Journal articles: 'History of Republic of Venice'

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Snyder, Jon R. "Venice Incognito: Masks in the Serene Republic." Social History 38, no. 1 (February 2013): 92–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071022.2013.758808.

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WAGNER, Marek. "Une source pour l'histoire de la campagne de Kamieniec en 1689." Historia i Świat 5 (September 12, 2016): 305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.34739/his.2016.05.23.

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The campaign of Kamieniec, the year 1689 is part of the armed conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the states members of the Holy League - the Republic of Poland, the Holy Empire and the Republic of Venice - which took place in the years 1684-1699.

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Della Mea, Elisa. "Marano: una fortezza contesa." Italianistica Debreceniensis 23 (December 1, 2017): 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.34102/italdeb/2017/4636.

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Venice’s reconquest of Marano in 1542 was a key moment in the history of the Republic. The fortress of Marano was in fact at the top of its glory between the XV and XVI century, when it was contested between Austria and Venice. When it fell in the hands of Austria in 1513, Venice tried to reconquest it with every possible means. After years of unsuccessful attempts, the feat was carried out by Beltrame Sacchia, an ambitious and adventurous merchant from Udine, who occupied the fortress in 1542 in name of the King of France. This article analyses the repercussions of Marano’s reconquest on European political equilibrium. What happened on the morning of January 2, 1542, as well as making a turning point in the boundary dynamics between Venice and the Austrian, deeply damaged the diplomatic relations between the main powers of Europe: the Venetian Republic, France, the Empire and the Ottomans.

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Feola, Vittoria. "Paris, Rome, Venice, and Vienna in Peter Lambeck’s Network." Nuncius 31, no. 1 (2016): 107–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18253911-03101005.

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This article considers, first, the roles of Paris, Rome, Venice, and Vienna in the network of Peter Lambeck, the librarian of the Hapsburg emperor Leopold I, and, secondly, Lambeck’s and Vienna’s own places in the Republic of Letters during the period 1662–1680. It begins with a biographical account, in which I situate Lambeck both geographically and intellectually. The importance of Paris is contrasted with his not so positive experience in Rome. Secondly, I focus on Lambeck’s declaration of intent to link Vienna to the Republic of Letters. Thirdly, I survey the eminently Venetian networks through which Lambeck tried to fulfil his intellectual goals. The tensions between France and the Habsburg Empire crashed against Lambeck’s idealistic aims. This raises the issue of the impact of geo-politics on the production and circulation of knowledge in early modern Europe, and prompts questions about openness and secrecy in the Republic of Letters.

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Steinberg, Arthur, and Jonathan Wylie. "Counterfeiting Nature: Artistic Innovation and Cultural Crisis in Renaissance Venice." Comparative Studies in Society and History 32, no. 1 (January 1990): 54–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500016339.

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Venice faced serious political and economic setbacks in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. The future of the Eternal Republic seemed bleak when, in 1509, nearly bankrupt, her commercial empire in the Aegean and the eastern Mediterranean slipping away, Venice's army was routed at Agnadello by the forces of the League of Cambrai. Even the elements seemed to have turned against Venice around this time, visiting the city with earthquake, storm, flood, famine, and the plague. Well might the prominent banker Girolamo Priuli have feared that “great God has permitted and ordered this severe ruin of the Venetian Empire”

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Wolff, Larry. "Venice and the Slavs of Dalmatia: The Drama of the Adriatic Empire in the Venetian Enlightenment." Slavic Review 56, no. 3 (1997): 428–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2500924.

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The earliest submission of the Dalmatian cities to Venetian sovereignty, around the medieval millennial year 1000, remained fundamental for the mythology of Venice’s political culture right up to the end of the history of the republic in 1797. Giacomo Diedo, whose history of Venice was published in 1751, focused his attention upon “the first acquisitions of the Venetians in Dalmatia, which then might serve as a base for further advances.” In fact, the coastal cities of Dalmatia would serve Venice in the most literal (and littoral) sense as bases for an imperial commercial domain that advanced beyond the Adriatic to the eastern Mediterranean, but for Diedo, and his eighteenth-century contemporaries, Dalmatia was also an ideological base on which to construct a culturally convenient vision of Venetian empire. The Dalmatians, in order “to secure themselves from the molestations of the barbarians” (the Narentani along the river Neretva), appealed for the protection of Venice, so that the Adriatic armada of the Doge Pietro II Orseolo was welcomed “with acclamations by the inhabitants who saluted him as their liberator.”

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Apellániz, Francisco. "Venetian Trading Networks in the Medieval Mediterranean." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 44, no. 2 (August 2013): 157–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_00535.

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Network analysis can identify the crucial role that such social outcasts as Jews, Greeks, colonial subjects, and uprooted individuals played within the exclusive commercial networks of the Republic of Venice. These lower-rank merchants and brokers were able not only to manipulate legal, cultural, and religious categories to integrate themselves into the Venetian networks but also to abandon those networks when better economic opportunities arose.

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Heldman, Marilyn E. "A chalice from Venice for Emperor Dāwit of Ethiopia." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 53, no. 3 (October 1990): 442–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00151341.

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The various documents concerning Emperor Dāwit's embassy to the Republic of Venice in 1402 have been brought together in Carlo Conti Rossini's article of 1927 on European influence upon Ethiopian art before the coming of Jesuit missionaries in the mid sixteenth century. The purpose of this brief paper is to expand the story of Dāwit's embassy with a short document, which sheds some light upon the motives for this and subsequent Ethiopian embassies to European nations during the period before the Adalite invasions that began in 1529.

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Huang, Ray. "The Rise of Capitalism in Venice, the Dutch Republic, and England: A Chronological Sketch." Chinese Studies in History 20, no. 1 (October 1986): 3–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/csh0009-463320013.

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Finlay, Robert. "Fabius Maximus in Venice: Doge Andrea Gritti, the War of Cambrai, and the Rise of Habsburg Hegemony, 1509-1530*." Renaissance Quarterly 53, no. 4 (2000): 988–1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2901454.

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As a consequence of its dismal experience in the War of Cambrai (1509-1517), the Venetian Republic adopted a military policy of avoiding battlefield encounters. As a commander in the war and as doge of Venice after 1523, Andrea Gritti was the foremost proponent of this strategy, earning for himself the appellation of "Fabius Maximus," the Roman general who opposed Hannibal by delay and defense in the Second Punic War. In the 1520s, the Republic aspired to play the role of a great power — or at least that of an independent, balancing force between France and the Spanish-Habsburg Empire; but its refusal to commit its troops to battle fatally weakened the political coalitions opposing Charles V and thereby significantly contributed to the rise of Habsburg hegemony in Italy. A major step toward Charles V's triumph was the infamous Sack of Rome in 1527, a calamity for which the Fabian policy of Venice bears some responsibility.

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MILLER, PETER N. "STOICS WHO SING: LESSONS IN CITIZENSHIP FROM EARLY MODERN LUCCA." Historical Journal 44, no. 2 (June 2001): 313–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x01001790.

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Lucca was the smallest and least important of the three Italian republics that survived the Renaissance. Venice and Genoa still command the attention of historians. But in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, for all that it might seem out-of-the-way, Lucca developed an extraordinary political literature. The regular election of senators was marked by the musical performance of a text, generally drawn from Roman history, that illustrated the way citizens of a republic were to behave. The poet and composer were natives and the event was a lesson in citizenship. A close look at the content of these serenades, or operas, makes clear that the republic's motto might have been Libertas but its teaching emphasized constantia. The themes and the heroes of Lucca's political literature were those we associate with neo-Stoicism. The relationship between neo-Stoicism and citizenship in early modern Lucca is the focus of this article. These texts present us with the self-image of an early modern republic and its understanding of what it meant to be a citizen. They are an important source for anyone interested in early modern debates about citizenship and in the political ideas that are conveyed in the commonplaces of baroque visual and musical culture.

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Galery, Maria Clara Versiani. "Na cidade historiada: justiça e outros conflitos em O Mercador de Veneza, de William Shakespeare." Diálogos 23, no. 2 (June 7, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/dialogos.v23i2.46170.

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RESUMO: Na época em que Shakespeare escolheu Veneza para cenário de Otelo e O Mercador de Veneza, a cidade-república correspondia aos ideais renascentistas de liberdade e estabilidade. Descobertas no âmbito da geografia e da astronomia exigiam uma reavaliação do lugar ocupado por mulheres e homens na nova concepção do universo. Este ensaio pretende refletir sobre a Veneza mítica do imaginário shakespeariano, uma paisagem simbólica, menos física e concreta que ideológica. Nesse sentido, o trabalho recorre ao conceito foucauldiano de heterotopia para ilustrar como, na representação da cidade, se projetavam os anseios de uma época. Aqui, a jurisprudência é de importância central. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Shakespeare, Mercador de Veneza, Renascimento, Veneza, heterotopia, jurisprudência In the storied city: justice and other conflicts of The Merchant of Venice ABSTRACT: When Shakespeare chose Venice as the location for Othello and The Merchant of Venice, the republic corresponded to Renaissance ideals of freedom and stability. Discoveries in the realm of geography and astronomy required a re-evaluation of the place occupied by women and men in the new conception of the universe. This essay intends to discuss the mythical Venice of Shakespeare’s imagination, a symbolic landscape, less physical and concrete than ideological. In this sense, this paper turns to Foucault’s concept of heterotopia to illustrate how the anxieties of an epoch were projected in the representation of the city. Here, jurisprudence is of central importance. KEYWORDS: Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice, Renaissance, Venice, heterotopia, jurisprudence En la ciudad historiada: justicia y otros conflictos del Mercader de Venecia RESUMEN: En la época en que Shakespeare escogió Venecia como escenario de Otelo y El Mercader de Venecia, la ciudad-república correspondía a los ideales renacentistas de libertad y estabilidad. Los descubrimientos en el ámbito de la geografía y de la astronomía exigían una reevaluación del lugar ocupado por mujeres y hombres en la nueva concepción del universo. Este ensayo pretende reflexionar sobre la Venecia mítica del imaginario shakespeariano, un paisaje simbólico, menos físico y concreto que ideológico. En este sentido, el trabajo recurre al concepto foucauldiano de heterotopía para ilustrar cómo, en la representación de la ciudad, se proyectaban los anhelos de una época. Aquí, la jurisprudencia es de central importancia. PALABRAS CLAVE: Shakespeare, Mercader de Venecia, Renacimiento, Venecia, heterotopía, jurisprudencia

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ΜΟΥΣΑΔΑΚΟΥ, ΚΑΤΕΡΙΝΑ. "ΚΟΙΝΟΤΗΤΑ ΚΑΙ ΠΡΕΣΒΕΙΕΣ ΣΤΙΣ ΒΕΝΕΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΥΜΕΝΕΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΕΣ ΠΕΡΙΟΧΕΣ. ΟΨΕΙΣ ΤΩΝ ΘΕΣΜΩΝ ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΚΗΣ ΜΕΡΙΜΝΑΣ." Eoa kai Esperia 7 (January 1, 2007): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/eoaesperia.89.

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The embassies of communities of Greek regions under Venetian rule werean institution of the Serenissima Republic of Saint Mark, via which the localsocieties communicated with Venice. In the frame of the research programPYTHAGORAS II, titled «Greek Communities and European World (13th-19th c). Patterns of self-administration, social organization, identities'formation», were chosen the embassies that were included in the work ofConstantinos Sathas, «Monuments of Greek History», and more specifically,those from the IV and V volumes. The registration of a total of 94 embassiesof the 15th and 16th century from various Greek regions under Venetian rule,excluding Crete, and the presentation of short summaries of the content ofdemands and answers, in the data base that was created, offer information forthe study of a wide thematic field of Venetian and Greek history.As an example of using the data base, this article describes aspects ofinstitutions of social concern, focusing on the demands that were related tocereal supply policy, education and medical care.The requests of communities for the construction of barns and the missionof money for the supply of cereals reveal the vital problems of provisioningaccording to community and time. From another angle, the insistent demandsof communities for the employment of schoolteachers and for their paymentfrom Venice provide clues about the educational activities of Hellenism underVenetian rule. We also draw information about medical care as thecommunities asked from the Metropolis a community doctor and hisfinancing from Venice.The examination of these three aspects of social policy reveals to us thecontinuous efforts of local communities for the organization of a network ofsocial benefits, as well as the correspondence of Venice, positive or negative,in accordance always with the various economic, political and social factors ofeach time and place. Care for the different institutions of social concern appeared particularly important, to the extent that it served the catholicconcern of the Serenissima Republic of Saint Mark for the maintenance of hersocial status.

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14

Finlay, Robert. "The Immortal Republic: The Myth of Venice during the Italian Wars (1494- 1530)." Sixteenth Century Journal 30, no. 4 (1999): 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2544605.

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Pashkin, Nikolai. "Mediterranean Vector of International Relations in the Mirror of Sigismund of Luxembourg’s Conflict with Venice (1411—1413)." ISTORIYA 12, no. 7 (105) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015139-1.

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The article covers international and diplomatic aspects of the conflict of Sigismund of Luxembourg, the King of Hungary and the Romans, and the Republic of Venice in 1411—1413. Venetian claims to Dalmatia that nominally belonged to the Hungarian Crown were the formal reason of the conflict. The article notices that the main battleground was in Italia, not Dalmatia. The author thereupon concludes that the actual factor of the events was the competition between Italian states. But contrary to the traditional opinion the researcher assigns the part of the main power that competed with Venice to Florence, not Genoa. In the early fifteenth century it entered into the struggle for the outlet to the sea and sought the extension of its influence for account of new trade lines that connected the Mediterranean with Central and North Europe. Meanwhile, the head-on clash of the republics was ruled out because their relations guaranteed them both the safety of the political balance of Italy and the defence of the peninsula from external actions. But Florence could force Venice by the manipulation by the Italian policy of the King Sigismund. The instrument of the pressure was the potential union of the King and the Pope John XXIII. It was the interests of Florence that made it possible to explain the reason that kept them from direct official contacts. The investigation of the nature of the conflict reveals also its indirect connection with historical events related to West European states, Poland, the Teutonic Order, the Byzantine Empire, the Ottomans and the Golden Horde.

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Facchini, Cristiana. "Jesus the Pharisee: Leon Modena, the Historical Jesus, and Renaissance Venice." Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus 17, no. 1-2 (May 15, 2019): 81–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455197-01701003.

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This article is devoted to Leon Modena’s anti-Christian polemical work Magen ve-herev (1643 ca.) as a useful source for the reconstruction of notions about the historical Jesus in the early modern period. In this work, Modena depicts Jesus in a sympathetic way, placing his religious activity against the backdrop of second Temple Judaism. Modena’s Jesus is fully Jewish, and Magen ve-herev offers different perspectives on the religious and historical context of Jesus’ life, and on the development of Christianity. The text is interpreted not exclusively against the backdrop of Jewish anti-Christian polemics but as the result of an increasing interest in the history of Christianity and ecclesiastical history, mainly as a response to the religious strife that resonated in the Republic of Venice and its ghetto.

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Yastrebov, Alexey O. "Metropolitan Gavriil of Philadelphia, Paolo Sarpi and the Project of “Church of Venice”." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 20, no. 1 (2021): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-1-21-35.

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The article studies a little-known episode of an important stage in the history of the Republic of Venice – the formation of national church identity and the codification of the experience of state-confessional relations accumulated here over centuries. Two protagonists of this period – the Orthodox Metropolitan Gavriil Seviros and the Catholic monk Paolo Sarpi united in opposition to the Holy See and in an attempt to create an independent Venetian Church. Events had been developing against the background of a long confrontation between Venice and the Holy See, the so-called “War of the Interdict”, which began with the fact that Pope Paul V excommunicated the republic for its independent position in church matters. An unrealized project, which had as its model the Orthodox state and the Church, is a unique example of the assimilation of the Eastern tradition by one of the famous Western theologians – Paolo Sarpi. His cooperation with Metropolitan Gavriil in protecting the Greeks from the influence of Rome was clearly manifested during a trial of 1610, two documents of which are first published in Russian in the appendix to the article. Thanks to Gavriil’s authority, the See of the Metropolitan of Philadelphia became prestigious, his title as Patriarchal Exarch in Venice gave him access to the Doge’s palace, and his status as the head of the Orthodox of Dalmatia and the Ionian Islands was subsequently twice confirmed by the patriarchs of Constantinople.

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Pullan, B. "Aspiring Saints: Pretense of Holiness, Inquisition and Gender in the Republic of Venice, 1618-1750." English Historical Review 118, no. 477 (June 1, 2003): 789–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/118.477.789.

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Bowd, Stephen. "Nefarious Crimes, Contested Justice: Illicit Sex and Infanticide in the Republic of Venice, 1557-1789." Journal of Early Modern History 13, no. 4 (2009): 323–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138537809x12531758282282.

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Gots, Dmitry I. "TRADITIONS OF HISTORICAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD (BY THE EXAMPLE OF THE CHRONICLE OF CAROLDO)." History and Archives, no. 4 (2022): 63–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2658-6541-2022-4-63-82.

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The article considers the features of the chronicle by Gian Giacomo Caroldo and its place in the historiography of Venice. Caroldo was a Venetian politician, diplomat and historian who lived in the 16th century. His work covers the historical period from 421 to 1382. Caroldo’s chronicle reflects the diversity and complexity of the political life of Venice. In Venice, according to J. C. Hocquet, there were two directions of historical thought since the 14th century onwards. The first group expressed support for the active military policy of the Republic. The second proposed the development of trade advancement instead of a military-political expansion. The influence of the above trends on the work of Caroldo has not been raised in historiography. For that reason, there is a research task (goal) to determine the place of Caroldo’s chronicle in the historiography of Venice. In order to achieve it, a number of intermediate tasks were solved. It was demonstrated how the social, political and cultural features of the Venice history in the late 15th and early 16th centuries influenced the views of the author. The manuscript tradition of the Caroldo chronicle and its widespread distribution in the Veneto region was also investigated. The article considers specifics of Caroldo’s views on history as an educational tool in the formation of the competencies of statesmen. The analysis of the previous traditions of historical thought (the chronicles of Andrea Dandolo, Caresini, Enrico Dandolo, Morosini, Lorenzo de Monacis and Sabellico), on which the chronicler could rely in his work, was conducted. The author comes to the conclusion that Caroldo, like his famous contemporaries Machiavelli and Guicciardini, made a significant step in the formation of scientific principles of historical knowledge. Caroldo’s rationalism, consistency and rigour in the selection of facts contributed to the creation of many copies of his chronicle.

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Yastrebov, A. O. "Peter the Great's Venetian Policy and the Prut Campaign." MGIMO Review of International Relations 14, no. 6 (December 29, 2021): 172–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2021-6-81-172-190.

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Russia's regular contacts with the Republic of Venice on the eve of the RussianTurkish war 1710-1713 resumed after almost a ten-year break. Before Sultan Ahmed III declared war, the Tsar sent two letters to the doge. They can be interpreted as a call to Venice to recognize the intermediate results of the Northern War and as an appeal to the republic's orthodox subjects to join Russia in the impending conflict. This episode is scarcely covered in Russian and international historiography. The connection of the envoys with the Prut campaign is also not covered in the literature. Therefore, it seems necessary to establish a connection between the two events, especially in changes in Russian foreign policy towards Venice.In March 1711, a Russian consul was sent to Venice to build support and attract volunteers for the opening theater of military operations in the Balkans. It is no coincidence that Dmitry Bozis became the first Russian consul in Italy. Being a prominent representative of the Greek community of the capital, he successfully extended his influence not only to the local Greeks but also to the Slavs of Dalmatia, who wanted to serve the Russian Tsar and fight the Turks. The outcome of the Prut campaign did not affect the consulate's work and the trade mission. Agents of the Russian government, who had commercial orders, were sent to Venice, and successfully fulfilled their mission. One of them was Count Savva Raguzinsky, an outstanding diplomat and successful commercial agent. His activities were relatively peaceful, although they still included political monitoring and legal intelligence.The resumption of bilateral relations caused by the Prut operation positively affected Russian-Venetian relations. Since the departure of the consul Bozis and the diplomatic agent Caretta, who had the authority to create a second Balkan "front" in the rear of the Sultan, after July 12, 1711, the Russian mission transformed into a commercial agency with broad diplomatic powers. These changes open a new, fruitful period in the history of bilateral relations between Russia and Venice.

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Ferraro, Joanne. "Oligarchs, Protesters, and the Republic of Venice: The "Revolution of the Discontents" in Brescia, 1644-1645." Journal of Modern History 60, no. 4 (December 1988): 628–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/600439.

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Keitt, Andrew, and Anne Jacobson Schutte. "Aspiring Saints: Pretense of Holiness, Inquisition, and Gender in the Republic of Venice, 1618-1750." Sixteenth Century Journal 33, no. 4 (2002): 1149. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4144171.

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Datta, Satya. "Feministiska författare i renässansens Venedig." Tidskrift för genusvetenskap 16, no. 2-3 (June 20, 2022): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.55870/tgv.v16i2-3.4807.

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Tlie steady economic growth and development of the Republic of Venice over many centuries bad made it possible to become one of the greatest economic powers in Europé by the fifteenth century. This was very much due to its strategically situated harbour by which it became a centre of vital importance for foreign trade between the Orient and Europé, and between ihe Mediterranean countries and Western Europé. Customs and practices stemming from many different cultures thrived in this metropolis by the crossroads, which was held in great esteem because of the freedom, openmindedness and tolerance it offered the individual with regard to intellectual, religions and even political standpoints. Compared to other Italian city-republics, on the other hand, Venice did in fact show a great degree of political and social stability. However, it was the successful juxtaposition of many apparently contradictory elements in the social foundation of Venetian society that can explain the logic of stability. In the early sixteenlh century, Venice was the world's most important centre of book printing. The great humanist Aldus Manutius published many classical works both in original and in Italian, and also literature of high quality written by women. Many other publishers soon followed his example, and printed works by women writers. In 1600, the major feminist works of the poet Moderata Fonle and I.ucrezia Marinella, author of epics and polemics, were published in Venice. Somc decades låter came a number of well-articulated feminist writings by the nun Arcangela Tarabotti. The common denominator of these three authors is a clear and very deliberate feminist approach. They focused on the oppression of women within the family and in society at large, and demanded rights for women to study and get an education. They themselves had not had any possibilities to go to school. Yet, today's literary historians claim that all three of them were well-read and highly cultivated personalities in 16th century Italian literature. Many latter-day feminists see these three Venetian writers as very influential in the history of the struggle for women's rights.

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Rosand, Ellen. "Commentary: Seventeenth-Century Venetian Opera as Fondamente nuove." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 36, no. 3 (January 2006): 411–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002219506774929845.

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Seventeenth-century Venice was the ideal center for the development of opera because of certain special conditions: regular demand from a broad and depend able audience of citizens and travelers alike, dependable financial backing from the many competing patrician families who constructed and operated theaters, a flourishing publishing industry that provided publicity, and a tradition in which the arts were designed specifically to enhance the self-image of the republic. These conditions combined to sustain a genre that appealed to its audience on multiple levels. The increasing demand for new works precipitated the development of new modes of production and communication, and the various musical and dramatic conventions that originated during this era have persisted to the present day.

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Lusiani, Maria, Marco Vedovato, and Chiara Pancot. "Governance and accounting practices in hybrid organizations: Insights from a sixteenth-century charity in Venice." Accounting History 24, no. 3 (June 19, 2019): 444–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1032373219856714.

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This article explores governance and accounting practices in hybrid organizations. Currently, hybrid organizations represent an increasingly pervasive phenomenon, but their role has also been central in the past. To achieve this aim, we consider the case of a charity, the Scuola Grande di San Rocco, as its activity grew in scope and complexity during the sixteenth century in the Republic of Venice. The Scuole Grandi represents a form of hybrid organizations because these charities were privately managed, but publicly regulated. They shared a devotional orientation and performed de facto welfare functions in progressive integration with the State. Based on an analysis of balance sheets and administrative documents, this article aims to discuss the role of governance and accounting in enabling hybrid organizations to operate through multiple logics.

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Johnson, James H. "The Myth of Venice in Nineteenth-Century Opera." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 36, no. 3 (January 2006): 533–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002219506774929872.

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Nineteenth-century operas reflected the changing views of Venice before its fall. Early in the century, depictions of a tyrannical political system, derived from French revolutionary and Napoleonic propaganda, dominated operatic plots. Later, when gothic melodrama was in full swing, the spy, the bravo, and the prostitute assumed central roles. During the fin-de-siècle, when the prevailing view of republican Venice's politics, as well as literary convention, had profoundly changed, operatic settings of eighteenth-century Venice tended to emphasize the liberating, sensual pleasures of Carnival.

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Lifchez, Raymond, and Luca Trolese. "A Digital Archive of the Architecture of Charity: Venice, c.1100–1797." Confraternitas 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/confrat.v18i1.12466.

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The Architectural Visual Resources Library of the Department of Architecture, College of Environmental Design, University of California Berkeley, offers to scholars and students of Venetian social and architectural history a digital database of approximately a thousand images of 139 buildings and building sites once dedicated to acts of charity and public assistance and established by the confraternities (the Scuole), the Venetian Republic, churches and synagogues, and private donors. The images are catalogued and may be accessed at www.mip.berkeley.edu/spiro/ "Lifchez Gift” (location) “Venice.” The images of buildings mentioned here may be viewed using the “Look up Tables” with the image accession number given beside the building name. The authors’ research and field work leading to the establishment of the database began in 2002 and are ongoing.

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DE VIVO, FILIPPO. "THE DIVERSITY OF VENICE AND HER MYTHS Venice reconsidered: the history and civilization of an Italian city-state, 1297–1797. Edited by John Martin and Dennis Romano. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000. Pp. 538. ISBN 0-8018-6312-0. $55.00. Women and men in Renaissance Venice: twelve essays on patrician society. By Stanley Chojnacki. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000. Pp. 370. ISBN 0-8018-6395-3. $41.50. The silk industry of Renaissance Venice. By Luca Molà. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000. Pp. 457. ISBN 0-8018-6189-6. $48.00. Venice and the Slavs of Dalmatia: the discovery of Dalmatia in the age of Enlightenment. By Larry Wolff. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. Pp. 422. ISBN 0-8047-3945-5. £35.00. Venice transfigured: the myth of Venice in British culture, 1660–1797. By John Eglin. New York and London: Palgrave, 2001. Pp. 262. ISBN 0-312-23299-3. $45.00." Historical Journal 47, no. 1 (March 2004): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x0300356x.

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Venice has long evoked contrasting images – on the one hand the republican embodiment of Renaissance principles, a rare example of both stability and freedom; on the other, a city of spying and treachery, a government founded on oppression and driven by corruption. Caught between the Scylla and Carybdis of what amounts to a historiographical paradox, historians have found it difficult to escape its reductiveness, taking sides in describing one view as ‘myth’, the other as historical reality. The five books reviewed in this article suggest different but connected ways of sailing out of these straits by emphasizing the utter diversity of the city, the government, and the images they have evoked through the ages. In this interpretation, more than harmony, what is crucial about Venice is the coexistence of the different ‘worlds’ of this early multicultural metropolis. In line with a recent move away from fixed tags and neat developments to an emphasis on diversity in the historiography of early modern Europe, this is a welcome and interesting evolution in the history of Venice, though it is by no means unproblematic, multiculturalism being no easier issue in the Renaissance than in the twenty-first century.

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Rando, Daniela. "Gasparo Contarini, The Republic of Venice. De magistratibus et republica Venetorum. Edited and introduced by Filippo Sabetti. Toronto, ON, University of Toronto Press 2019." Historische Zeitschrift 314, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 207–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hzhz-2022-1043.

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Dąbrowska, Agata. "Żydowskie aktorki z Polski w rolach szekspirowskich w teatrze jidysz." Studia Judaica, no. 2 (48) (2021): 343–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/24500100stj.21.015.15070.

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Jewish Actresses From Poland in Shakespearean Roles In the Yiddish Theater The article aims at analyzing the role played by Jewish actresses in the development of the Shakespearean Yiddish theater. The paper includes the profiles of artists coming from Poland and/or working in the Polish lands: Bertha Kalisch, Miriam Orleska, and Ester Goldenberg, who contributed to popularization of Shakespeare’s works among the Jewish community. Moreover, the article illustrates their contribution to the changes in the perception of Jewish theater from the “jargon drama” enterprise to an ambitious cultural institution with a Shakespearean repertoire. Among those discussed are the characters of Hamlet performed by Kalisch, Portia (The Merchant of Venice) played by Orleska, Jessica (The Merchant of Venice), and Ariel (The Tempest) interpreted by Goldenberg, and their assessment. The reception of these stage creations of Shakespearean heroes is analyzed on the basis of press materials published in daily newspapers and weeklies in Yiddish, Polish, and English. Some academic studies on the premieres of Hamlet, The Merchant of Venice, and The Tempest with participation of Jewish female artists have already been conducted, but their authors did not analyze the roles performed by those actresses and did not refer to the sources in Yiddish at all. The article discusses not only the artistic activities of Kalisch, Orleska, and Goldenberg, but also attempts to analyze the reception of the characters created by the latter two artists from the perspective of the social and political relations in the Second Polish Republic. Moreover, efforts were made to show that Jewish actresses, by impersonating heroines and heroes of Shakespeare’s plays, proved with their style of acting, professional preparation, and understanding of the nuances of the performed characters that Yiddish theater definitely deserved to be called a temple of art. Their creations became an inherent part of the history of Jewish, and thus the world’s Shakespearean theater.

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FINLAY, ROBERT. "MOLLY GREENE, A Shared World: Christians and Muslims in the Early Modern Mediterranean (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000). Pp. 228." International Journal of Middle East Studies 35, no. 4 (November 2003): 644–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743803280260.

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In 1669, after twenty-four years of devastating war, Venice surrendered the island of Crete to the Ottoman Turks. As a Venetian commander described it, Crete was “the most beautiful crown to adorn the head of the Most Serene Republic” (p. 4). It was a grievous loss for Venice, which did not resign itself to the loss of its beautiful crown for another fifty years, until the end of the last Ottoman–Venetian war in 1718. The period of early Ottoman rule between 1669 and 1718 is the subject of Molly Greene's excellent study. Her emphasis throughout is on multiple identities, mixed narratives, hybrid solutions, cross-cutting allegiances, and historical continuity. Along with historians such as Leslie Pierce and Jane Hathaway, she rejects the model of Ottoman decline, styling it a “meat-grinder” (p. 20) of a thesis that focuses on a weak sultanate and ignores both the complexity and vitality of Ottoman imperial governance. She also rejects the notion that the transition from Venetian to Ottoman control in Crete marked a sharp dividing line, an event that helped wring the ambiguity out of the Mediterranean world (p. 5).

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Ryabova, Maria. "The Account Books of the Soranzo Fraterna (Venice 1406–1434) and Their Place in the History of Bookkeeping." Accounting Historians Journal 45, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/aahj-10580.

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ABSTRACT This paper contributes to the study of the accounting and legal practice existing in the Venetian Republic in the late Middle Ages. The author examines two account books created by the Soranzo fraterna, a trading firm organized as a family partnership and operating in the first half of the 15th century. The larger of the surviving ledgers, known as the libro real novo, is generally considered to be the earliest extant Venetian example of double-entry bookkeeping. New sources discovered by the author in the State Archives of Venice confirm that the libro real novo represents a compilation of accounts (a so-called estratto) prepared in view of a complicated litigation at the giudici di petizion court. The detailed examination of the judicial conflict in question reveals the purposes behind the composition of this book and the impact that the circumstances of its creation had on the accounting techniques used. JEL Classifications: M41; N73; N83.

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Baker, Charles Richard, and Bertrand P. Quéré. "Governance and accounting practices in the Fugger family firm at the beginning of the sixteenth century." Accounting History 24, no. 3 (May 23, 2019): 489–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1032373219848146.

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This article discusses the governance and accounting practices of the Fugger family firm in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century under the leadership of Jakob Fugger II (1459–1525; hereafter Jakob Fugger). The Fugger family firm engaged in numerous enterprises, primarily centered on textile trading, banking, and mining of silver and copper. The management of the firm required sophisticated governance and accounting practices, knowledge of which Jakob Fugger appears to have acquired during his residence in the Venetian Republic in the years 1473 through 1487. At that time, Venice was the most important trading and financial center in Europe. When Jakob Fugger returned to Augsburg, Germany in 1487, he modeled the governance and accounting practices of his firm after those of the Italian city-states and eventually expanded the operations of his firm into one of the most important banking houses in sixteenth-century Europe, with more than a dozen branches and a multinational presence.

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Cox, Virginia. "Rhetoric and Humanism in Quattrocento Venice." Renaissance Quarterly 56, no. 3 (2003): 652–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1261610.

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AbstractThis essay examines the development of humanistic rhetoric in fifteenth-century Venice, taking as its starting point a remark of Ermolao Barbaro's on the inadequacy of academic rhetorical instruction as a preparation for the practical oratorical skills necessary to Venetian civic life. It is argued that the context of Barbaro's remark is a series of humanistic polemics on rhetoric that took place in Venice and Padua in the latter decades of the Quattrocento, culminating in the famous debate of the 1490s on the authenticity of theRhetorica ad Herennium. As the essay shows, a consideration of these debates reveals the way in which local, contextual factors inflected the development of humanistic rhetorical culture in Italy, the key factor here being the continuing importance in republican Venice of a live tradition of deliberative debate.

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Heller, Wendy. "Tacitus Incognito: Opera as History in "L'incoronazione di Poppea"." Journal of the American Musicological Society 52, no. 1 (1999): 39–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/832024.

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This essay considers opera's use of a particular history in seventeenth-century Venice: Cornelius Tacitus's Annals of the Roman Empire as transformed in Monteverdi's and Busenello's L'incoronazione di Poppea. In contrast with a recent hypothesis linking Tacitus, Poppea, and the Venetian Accademia degli Incogniti with Neostoicism, this essay argues that the members of the Accademia degli Incogniti used Tacitus's history of the Julio-Claudians as part of a highly specialized republican discourse on Venetian political superiority and sensual pleasures. After considering Incogniti philosophies and interest in the erotic in the context of Venetian political ideals and the influence of Tacitus on political and moral thought in early modern Europe, this essay places L'incoronazione di Poppea in the context of several other treatments of Tacitus produced during the mid-seventeenth century by Busenello's colleagues in the Accademia degli Incogniti, in which empire and the liabilities of female power are contrasted implicitly with Venice's male oligarchy. The Venetian rejection of Stoic philosophy and fascination with the erotic and the patriotic play themselves out in one of the opera's most peculiar distortions of the historical record-the scene following the death of Seneca in which the philosopher's nephew, the poet Marcus Annaeus Lucanus, known in Venice for his republican ideals, joins the emperor Nero in song to celebrate his uncle's death and Poppea's charms. As transformed by Monteverdi's sexually explicit music, Lucan's endorsement of artistic self-expression, sensual freedom, and republican ideals provides a critical counterpoint to Senecan support of the principate and moral restraint-a view that was far more compatible with Venetian concerns at midcentury.

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Quiles Albero, David. "Residences as instruments of power: Venetian ambassadors’ houses in Madrid during the reigns of Philip IV and Charles II." Culture & History Digital Journal 11, no. 1 (June 21, 2022): e004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2022.004.

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Against the traditional vision, the relations between the Spanish Monarchy and the Republic of Venice improved significantly during the second half of the 17th century. Once again, the war against the Ottomans in Candia (1645-1669) forced the Serenissima to look for the support of the Catholic King. For this reason, the role played by their ambassadors in Madrid, with a view to achieve the necessary assistance of Philip IV, became essential for the Venetian interests. At the same time, they pursued to ensure a relevant and closer position to the principal nucleus of power in the Spanish court. Accordingly, the continuous disputes with the members of the Spanish institutions with regard to their lodging become an essential field of study to measure the degree of influence, supremacy or immunity of these legates during the reigns of the two last monarchs of the House of Austria.

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Horodowich, Liz. "Venice Incognito: Masks in the Serene Republic. By James H. Johnson (Berkeley, University of California Press, 2011) 317 pp. $39.95." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 43, no. 2 (August 2012): 314–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_r_00396.

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Bowd, Stephen D. "The Republics of Ideas: Venice, Florence and the Defence of Liberty, 1525–1530." History 85, no. 279 (July 2000): 404–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-229x.00154.

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Tretyakova, Marina. "Russian Travelers 17th Centuries about the Ceremony of Marriage of the Adriatic." ISTORIYA 13, no. 1 (111) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840018931-3.

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The article considers the ceremonial of the Doge’s betrothal to the Adriatic sea through the prism of its perception by Russian travelers of the end of the 17th century. In the Republic of Venice there were a considerable number of ceremonies, which were held annually on the occasion of victories and various festivals. Among them, a special place was occupied by the rite of betrothal of the Doge to the sea (with the Adriatic) (Marriage of the Adriatic). Its origins rite of passage is leading with deep absent. Almost all Russian travelers who visited Venice at the end of the 17th century, paid attention to this ceremony. In their travel notes stolnik P. A. Tolstoy and an unknown author write about the date of the ceremony, its history, the details of the protocol of its ceremonial, the value for the Venetian state. The splendor and colorfulness of its holding attracted the special attention of Russian travelers. In their opinion, the central place in this ceremony was occupied by the figure of the venetian doge. In addition, they emphasized its state character. But the venetian vessels that took part in the ceremony, and above all, the ceremonial galley of the venetian doge Bucintoro, attracted the special attention of russian travelers. The interest of the stolnik P. A. Tolstoy and unknown author called private ships of the venetians, who accompanied the doge of Venice in the maritime procession. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that the rite of betrothal of the venetian doge to the Adriatic caused some interest among russian travelers of the 17th century, but to a greater extent their admiration was associated with architectural masterpieces, religious shrines, music, gardens and fountains. Perhaps this was due to the fact that in the Moscow state there were no similar ceremonies. In any case, the russian travelers of the 17th century, namely stolnik P. A. Tolstoy and an unknown author in their travel notes recorded this ritual, leaving the memory of this to posterity.

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Sperling, Jutta. "Reviews of Books:Aspiring Saints: Pretense of Holiness, Inquisition, and Gender in the Republic of Venice 1618-1750 Anne Jacobson Schutte." American Historical Review 107, no. 4 (October 2002): 1317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/532824.

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Gentilcore, David. "The cistern-system of early modern Venice: technology, politics and culture in a hydraulic society." Water History 13, no. 3 (October 2021): 375–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12685-021-00288-2.

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AbstractAt a time when European cities depended on three sources of fresh water for their domestic and industrial needs—rivers, spring-fed aqueducts and groundwater wells—early modern Venice added a fourth possibility: a dense network of cisterns for capturing, filtering and storing rainwater. Venice was not unique in relying on rainwater cisterns; but nowhere in Italy (indeed in Europe) was the approach so systematic and widespread, the city concerned so populous, the technology so sophisticated and the management so carefully regulated as in the lagoon city. To explore Venice’s cistern-system, a range of primary sources (medical treatises, travellers’ accounts, archival records) and the contributions of architectural, medical and social historians, and archaeologists are analysed. The article examines the system’s functioning and management, including the role of the city’s acquaroli or watermen; the maintenance of freshwater quality throughout the city, in the context of broader sanitation measures; and the place of the “wells” and fresh water in daily life in Venice. As a means of teasing out the myriad links between nature, technology and society in early modern Italy, the article concludes with a brief comparison of the politics of water supply management in the very different urban realities of (republican) Venice, (viceregal) Naples and (papal) Rome.

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Sneeringer, Julia. "“Assembly Line of Joys”: Touring Hamburg's Red Light District, 1949–1966." Central European History 42, no. 1 (March 2009): 65–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000893890900003x.

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Hamburg, as any tourist guide will tell you, occupies a unique position within Germany. Now, every city can make this claim, so what constitutes Hamburg's uniqueness? Natives would say it is the harbor (Germany's largest) and the water that flows through the metropolis that claims more bridges than Venice. But ask an outsider, German or not, and he or she will likely say the Reeperbahn, Hamburg's notorious red-light district, known also to music fans as the incubator of The Beatles. Historically speaking, the harbor has been this Hanseatic city's source of trade and prosperity, as well as a major transit point for overseas travelers; the nearby Reeperbahn has long been a magnet for those seeking pleasure and distraction from the cares of life. In the 1950s and 1960s—the years of West Germany's “Economic Miracle” (Wirtschaftswunder)—Hamburg saw greater numbers of visitors than ever before. These guests included Germans from west and east (before the Berlin Wall was erected in 1961); international tourists, particularly from neighboring countries; British NATO troops stationed in the northern Federal Republic; and seamen from around the world. Some chose Hamburg specifically as their destination, others passed through on their way to someplace else.

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Ongaro, Giulio. "Military food supply in the Republic of Venice in the eighteenth century: Entrepreneurs, merchants, and the state." Business History 62, no. 8 (November 4, 2018): 1255–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2018.1520211.

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Burkiewicz, Łukasz. "Big Politics Around Cyprus. The Ottoman Empire and Venice in the Struggle for the Island (1570–1574)." Perspektywy Kultury 36, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35765/pk.2022.3601.05.

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The purpose of the article is to provide an idea of the role that Cyprus played in the rivalry between the Ottoman Empire at the height of its development in the sixteenth century, and the Christian forces in the Mediterranean basin, in particular, the Republic of Venice. The Battle of Lepanto is one stage in this rivalry, which culminated in major changes in the strategic and economic balance in the eastern Mediterranean. The article refers to the causes of this rivalry, the war for Cyprus and the Battle of Lepanto, and also points to the important theme of the battle itself in Polish art, also in a metaphorical context. The article concludes by pointing out the consequences of the fall of Cyprus and its placement as a province of the Ottoman Empire.

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Marina, Areli. "From the Myth to the Margins: The Patriarch’s Piazza at San Pietro di Castello in Venice*." Renaissance Quarterly 64, no. 2 (2011): 353–429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/661795.

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AbstractThis study analyzes the campo of San Pietro di Castello from its mythologized origins to the Renaissance, paying particular attention to the architectural and political forces that shaped it. Although San Pietro was Venice’s cathedral from the ninth to the nineteenth centuries, civic leaders marginalized the site, which incarnated the contentious relationship between the Roman Church and the Venetian republic. The essay places the campo at the center of inquiry because the episcopal complex’s significance is best discerned through diachronic analysis of the urban landscape. The building activities of its medieval and Quattrocento patrons generated a heterogeneous campo that incorporated morphological elements from two Venetian urbanistic types: the parish campo and the monastic island. Its sixteenth-century patriarchs created a new architectural vision of the campo, contesting its slippage from the center of Venetian life and forging a distinctive ensemble that differs markedly from the better-known piazzas at San Marco and Rialto.

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O’Connell, Monique. "The Sexual Politics of Empire: Civic Honor and Official Crime outside Renaissance Venice." Journal of Early Modern History 15, no. 4 (2011): 331–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006511x577014.

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AbstractThis article examines a series of cases in which the Venetian state prosecuted officials who had committed “crimes against honor” during their terms in office. These crimes were mostly sexual in nature, and they thus provide a window into the way that the Venetian state perceived individual and collective honor of state, subject, and officeholder. A key part of the self-definition and thus the reputation of the Venetian state was its ability to ensure peace and defend order. Sex crimes by officials representing the Venetian state did not just violate subjects’ honor; they implicated the Venetian state as a whole in “lawless and tyrannical” actions and undermined Venetian attempts to legitimate its republican empire. The prosecutions of these officials also reveal the sometimes blurry boundaries between public service and private interests in the Venetian state’s administration of its empire.

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WILSON, BRONWEN. "Venice, print, and the early modern icon." Urban History 33, no. 1 (May 2006): 39–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926806003518.

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Venetian printmakers in the sixteenth century were enthusiastic participants in what became a project of civic self-promotion as they looked beyond the local market to an international one. In response to the fascination of foreigners who marvelled at the city's singular topography and its reputation for liberty and licentiousness, the bird's-eye view and images of local social types – such as the doge and courtesan – became transmuted into icons of the city's urban identity. The medium and modes of representation used to reproduce the republic's social and physical organization on paper are crucial here, for it was the repetition and sedimentation of visual conventions that forged iconicity. Venice was redefined as a centre in which all the world could be seen. And the mechanisms for this redefinition, as this article argues, emerged, in part, out of print, for it was because the city could be seen from the eye of a bird, on paper as an image, by foreigners – that it could be re-envisioned from the outside in.

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Dursteler, Eric. "Identity and Coexistence in the Eastern Mediterranean, ca. 1600." New Perspectives on Turkey 18 (1998): 113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600002909.

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Of the many European states that interacted with the Ottoman Empire in the early modern era, few did so as extensively as the Most Serene Republic of Venice,La Serenissima. The two empires shared a lengthy border and a common historical trajectory for almost 500 years, during which time the political and economic fortunes of both were intimately intertwined. While occasionally interrupted by brief periods of open hostility, for the most part this relationship was characterized by peaceful coexistence. Venetian historiography at present, however, is unable to explain this reality. Rather, in painting the picture of Venice’s relations with the Ottoman Empire, scholars have relied on broad strokes that depict a series of rather simple, binary relationships—East/West, Muslim/Christian, Venetian/Turk. This dichotomy is readily apparent in the titles of important monographs on the topic:Islam and the West, Europe and the Turk, Venezia e i turchi.

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Yastrebov, Alexey. "On the Cooperation Between a High-Ranking Representative of the Holy See and Russian Diplomats in Constantinople in a Letter from Count Sava Raguzinsky to Tsar Peter." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 5 (2022): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640019187-3.

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The document from the collection of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Documents, published for the first time and annexed to this article, is a vivid testimony to the cooperation between Archbishop Raimondo Gallani OP, the senior representative of the Roman-Catholic Church in the Ottoman Empire, and Russian diplomacy. The person of Gallani has received little attention in both Russian and European historiography. There is no monograph devoted to him, nor is there a satisfactory account of his life. However, his correspondence was extraordinarily wide-ranging. In addition to his immediate Roman superiors, he interacted with the intelligence services of his home republic of Dubrovnik, as well as those of Russia and Venice. Information obtained by the Archbishop was highly valued by Tsar Peter, and his services were generously paid for. The case described in the petition of Sava Raguzinsky involves the protection of Archbishop Gallani from possible disclosure of his activities to the Turkish authorities. The incident incurred the wrath of the Tsar and Raguzinsky was forced to defend himself. A brief biography of Archbishop Gallani is published in Russian for the first time. The author concludes that the cooperation between the Archbishop and Russian diplomacy was less about material interests and more about the former's sympathy for Peter's policies, which can be explained by Gallani's background, given his affinity for the pan-Slavic ideas prevalent among his compatriots.

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Journal articles on the topic 'History of Republic of Venice'

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