Academic literature on the topic 'History of Radioactivity'
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Journal articles on the topic "History of Radioactivity"
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LEMONICK, SAM. "RADIOACTIVITY RESEARCH: A HISTORY." Chemical & Engineering News Archive 89, no. 31 (August 2011): 45–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v089n031.p045.
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Henry, Hugh F. "Radioactivity and Health, A History." Nuclear Technology 91, no. 3 (September 1990): 420–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/nt90-a34464.
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Archer, Victor E. "Radioactivity and Health: A History." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 266, no. 5 (August 7, 1991): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1991.03470050119039.
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Reddy, A. R. "Radioactivity: a history of mysterious science." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 156, no. 2 (August 4, 2013): 253–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/nct198.
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Ovcharov, Alexander V., and Pavel D. Golub. "FROM THE HISTORY OF THE DISCOVERY OF RADIOACTIVITY." Science and School, no. 3 (2021): 226–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/1819-463x-2021-3-226-234.
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Diehl, R., U. Oberlack, J. Knödlseder, K. Bennett, H. Bloemen, W. Hermsen, J. Ryan, V. Schönfelder, and P. von Ballmoos. "26 Al Radioactivity in the Galaxy." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 166 (1997): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100071311.
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Abstract26Al radioactivity is believed to originate predominantly from massive stars, ejected into interstellar medium in wind phases and/or supernova events. With its million-year decay time, penetrating γ-rays from 26Al decay measure the massive-star history averaged over a time scale of ≃million years, thus extending times cales accessible otherwise. The COMPTEL 1.809 MeV all-sky data from 5 years of observations show irregularities and features at intermediate latitudes, which may have a more local origin (≃ 1 kpc). We find that the large scale emission can be characterized by a Galactic scale height of ≃ 130 pc, and a Galactocentric scale radius of ≃ 5 kpc, with features from spiral structure. Catalogues from massive-star related objects do not significantly improve the description of COMPTEL data above this. Emission associated with nearby structures such as the Gould Belt, Loop I, or stellar aggregates, is indicated, yet cannot be clearly detected. Combined with our imaging results, this suggests that 26A1 yields from massive star ensembles depend on specifics of those stars and their history. Further 26A1 γ-ray studies are underway to help mapping of the massive star history in the solar vicinity.
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Thomas, Josef Jiří. "PREHISTORY OF THE CZECH RADON PROGRAM." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 191, no. 2 (September 2020): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncaa164.
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Abstract In the Czech Republic, the program managing high radon levels in dwellings has existed for nearly 30 years. Although the recent history of radiation protection from naturally radioactive gas is quite well known, prior radon management is less understood. This article describes the history of natural radioactivity and its management from the Middle Ages, showing that Czech countries have a much longer and abundant history related to natural radioactivity.
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Dennis, J. A. "Radioactivity measurements. Principles and practice." Endeavour 15, no. 4 (January 1991): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-9327(91)90138-2.
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Clarke, Roger. "Pandora’s box the history of radiation, radioactivity, and radiological protection." Journal of Radiological Protection 39, no. 3 (August 28, 2019): 984–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6498/ab2d94.
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Boudia, Soraya. "The curie laboratory: Radioactivity and metrology." History and Technology 13, no. 4 (January 1997): 249–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07341519708581910.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "History of Radioactivity"
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Rentetzi, Maria. "Gender, Politics, and Radioactivity Research in Vienna, 1910-1938." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27084.
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What could it mean to be a physicist specialized in radioactivity in the early 20th century Vienna? More specifically, what could it mean to be a woman experimenter in radioactivity during that time? This dissertation focuses on the lived experiences of the women experimenters of the Institut für Radiumforschung in Vienna between 1910 and 1938. As one of three leading European Institutes specializing in radioactivity, the Institute had a very strong staff. At a time when there were few women in physics, one third of the Institute's researchers were women. Furthermore, they were not just technicians but were independent researchers who published at about the same rate as their male colleagues. This study accounts for the exceptional constellation of factors that contributed to the unique position of women in Vienna as active experimenters.
Three main threads structure this study. One is the role of the civic culture of Vienna and the spatial arrangements specific to the Mediziner-Viertel in establishing the context of the intellectual work of the physicists. A second concerns the ways the Institute's architecture helped to define the scientific activity in its laboratories and to establish the gendered identities of the physicists it housed. The third examines how the social conditions of the Institute influenced the deployment of instrumentation and experimental procedures especially during the Cambridge-Vienna controversy of the 1920s. These threads are unified by their relation to the changing political context during the three contrasting periods in which the story unfolds: a) from the end of the 19th century to the end of the First World War, when new movements, including feminism, Social Democracy, and Christian Socialism, shaped the Viennese political scene, b) the period of Red Vienna, 1919 to 1934, when Social Democrats had control of the City of Vienna, and c) the period from 1934 to the Anschluss in 1938, during which fascists and Nazis seized power in Austria. As I show, the careers of the Institute's women were shaped in good part by the shifting meanings, and the politics, that attached to being a "woman experimenter" in Vienna from 1910 to the beginning of the Second World War.Ph. D.
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Farias, Rejane Maria da Silva. "O legado científico de Marie Curie: Desafios e perspectivas da mulher na ciência." Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 2018. http://tede.bc.uepb.edu.br/jspui/handle/tede/3119.
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The objective of this work was to recover the legacy that Marie Curie raised in her scientific and personal life, seeking to highlight the greatest difficulties and perspectives faced by women in the period when they were based, to be part of the sciences in a masculine universe. We do not intend to construct a biography of the scientist, we try to analyze her legacy more vehemently so as to lead us to understand how, despite the difficulties, Marie Curie went beyond socially established limits and became a reference in research with radioactive elements. For this, we chose to approach our problematic through a qualitative research with a historiographic approach, because we understand that, in this way, we will have greater possibilities to understand the emphasis of our objectives and to have a more meaningful answer to what we propose as problematic. We sought to surround ourselves with the most relevant sources of research for the subject, from some originals to secondary sources of good quality and to be faithful to the events of the life of this scientist who lived from 1867 to 1934 (the period we took as a basis for our analysis). We propose a work loyal to the documents researched, without romanticizing or policing the obtained data evidencing a Marie Curie who was not a born genius, nor did she have super abilities that made her the differential in what she intended to accomplish. It is not based on being different with respect to knowing that Marie comes to stand out in the scientific world. She faced the same, or even more, difficulties that any woman faced in this period to be part of the masculinized universe of the sciences. However, we believe that Marie Curie was a woman who took advantage of the opportunities that have arisen in her life, and was able to deal with the difficulties in a way that every obstacle that arises she has turned into the potentiality to achieve its objectives.
Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho, resgatar o legado que Marie Curie ergueu em sua vida científica e pessoal, buscando evidenciar quais as maiores dificuldades e perspectivas que as mulheres enfrentavam, no período tomado como base, para fazer parte das ciências num universo masculinizado. Não pretendemos construir uma biografia da cientista, procuramos analisar com mais veemência o seu legado de modo que nos leve a entender como, apesar das dificuldades, Marie Curie ultrapassou limites estabelecidos socialmente e tornou-se referencia na pesquisa com elementos radioativos. Para isso, optamos por abordar nossa problemática através de uma pesquisa de caráter qualitativo com abordagem historiográfica, por entendermos que, assim, teremos maiores possibilidades de compreender a ênfase dos nossos objetivos e termos uma mais significativa resposta para o que propomos como problemática. Procuramos nos cercar de fontes de pesquisa mais relevantes possível para a temática, desde algumas originais até fontes secundárias de boa qualidade e ser fiel aos acontecimentos da vida dessa cientista que viveu de 1867 a 1934 (período que tomamos como base para a nossa análise). Propomos um trabalho leal aos documentos pesquisados, sem romancear ou policiar os dados obtidos evidenciando uma Marie Curie que não foi um gênio nato, nem detinha super habilidades que fizesse com que ela fosse o diferencial dentro do que pretendia realizar. Não é baseado em ser diferente com relação a saberes que Marie vem se destacar no mundo científico. Ela enfrentou as mesmas, ou até mais dificuldades que qualquer mulher enfrentava nesse período para fazer parte do universo masculinizado das ciências. Contudo, acreditamos que Marie Curie foi uma mulher que aproveitou as oportunidades que surgiram em sua vida, e soube lidar com as dificuldades de uma maneira que cada empecilho que viesse surgir ela transformou em potencialidade para conseguir seus objetivos.
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Gomes, Tauan Garcia. "Uma história da radioatividade para a escola básica: desafios e propostas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/81/81132/tde-25112015-141635/.
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Nas últimas décadas cresceu o número de pesquisas que defendem os benefícios do uso da História da Ciência na educação científica, entretanto, surgiram também estudos apontando diversas dificuldades para tal fim, inclusive quanto à carência de propostas efetivas para a sala de aula. A partir deste impasse, desenvolvemos uma pesquisa que elabora e analisa o processo de construção de uma abordagem didática da história da radioatividade para o Ensino Médio para ser utilizada por professores de química e de física. Selecionamos aspectos da pesquisa sobre radioatividade, desde seu inicio -- entre as décadas de 1890 e de 1900 -- às suas aplicações, durante o século XX, como tema para a construção de uma proposta didático-metodológica para ensino de física e de química. Além de conceitos científicos, tais episódios permitem discussões metacientíficas, por exemplo, diferenciando a descoberta de um fenômeno natural da construção de explicações sobre ele e a compreensão da ciência enquanto fazer coletivo. Utilizamos como apoio metodológico uma proposta que se propõe a lidar com obstáculos apontados pela literatura, fundamentando a seleção e adaptação de conteúdos históricos na proposição de atividades didáticas, a partir de cada contexto educacional e dos objetivos epistemológicos estabelecidos pelo autor/pesquisador. Oferecemos como resultados desta pesquisa o planejamentos para as aulas, os textos para os alunos (material didático) e para o professor e a análise sobre a construção da proposta, que pode auxiliar outras pesquisas na área.In recent decades has grown the number of research defending the benefits of using the History of Science in science education, however, there were also studies pointing out the difficulties for that purpose, including proposals for the classroom. From this impasse, we developed a survey that establishes and analyzes the process of building a didactic approach of radioactivity history for the high school for be used by teachers of chemical and physical. We selected aspects of research on radioactivity, since its beginning -- between the 1890s and 1900s -- to their applications, during the twentieth century, as the theme for the construction of a didactic-methodological proposal for physics and chemistry teaching. In addition to scientific concepts such episodes allow metascientific discussions, for example, differentiating the discovery of a natural phenomenon of building explanations about it and understanding of science while making collective. The methodology used, which proposes to deal with obstacles mentioned by the literature, supporting the selection and adaptation of historical contents in proposing educational activities, from every educational context and epistemological objectives set by the author / researcher. We offer as a result of this research the plans for classes, the texts for students (teaching materials) and for the teacher and the analysis on the construction of proposal, that can assist other research in the area.
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Cardoso, Gabriel Pugliese. "Sobre o \'Caso Marie Curie\' - A radioatividade e a subversão do gênero." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8134/tde-03082011-125925/.
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Trata-se de um estudo do Caso Marie Curie sob o signo do acontecimento: como a luta desigual de Marie Curie em favor da radioatividade foi suscitada pela possibilidade de afirmar isso é científico. Essa pesquisa se debruça sobre as controvérsias em torno da radioatividade entre os anos 1898 e 1911, que envolveram toda uma política sexual (e depois nacionalista). Em meio a esse conjunto de relações de poder que tornou indissociáveis os assuntos humanos e a gestão-produção das coisas, exploro como esse acontecimento criou uma problematização para os contemporâneos, desabrochando em uma política singular. Recolocar e extrair o caráter auto-evidente da produção de Marie Curie e da radioatividade é um dos objetivos dessa dissertação. Enfim, desejo fazer aparecer uma aclimatação que corrompeu tanto o gênero quanto a ciência, produzindo de modo singular Marie Curie como um ícone da história da ciência, bem como a radioatividade com um fenômeno universal.It is about a study of Marie Curie Case under the sign of the : how an unequal conflict of Marie Curie in favor of the radioactivity was raised by the possibility of affirming this is scientific. This search focuses on the controversies surrounding the radioactivity between the years 1898 and 1911, which involved a sexual (and after nationalist) politics. In the midst of this set of power relations that made the human affairs and the production-management of things inseparable, I explore how these created a problematization to the contemporaries, unclasping a singular politics. This dissertation aims at replacing and extracting the selfevident character of the production of Marie Curie and radioactivity. Finally, I desire to display an acclimatization that corrupted both gender and science, producing Marie Curie as an icon of science history, and the radioactivity as an universal phenomenon.
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Monteiro, Flavianne Alexandre. "Discutindo a ciência através de episódios históricos: o caso dos raios-x e da radioatividade." Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 2011. http://tede.bc.uepb.edu.br/tede/jspui/handle/tede/1699.
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Previous issue date: 2011-04-08Much research argues that the History and Philosophy of Science (HPS) can help students to learn about the process of science. To reach this goal, some aspects of the scientific knowledge must be emphasized or to be explored explicitly to show how science is a complex activity. In this sense, scientific controversies present many aspects to be explored. In this work, we choose a historical episode about X-ray and radioactivity to teach students about the process of scientific inquiry. This episode presents a controversy about the nature of the X-ray and about the priority of the discovery of the radioactivity. We used three steps to introduce the ideas about the episode and about the science in classroom: a hands-on activity and two classes exploring the historical episode by texts. The results show that the use historical material must be carefully prepared to reach the goal of explicit the process of scientific inquiry or the historical episode can be misunderstood.
Pesquisas na área de Ensino de Ciências argumentam que a História e a Filosofia da Ciência (HFC) podem ajudar os estudantes a entenderem como se dá o processo de aquisição do conhecimento científico. Para atingir este objetivo, o processo do conhecimento científico deve ser enfatizado ou explorado explicitamente de forma a mostrar como a ciência é uma atividade complexa. Neste sentido, controvérsias científicas apresentam muitos aspectos a serem explorados. Neste trabalho, escolhemos um episódio histórico sobre raios-X e radioatividade para ensinar os estudantes sobre o processo de aquisição do conhecimento científico. O episódio escolhido apresenta tanto uma controvérsia do ponto de vista conceitual, já que discute os problemas sobre a natureza dos raios-X; quanto sobre o processo científico, já que também discute sobre a prioridade na descoberta da radioatividade. A intervenção constou de três passos para a introdução das ideias sobre o episódio histórico e sobre a ciência: uma dinâmica que simulava o processo da ciência e duas aulas em que foram discutidos textos sobre os episódios históricos. Os resultados mostraram que a elaboração de textos sobre episódios históricos é um processo desafiador e deve ser tomado com extremo cuidado ao explicitar a ciência, caso contrário pode levar a uma distorção tanto da história quanto da complexidade do conhecimento científico.
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Saclier, Nathanaëlle. "Origine des variations de taux d’évolution moléculaire inter-spécifiques : apport d’un modèle génomique en milieu souterrain." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. https://n2t.net/ark:/47881/m69p310z.
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La vitesse à laquelle les séquences d’ADN évoluent varie selon les espèces. Ces différences peuvent venir de caractéristiques intrinsèques de l’espèce (taux métabolique, traits d’histoire de vie) ou de son environnement (rayonnements ionisants). L’objectif de cette thèse est de tester les principales hypothèses expliquant les variations de taux d’évolution moléculaire entre les espèces. Pour cela, les particularités des Asellidae souterrains ont été couplées avec des données de séquençage nouvelle génération dans le génome nucléaire et le génome mitochondrial. L’utilisation des Asellidae comme modèle biologique nous permet d’avoir, au sein du même groupe, des espèces ayant indépendamment effectuées une transition vers le milieu souterrain. Cette transition étant accompagnée de nombreux changements, tant biologiques (longévité, taux métabolique, temps de génération) qu’environnementaux, elle nous permet, au sein du même groupe, de pouvoir comparer des espèces contrastées en termes de longévité, de taille de populations, de rayonnements ionisants ou encore de productivité et de température. De plus, parce que ces organismes dispersent peu, ils persistent dans le même environnement durant de nombreuses générations, permettant de préciser et de quantifier les facteurs responsables de variations du taux d’évolution moléculaire entre les espèces.Cette approche nous a permis de mettre en évidence un effet du temps de génération sur le taux d’évolution du génome nucléaire mais pas sur le génome mitochondrial. Un effet de la radioactivité naturelle, d’une ampleur analogue à celle du temps de génération a également été mis en évidence. Enfin, l’étude des variations des taux d’évolution moléculaire à une échelle globale a révélée des biais dans les calculs des taux de substitutions qui devront être pris en compte dans les études cherchant a établir le lien entre le taux de mutations et la diversificationThe rate at which DNA accumulates substitutions varies widely among species. Rate variations have been imputed to species intrinsic features (metabolic rate, life history traits) or to the environment characteristics (ionizing radiations, selection pressure). The aim of this PhD project was to investigate the main hypotheses explaining variations in the rate of molecular evolution between species. To achieve that, we combined the unique properties of subterranean isopods from the Asellidae family and high-throughput sequencing data from the nuclear and mitochondrial genome. Asellidae species have made multiple independent transitions to subterranean environments where subterranean species have repeatedly evolved a lower metabolic rate, a longer lifespan and a longer generation time. Moreover, because they are poor dispersers, they are exposed to the same environment across many generations, allowing us to compare species with long-term contrasted features in term of life history traits and environmental characteristics. We found that generation time negatively impact the rate of molecular evolution in the nuclear genome whereas the mitochondrial rate remained unchanged. We also found an increase of the mutation rate for species living in naturally highly radioactive environments. Finally, the study of the rate of molecular evolution variation at a global scale brought forward a systematic bias which needs to be taken into account in studying the link between the mutation rate and diversification
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Hughes, Jeffrey Alan. "The radioactivists : community, controversy and the rise of nuclear physics." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/251555.
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Niese, Siegfried. "The informal German Radium Research Center Brunswick- Wolfenbüttel at the beginning of the 20th century." Siegfried Niese, 2017. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A7952.
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Nach der Entdeckung der Radioaktivität und der ersten radioaktiven Elemente durch Henry Becquerel, Marie und Pierre Curie begannen deutsche Wissenschaftler mit Untersuchungen, die zur Entdeckungen weiterer radioaktiven Elemente und der Wirkung und des Charakters der Radioaktivität führten. Dabei war in den ersten Jahren ein Freundeskreis um Justus Elster, Hans Geitel in Wolfenbüttel und Friedrich Giesel in Braunschweig, die ihre wissenschaftliche Arbeit meist neben ihren beruflichen Verpflichtungen durchführten, äußerst produktiv. Dieses interdisziplinäre Zentrum war bereits sehr erfolgreich bevor entsprechende Radiuminstitute in Wien, Paris und an anderen Orten gegründet worden waren. Neben ihrer Forschungen wurden viele andere Wissenschaftler mit radioaktiven Präparaten und wissenschaftlichen Geräten versorgt.After discovery of radioactivity and radio-active elements by Henry Becquerel, Pierre and Marie Curie German scientists started with investigations, which resulted in the discovery of new radioactive elements and the character and the effects of radioactivity. Very productive have been a circle of friends with Justus Elster, Hans Geitel and Friedrich Giesel in Brunswick and Wolfenbüttel, who have mostly done the scientific work beside their professional duties. This interdisciplinary center was successful working before institutional governmental radium institutes in Vienna, Paris, and other places are founded. Besides their research, other researchers all over the world were delivered with radioactive preparations as well as instruments and glassware that they could start their research about radioactivity.
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Steinmetz, Melissa A. "National Insecurity in the Nuclear Age: Cold War Manhood and the Gendered Discourse of U.S. Survival, 1945-1960." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1406582200.
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Heliodoro, Maria Margarida Neves. "A investigação em Química no Portugal dos anos trinta do séc. XX - o estudo de caso da Professora Doutora Branca Edmée Marques." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/15821.
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Nesta dissertação estuda-se a atuação de Branca Edmée Marques enquanto
bolseira da Junta de Educação Nacional (1931-35) no Laboratório Curie, em
particular a sua atividade científica, recorrendo à sua correspondência com esta
instituição (conservada no Instituto Camões). Para compreender, em linhas gerais,
o contexto da Química em Portugal no primeiro quartel do século XX, especialmente
na radioatividade, analisa-se o conteúdo da RCPA, referenciando também os
trabalhos publicados noutras revistas científicas editadas em Portugal nesse
período. Aborda-se a história da radioatividade e o papel assumido por Mme Curie,
para melhor se compreender a atividade científica do Institut du Radium (Paris) e
enquadrar a investigação desenvolvida por Branca Edmée naquele Laboratório.
Verificou-se que Branca Edmée investigou a lei da repartição do rádio entre as
fases sólida e líquida na cristalização e precipitação fracionadas dos sais de bário
radífero, tendo publicado sobre o assunto várias comunicações e defendido uma
tese no Doctorat d’Etat; ABSTRACT: This dissertation concerns the performance of Branca Edmée Marques as a
scholarship of Junta de Educação Nacional (1931-35) in Curie.Lab, particularly her
scientific activity, studying her correspondence with this institution (filed in Instituto
Camões). The content analysis of RCPA is made to understand, in general terms,
the context of Chemistry in Portugal in the first quarter of the twentieth century,
especially on radioactivity, also referring to papers published in other scientific
journals published in Portugal, in this period. The history of radioactivity and Mme
Curie´s role are mentioned for a better understanding of the scientific activity of
Institut du Radium (Paris) and to fit her investigation in the Curie.Lab where she
studied the law of the distribution of radio between the solid phase and the liquid
phase in the fractionated crystallization and precipitation of radifer barium salts,
having several publications on the subject and defended a thesis for Doctorat
d’Etat.
Books on the topic "History of Radioactivity"
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Stannard, J. Newell. Radioactivity and health: A history. Springfield, Va: National Technical Information Service, 1988.
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Stannard, J. Newell. Radioactivity and health: A history. Springfield, Va: National Technical Information Service, 1988.
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Stannard, J. Newell. Radioactivity and health: A history. [Richland, Wash.]: Pacific Northwest Laboratory, 1988.
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Radioactivity: A history of a mysterious science. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
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Henderson, Harry. The Curie family: Exploring radioactivity. New York: Chelsea House, 2012.
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Bimbot, René. Histoire de la radioactivité: L'évolution d'un concept et de ses applications. Paris: Vuibert, 2006.
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McGowen, Tom. Radioactivity: From the Curies to the atomic age. New York: F. Watts, 1986.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "History of Radioactivity"
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de Andrade Martins, Roberto. "Henri Becquerel and Radioactivity: A Critical Revision." In Brazilian Studies in Philosophy and History of Science, 107–17. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9422-3_6.
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Landa, Edward R. "Early Twentieth-Century Investigations of the Radioactivity of Waters in North America." In History of Geophysics, 75–80. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/hg003p0075.
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Huber, Josef Georg, Horst Schmidt-Böcking, and Bretislav Friedrich. "Walther Gerlach (1889–1979): Precision Physicist, Educator and Research Organizer, Historian of Science." In Molecular Beams in Physics and Chemistry, 119–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63963-1_8.
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AbstractWalther Gerlach’s numerous contributions to physics include precision measurements related to the black-body radiation (1912–1916) as well as the first-ever quantitative measurement of the radiation pressure (1923), apart from his key role in the epochal Stern-Gerlach experiment (1921–1922). His wide-ranging research programs at the Universities of Tübingen, Frankfurt, and Munich entailed spectroscopy and spectral analysis, the study of the magnetic properties of matter, and radioactivity. An important player in the physics community already in his 20s and in the German academia in his later years, Gerlach was appointed, on Werner Heisenberg’s recommendation, Plenipotentiary for nuclear research for the last sixteen months of the existence of the Third Reich. He supported the effort of the German physicists to achieve a controlled chain reaction in a uranium reactor until the last moments before the effort was halted by the Allied Alsos Mission. The reader can find additional discussion of Gerlach’s role in the supplementary material provided with the online version of the chapter on SpringerLink. After returning from his detention at Farm Hall, he redirected his boundless elan and determination to the reconstruction of German academia. Among his high-ranking appointments in the Federal Republic were the presidency of the University of Munich (1948–1951) and of the Fraunhofer Society (1948–1951) as well as the vice-presidency of the German Science Foundation (1949–1961) and the German Physical Society (1956–1957). As a member of Göttinger Achtzehn, he signed the Göttingen Declaration (1957) against arming the Bundeswehr with nuclear weapons. Having made history in physics, Gerlach became a prolific writer on the history of physics. Johannes Kepler was his favorite subject and personal hero—as both a scientist and humanist.
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Tuniz, Claudio. "8. Tracing human origins and history." In Radioactivity, 122–38. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199692422.003.0008.
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"History." In Measurement of Weak Radioactivity, 15–26. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814261340_0002.
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Karam, P. A., and S. A. Leslie. "Changes in terrestrial natural radiation levels over the history of life." In Radioactivity in the Environment, 107–17. Elsevier, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1569-4860(04)07011-1.
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"FUNDAMENTALS AND HISTORY OF RADIATION AND RADIOACTIVITY." In Harmful Natural Chemicals and Radiation in the Environment, 181–93. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814412940_0011.
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Thomas, Adrian M. K., and Arpan K. Banerjee. "Nuclear medicine and radioactivity: from nuclear biology to molecular imaging." In The History of Radiology, 171–92. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199639977.003.0012.
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Heilbron, J. L. "6. From old world to new." In The History of Physics: A Very Short Introduction, 117–44. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199684120.003.0007.
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‘From old world to new’ looks at the legacies of World War I, and how the discovery of the importance of physics for national defence and industrial development changed the direction of physics. It describes key work on quantum mechanics and the discoveries of radioactivity, nuclear fission, and superconductivity. World War II’s physical science and engineering created radar, leading to microwave technologies and the laser; its atomic bombs brought nuclear power; its V-2 rocket launched the aerospace industry; and it pioneered the electronic computer. High-energy physics was then further developed by Fermilab (in America) and CERN (in Europe). The 1960s onwards saw developments in cosmology, seismology, ionospherics, meteorology, and oceanography.
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Zalasiewicz, Jan. "3. Modern breakthroughs and revolutions." In Geology: A Very Short Introduction, 24–40. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198804451.003.0003.
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The early geologists built a detailed relative history of the Earth, much of which holds true today, but they had no idea of how long that history was in years. ‘Modern breakthroughs and revolutions’ explains that the ability to measure Earth time transformed geology. With the discovery of radioactivity in 1896, radiometric dating of rocks became a possibility. This numerical dating, when combined with the relative dating provided by fossils, provided a means to calibrate the long and eventful history of our planet. The study of ocean floor geology and the birth of the revolutionary plate tectonics concept explained the patterns of mountain ranges, volcanism, and earthquakes.
Conference papers on the topic "History of Radioactivity"
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Baumont, Genevieve, Tanja Perko, Grażyna Zakrzewska, Metka Kralj, Daniela Diaconu, and Nadja Železnik. "Review of the Content Analysis of Physics School Books Coming From Different European Countries on Radioactivity and Nuclear Energy." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-66020.
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The EAGLE project was a Euratom FP7 which helped to identify and disseminate good practices in information and communication processes related to ionizing radiation. For this purpose, the consortium reviewed national and international data, tools and methods as well as institutional work in order to identify education, information and communication needs. Generally in high school the first concepts on radioactivity and ionizing radiation (IR) are introduced mainly in the subjects of physics or physical chemistry. There are a number of concepts in relation with IR and nuclear topics, and different ways to teach them: theoretical, mathematical, historical or practical. The question also rose, to what extend the various topics related to ionizing radiation (health, environment, history) are dealt with. As already mentioned, all these questions let to the idea to compare the content dealing with radioactivity and nuclear topics in different physics school books and more specifically schoolbooks for high school students (in the age 17 to 18). The method was as follows: - For the review the different partners of EAGLE have sent the schoolbooks used for the target group, or scanned documents. - Spanish schoolbooks and English schoolbooks were purchased to extend the review to other EU countries. - IRSN works in partnership with a high school based in the French town Vichy. - Each book was analyzed in detail to list with precision the content. A matrix helped to compare them. The paper presents the comparison of the contents of these books and their analysis. Some recommendations coming from the Eagle project will be discussed.
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Yanagihara, Satoshi, Mitsuo Tachibana, Taro Shimada, Takenori Sukegawa, and Kunio Shiraishi. "Experience of Clean-Up Activities and Feedback to Future D&D Projects: Japan Power Demonstration Reactor Decommissioning Project." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1225.
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Abstract In the Japan Power Demonstration Reactor (JPDR) decommissioning project, the procedure for clean-up activities was specially studied for harmonization with radioactive waste treatment policy in Japan; it consisted of several components such as survey of the facility operational history, radiological characterization of building surfaces, decontamination and final survey of radioactivities. After confirming that there was no significant radioactivity in the facilities in the final step of the procedure, buildings were demolished in consideration of treatment of wastes as non-radioactive materials. The JPDR decommissioning project was completed by March 1996 with no serious problems, which showed that the procedure was rational, and that the experiences are useful for planning of future decommissioning activities. The dismantling and clean-up activities were reviewed, and the experiences are excepted to contribute to establishing standard and regulatory systems on decommissioning nuclear facilities.
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Belloc, F., P. Hourdille, M. Boisseau, and A. T. Nurden. "FIBRINOGEN SYNTHESIS BUT DEFECTIVE STORAGE IN THE PLATELETS OF A PATIENT WITH GLANZMANN’S THROMBASTHENIA." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644739.
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Patient A.M. has a lifelong history of bleeding episodes and platelet function defects typical of type I Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. Analysis of platelet membrane glycoproteins (GP) by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) or by studying the binding of monoclonal antibodies to intact platelets, confirmed the presence of only trace amounts of GP lib and GP Ilia. SDS-PAGE also revealed a severe deficiency of the alpha-granule pool of platelet fibrinogen although an immunoblot performed using a monospecific rabbit anti-fibrinogen antibody showed the presence of residual amounts of fibrinogen. This was estimated to be approximately 10 % of the normal range by an ELISA procedure. Incubation of washed platelets from A.M. with (35S) methionine for 3 h at 37°C resulted in the incorporation of radioactivity into multiple protein bands as revealed by SDS-PAGE followed by fluorography. Immunoprecipitation experiments with affinity purified anti-fibrinogen IgG bound to ultrogel confirmed the synthesis of fibrinogen. The amounts of radioactivity obtained were similar to those immunoprecipitated from control platelet extracts under the same conditions. However, unlike for control platelets, the neosynthesized fibrinogen in A.M. platelets was no longer detected after a 18 h cold chase. In contrast, neosynthesized thrombospondin of the patient was normally preserved during the same chase period. When the fate of the neosynthesized fibrinogen in A.M. platelets was studied it was found to be lost at a faster rate than in normal platelets. Immunoblotting experiments confirmed that cytoplasmic proteases may degrade fibrinogen when exposed to the protein. Our results suggest that the fibrinogen deficiency in the platelets of patients with type I thrombasthenia may be related to a storage abnormality in megakaryocytes or platelets and not from a synthesis defect.
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Nazzaro, Robin, William Swick, Nancy Kintner-Meyer, Thomas Perry, Carole Blackwell, Christopher Hatscher, and Avani Locke. "U.S. Department of Energy’s High-Level Waste Program: Opportunities and Challenges in Achieving Risk and Cost Reductions." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4627.
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The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) oversees one of the largest cleanup programs in history—the treatment and disposal of 356,260 cubic meters of highly radioactive nuclear waste created as a result of the nation’s nuclear weapons program. This waste is currently stored at DOE sites in the states of Washington, Idaho, and South Carolina. In 2002, DOE began an accelerated cleanup initiative to reduce the estimated $105-billion cost and 70-year time frame required for the program. The U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO), an agency of the U.S. Congress, evaluated DOE’s high-level waste program to determine the status of the accelerated cleanup initiative, the legal and technical challenges DOE faces in implementing it, and any further opportunities to improve program management. GAO found that DOE’s initiative for reducing the cost and time required for cleaning up high-level waste is evolving. DOE’s main strategy continues to include concentrating much of the radioactivity into a smaller volume for disposal in a geologic repository. Under the accelerated initiative, DOE sites are evaluating other approaches, such as disposing of more of the waste on site or at other designated locations. DOE’s current savings estimate for these approaches is $29 billion, but the estimate is not based on a complete assessment of costs and benefits and has other computational limitations. For example, the savings estimate does not adequately reflect the timing of when savings will be realized, which distorts the actual amount of savings DOE may realize. DOE faces significant legal and technical challenges to realize these savings. A key legal challenge involves DOE’s authority to decide that some waste with relatively low concentrations of radioactivity can be disposed of on site. A recent court ruling against DOE is a major threat to DOE’s ability to meet its accelerated schedules. A key technical challenge is DOE’s approach for separating waste into high-level and low-activity portions. At the Hanford Site in Washington State, DOE is planning to implement such a method that will not be fully tested until the separations facility is constructed. This approach increases the risk and cost of schedule delays compared to fully testing an integrated pilot-scale facility. However, DOE believes the risks are manageable and that a pilot facility would unnecessarily delay waste treatment and disposal. DOE has opportunities to improve management of the high-level waste program. When it began the initiative to reduce costs and accelerate the high-level waste cleanup schedule, DOE acknowledged it had systematic problems with the way the program was managed. Although DOE has taken steps to improve program management, GAO has continuing concerns about management weaknesses in several areas. These include making key decisions without a sufficiently rigorous supporting analysis, incorporating technology before it is sufficiently tested, and pursuing a “fast-track” approach of simultaneous design and construction of complex nuclear facilities. DOE’s management actions have not fully addressed these weaknesses.
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Masui, Hideki, Makoto Kashiwagi, Wolfgang Mu¨ller, and Bertrand Lante`s. "Suggestion to Waste Classification for Scaling Factor Method." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-5007.
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Scaling factors (SF) are widely used to determine the nuclide specific radioactivity concentration of a waste package. In this paper, an appropriate waste classification for applying the same SF value is considered through a study of differences in physicochemical behavior of nuclides and a comparison of nuclide data obtained by a radiochemical analysis of actual wastes from several waste streams. Corrosion product (CP) nuclides show only minor differences in production/transportation behavior through all waste streams because they are generated by the activation of reactor materials and have low solubility in common. Therefore a unified SF for all waste streams is considered applicable, though the SF can at best be determined for each individual waste stream. Fission product (FP) nuclides and alpha-emitters are generated by neutron capture and nuclear fission and their solubility varies. If Cs-137 is selected as the key nuclide, distinct differences in nuclides ratios are recognized between homogeneous waste (e.g. resins, concentrates) and heterogeneous waste (e.g. filter cartridges, dry active waste). This is mainly because the release behavior and the solubility of alpha emitters and FP nuclides differ from those of Cs-137. Our study suggests that all waste streams can be divided into those two categories. On the other hand, some countries selected Co-60 as key nuclide for alpha-emitters and some FP nuclides. If Co-60 is selected as the key nuclide, it may be helpful to categorize power plants according to their fuel failure history. This is because the generation mechanism of the key nuclide differs from that of the difficult to measure (DTM) nuclides. Within each categorization, insignificant differences are recognized in terms of ratios of DTM nuclides to Co-60, for both nuclides have rather low solubility. Therefore a unified SF can be applicable, though further categorization of SF is possible for more accurate estimate.
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Satoh, Shigeru. "Making Sustainable Network-Community for Refugees from Fukushima Nuclear Plant Disaster on Stable Historic Castle Town and Region." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.4983.
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After Fukushima nuclear power generation plant accident disaster, all of residents in the area contaminated by radioactivity, and all public facilities are evacuated to surrounding regions or more remote cities by central government’s directions. So refugee temporary housing estates are scattered and aged people left there after six years since the disaster. Namie town is the biggest one in these area. City of Nihonmastu is typical Japanese castle town city and adjacent to contaminated area, and accepted many Nanie refugees, temporary housings, town office and schools, hospitals and industry site, so on. Fukushima Namie Recovering Project team, organized by NPO Shinmachi-Namie and Waseda university, proposed Network-community connecting several refugee housing estates, evacuated public facilities and other city cores. It is necessary to connect them and reintegrate their community facilitating “supporting system for network community” in practice. This vision of Network-community would be adapted to the historical stable region, which involves various dispersed, aged and isolated communities. Nihonmatsu, as the Castle Town City of Nakadori-region in Fukushima prefecture, attracts people’s attention by its historical urban areas, old streets and lots of unoccupied housing and so on. That is, it is very hard to let Nihonmatsu people think optimistically about the shelter for Namie evacuees. Nevertheless, the areas of Nakadori region including Nihonmatsu may cooperate with the Namie evacuee and energize the ruined coastline by “Network Community” – the network that encompasses various historical traditions that still exist today as the regional resources; thus, the vision of future Fukushima is expectable.
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van Velzen, Leo, and Steven van der Marck. "Detection of Shielded Sealed Radioactive Sources in Radioactive Waste by Non-Destructive Assay Techniques." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59252.
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Experiences dealing are seldom reported on the detection of sealed radioactive sources (SRS) or its shielding in waste by non-destructive assay (NDA) methods in literature. Further the knowledge and experience in this field of waste characterization will vary from specialist till basic. The main aim of this paper is to give some guidance with the aid of an overview or scheme with which the possibility can be assessed of the detection and of a shielded SRS in (historic) waste packages. This aim could be reached by simulating the gamma flux emitted by a SRS at the outline of a standard 220 litres drum. The simulations have been performed with the Monte Carlo Neutron Photon transport code (MCNP). The results, visualized by means of iso-plots, are then be used for assessing the detection probability of the SRS by available NDA techniques. The following conclusions could be made: • “Heavy and dens” objects (e.g. shielded sealed radioactive source) can be detected and an indication of its location can be obtained by a sudden significant decrease of the gamma photon flux (cold-spot) at the outline of the drum. This cold-spot is caused by the “heavy or dens” object itself. A cold-spot can be detected the best by analyzing and visualizing the gamma photon flux from the backscatter area (e.g. range 100 keV up to 200 keV) and second best by analyzing the total gamma flux. • With relative simple radiological equipment (e.g. dose rate meter) the possible presence and an indication of the location of a shielded SRS can be estimated. • The detection possibility of detecting a shielded SRS depends not only on the applied NDA technique, but also on the applied effort (e.g. number of measurements, measuring time, applied measurement grid), the properties of the waste packages (e.g. density of the waste matrix and uniformity of the inside dispersed radioactivity), the location and the properties of the shielding of the SRS (e.g. geometry). • For confirmation and the determining of the exact location advanced NDA techniques (e.g. transmission computer tomography or other NDA that techniques gives three dimensional results) have to be applied.
Reports on the topic "History of Radioactivity"
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Stannard, J. N. Radioactivity and health: A history. Edited by R. W. Jr Baalman. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6608787.
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