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1
Siebesma-Mannens, Femke. "Double Object Constructions in DSS Hebrew." Dead Sea Discoveries 27, no. 3 (October 12, 2020): 372–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685179-bja10017.
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Abstract In this article an overview is given of the verbal valence patterns of the verb נתן in the Dead Sea Scrolls. Four patterns are distinguished for this verb: 1. נתן + OBJECT to produce; 2. + נתן OBJECT + RECIPIENT to give to; 3. נתן + OBJECT + LOCATION to place; 4. נתן + OBJECT + 2ND OBJECT to make into. All occurrences of the verb in the DSS corpus used, consisting of 1QHa, 1QS, 1QM, and 1QpHab, are discussed and divided into one of these patterns. This study shows that pattern 3 occurs most, followed by pattern 2, and that it can be argued that pattern 1 and 4 also occur in our DSS corpus, though the evidence is scarce. In some cases, translations, differing from the translations in the editions of the texts, are proposed that better reflect the verbal valence patterns used in the clause.
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Foch, Eric, and Clare E. Milner. "Influence of Previous Iliotibial Band Syndrome on Coordination Patterns and Coordination Variability in Female Runners." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 35, no. 5 (October 1, 2019): 305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2018-0350.
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It is unknown if female runners who have sustained multiple iliotibial band syndrome occurrences run differently compared with runners who developed the injury once or controls. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if differences existed in coordination patterns and coordination variability among female runners with recurrent iliotibial band syndrome, 1 iliotibial band syndrome occurrence, and controls. Overground running trials were collected for 36 female runners (n = 18 controls). Lower extremity coordination patterns were examined during running via a vector coding analysis. Coordination variability was calculated via the ellipse area method. Separate 1-way (group) Kruskal–Wallis tests were performed to compare each coordination pattern and coordination variability. Lower extremity coordination between frontal plane hip–transverse plane hip, frontal plane pelvis–frontal plane thigh, and frontal plane thigh–transverse plane shank was similar among groups and so may not be related to the risk of iliotibial band syndrome. Runners with 1 iliotibial band syndrome occurrence demonstrated greater coordination variability for 2 of 3 couplings compared with both controls and runners with recurrent iliotibial band syndrome. Thus, the number of previous injury episodes may influence coordination variability in female runners with a history of iliotibial band syndrome.
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Naeth, M. Anne, David Alexander Locky, Sarah Rachel Wilkinson, Candace Leanne Bryks, Caitlin Heather Low, and Meghan Robyn Nannt. "Influence of pipelines and environmental factors on the endangered plant, Halimolobos virgata (Nutt.) O.E. Schultz over a 10 year period." Botany 98, no. 12 (December 2020): 735–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2020-0026.
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We investigated the effects of pipeline construction and environmental factors on the occurrence and characteristics of the endangered plant Halimolobos virgata (Nutt.) O.E. Schultz. The plants were surveyed from 2007 to 2016 at three sites along the Keystone Pipeline in southern Alberta, Canada. Plant height, number of flowers and siliques, as well as microhabitat and climate data were collected up to 300 m away from the pipeline. Pipeline construction and distance had no effect on plant numbers or physical characteristics, with occurrences increasing markedly over time. Greater litter cover and depth and spring precipitation were associated with plant height and number of flowers and siliques. Vegetation cover was negatively correlated with H. virgata cover; however, plant height and number of flowers and seed pods were positively influenced by graminoid cover. The highest occurrences of H. virgata coincided with the driest and wettest years, and higher winter and spring temperatures. Some of this pattern can be attributed to the plant’s annual, biennial, and short perennial life forms, which may overlap and create a temporary exponential growth rate for an annual plant under ideal conditions. This research highlights the importance of understanding a species’ life history for the development of effective conservation and recovery strategies.
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Galzitskaya, O. V., and M. Yu Lobanov. "Phyloproteomic Analysis of 11780 Six-Residue-Long Motifs Occurrences." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/208346.
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How is it possible to find good traits for phylogenetic reconstructions? Here, we present a new phyloproteomic criterion that is an occurrence of simple motifs which can be imprints of evolution history. We studied the occurrences of 11780 six-residue-long motifs consisting of two randomly located amino acids in 97 eukaryotic and 25 bacterial proteomes. For all eukaryotic proteomes, with the exception of the Amoebozoa, Stramenopiles, and Diplomonadida kingdoms, the number of proteins containing the motifs from the first group (one of the two amino acids occurs once at the terminal position) made about 20%; in the case of motifs from the second (one of two amino acids occurs one time within the pattern) and third (the two amino acids occur randomly) groups, 30% and 50%, respectively. For bacterial proteomes, this relationship was 10%, 27%, and 63%, respectively. The matrices of correlation coefficients between numbers of proteins where a motif from the set of 11780 motifs appears at least once in 9 kingdoms and 5 phyla of bacteria were calculated. Among the correlation coefficients for eukaryotic proteomes, the correlation between the animal and fungi kingdoms (0.62) is higher than between fungi and plants (0.54). Our study provides support that animals and fungi are sibling kingdoms. Comparison of the frequencies of six-residue-long motifs in different proteomes allows obtaining phylogenetic relationships based on similarities between these frequencies: the Diplomonadida kingdoms are more close to Bacteria than to Eukaryota; Stramenopiles and Amoebozoa are more close to each other than to other kingdoms of Eukaryota.
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White, Mark, Nick Ashton, and David Bridgland. "Twisted Handaxes in Middle Pleistocene Britain and their Implications for Regional-scale Cultural Variation and the Deep History of Acheulean Hominin Groups." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 85 (June 4, 2019): 61–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2019.1.
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A better understood chronological framework for the Middle Pleistocene of Britain has enabled archaeologists to detect a number of temporally-restricted assemblage-types, based not on ‘culture historical’ schemes of typological progression but on independent dating methods and secure stratigraphic frameworks, especially river-terrace sequences. This includes a consistent pattern in the timing of Clactonian and Levalloisian industries, as well as a number of handaxe assemblage types that belong to different interglacial cycles. In other words, Derek Roe’s hunch that the apparent lack of coherent ‘cultural’ patterning was due to an inaccurate and inadequate chronological framework was correct. Some variation in handaxe shape is culturally significant. Here we focus on twisted ovate handaxes, which we have previously argued to belong predominantly to MIS 11. Recent discoveries have enabled us to refine our correlations. Twisted ovate assemblages are found in different regions of Britain in different substages of MIS 11 (East Anglia in MIS 11c and south of the Thames in MIS 11a), the Thames, and the MIS 11b cold interval separating the two occurrences. These patterns have the potential to reveal much about hominin settlement patterns, behaviour, and social networks during the Middle Pleistocene.
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Allen, Bethany J., Paul B. Wignall, Daniel J. Hill, Erin E. Saupe, and Alexander M. Dunhill. "The latitudinal diversity gradient of tetrapods across the Permo-Triassic mass extinction and recovery interval." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1929 (June 17, 2020): 20201125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1125.
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The decline in species richness from the equator to the poles is referred to as the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG). Higher equatorial diversity has been recognized for over 200 years, but the consistency of this pattern in deep time remains uncertain. Examination of spatial biodiversity patterns in the past across different global climate regimes and continental configurations can reveal how LDGs have varied over Earth history and potentially differentiate between suggested causal mechanisms. The Late Permian–Middle Triassic represents an ideal time interval for study, because it is characterized by large-scale volcanic episodes, extreme greenhouse temperatures and the most severe mass extinction event in Earth history. We examined terrestrial and marine tetrapod spatial biodiversity patterns using a database of global tetrapod occurrences. Terrestrial tetrapods exhibit a bimodal richness distribution throughout the Late Permian–Middle Triassic, with peaks in the northern low latitudes and southern mid-latitudes around 20–40° N and 60° S, respectively. Marine reptile fossils are known almost exclusively from the Northern Hemisphere in the Early and Middle Triassic, with highest diversity around 20° N. Reconstructed terrestrial LDGs contrast strongly with the generally unimodal gradients of today, potentially reflecting high global temperatures and prevailing Pangaean super-monsoonal climate system during the Permo-Triassic.
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Fritz, Susanne A., Jussi T. Eronen, Jan Schnitzler, Christian Hof, Christine M. Janis, Andreas Mulch, Katrin Böhning-Gaese, and Catherine H. Graham. "Twenty-million-year relationship between mammalian diversity and primary productivity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 39 (September 12, 2016): 10908–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1602145113.
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At global and regional scales, primary productivity strongly correlates with richness patterns of extant animals across space, suggesting that resource availability and climatic conditions drive patterns of diversity. However, the existence and consistency of such diversity–productivity relationships through geological history is unclear. Here we provide a comprehensive quantitative test of the diversity–productivity relationship for terrestrial large mammals through time across broad temporal and spatial scales. We combine >14,000 occurrences for 690 fossil genera through the Neogene (23–1.8 Mya) with regional estimates of primary productivity from fossil plant communities in North America and Europe. We show a significant positive diversity–productivity relationship through the 20-million-year record, providing evidence on unprecedented spatial and temporal scales that this relationship is a general pattern in the ecology and paleo-ecology of our planet. Further, we discover that genus richness today does not match the fossil relationship, suggesting that a combination of human impacts and Pleistocene climate variability has modified the 20-million-year ecological relationship by strongly reducing primary productivity and driving many mammalian species into decline or to extinction.
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Kriwet, Jürgen, Wolfgang Kiessling, and Stefanie Klug. "Diversification trajectories and evolutionary life-history traits in early sharks and batoids." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1658 (December 2, 2008): 945–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1441.
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Different interpretations on the timing of early diversification and radiation of modern sharks and batoids (Neoselachii) in the Earth's history exist and are related to discrepancies in taxonomic and phylogenetic interpretations favouring a Late Triassic or earliest Jurassic diversification and subsequent radiation event, respectively. Sampling standardization based on pooled taxonomic occurrences made it possible to overcome the problem of a much richer neoselachian record in the Late Jurassic than earlier on. The standardized pattern of genus richness is one of low and fairly constant diversity in the Late Triassic and earliest Jurassic with a steep rise in the Toarcian ( ca 180 Myr ago), representing the maximum diversification rate in the Jurassic towards a Middle and Late Jurassic plateau. The major Toarcian diversification agrees with the conclusions based on phylogenetic analyses, but is in conflict with older interpretations based on raw data. Early Jurassic expansion of neoselachians was opportunistic in the aftermath of the end-Triassic mass extinction and the reasons for their rapid diversification and radiation probably include small body size, short lifespans and oviparity, enabling faster ecological reorganizations and innovations in body plans for adapting to changing environmental conditions.
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Fu, Ying, Olivier Béthoux, Qiang Yang, and Dong Ren. "The earliest and most oriental Calvertiellidae unearthed (Palaeodictyoptera; Late Carboniferous; China)." Insect Systematics & Evolution 46, no. 5 (November 23, 2015): 485–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1876312x-46052128.
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We report the discovery of a new Calvertiellidae from the Xiaheyan locality (Namurian, early Late Carboniferous; Tupo Formation; China), namely Xiaheyanella orta gen. et sp. n. Besides representing both the most ancient and the most oriental occurrences for the family, the new species exhibits a derived wing venation pattern, especially if compared to the putative palaeodictyopteran cousins of the family. This discovery shows that, by the early Late Carboniferous, many insect lineages of moderate importance (i.e., considered at the familial level or below) already had a widespread distribution, and that derived conditions already accumulated. This concurs with the view that insects had already experienced a long evolutionary history by that time, remaining to be documented.
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Bennett, C. Verity, Paul Upchurch, Francisco J. Goin, and Anjali Goswami. "Deep time diversity of metatherian mammals: implications for evolutionary history and fossil-record quality." Paleobiology 44, no. 2 (February 6, 2018): 171–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2017.34.
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AbstractDespite a global fossil record, Metatheria are now largely restricted to Australasia and South America. Most metatherian paleodiversity studies to date are limited to particular subclades, time intervals, and/or regions, and few consider uneven sampling. Here, we present a comprehensive new data set on metatherian fossil occurrences (Barremian to end Pliocene). These data are analyzed using standard rarefaction and shareholder quorum subsampling (including a new protocol for handling Lagerstätte-like localities).Global metatherian diversity was lowest during the Cretaceous, and increased sharply in the Paleocene, when the South American record begins. Global and South American diversity rose in the early Eocene then fell in the late Eocene, in contrast to the North American pattern. In the Oligocene, diversity declined in the Americas, but this was more than offset by Oligocene radiations in Australia. Diversity continued to decrease in Laurasia, with final representatives in North America (excluding the later entry ofDidelphis virginiana) and Europe in the early Miocene, and Asia in the middle Miocene. Global metatherian diversity appears to have peaked in the early Miocene, especially in Australia. Following a trough in the late Miocene, the Pliocene saw another increase in global diversity. By this time, metatherian biogeographic distribution had essentially contracted to that of today.Comparison of the raw and sampling-corrected diversity estimates, coupled with evaluation of “coverage” and number of prolific sites, demonstrates that the metatherian fossil record is spatially and temporally extremely patchy. Therefore, assessments of macroevolutionary patterns based on the raw fossil record (as in most previous studies) are inadvisable.
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FERNÁNDEZ, MARTA S., and MARIANELLA TALEVI. "Ophthalmosaurian (Ichthyosauria) records from the Aalenian–Bajocian of Patagonia (Argentina): an overview." Geological Magazine 151, no. 1 (May 17, 2013): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756813000058.
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AbstractThe oldest ophthalmosaurian records worldwide have been recovered from the Aalenian–Bajocian boundary of the Neuquén Basin in Central-West Argentina (Mendoza and Neuquén provinces). Although scarce, they document a poorly known period in the evolutionary history of parvipelvian ichthyosaurs. In this contribution we present updated information on these fossils, including a phylogenetic analysis, and a redescription of ‘Stenopterygius grandis’ Cabrera, 1939. Patagonian ichthyosaur occurrences indicate that during the Bajocian the Neuquén Basin palaeogulf, on the southern margins of the Palaeopacific Ocean, was inhabited by at least three morphologically discrete taxa: the slender Stenopterygius cayi, robust ophthalmosaurian Mollesaurus periallus and another indeterminate ichthyosaurian. Rib bone tissue structure indicates that rib cages of Bajocian ichthyosaurs included forms with dense rib microstructure (Mollesaurus) and forms with an ‘osteoporotic-like’ pattern (Stenopterygius cayi).
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Niclis, Camila, María D. Román, Alberto R. Osella, Aldo R. Eynard, and María del Pilar Díaz. "Traditional Dietary Pattern Increases Risk of Prostate Cancer in Argentina: Results of a Multilevel Modeling and Bias Analysis from a Case-Control Study." Journal of Cancer Epidemiology 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/179562.
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There is increasing evidence that dietary habits play a role in prostate cancer (PC) occurrence. Argentinean cancer risk studies require additional attention because of the singular dietary pattern of this population. A case-control study (147 PC cases, 300 controls) was conducted in Córdoba (Argentina) throughout 2008–2013. A principal component factor analysis was performed to identify dietary patterns. A mixed logistic regression model was applied, taking into account family history of cancer. Possible bias was evaluated by probabilistic bias analysis. Four dietary patterns were identified:Traditional(fatty red meats, offal, processed meat, starchy vegetables, added sugars and sweets, candies, fats, and vegetable oils),Prudent(nonstarchy vegetables, whole grains),Carbohydrate(sodas/juices and bakery products), andCheese(cheeses). High adherence to the Traditional (OR 2.82, 95%CI: 1.569–5.099) and Carbohydrate Patterns (OR 2.14, 95%CI: 1.470–3.128) showed a promoting effect for PC, whereas the Prudent and Cheese Patterns were independent factors. PC occurrence was also associated with family history of PC. Bias adjusted ORs indicate that the validity of the present study is acceptable. High adherence to characteristic Argentinean dietary patterns was associated with increased PC risk. Our results incorporate original contributions to knowledge about scenarios in South American dietary patterns and PC occurrence.
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Adiga, Giridhar U., K. H. Ramesh, Tommy R. Tong, and Tomasz Jodlowski. "Aneuploidy and neoplasia: Case of recurrent polysomy occurring at different times." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): e22196-e22196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.e22196.
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e22196 Background: Recurring polysomies in diverse tumors at different times may suggest common neoplastic mechanisms. Following case demonstrates similar polysomies in breast, endometrial and cholangiocarcinoma arising at different times. Methods: A 79-year-old African American female was diagnosed poorly differentiated cholangiocarcinoma. Tumor markers (CEA, AFP, CA19-9) were normal. FISH analysis with D3Z1 (centromere 3), D7Z1 (centromere 7), CDKN2A (9p21) and D17Z1 (centromere 17) DNA probes (Abbott Molecular, IL. USA) revealed polysomy of chromosomes 3, 7, 9 and 17. Oncology history includes tumors noted in the table. Medical history includes aortic aneurysm, hypertension, IPF, obesity, CKD, DJD, cholecystectomy and adjuvant tamoxifen. She was never pregnant, non smoker non alcoholic and no prior chemical exposures. Her maternal aunt had unclear pelvic cancer at 70. Her niece had duodenal cancer in 40s. Possible common initiating neoplastic mechanism or predisposition was speculated in view of multiple tumors. Archived specimens of previous tumors were tested using the same FISH probe set. Results: Similar pattern of aneuploidy was noted in cholandiocarcinoma, DCIS and endometrial polyp specimen and no such abnormalities in parathyroid adenoma and in normal tissue. Conclusions: Occurrences of similar polysomy in tumors originating from diverse tissues at different times but not in normal tissue suggest common predisposition and/or similar, nonrandom, neoplastic molecular events. Uncommon and previously not described polysomy pattern was noted in DCIS and in endometrial polyp. [Table: see text]
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Renaudie, Johan, and David B. Lazarus. "On the accuracy of paleodiversity reconstructions: a case study in Antarctic Neogene radiolarians." Paleobiology 39, no. 3 (2013): 491–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/12016.
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The deep-sea Cenozoic planktonic microfossil record has the unique characteristics of continuously well-preserved populations of most species, with virtually unlimited sample size, and therefore constitutes, in principle, a major resource for macroevolutionary research. Antarctic Neogene radiolarians in particular, are diverse, abundant and consistently well-preserved and evolved rapidly. This fauna is, in theory, a near-perfect testing ground for paleodiversity reconstructions. In this study we determined the diversity history of these faunas from a new quantitative, taxonomically complete data set from Neogene and Quaternary sections at several Antarctic sites. The pattern retrieved by our whole-fauna data set shows a significant, largely extinctionless ecological change in faunal composition and decrease in the evenness of species' abundances during the late Miocene, followed 3 Myr later, at around 5 Ma, by a significant drop in diversity. We tentatively associate this ecological event with a synchronous, regional change in the composition of the primary producers, but as yet cannot identify any environmental changes associated with the later extinction. Further, our whole-fauna diversity history was compared to diversity computed from much less complete, biostratigraphically oriented studies of species' occurrences, compiled in the Neptune database and reconstructed by using subsampling methodologies. Comparison of our whole-fauna and subsampling-reconstructed diversity patterns shows that the first-order trends are the same in both, suggesting that, to some degree, such literature compilations can be used to explore diversity history of plankton. However, our results also highlight substantial errors and distortions in the reconstructed diversity which make it poorly suited to more-detailed studies (e.g., for comparison of diversity history with paleoenvironmental history). We conclude that detailed studies of plankton diversity, and particularly those attempting to understand the relation between diversity and paleoceanographic change, should be based on taxonomically comprehensive, quantitative data.
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Peters, Shanan E., and William I. Ausich. "A sampling-adjusted macroevolutionary history for Ordovician-Early Silurian crinoids." Paleobiology 34, no. 1 (2008): 104–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/07035.1.
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Temporal variation in sampling intensity and geologically controlled rates of fossil preservation distort macroevolutionary patterns in the fossil record. Here, we use a comprehensive, list-based compilation of taxonomically and stratigraphically vetted global crinoid genus occurrences to evaluate and correct for the effects of variable and incomplete sampling from the Ordovician through Early Silurian. After standardizing the number of occurrences or the number of biofacies used to estimate the stratigraphic ranges of genera and after adjusting rates of turnover to account for the incomplete preservation of true extinction and origination pulses, we find support for several important revisions to the macroevolutionary history of crinoids. First, in contrast to the uncorrected data, sample-standardized genus richness does not appear to increase by more than 20% after an abrupt Middle Ordovician (Harnagian) diversification. Second, the only significant short-term change in genus richness following the Harnagian increase is a ≥24% decline from the Rawtheyan to the Hirnantian. Third, volatility in rates of genus extinction is increased after adjusting for preservation and there remain significant peaks of extinction in the Rawtheyan, which marks the end-Ordovician extinction, and in the middle of the Early Silurian. Finally, significant increases in origination rates occur in the Early Silurian. These results reaffirm the importance of the end-Ordovician extinction for crinoids, but they also highlight the comparatively poorly sampled Early Silurian as a time of turnover among crinoids.Crinoid genus extinction rates are positively correlated with area-weighted rates of sedimentary package truncation, suggesting that extinction may have been controlled by physical environmental changes, such as the contraction of unique epicontinental sea habitats. The lack of a correlation between genus origination and sedimentary package initiation reinforces this hypothesis and suggests that other factors, such as evolutionary innovations and biotic interactions during the Ordovician radiation, may have been more important in controlling the diversification of crinoids.
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Heaman, Larry M., David Phillips, and Graham Pearson. "Dating Kimberlites: Methods and Emplacement Patterns Through Time." Elements 15, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): 399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/gselements.15.6.399.
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Key to deciphering the origin and tectonic setting of kimberlite magmatism is an accurate understanding of when they formed. Although determining absolute emplacement ages for kimberlites is challenging, recent methodological advances have contributed to a current database of >1,000 precisely dated kimberlite occurrences. Several profound findings emerge from kimberlite geochronology: kimberlites were absent in the first half of Earth history; most kimberlites were emplaced during the Mesozoic; kimberlite magma formation may be triggered by a variety of Earth processes (deep mantle plumes, subduction of oceanic lithosphere, continental rifting); and enhanced periods of kimberlite magmatism coincide with supercontinent breakup.
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Parravano, Vanessa, Antonio Teixell, and Andrés Mora. "Influence of salt in the tectonic development of the frontal thrust belt of the eastern Cordillera (Guatiquía area, Colombian Andes)." Interpretation 3, no. 4 (November 1, 2015): SAA17—SAA27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2015-0011.1.
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Geologic maps, seismic lines, and data from a dry exploration well were used to develop a new structural model for a segment of the eastern foothills of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia, emphasizing the role of salt tectonics. Milestones in the deformation history of the Guatiquía foothills were studied by sequential section restoration to selected steps. Uncommon structural geometries and sparse salt occurrences were interpreted in terms of a kinematic evolution in which Cretaceous salt migration in extension produced a diapiric salt wall, which was subsequently welded during the main episodes of the Andean compression, when the salt wall was squeezed generating a large overturned flap. Salt-weld strain hardening resulted in breakthrough thrusting across the overturned flap in late deformation stages. We have evaluated a pattern of salt tectonics previously unrecognized in the foothills thrust belt, which may be significant in other parts of the external Colombian Andes.
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Štefunková, Dagmar, and Ján Hanušin. "Viticultural landscapes: Localised transformations over the past 150 years through an analysis of three case studies in Slovakia." Moravian Geographical Reports 27, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgr-2019-0012.
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Abstract The transformation of vineyard landscapes is evaluated in this article by assessing the changes in land cover and landscape diversity in selected study areas in two time periods – from 1867 to 1949, and from then to 2016. The study areas are characterised by a long history of viticulture and with important occurrences of old and new agrarian relief forms. Fine-scale land cover and landscape diversity analysis, as well as the study of historical and strategic documents, enabled an accurate interpretation of the viticultural landscape trajectories and their drivers. Landscape diversity was computed using the Shannon diversity index for each 625 square metre grid unit, and applying other metrics for the entire study area. Our research established that the study areas oscillated during this period between extensification and agricultural intensification, and the general trend confirmed the disappearance of traditional vineyards and a decline in modernised vineyard areas after socialism. Although extensification and intensification are seemingly contradictory processes, it is established that these both increase landscape diversity. In addition, landscape diversity changes in the second period are influenced more by changes in quantitative landscape pattern characteristics via edge density than qualitative patterns, e.g. patch richness, which reflect land use diversity.
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Marcot, Jonathan D. "The fossil record and macroevolutionary history of North American ungulate mammals: standardizing variation in intensity and geography of sampling." Paleobiology 40, no. 2 (2014): 238–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/13052.
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The record of the taxonomic evolution of North American ungulates is critical to our understanding of mammalian evolution and environmental change throughout the Cenozoic. The distribution of sampling in the ungulate fossil record over time and geographic space and the degree to which this biases the observed patterns of taxonomic evolution is poorly understood. To address these issues, I placed fossil collections and occurrences drawn from the Paleobiology Database into 2-Myr time intervals between 55 and 1 Ma. I determined the variation in numbers of fossil collections and occurrences, using three metrics to measure geographic variation: first, the area of the convex hull containing all collections in an interval, to determine the areal coverage of sampling; second, the mean pairwise geographic distance among collections as a measurement of the dispersion of collections within that area; and third, the interval-to-interval migration of the geographic centroid of all collections, to calculate changes in the geographic location of sampling. Each of these showed considerable variation over the Cenozoic, and both the area of the convex hull (ACH) encompassing all collections in an interval, and mean pairwise distance (MPWD) among them showed increasing trends over time.To minimize the effect of variation in numbers of fossil samples over time, I used standard sample-standardization procedures. To minimize the effect of geographic variation in sampling over time, I standardized the area of sampling among intervals. I also employed both standardizations sequentially. Each standardization procedure had surprisingly little effect on observed patterns of taxonomic richness and rates. This indicates that, for North American ungulates, neither variation in number nor geographic distribution of fossil samples exerts an overwhelming influence on perceived macroevolutionary patterns. These results confirm the ungulate fossil record as a critical and faithful record for our understanding of Cenozoic environmental change and the mammalian evolutionary response.
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Heidemann, Christin, Christa Scheidt-Nave, Almut Richter, and Gert B. M. Mensink. "Dietary patterns are associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in a representative study population of German adults." British Journal of Nutrition 106, no. 8 (May 17, 2011): 1253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511001504.
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Studies that investigated complex actual eating behaviours of the general population and their relation to cardiometabolic risk markers are sparse. We aimed to identify dietary patterns within a nationally representative sample of 4025 German adults by factor analysis based on validated dietary history interviews. Furthermore, we evaluated associations of the derived dietary patterns with abnormalities clustered within the metabolic syndrome and related metabolic markers by logistic regression models and ANCOVA. A high adherence to the ‘processed foods’ pattern reflected a high intake of refined grains, processed meat, red meat, high-sugar beverages, eggs, potatoes, beer, sweets and cakes, snacks and butter, whereas a high adherence to the ‘health-conscious’ pattern represented a high intake of vegetables, vegetable oils, legumes, fruits, fish and whole grains. For subjects in the highest compared with those in the lowest quintile of the processed foods pattern, the occurrence of abdominal obesity was 88 (95 % CI 31, 169) % higher, hypertension was 34 (95 % CI − 4, 86) % higher, hypertriacylglycerolaemia was 59 (95 % CI 11, 128 ) % higher and the metabolic syndrome was 64 (95 % CI 10, 143) % higher when adjusted for age, sex, energy intake, socio-economic status, sport activity and smoking. Furthermore, subjects in the highest quintile had statistically significantly higher uric acid concentrations and lower folate concentrations (Pfor trend < 0·05). In contrast, subjects in the highest quintile of the health-conscious pattern had a 30 (95 % CI 10, 46) % lower occurrence of hypertension, higher folate concentrations and lower homocysteine and fibrinogen concentrations (Pfor trend < 0·05). These data strengthen the findings from non-representative studies and emphasise the importance of healthy overall food patterns for preventing metabolic disturbances.
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Timsinha, Sidarth, Suvarna Manjari Kar, and Malshree Ranjeetkar. "Pattern of Occurrence of Ocular Injuries and their Forensic Aspects." Birat Journal of Health Sciences 4, no. 2 (September 4, 2019): 692–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bjhs.v4i2.25437.
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Introduction: All penetrating or non-penetrating intentional ocular trauma causing loss of an organ or part of an organ and which have as a consequence the facial disfigurement or post trauma sequelae formation have forensic implications.
Objectives: To study the pattern of ocular injuries its forensic implications and meticulous documentation in ocular medicolegal cases.
Methodology: This hospital based cross sectional study was carried out by Forensic medicine personnel in Department of Ophthalmology and Emergency Department of Manipal Teaching Hospital Pokhara, Nepal. A total of 251 cases of ocular injury constituted the sample size. Cases were analyzed according to age, sex, type of trauma, causative agent, and manner of injury and ocular injuries having any medicolegal value. All data was evaluated and relevant information were extracted and entered into a database.
Results: Male subjects 174 (69.32%) were more susceptible to ocular injuries and age group 21-30 years 66 (26.3%) were more predisposed to ocular injuries. The commonest cause of ocular trauma was due to fall on blunt objects 42(16.73%). The most common site of injury was cornea 120(47.81%) and corneal abrasion 65(54.16) was the most common ocular finding. Accidental manner of injury was observed in majority of the cases 230 (91.60%). Ocular injuries sustained were all simple in nature 251(100%) as a result no fatality was observed following ocular injury.
Conclusion: Proper history taking and methodical documentation of injuries not only assist in diagnosis and management of the patient but also holds an evidentiary value in medico legal cases.
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Shirani, Peyman, Ali Jawaid, Paolo Moretti, Elham Lahijani, Alicia R. Salamone, Paul E. Schulz, and Everton A. Edmondson. "Familial Occurrence of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 37, no. 3 (May 2010): 389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100010301.
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Background:The etiology of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is unknown. Different environmental and genetic factors have been postulated to contribute to CRPS.Methods:We reviewed the clinical data from a cohort of 69 patients with CRPS. Four families were identified with two or more members affected with CRPS yielding a total of nine patients. Six more patients reported the presence of pain symptoms in their family members, however; this could not be clinically confirmed.Results:The case histories of the nine individuals with ‘familial’ CRPS suggested a younger age at onset and more frequent history of migraine versus the non-familial patients. A pattern of inheritance could not be ascertained.Conclusion:This data supports the hypothesis that CRPS can be familial and hence may have a genetic basis in some families. Larger studies will be needed to ascertain clearer patterns of inheritance and to determine whether the clinical features of ‘familial’ CRPS are the same as the sporadic form.
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Daniels, Don. "The history of tense and aspect in the Sogeram family." Journal of Historical Linguistics 10, no. 2 (August 21, 2020): 167–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhl.18012.dan.
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Abstract This paper presents an overview of the tens-aspect system in the Sogeram languages of Papua New Guinea. Taking the Proto-Sogeram reconstruction in Daniels (2015, 2020) as a starting point, I outline the innovations that have taken place in daughter languages and discuss the patterns of change that emerge. The study confirms a variety of known cross-linguistic tendencies, such as the common occurrence of the analytic-to-synthetic and aspect-to-tense pathways of change. More notable trends include the diachronic stability of the present and most remote past tenses; the instability of the middle pasts and future; the stability of the relative semantic ordering of tenses; the absence of a pathway leading from relative-tense to absolute-tense marking; and the ability of innovative tenses to be inserted anywhere into the five-way tense system of Proto-Sogeram. The study also illustrates how featural systems can interact over time, at first by introducing a new feature value in one system which can combine with values from another (as with the Manat habitual), and then, if the featural distinction is lost, creating a pattern of distributed exponence (as in Mum).
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De Baets, Kenneth, John Warren Huntley, Daniele Scarponi, Adiël A. Klompmaker, and Aleksandra Skawina. "Phanerozoic parasitism and marine metazoan diversity: dilution versus amplification." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1837 (September 20, 2021): 20200366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0366.
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Growing evidence suggests that biodiversity mediates parasite prevalence. We have compiled the first global database on occurrences and prevalence of marine parasitism throughout the Phanerozoic and assess the relationship with biodiversity to test if there is support for amplification or dilution of parasitism at the macroevolutionary scale. Median prevalence values by era are 5% for the Paleozoic, 4% for the Mesozoic, and a significant increase to 10% for the Cenozoic. We calculated period-level shareholder quorum sub-sampled (SQS) estimates of mean sampled diversity, three-timer (3T) origination rates, and 3T extinction rates for the most abundant host clades in the Paleobiology Database to compare to both occurrences of parasitism and the more informative parasite prevalence values. Generalized linear models (GLMs) of parasite occurrences and SQS diversity measures support both the amplification (all taxa pooled, crinoids and blastoids, and molluscs) and dilution hypotheses (arthropods, cnidarians, and bivalves). GLMs of prevalence and SQS diversity measures support the amplification hypothesis (all taxa pooled and molluscs). Though likely scale-dependent, parasitism has increased through the Phanerozoic and clear patterns primarily support the amplification of parasitism with biodiversity in the history of life. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Infectious disease macroecology: parasite diversity and dynamics across the globe’.
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ANHOLT, R. M., J. BEREZOWSKI, C. ROBERTSON, and C. STEPHEN. "Spatial-temporal clustering of companion animal enteric syndrome: detection and investigation through the use of electronic medical records from participating private practices." Epidemiology and Infection 143, no. 12 (December 29, 2014): 2547–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268814003574.
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SUMMARYThere is interest in the potential of companion animal surveillance to provide data to improve pet health and to provide early warning of environmental hazards to people. We implemented a companion animal surveillance system in Calgary, Alberta and the surrounding communities. Informatics technologies automatically extracted electronic medical records from participating veterinary practices and identified cases of enteric syndrome in the warehoused records. The data were analysed using time-series analyses and a retrospective space–time permutation scan statistic. We identified a seasonal pattern of reports of occurrences of enteric syndromes in companion animals and four statistically significant clusters of enteric syndrome cases. The cases within each cluster were examined and information about the animals involved (species, age, sex), their vaccination history, possible exposure or risk behaviour history, information about disease severity, and the aetiological diagnosis was collected. We then assessed whether the cases within the cluster were unusual and if they represented an animal or public health threat. There was often insufficient information recorded in the medical record to characterize the clusters by aetiology or exposures. Space–time analysis of companion animal enteric syndrome cases found evidence of clustering. Collection of more epidemiologically relevant data would enhance the utility of practice-based companion animal surveillance.
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Akman, Varol, and M. Burak Senol. "The truth about “it is true that…”." Pragmatics and Cognition 23, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 284–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.23.2.05akm.
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Deflationism, one of the influential philosophical doctrines of truth, holds that there is no property of truth, and that overt uses of the predicate “true” are redundant. However, the hypothetical examples used by theorists to exemplify deflationism are isolated sentences, offering little to examine what the predicate adds to meaning within context. We oppose the theory not on philosophical but on empirical grounds. We collect 7,610 occurrences of “it is true that” from 10 influential periodicals published in the United States. We classify and annotate these with respect to the positions of coordinating and subordinating conjunctions that they contain. This way we investigate the contextual relationships between the proposition following “it is true that” with its surroundings. Overall, 34 different syntactical patterns are encountered. In some occurrences of “true”, the predicate acts in the same manner as a performative verb does. These occurrences, having been observed in linguistically reliable media, constitute pragmatic counter-examples to deflationism.
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Haleem, M. A. S. Abdel. "Grammatical Shift for Rhetorical Purposes: Iltifāt and Related Features in the Qur'ān." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 55, no. 3 (October 1992): 407–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00003621.
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In a study which has been described as pioneering, Neue Beiträge zur semitischen Sprachwissenschaft, Theodor Nöldeke ‘discussed in detail the “Stylistische und syntaktische Eigentümlichkeiten der Sprache des Korans” (pp. 5–23) thereby collecting together everything that had occurred to him in this respect during his protracted and intensive study of the Holy Book of the Muslims.’ Among the examples Nöldeke discusses (pp. 13–14) are Q. 7 (not 77 which is clearly a misprint in his text): 55, 27:61; 35:27, 6:99, 20:55, 10:23, etc. where there is a sudden shift in the pronoun of the speaker or the person spoken about, known as iltifāt in balāgha (Arabic rhetoric), though Nöldeke does not refer to the term here. Introducing his discussion of this feature, Nöldeke remarks that ‘the grammatical persons change from time to time in the Qur'ān in an unusual and not beautiful way (nicht schöner Weise)’ (p. 13). This is a personal value judgement. Arab writers, in contrast see the matter differently. Ibn al-Athīr, for instance, after studying this stylistic feature, as we shall see below, classed it among the ‘remarkable things and exquisite subtleties we have found in the Glorious Qur'ān.’ It will be seen that the examples Nöldeke cites immediately following the statement quoted above do not occur haphazardly in the Qur'ān but follow a pattern. Examination of where exactly the shift occurs and why, will show how effective the technique is in these examples and why Muslim literary critics and exegetes greatly admire iltifāt and its related features. Nöldeke further remarks (p. 14) that in a few places the second and third person plural are exchanged abruptly: 30:38, 49:7, 10:23. Here again it will be seen that the changes are made according to an effective pattern and that the frequency of occurrences of this type is much greater than is indicated by Nöldeke.
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Tan, Jie Qing, Dai Yong Cao, Zhi Hong Zheng, and Li Min Chen. "Coalfield Structures and Occurrence Tectonic Unit of Coal in Hunan Province, China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 522-524 (February 2014): 1229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.522-524.1229.
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This paper based on the previous researcher's work, studied the regional structure pattern and tectonic evolution history of Hunan. It combined the coalfield structure research method and Hunans actual situation showed that coal occurrence in Hunan controlled by the regional tectonic framework and tectonic evolution history. The coal occurrence has the conspicuous characteristics of partition, zoning and Classification. Synthesize the plans of geotectonic unit division and coal occurrence unit division, we proposed the new concept of occurrence tectonic unit of coal, divided Hunan into two secondary and five third occurrence tectonic units of coal and studied the characteristics of each unit. We also divided three types of the styles of structure control of coal.
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Arcila, Dahiana, and James C. Tyler. "Mass extinction in tetraodontiform fishes linked to the Palaeocene–Eocene thermal maximum." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1866 (November 8, 2017): 20171771. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1771.
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Integrative evolutionary analyses based upon fossil and extant species provide a powerful approach for understanding past diversification events and for assessing the tempo of evolution across the Tree of Life. Herein, we demonstrate the importance of integrating fossil and extant species for inferring patterns of lineage diversification that would otherwise be masked in analyses that examine only one source of evidence. We infer the phylogeny and macroevolutionary history of the Tetraodontiformes (triggerfishes, pufferfishes and allies), a group with one of the most extensive fossil records among fishes. Our analyses combine molecular and morphological data, based on an expanded matrix that adds newly coded fossil species and character states. Beyond confidently resolving the relationships and divergence times of tetraodontiforms, our diversification analyses detect a major mass-extinction event during the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), followed by a marked increase in speciation rates. This pattern is consistently obtained when fossil and extant species are integrated, whereas examination of the fossil occurrences alone failed to detect major diversification changes during the PETM. When taking into account non-homogeneous models, our analyses also detect a rapid lineage diversification increase in one of the groups (tetraodontoids) during the middle Miocene, which is considered a key period in the evolution of reef fishes associated with trophic changes and ecological opportunity. In summary, our analyses show distinct diversification dynamics estimated from phylogenies and the fossil record, suggesting that different episodes shaped the evolution of tetraodontiforms during the Cenozoic.
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An, Tonya, John Garlich, and David Kulber. "Yoga-Induced Myositis Ossificans Traumatica of the Scapholunate Ligament." Journal of Wrist Surgery 08, no. 01 (June 26, 2018): 080–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1661354.
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Background Myositis ossificans traumatica (MOT) involves the heterotopic development of lamellar bone after a traumatic injury. Despite being termed “myositis,” MOT is not limited to muscle but rather can involve tendons, fat, and fascia. “Traumatica” reflects that lesions are usually associated with a history of significant trauma, that is, fractures or surgery; however, many reports suggest they can also be linked to repetitive low-energy insults. In both cases, the inflammatory response secondary to tissue injury generates a proliferative osteoblastic cascade. Case Description We present a case of persistent wrist pain in a 43-year-old woman associated with yoga activities. Her radiographic studies demonstrated partial scapholunate (SL) ligament tear and an associated mass lesion. Surgical pathology revealed MOT involving the SL ligament. Literature Review MOT lesions in the upper extremity are usually localized around the elbow, and cases in the hand are relatively rare. There are no prior reports of occurrences within the wrist joint or in association with the SL ligament. However, biomechanical studies have quantified significant mechanical strains across the SL interval during various yoga poses. This pattern of microtrauma is capable of generating MOT. Clinical Relevance Upper extremity weight-bearing positions are common in yoga and subject the wrist, especially the SL interval, to high mechanical strains. This pattern of microtrauma should lead the clinician to suspect MOT when encountering a mass in the wrist, but malignancy and infection must be ruled out.
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Vandermeer, John, and Ivette Perfecto. "Endogenous spatial pattern formation from two intersecting ecological mechanisms: the dynamic coexistence of two noxious invasive ant species in Puerto Rico." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1936 (October 14, 2020): 20202214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2214.
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Endogenous (or autonomous, or emergent) spatial pattern formation is a subject transcending a variety of sciences. In ecology, there is growing interest in how spatial patterns can ‘emerge’ from internal system processes and simultaneously affect those very processes. A classic situation emerges when a predator's focus on a dominant competitor releases competitive pressure on a subdominant competitor, allowing coexistence of the two. If this idea is formulated spatially, two interesting consequences immediately arise. First, a spatial predator/prey system may take the form of a Turing instability, in which an activator (the dispersing prey population) is contained by a repressor (the more rapidly dispersing predator population) generating a spatial pattern of clusters of prey and predators, and second, an indirect intransitive loop (where A beats B beats C beats A) emerges from the simple fact that the system is spatial. Two common invasive ant species, Wasmannia auropunctata and Solenopsis invicta, and the parasitic phorid flies of S. invicta commonly coexist in Puerto Rico. Emergent spatial patterns generated by the combination of the Turing mechanism and the indirect intransitive loop are likely to be common here. This theoretical framework and the realities of the natural history in the field could explain both the long-term coexistence of these two species, and the highly variable pattern of their occurrence across a large landscape.
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Vadell, M. V., I. E. Gómez Villafañe, and R. Cavia. "Are life-history strategies of Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) and house mice (Mus musculus) dependent on environmental characteristics?" Wildlife Research 41, no. 2 (2014): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr14005.
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Context Life-history theory attempts to explain the way in which an organism is adapted to its environment as well as explaining the differences in life-history strategies among and within species. Aims The aim of this paper was to compare life-history traits of the Norway rat and the house mouse living in different habitats and geographic regions so as to find patterns related to environmental characteristics on the basis of published ecological studies conducted before 2011. Methods The environments where rodent populations lived were characterised according to climate type, occurrence of freezing temperatures and frost, degree of anthropisation and trapping location. Four demographic characteristics were analysed. A canonical correspondence analysis was performed to explain the effects of environmental variables on the demographic characteristics of rodents. Information was gathered from 35 articles published between 1945 and 2010. Key results Most populations of both species showed differences in abundance throughout the year, but no defined pattern was common among populations. The pregnancy rate of Norway rat was highest during spring and autumn in urban environments, during spring and winter in rural environments and during summer in sylvan habitats. House mouse populations were most frequently reported to experience high pregnancy rates during summer. Contrary to urban and rural populations, in sylvan environments the occurrence of a reproductive break was the most commonly reported pattern for both species. Litter size of Norway rat depended on the degree of anthropisation and the occurrence of freezing temperatures and frost. Litter size was greater in rural environments and in areas without freezing temperatures and frost. House mouse did not show differences in litter size resulting from any of the environmental characteristics analysed. Conclusions Both species are able to modify their reproductive strategies according to environmental characteristics, especially according to the degree of anthropisation of the environment. In sylvan areas, where animals are more exposed to seasonal changes in weather conditions, changes in reproductive investment are more evident. Implications Regarding the implications for rodent control, the best time to apply control measures could be winter in sylvan and urban environments. In rural environments, the best time for conducting control efforts is less clear, although cold seasons seem also to be the best.
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Fukushima, Tatsuya. "True Colors of Japanese Prime Ministers." Journal of Language and Politics 4, no. 3 (December 31, 2005): 421–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.4.3.05fuk.
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Recent studies on the Japanese conjunction ga revealed its pragmatic and discourse functions in detailed forms and found their implications for discourse settings. In particular, two variation analyses of ga in public speeches of two prominent Japanese political figures suggested their attempts to project certain sociopolitical images. However, data from individuals in two unparallel setting types and misattribution of the addressers’ sociopolitical considerations prevented these studies from substantiating a connection between the observed ga variations to the addressers’ sociopolitical images. This study analyzes ga occurrences in domestic and international press conferences with three Japanese prime ministers to evaluate the relevance between ga occurrences and their sociopolitical implications. This study finds that ga frequencies in domestic press conferences suggest the prime ministers’ attempts in varying degrees to craft an image of a consensus builder, which would appeal to key members of their party. On the other hand, the study observes different patterns of ga frequencies in international press conferences, which suggest their attempts in varying degrees to present their true colors to the general public.
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Popiela, Agnieszka, Andrzej Łysko, and Attila Molnár. "Recent distribution of the Euro-Siberian-sub- Mediterranean species Elatine alsinastrum L. (Elatinaceae)." Acta Botanica Croatica 72, no. 2 (October 1, 2013): 375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10184-012-0022-8.
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Abstract - The general distribution of the endangered Euro-Siberian sub-Mediterranean species Elatine alsinastrum L. is provided using literature, web-sources and herbaria dataset. The distribution pattern shows some regularities: occurrence of locations along river valleys, formation of concentrated site clusters in some lowlands, wide distances between locations or site clusters or single locations between their clusters. The distribution patterns in central Europe seem to be rather well related to the history of the human migration in Europe at least since the Late Holocene. The scattered locations on the eastern part of the distribution area are likely to be a consequence of missing information, rather than to the fragmentation of its distribution.
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Katz, Paul S. "Evolution of central pattern generators and rhythmic behaviours." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1685 (January 5, 2016): 20150057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0057.
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Comparisons of rhythmic movements and the central pattern generators (CPGs) that control them uncover principles about the evolution of behaviour and neural circuits. Over the course of evolutionary history, gradual evolution of behaviours and their neural circuitry within any lineage of animals has been a predominant occurrence. Small changes in gene regulation can lead to divergence of circuit organization and corresponding changes in behaviour. However, some behavioural divergence has resulted from large-scale rewiring of the neural network. Divergence of CPG circuits has also occurred without a corresponding change in behaviour. When analogous rhythmic behaviours have evolved independently, it has generally been with different neural mechanisms. Repeated evolution of particular rhythmic behaviours has occurred within some lineages due to parallel evolution or latent CPGs. Particular motor pattern generating mechanisms have also evolved independently in separate lineages. The evolution of CPGs and rhythmic behaviours shows that although most behaviours and neural circuits are highly conserved, the nature of the behaviour does not dictate the neural mechanism and that the presence of homologous neural components does not determine the behaviour. This suggests that although behaviour is generated by neural circuits, natural selection can act separately on these two levels of biological organization.
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Maly, Edward J., Stuart A. Halse, and Mary P. Maly. "Distribution and incidence patterns of Boeckella, Calamoecia, and Hemiboeckella (Copepoda : Calanoida) in Western Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 48, no. 7 (1997): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf97015.
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Surveys of 196 lakes and ponds in Western Australia showed that most species of the centropagid copepods Boeckella, Calamoecia and Hemiboeckella have low incidence, although a few are common within restricted geographic areas. Records of co-occurrences indicate that many species have broadly overlapping ecological requirements, suggesting that dispersal or historical events are more important determinants of incidence and distribution than is colonization ability. However, some species prefer or are restricted to specialized environments. The roles of history, recent natural dispersal, and recent human-mediated dispersal in moulding present-day distributions are discussed. It is concluded that most species have low dispersal ability and that historical events have played a major role in determining present-day distribution patterns, although local dispersal and some human-mediated local and long-range dispersal have influenced incidence and distribution patterns.
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Stewart, Susan L., Julie HT Dang, Natalie J. Török, and Moon S. Chen. "Patterns and co-occurrence of risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in four Asian American communities: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 9, no. 6 (June 2019): e026409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026409.
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ObjectivesTo investigate risk factor patterns and the simultaneous occurrence of multiple risk factors in the viral, metabolic and lifestyle domains among Asian Americans, who have had the highest mortality rates from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).SettingSacramento County, California, USA.ParticipantsEligible participants were county residents ages 18 and older who had not been screened for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and were born in a CDC-defined endemic area or whose parent was born in that area. Of 1004 enrolled, 917 were foreign-born Chinese (130 women, 94 men), Hmong (133 women, 75 men), Korean (178 women, 90 men) or Vietnamese (136 women, 81 men) with complete risk factor data.Primary and secondary outcome measuresWe tested participants for HBV and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV); measured haemoglobin A1c and waist circumference; and recorded self-reported history of diabetes, hypertension, alcohol use and smoking status. We identified risk factor patterns using cluster analysis and estimated gender-specific age-standardised prevalence rates.ResultsWe identified four patterns: (1) viral (chronic HBV or HCV); (2) lifestyle (current smoker or alcohol user, no viral); (3) metabolic (≥2 metabolic, no lifestyle or viral); and (4) lower risk (≤1 metabolic, no lifestyle or viral). Vietnamese men (16.3%, 95% CI 7.4% to 25.3%) and Hmong women (15.1%, 95% CI 7.8% to 22.5%) had the highest viral pattern prevalence. Hmong women had the highest metabolic (37.8%, 95% CI 29.8% to 45.9%), and Vietnamese men the highest lifestyle (70.4%, 95% CI 59.1% to 81.7%) pattern prevalence. In multiple domains, Hmong men and women were most likely to have viral+metabolic risk factors (men: 14.4%, 95% CI 6.0% to 22.7%; women: 11.9%, 95% CI 5.6% to 18.3%); Vietnamese men were most likely to have lifestyle+viral (10.7%, 95% CI 2.7% to 18.8%), and lifestyle+metabolic but not viral (46.4%, 95% CI 34.4% to 58.5%) risk factors.ConclusionsEfforts to reduce HCC must comprehensively address multiple risk factors.Trial registration numberNCT02596438.
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Zaher, Hussam, and Krister T. Smith. "Pythons in the Eocene of Europe reveal a much older divergence of the group in sympatry with boas." Biology Letters 16, no. 12 (December 2020): 20200735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0735.
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Extant large constrictors, pythons and boas, have a wholly allopatric distribution that has been interpreted largely in terms of vicariance in Gondwana. Here, we describe a stem pythonid based on complete skeletons from the early-middle Eocene of Messel, Germany. The new species is close in age to the divergence of Pythonidae from North American Loxocemus and corroborates a Laurasian origin and dispersal of pythons. Remarkably, it existed in sympatry with the stem boid Eoconstrictor . These occurrences demonstrate that neither dispersal limitation nor strong competitive interactions were decisive in structuring biogeographic patterns early in the history of large, hyper-macrostomatan constrictors and exemplify the synergy between phylogenomic and palaeontological approaches in reconstructing past distributions.
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Virgós, Emilio. "Factors affecting wild boar (Sus scrofa) occurrence in highly fragmented Mediterranean landscapes." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 430–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-028.
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This paper is an analysis of the effects of forest fragmentation on wild boar (Sus scrofa) occurrence in coarse-grained fragmented landscapes (<20% forestscrubland cover on a landscape scale; N = 140 forest fragments, four regions) in central Spain. Occurrence was examined in relation to forest size, isolation, habitat quality, and region. Wild boar occurrence was mainly explained by the location of the forest fragments on the northern or southern plateau. Wild boars were more abundant on the northern plateau than on the southern plateau. In addition, wild boars are more frequent in large forest fragments adjacent to other large forests near mountains or riparian woodlands. The percent presence of wild boars in fragments varied among the four regions sampled (regional effect). Although wild boars occurred more frequently in large than in small forests, this pattern was less pronounced than that found in badgers (Meles meles), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), and stone martens (Martes foina) and similar to that found in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). The spatial distribution of wild boars may be affected by forest fragmentation despite their typical generalist life-history traits and potential use of agricultural areas as food habitats. These results support the idea that landscape pattern (degree of fragmentation and grain pattern) may be a determinant of species' abundance and distribution in fragmented landscapes.
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Fonseca, Tânia Maria M. V. da, Juraci A. Cesar, Raúl A. Mendoza-Sassi, and Elisabeth B. Schmidt. "Pathological Vaginal Discharge among Pregnant Women: Pattern of Occurrence and Association in a Population-Based Survey." Obstetrics and Gynecology International 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/590416.
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This study aimed to assess the prevalence of pathological vaginal discharge and to describe risk factors associated with pregnant women. All women living in the city of Rio Grande, Southern Brazil, who gave birth in 2010 were included in the study. A standardized questionnaire was administered to collect information on demographic, reproductive, and health-related factors and morbidity during pregnancy. The chi-square test was used to compare proportions, and multivariate Poisson regression with robust variance was performed. Of the 2,395 women studied, 43% had pathological vaginal discharge during pregnancy. The adjusted analysis showed that younger women of lower socioeconomic condition, those with a past history of abortion, vaginal discharge in a previous pregnancy, and treated for depression, anemia, and urinary tract infection during their current pregnancy, were more likely to have pathological vaginal discharge. Vaginal discharge during pregnancy was highly prevalent in the sample studied calling for proper risk factor management at the primary care level.
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Knoll, Andrew H. "Protists and Phanerozoic Evolution in the Oceans." Notes for a Short Course: Studies in Geology 18 (1987): 248–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0271164800001561.
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In an essay published in 1977, S.J. Gould argued that three major questions have dominated paleontological thinking for more than a century. Does the history of life have direction? What is the motor of evolutionary change? And, what is the tempo of change? Certainly, these “eternal metaphors” have figured prominently in the research of invertebrate paleontologists during the past decade. Temporal pattern has been sought in changing morphologies within lineages, the changing structure and composition of communities, trends in taxonomic diversity, and even the occurrence of mass extinctions. Drifting continents, changing climates and oceanic circulation patterns, biological interactions, and extraterrestrial influences have all been championed as significant determinants of evolutionary change. The punctuation/gradualism debate has generated an impressive body of stratigraphic and morphological data, if not an unambiguous resolution of the issue.
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Schankin, CJ, M. Krumbholz, P. Sostak, VM Reinisch, R. Goldbrunner, and A. Straube. "Headache in patients with a meningioma correlates with a bone-invasive growth pattern but not with cytokine expression." Cephalalgia 30, no. 4 (August 1, 2009): 413–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2009.01945.x.
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We included 58 patients with meningioma in a prospective study to analyse the prevalence of and risk factors for different types of meningioma-associated headache. Twenty-three patients (40%) had meningioma-associated headache. Of these, the pain was migraine-like in five (22%) and tension-type headache (TTH)-like in 13 (57%). Sixteen of 21 (76%) experienced relief of pain intensity of at least 50% after 18–24 months. Univariate analysis revealed bone-invasive growth pattern ( P = 0.007) as a risk factor for headache and intake of antiepileptic drugs ( P = 0.04) or large surrounding oedema ( P = 0.04) as possible protective parameters. For migraine-like headache, risk factors were a positive history of migraine ( P = 0.009) and bone-invasive growth pattern ( P = 0.046) and, for TTH-like headache, only bone-invasive growth pattern ( P = 0.009). Binary logistic regression analysis added to assess predictability and interaction effects could not identify a single factor predicting the occurrence of headache in the presence of a meningioma (correct prediction in 74% by a model consisting of bone-invasive growth pattern, history of head surgery, intake of antiepileptic drugs, temporal tumour location and moderate and large surrounding oedema). Analysis of 38 tumour specimens could not confirm the hypothesis that the occurrence of headache correlates with the expression magnitude of signal substances known to be present in meningiomas [stroma cell-derived factor 1, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, vascular endothelial growth factor A] or thought to be relevant to headache/pain pathophysiology [prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2, calcitonin-related polypeptide alpha, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) 1, NOS2A, NOS3, transforming growth factor-alpha, tumour necrosis factor, tachykinin, vasoactive intestinal peptide]. The affection of bone integrity and the expression of molecules thought to be relevant to headache pathophysiology might be important for meningioma-associated headache in predisposed individuals.
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Ramirez, Bruno. "Montreal's Italians and the Socio-Economy of Settlement, 1900-1930: Some Historical Hypotheses." Urban History Review 10, no. 1 (October 30, 2013): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1019155ar.
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As the pattern of Italian immigration to Montreal changed from one made up predominantly of sojourners to one of permanent settlement, important changes occurred both in the composition of that immigrant population (sex ratio, age structure, etc.) and in its internal organization (residential patterns, kinship and paese-based network). These changes made possible the enactment of familial economic strategies characterised by the use of extra-market resources to complement the means of life deriving from earnings. Though the magnitude of this practice escapes precise quantification, its occurrence seems to have been so widespread among Italian immigrants as to constitute a socio-economic subsystem existing alongside the official market system. Moreover, in this sphere of economic behavior, Italian immigrants enjoyed a greater autonomy in their use of time and space and thus could more freely resort to their cultural values as an important resource for their adaptive strategies. More detailed analysis of the socio-economy of settlement may throw important light on the specificity of the ethnic cohesion characterising Italian immigrant communities in Montreal during those years.
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Stewart, Glenn H. "Forest development in canopy openings in old-growth Pseudotsuga forests of the western Cascade Range, Oregon." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 3 (June 1, 1986): 558–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-097.
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Size and age structure, and spatial pattern analysis were used to study the population dynamics of old-growth Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco forests of the western Cascade Range, Oregon, U.S.A. Tree population structures confirmed that in the absence of fire, Pseudotsuga was replaced by Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. and (or) Abiesamabilis (Dougl.) Forbes. Regeneration patterns of these species reflected establishment in canopy openings or under Pseudotsuga, but not under Tsuga. Abiesamabilis occurred more frequently as seedlings and saplings in openings than did Tsuga because of favourable aspects of its life history. The composition and structure of the pioneer forest developing after fire was a determinant of subsequent regeneration. If Pseudotsuga dominated, Tsuga and Abies invaded the stand at an early stage. Regeneration in stands where Tsuga was a large component, however, was limited by dense canopies and the occurrence of canopy openings. These patterns demonstrate the importance of small-scale disturbances such as tree falls in the dynamics of Pacific Northwest conifer forests.
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Silvestre, Rogério, Manoel F. Demétrio, and Jacques H. C. Delabie. "Community Structure of Leaf-Litter Ants in a Neotropical Dry Forest: A Biogeographic Approach to Explain Betadiversity." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/306925.
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This paper describes habitat and geographic correlates of ant diversity in Serra da Bodoquena, a poorly surveyed region of central-western Brazil. We discuss leaf-litter ant diversity on a regional scale, with emphasis on the contribution of each of the processes that form the evolutionary basis of contemporary beta diversity. The diversity of leaf-litter ants was assessed from a series of 262 Winkler samples conducted in two microbasins within a deciduous forest domain. A total of 170 litter-dwelling ant species in 45 genera and 11 subfamilies was identified. The data showed that the study areas exhibited different arrangements of ant fauna, with a high turnover in species composition between sites, indicating high beta diversity. Our analysis suggests that the biogeographic history of this tropical dry forest in the centre of South America could explain ant assemblage structure more than competitive dominance. The co-occurrence analysis showed that species co-occur less often than expected by chance in only two of the localities, suggesting that, for most of the species, co-occurrences are random. The assessment of the structure of the diversity of litter-dwelling ants is the first step in understanding the beta diversity patterns in this region of great biogeographic importance.
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Tennant, Jonathan P., Alfio Alessandro Chiarenza, and Matthew Baron. "How has our knowledge of dinosaur diversity through geologic time changed through research history?" PeerJ 6 (February 19, 2018): e4417. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4417.
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Assessments of dinosaur macroevolution at any given time can be biased by the historical publication record. Recent studies have analysed patterns in dinosaur diversity that are based on secular variations in the numbers of published taxa. Many of these have employed a range of approaches that account for changes in the shape of the taxonomic abundance curve, which are largely dependent on databases compiled from the primary published literature. However, how these ‘corrected’ diversity patterns are influenced by the history of publication remains largely unknown. Here, we investigate the influence of publication history between 1991 and 2015 on our understanding of dinosaur evolution using raw diversity estimates and shareholder quorum subsampling for the three major subgroups: Ornithischia, Sauropodomorpha, and Theropoda. We find that, while sampling generally improves through time, there remain periods and regions in dinosaur evolutionary history where diversity estimates are highly volatile (e.g. the latest Jurassic of Europe, the mid-Cretaceous of North America, and the Late Cretaceous of South America). Our results show that historical changes in database compilation can often substantially influence our interpretations of dinosaur diversity. ‘Global’ estimates of diversity based on the fossil record are often also based on incomplete, and distinct regional signals, each subject to their own sampling history. Changes in the record of taxon abundance distribution, either through discovery of new taxa or addition of existing taxa to improve sampling evenness, are important in improving the reliability of our interpretations of dinosaur diversity. Furthermore, the number of occurrences and newly identified dinosaurs is still rapidly increasing through time, suggesting that it is entirely possible for much of what we know about dinosaurs at the present to change within the next 20 years.
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Jonge, M. De. "The Earliest Christian use ofChristosSome Suggestions." New Testament Studies 32, no. 3 (July 1986): 321–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0028688500013606.
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Anyone who wants to say something about the earliest Christian use ofChristosshould start with the oldest written sources: the (genuine) letters of Paul.1.1.1. Paul's use χριοτòς has been set out convincingly by N. A. Dahl1and W. Kramer.2The apostle uses the term very frequently: 270 out of the 531 occurrences of the word in the New Testament are found in the genuine letters of Paul.3He also uses it in combinations with other words: Jesus Christ, Christ Jesus, Jesus Christ the Lord; but never in the combination κúρως χριτóς.4Certain patterns can be recognized in the use of Jesus Christ and Christ Jesus and also in the use of the article with χριτóςbut nowhere with a clear difference in meaning.5Dahl says: χριτóς is never a general term; the word is also never used as a predicate. Paul never feels the necessity to state ‘Jesus is the Christ’; a genitive is never added (Paul does not use χριτòς κυριου or related expressions) and also Ίηιοṽςò Χριιτóς is not found.6
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Hosseinzadeh, Mohammad, Seyed Mehdi Ketabchi, Seyed Ali Ahmadi, Kasra Hendi, and Maysam Alimohamadi. "Meningioma as the host for metastatic breast cancer: A rare occurrence with important therapeutic impact." Surgical Neurology International 12 (June 28, 2021): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/sni_148_2021.
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Background: Tumor-to-tumor metastasis is a rare condition. There are few reports of metastatic tumors within intracranial tumors, including meningiomas. Since some metastatic tumors have osteoblastic imaging pattern, it is not always easy to differentiate them from meningioma on preoperative studies. Case Description: A 60-year-old female referred to our center complaining about a progressive headache, nausea, and vomiting for the past month. She had a history of breast cancer treated with radical mastectomy (5 years ago) and adjuvant chemotherapy (until 1 year ago). Workups revealed a dural-based mass in the left temporobasal and midline subfrontal regions. Histopathological study showed breast cancer metastasis nests within the primary meningioma. Conclusion: As the diagnosis of metastatic nests inside a benign tumor, drastically alters postoperative adjuvant treatments, a high index of suspicion is needed evaluating tumors from patients with a history of systemic neoplasms.
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Clouston, Sean A. P., Yun Zhang, and Dylan M. Smith. "Pattern Recognition to Identify Stroke in the Cognitive Profile: Secondary Analyses of a Prospective Cohort Study." Cerebrovascular Diseases Extra 9, no. 3 (October 8, 2019): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000503002.
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Background: Stroke can produce subtle changes in the brain that may produce symptoms that are too small to lead to a diagnosis. Noting that a lack of diagnosis may bias research estimates, the current study sought to examine the utility of pattern recognition relying on serial assessments of cognition to objectively identify stroke-like patterns of cognitive decline (pattern-detected stroke, p-stroke). Methods: Secondary data analysis was conducted using participants with no reported history of stroke in the Health and Retirement Study, a large (n = 16,113) epidemiological study of cognitive aging among respondents aged 50 years and older that measured episodic memory consistently biennially between 1996 and 2014. Analyses were limited to participants with at least 4 serial measures of episodic memory. Occurrence and date of p-stroke events were identified utilizing pattern recognition to identify stepwise declines in cognition consistent with stroke. Descriptive statistics included the percentage of the population with p-stroke, the mean change in episodic memory resulting in stroke-positive testing, and the mean time between p-stroke and first major diagnosed stroke. Statistical analyses comparing cases of p-stroke with reported major stroke relied on the area under the receiver-operating curve (AUC). Longitudinal modeling was utilized to examine rates of change in those with/without major stroke after adjusting for demographics. Results: The pattern recognition protocol identified 7,499 p-strokes that went unreported. On average, individuals with p-stroke declined in episodic memory by 1.986 (SD = 0.023) words at the inferred time of stroke. The resulting pattern recognition protocol was able to identify self-reported major stroke (AUC = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.57–0.59, p < 0.001). In those with a reported major stroke, p-stroke events were detectable on average 4.963 (4.650–5.275) years (p < 0.001) before diagnosis was first reported. The incidence of p-stroke was 40.23/1,000 (95% CI = 39.40–41.08) person-years. After adjusting for sex, age was associated with the incidence of p-stroke and major stroke at similar rates. Conclusions: This is the first study to propose utilizing pattern recognition to identify the incidence and timing of p-stroke. Further work is warranted examining the clinical utility of pattern recognition in identifying p-stroke in longitudinal cognitive profiles.
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Pereira Costa, Maria Teresa, Richard Roberto Lobo, Valquiria Santiloni, and Lígia Souza Lima Silveira da Mota. "Aneuploidy of sex chromosomes in a tortoiseshell cat – case report." Clínica Veterinária XXII, no. 126 (January 1, 2017): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.46958/rcv.2017.xxii.n.126.p.40-44.
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Cytogenetic analysis is an important step in the diagnosis of animals with a history of infertility or sterility. While chromosomal studies have been indicated for livestock species for years, the demand for such analyzes in companion animals has recently increased. The coat color in cats known as tortoiseshell presents predominance of black hair mixed with white and orange hair all over the body and, in the color pattern known as calico, these three colors are presented as independent spots with predominance of white hair. However, all of these patterns are limited to females due to sex-linked inheritance. Male tortoiseshell or calico cats occur rarely, due to the occurrence of chromosomal aberrations. This article reports the chromosomal analysis of a male cat with tortoiseshell pelage that presented an extra X chromosome (diploid chromosome set of 2n = 39,XXY), a condition which is similar to Klinefelter syndrome in humans.