. Training of highly qualified specialists in international relations is impossible without a fundamental knowledge base. MGIMO-University celebrating its 70th anniversary demonstrates the natural combination of teaching and research activities, exercises the unity of education, science and education. The chair of International Relations and Foreign Policy of Russia (former USSR) plays organizational and coordinating role in the development of scientific school of International relations at MGIMO. Of course, the history of the school is not confined to the work of scientists and teachers of this chair, it includes the study of various aspects of the development of international processes, which isconducted at the chairs of history and politics of Europe and America, Oriental diplomacy, and many others. Combination of historical and contemporaneous studies of international relations is the feature and one of the main strengths of the scientific. The article substantiates the idea that the emergence and development of the national segment of the science of international relations is inextricably linked to the history and contemporary mission of MGIMO University.

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Kwon, Soon-Hong. "At the Boundary Between “History of Foreign Relations” and “History of International Relations”." Journal of Dangun Studies 44 (April 30, 2021): 205–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18706/jgds.2021.4.44.205.

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Balak, Ilona, and Oksana Pikulyk. "ANTARCTICA IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: HISTORY AND MODERNITY." Visnyk of the Lviv University, no. 42 (2022): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/pps.2022.42.20.

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11

Carroll, Francis M. "A History of Ireland in International Relations." Diplomacy & Statecraft 33, no. 1 (January 2, 2022): 200–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09592296.2022.2041810.

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Elman, Colin, and Miriam Fendius Elman. "The Role of History in International Relations." Millennium: Journal of International Studies 37, no. 2 (December 2008): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305829808097644.

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13

Vaughan-Williams, Nick. "International Relations and the `Problem of History'." Millennium: Journal of International Studies 34, no. 1 (August 2005): 115–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03058298050340011301.

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14

Dockrill, Saki R. "International Relations since 1945: A Global History." English Historical Review 120, no. 489 (December 1, 2005): 1410–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cei420.

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15

HALL, MARTIN. "Review Article: International Relations and World History." European Journal of International Relations 8, no. 4 (December 2002): 499–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354066102008004003.

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16

Lawson, George. "The eternal divide? History and International Relations." European Journal of International Relations 18, no. 2 (September 6, 2010): 203–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354066110373561.

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17

Watt, D. Cameron. "Women in international history." Review of International Studies 22, no. 4 (October 1996): 431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500118650.

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By now there is a very considerable volume of work on the general subject of women, women's rights, feminism and gender in international relations. This has both engendered and been engendered by the development of undergraduate and graduate courses and seminars on these themes. By contrast the allied discipline of international history has been slow to develop a parallel literature or courses. Courses in women's history per se have multiplied; there is a respectable literature and a number of equally respectable learned journals, not only in the Englishspeaking countries, but also in Western Europe. But their concern has been very much focused on the issues of women in each particular society; they have tended, that is, to develop the study of women within the study of the history of a particular country, political culture or linguistic region. Confronted with questions about the lack of similar courses in the history of international relations, historians drawn from both sexes have tended either to take them as a comic act or to indicate that in their view there is a lack of relevant material or issues adequate to justify any isolation of the topic from the more general themes of inter-state relations, with the great issues of peace and war with which as members of the discipline they are chiefly concerned.

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18

Keene, Edward. "International intellectual history and International Relations: contexts, canons and mediocrities." International Relations 31, no. 3 (September 2017): 341–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047117817723068.

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This article reviews contextualist methods in intellectual history and discusses some of the specific challenges involved in their application to the study of International Relations (IR) and hence international intellectual history. While the broad thrust of these developments has been highly positive, the article argues that a distinction between classic and lesser works is a crucial part of the apparatus of the contextualist approach, which poses a problem in IR, where the idea of an established canon of great works has historically been less well developed than in the study of Political Theory or Law. As a result, the move towards contextualist methods of interpretation can force authors to restrict their focus onto a newly conceived, and somewhat narrow, canon, with a strongly political and legal flavour. The eclectic range of earlier, albeit less methodologically sophisticated, histories offer considerable resources for defining the scope of new empirical enquiries in international intellectual history, and the article concentrates on early modern journalism as an example of this opportunity.

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19

Hooper, Charlotte. "Gender in international relations." Women's History Review 4, no. 1 (March 1, 1995): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09612029500200139.

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20

Ірина Олександрівна Мякінченко. "INTER-CONFESSIONAL RELATIONS IN UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITY: CHURCH-RELIGIOUS AND PUBLIC-POLITICAL ASPECTS." Intermarum history policy culture, no. 5 (January 1, 2018): 351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/history.111826.

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The article deals with inter-confessional relations during the period of Ukraine's independence in the context of international activity, namely the relevant church-religious and state-political aspects. It is determined that in the historiography the outlined issues have not yet been the subject of a separate study. International activity is one of the areas of activity of churches and religious organizations in Ukraine; it is also implemented within the framework of inter-confessional relations. The most constructive inter-confessional dialogue in the context of international activity is being implemented by the All-Ukrainian Council of Churches and Religious Organizations. Both church-religious organizations and inter-confessional associations support their own and state-political international initiatives. Religious international initiatives are manifested through the support of relations with foreign church-religious structures, the organization of the participation of clergy in foreign thematic events, meetings of foreign religious and clergy, political and state figures, delegations from other countries. The controversial attitude of various religious denominations, which has come to the international level, is observed with regard to the creation of the Single Local Orthodox Ukrainian Church. An important direction in the inter-confessional dialogue in the international context was the support for European integration of Ukraine and the confrontation with Russian military aggression in Ukraine. In general, the church and religious organizations did not oppose European integration, and in some cases openly supported it. Church-religious organizations have been actively involved in Ukraine's activities aimed at engaging international support of Ukraine in confronting Russian military aggression. Significant successes of the religious community should be noted, specifically, in promoting the release of Ukrainian prisoners of war and hostages, providing humanitarian assistance to victims, condemning the harassment of freedom of conscience and the activities of religious organizations on the occupied territories, etc.

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21

Shaw, Timothy M., Olatunde J. C. B. Ojo, D. K. Orwa, and C. M. B. Utete. "African International Relations." International Journal of African Historical Studies 20, no. 1 (1987): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/219296.

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22

Chen, Li. "Reimagine International Law and Relations?" Rechtsgeschichte - Legal History 2021, no. 29 (2021): 262–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.12946/rg29/262-264.

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23

Maitra, Sumantra. "Whither Goest Thou, International Relations?" Academic Questions 35, no. 1 (March 18, 2022): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.51845/35.1.12.

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Once a narrowly defined, career-oriented discipline designed to train future diplomats in the classic works of history and statesmanship, International Relations has fallen prey to many of the academic enthusiasms of the day.

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24

Mikelis, Kyriakos, and Charalambos Tsardanidis. "International Relations Scholarship in Greece." European Review of International Studies 9, no. 1 (April 13, 2022): 3–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21967415-09010014.

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Abstract Drawing on Felix Grenier’s ‘Reflexive Studies on ir’ schema, this article offers a reconstruction of the search for a disciplinary identity in Greece, mainly through a combination of the geo-epistemic and historiographical perspectives. It begins with an overview of the field’s history and pre-history, followed by a section on the teaching and research framework and is then followed by a section emphasizing the state and status of theory. Since the 1980s, an increasing expansion in Greek ir has been signalled by a noticeable wave of departments devoted to international or regional studies as well as of research institutes. Thus, most of the relevant literature on ir is still focused on regional and thematic aspects of Greece’s foreign relations, with a fairly marginal theoretical impact. Despite theoretical arguments proposed by some Greek scholars on anarchy and sovereignty, a distinct ‘Greek/Hellenic’ school or approach of ir is hardly forthcoming.

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25

Leck, Ralph. "International Systems in World History: Remaking the Study of International Relations." History: Reviews of New Books 29, no. 3 (January 2001): 135–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2001.10525902.

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26

Bratersky, Alexander. "Systemic History of International Relations. World Divided Again?" USA & Canada: Economics – Politics – Culture, no. 1 (2020): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s268667300008060-6.

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27

Porkkodi, G. "History of international relations: a non-European perspective." International Affairs 96, no. 6 (November 2020): 1667–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaa182.

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Pellegrino Correa, Paulo Gustavo. "History and international relations in the Guyana Region." Diálogos 24, no. 2 (August 6, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/dialogos.v24i2.54766.

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29

Green, Jeremy. "Excavating the Lost History of International Relations Theory." International Studies Review 17, no. 1 (March 2015): 138–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/misr.12197.

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30

Puchala, Donald J. "The History of the Future of International Relations." Ethics & International Affairs 8 (March 1994): 177–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.1994.tb00164.x.

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Most of the significant philosophies of history, ” Pitirim Sorokin observed, and “most of the intelligible interpretations of historical events…have…appeared either in periods of serious crisis, catastrophe, and transitional disintegration, or immediately More or alter such periods.” The twentieth century has been an age of continuing crisis in world politics. In terms of lives sacrificed to political idols, our century, in almost every interpretation, has been a profound catastrophe. This century's last decade is indeed a time of transitional disintegration.

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31

Zalewski, Marysia. "Political Theories of International Relations (review)." Journal of World History 13, no. 2 (2002): 529–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2002.0058.

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32

LITTLE, RICHARD. "Historiography and International Relations." Review of International Studies 25, no. 2 (April 1999): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210599002910.

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Stafano Guzzini, Realism in International Relations and International Political Economy: The Continuing Story of a Death Foretold, London and New York, Routledge, 1998Brian C. Schmidt, The Political Discourse of Anarchy: A Disciplinary History of International Relations, Albany, State University of New York Press, 1998The philosopher and mathematician, Alfred North Whitehead, cautioned many years ago that ‘A science which hesitates to forget its founders is lost’. If this injunction is true, then there would appear to be very little hope for the study of international relations. Although there is considerable debate about who constitute the founding fathers – names as different as Thucydides, Grotius and Kant come to mind – without doubt, interest in the seminal thoughts about international relations of such figures has never been higher.

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33

McMAHON, ROBERT J. "The Study of American Foreign Relations: National History or International History?" Diplomatic History 14, no. 4 (October 1990): 554–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7709.1990.tb00108.x.

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34

Cavalcante, Fernando. "Peace in international relations." Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional 52, no. 1 (June 2009): 187–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-73292009000100011.

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35

Yordanov, Radoslav. "Mezhdunarodni otnosheniya [International Relations]." Journal of Cold War Studies 19, no. 4 (December 2017): 234–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_r_00773.

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36

Brown, Chris. "Political Thought, International Relations theory and International Political Theory: an interpretation." International Relations 31, no. 3 (September 2017): 227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047117817723062.

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The relationship between political theory, including the history of political thought, and International Relations theory, including the history of international thought, has been, and to some extent remains, complex and troubled. On both sides of the Atlantic, the mid-twentieth century founders of International Relations as an academic discipline drew extensively on the canon of political thought, but approached the subject in an uncritical way, while political philosophers largely disdained the international as a focus. This changed in the 1970s and 1980s, with the emergence of the ‘justice industry’ based on critiques of Rawls’ A Theory of Justice and a consequent recovering of the past history of cosmopolitan and communitarian thought. A new discourse emerged in this period – International Political Theory – bridging the gap between political thought and international relations and stimulating a far more creative and scholarly approach to the history of international thought. However, in a social science environment dominated by the methods of economics, that is, formal theory and quantification, the new discourse of International Political Theory occupies a niche rather than existing at the centre of the discipline.

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Akhunov, Akrakmjon. "THE ROLE OF EAST TURKESTAN IN THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE RELATIONS OF THE FERGANA VALLEY IN THE XIX CENTURY." CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 03, no. 01 (January 1, 2022): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-03-01-02.

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This article analyzes the role of East Turkestan in the international trade relations of the Fergana Valley in the XIX century. The Fergana Valley has long attracted the attention of indigenous peoples with a number of characteristics such as climatic conditions, geographical location, natural resources. From ancient times, along with agriculture, livestock, fishing and handicrafts have flourished here. Therefore, trade relations with neighboring countries will be established. East Turkestan has a special place in the trade and economic relations of the Fergana Valley with neighboring nations. Especially as a result of the formation of the Great Silk Road, one after another trade caravans began to travel to this country.

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38

Wohlforth, William C. "Anarchy Is What Explains the History of International Relations." MGIMO Review of International Relations 64, no. 1 (March 22, 2019): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2019-1-64-7-18.

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The article examines the major events of the two previous centuries of international relations through main concepts of political realism. The author argues that in order to understand the present dilemmas and challenges of international politics, we need to know the past. Every current major global problem has historical antecedents. History from the late 19th century constitutes the empirical foundation of much theoretical scholarship on international politics. The breakdown of the Concert of Europe and the outbreak of the devastating global conflagration of World War I are the events that sparked the modern study of international relations. The great war of 1914 to 1918 underlined the tragic wastefulness of the institution of war. It caused scholars to confront one of the most enduring puzzles of the study of international relations, why humans continue to resort to this self-destructive method of conflict resolution? The article shows that the main explanation is the anarchical system of international relations. It produces security dilemma, incentives to free ride and uncertainty of intentions among great powers making war a rational tool to secure their national interests.

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39

Kennedy-Pipe, Caroline. "International History and International Relations Theory: A Dialogue Beyond the Cold War." International Affairs 76, no. 4 (October 2000): 741–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.00162.

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40

Hall, Ian. "The history of international thought and International Relations theory: from context to interpretation." International Relations 31, no. 3 (September 2017): 241–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047117817723061.

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Over the past two decades, historians of international thought have markedly improved our understanding of the disciplinary history of International Relations (IR) and its wider intellectual history. During that period, ‘contextualism’ has become a leading approach in the field, as it has been for half a century in the history of political thought. This article argues that while the application of contextualism in IR has improved our understanding of its disciplinary history, its assumptions about the proper relationship between historians and theorists threaten to marginalise the history of international thought within IR. It argues that unless the inherent weaknesses in contextualism are recognised, the progress made in the field will go unrecognised by a discipline that sees little reason to engage with its history. It suggests that historians of international thought adopt an extensively modified version of contextualism that would allow them to rebuild bridges back into IR, especially IR theory.

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41

Kotsur, G. "Emotions and International Relations." International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy 19, no. 3 (2021): 43–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17994/it.2021.19.3.66.2.

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This article is the part of the recent emotional turn when the scholars of social science are paying more attention to the study of collective emotions in international affairs. The former dominance of the biological and essentialist paradigms in this field were replaced by a number of culture-centered approaches based on social constructivism, which were elaborated within two pioneering disciplines – anthropology of emotions and history of emotions. The influence of such a scientific revolution included the key axis of the common – unique with an emphasis on the latter. The IR has been also affected by an emotional turn when the field of constructivist emotional studies had been established in the early 2000s. The object of this work is the transnational structural common – collective emotional patterns that have recurrent nature and emerge beyond state borders. This part of reality has not been conceptualized by scholars. Therefore, the aim of the article is to fill an epistemological vacuum and outline the ways for conceptualization of transnational structural common. It is IR that seem to be the most suitable field to do this. The empirical case of the crisis response after terrorist attacks are analyzed as the example of the transnational structural common. This case is explored by the author through the framework of "emotion culture" by S. Koschut in combination with the concept of "emotives" by W. Reddy. Speeches by the leaders of Israel, the United States, Russia, India and France after six terrorist attacks from 1972 to 2015 allow to identify an integrated tripartite emotional structure, which is observed in each of the cases. This structure includes an emotive of pity; compensatory structure with the emotives of fighting fear through reciprocal determination; finally, an emotive of solidarity. This discursive structure functions in a stable way because the emotional code connects the type of event (terrorist attack) with the cultural script (tripartite structure). Finally, some approaches in sociological institutionalism would enrich future studies of emotion culture.

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HOLSTI, OLE R. "Models of International Relations and Foreign Policy." Diplomatic History 13, no. 1 (January 1989): 15–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7709.1989.tb00042.x.

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43

Barkdull, John. "Why Environmental Ethics Matters to International Relations." Current History 99, no. 640 (November 1, 2000): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2000.99.640.361.

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Environmental ethics [should] not be seen as an add-on to be approached after the important issues of security and economics have been settled. Instead, we [should] recognize that all our important social choices are inherently about the ‘natural’ world we create.

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Takriti, A. R. "Constructing International Relations in the Arab World." English Historical Review CXXIV, no. 510 (September 17, 2009): 1212–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cep256.

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Walt, Stephen M. "The Gorbachev Interlude and International Relations Theory." Diplomatic History 21, no. 3 (July 1997): 473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-7709.00083.

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46

Chukwu, Ruwhuoma. "A REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND TREATY RELATIONSHIP IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS." International Journal of Comparative Studies in International Relations and Development 8, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): 92–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.48028/iiprds/ijcsird.v8.i1.09.

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This work reviewed the reality of treaty relationship in International relations. As a notable tool in organization and community, law has directed and regulated relation among states especially in their pursuit of interests’ in the International arena. International law has been the rules put in place to guide these relationships. It is International law that has continued to set out principles and frame works that moderates and harmonizes State interests. International law is likened to customary law because it is a product of the conscience of State as there is a general repetition of similar acts that maintains international relations. International law has developed in accordance with the unfolding trends in International relations, notable among which is treaty relationships. A treaty is an agreement, formal or informal between States, governed by International law. The law of treaty according Umuozurike 1999, is more or less a codification of existing customary law on which International law is based upon. Treaty relationships in International law creates rights and obligations that give Parties contractual capacity in International law. To justify the importance of treaty in International relations, the work examined the element of Statehood as the major actor in International relations. The history of International relations traced back to the 1648 Peace of WestPhalia that ended the 30 years war gave States sovereign rights in International law. In the International system, the existence of sovereign authority is universally recognized as the essential qualification of its membership in the International community, where the United Nations has played very notable role. International Institution building has remained the most important transformation in the development of International relations. The establishment of the United Nations in 1945 marked a significant milestone in the history of International relations that this study made a slight analysis on. The laws governing treaty relationships was on the initiative of the United Nations in her quest to fulfil her aims and purpose to maintain International Peace and Security. States are bound by treaties duly entered into. From the definition of treaty, to the formalities in signing, to the ratification, reservation, registration and deposit, application and operations, to termination as reviewed, shows that treaties are very fundamental in the formation of International Law and International relations.

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de Graaf, Beatrice. "Taming Pandemics in International Relations." Journal of Applied History 2, no. 1-2 (December 4, 2020): 36–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25895893-bja10011.

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Abstract This article introduces three historical situations where governments, or more accurately, specific leaders in office, shaped the international context in dealing with a transboundary crisis—and were in turn crucially affected in their reign by this crisis. The question at stake is: under what conditions did leaders (and their governments) engage in international cooperation to deal with the transboundary crisis at hand, and how did this cooperation impact the development of the crisis? An informed argument is made for combining crisis management research—in particular a model operationalizing conditions for transboundary cooperation—with an applied history perspective to shed light on the current obstacles to international cooperation in Covid-19 times.

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48

Косолапов, Николай. "History of International Relations: Verification of a Scientific Conception." Полис. Политические исследования, no. 2 (2004): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2004.02.17.

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49

Koschut, Simon, and Rocío Pérez Ramiro. "Lost in the Past: Emotions, History and International Relations." Relaciones Internacionales, no. 50 (June 28, 2022): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15366/relacionesinternacionales2022.50.003.

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The purpose of this study is to outline preliminary steps towards a history of emotions in IR. The primary contribution – and argument – of this study emerges from the observation that IR scholars have tended to write emotions ‘out of history’ in order to make sense of the present. Building on the works of historian Barbara Rosenwein, this study argues that much of the discipline of International Relations has incorporated into its thinking a strong but flawed ‘grand narrative’ of emotion. In brief, the narrative is this: the history of the West is the history of increasing emotional restraint – a progressive historical development that moves from ‘primitive’ emotional cultures, which give people much more liberty to manifest emotions they experience, to ‘civilized’ modernity and the bureaucratic rational state, which require social control of emotions. I assess two different arguments for this conclusion. The first argument concedes that at least some IR theories do take seriously the historical representation of emotions but holds that much of IR theorizing rests on a temporal binary that uses a linear-progressive conception of emotional history, in which the experience and expression of emotion increasingly became subject to emotional control by social forces. Certainly not all IR theories insist on the universal validity of specific models of emotion concepts, as I will show below. But even those IR theories that do take history seriously, cannot avoid incorporating the grand narrative of emotional restraint outlined above into their thinking. The second argument holds that the grand narrative, which represents the history of international relations as a history of increasing emotional restraint, is predominantly a Western historical narrative. This argument introduces a spatial binary that rests on a spatial misrepresentation of emotional history in IR. This second binary constructs the history of international relations as a narrative of an increasingly rationalized Western world against an emotionalized non-Western world that remains stuck in its violent past. I suggest that this double binary – temporal and spatial – is deeply problematic because it is rooted in a questionable historical understanding of emotions in IR: it employs a linear understanding of emotions that underappreciates and misrepresents the emotional epistemologies of previous eras. The alternative that this study develops of a history of emotions in IR is to advance the argument that the history of international relations resembles a history of emotional communities. Emotional communities are “groups in which people adhere to the same norms of emotional expression and value – or devalue – the same or related emotions” (Rosenwein, 2006, p. 2). Precisely, the idea is to suggest non-linear ways to study emotions in IR as embedded in and expressed through various emotional communities in particular times and spaces. The most promising research strategy to develop such a cross-historical comparison of emotions is to historicize them. To historicize emotions means “subjecting discourses on emotion, subjectivity, and the self to scrutiny over time, looking at them in particular social locations and historical moments, and seeing whether and how they have changed” (Abu-Lughod and Lutz, 1990, p. 5). This approach avoids some of the problems stemming from the double binary outlined above. First, it allows for a mapping of multiple emotional communities without introducing a particular temporal and spatial hierarchy. Second, the study of emotional communities enables us to evaluate contemporary notions of what is “emotional” in IR and if or how emotions have changed in their historical meaning and relative importance. Moreover, by historicizing emotions in this way, we can learn a lot about the moral values, power relationships and identities of various political communities of the past and present. Finally, to historicize emotions in this way lets us assess how different emotional communities interacted over time, contributing to a fuller understanding of globally entangled emotional histories. I illustrate this based on three interrelated approaches: communitarian, communicative, and comparative-connective. The analytical value of historicizing emotions through emotional communities is that it provides detailed insights into how emotions (or more precisely their meaningful expressions) change over time, how emotions are not merely the effects of historical circumstances but are actively shaping events and enriching historiographical theories in IR. First, this study contributes to the historical turn by further bridging the so-called ‘eternal divide’ between History and Political Science/International Relations (Lawson, 2010). Precisely, it problematizes the Eurocentric and presentist character of much of IR in a novel way by engaging in a critical dialogue with a linear process of emotional control. As many scholars have argued, the scholar’s choice of theorizing history becomes constitutive of the way IR is theorized and understood. My aim here is to sensitize IR scholars about how they include emotions in their work and to warn against how an unconscious and anachronistic treatment of emotions may distort our view of history in IR. A more nuanced inclusion of emotions may add to our understanding of the complex historical processes that underpin and have underpinned global politics. For example, there has been a renewed interest in the study of hierarchies in IR (Zarakol, 2017). As pointed out above, emotions are important, yet underappreciated, manifestations of such historically constructed international hierarchies. That said, it should be pointed out that the approach put forward here still represents only one way of ‘doing’ history in IR. It is not meant to diminish existing approaches or to simply replace an existing grand narrative with a new one. As Lawson and Hobson (2008) have rightly pointed out, “history comes in plural modes rather than in singular form” and this study welcomes such pluralism. Second, the study furthers the emotional turn by highlighting the historical dimension of researching emotions in world politics. Many IR scholars – with some important exceptions – study emotions in ahistorical ways through a universal psychologizing of international relations. Essentially, they suggest that today's emotions were the emotions of the past and will remain those of the future. But this viewpoint neglects the crucial fact that contemporary emotional categories and meanings are themselves the product of historical processes. While this has been increasingly recognized by some scholars (Hutchison, 2019; Linklater, 2014), it remains unclear what exactly is historical about emotions and how we should use history in their study. My point here is that before we can genuinely appreciate diversity or pluralism in and among emotional histories, we need to dispense with this grand narrative and its tendency to universalize emotion as regressive or atavistic tendencies. To this end, I suggest that the notion of emotional communities provides us with a novel historical perspective to open up space for a broader research agenda to analyze emotions in IR.

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Szarejko, Andrew A. "Bringing (inter)national history into ‘Introduction to International Relations’." Learning and Teaching 14, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/latiss.2021.140306.

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Abstract:

Many introductory courses in International Relations (IR) dedicate some portion of the class to international history. Such class segments often focus on great-power politics of the twentieth century and related academic debates. In this essay, I argue that these international history segments can better engage students by broadening the histories instructors present and by drawing on especially salient histories such as those of the country in which the course is being taught. To elaborate on how one might do this, I discuss how US-based courses could productively examine the country’s rise to great-power status. I outline three reasons to bring this topic into US-based introductory IR courses, and I draw on personal experience to provide a detailed description of the ways one can do so.

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