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Journal articles on the topic 'History of scholar mathematics'
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1
DURAN, Serbay, and Hüseyin SAMANCI. "Al-Khwârizmî's Place and Importance in the History of Mathematics." ITM Web of Conferences 22 (2018): 01037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20182201037.
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The aim of this study is to introduce Muḥammad ibn Mûsâ al-Khwârizmî and his works in terms of history of mathematics and mathematics education. Muḥammad ibn Musa al-Khwârizmî an Iraqi Muslim scholar and it is the first of the Muslim mathematicians who have contributed to this field by taking an important role in the progress of mathematics in his own period. He found the concept of Algorithm in mathematics. In some circles, he was given the nickname Abu Ilmi’l-Hâsûb (the father of the account). He carried out important studies in algebra, triangle, astronomy, geography and map drawing. Algebra has carried out systematic and logical studies on the solution of inequalities at second level in the development of the algebra. He with all these studies have contributed to mathematical science and today was a guide to the works done in the field of mathematics.
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Kramarenko, Tetiana, Volodymyr Korolskyi, and Dmytro Bobyliev. "Mathematical education at Kryvyi Rih State Pedagogical University: history, analysis of achievements and prospects of development." SHS Web of Conferences 75 (2020): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20207501006.
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The research deals with development of mathematical education at Kryvyi Rih State Pedagogical University (KSPU). The goal and objectives of the research include distinguishing and characterizing basic stages of formation and development of KSPU’s mathematical education, informing about the state of teaching, methodological, scientific and research activity, and defining prospects for developing the Department of Mathematics and Methods of its Teaching in future. By stages of developing mathematical education at KSPU, the authors mean periods of its 90-year development noted for certain peculiarities of organization and methods of training Mathematics teachers. Teaching, research and life dedicated to people are criteria that form the basis for determining basic stages in the Department of Mathematics’ development. A special edition Mathematical Education in Kryvyi Rih Pedagogical University: Personality Dimension was issued to honour the 90th anniversary of the Department of Mathematics after analyzing information from the University archive, museum and accessible personal data of Mathematics teachers “ University teachers, graduates and researchers. The data also concern their publications in ORCID and Google Scholar databases, the University repository, etc. There are characterized basic stages of developing mathematical education in the educational institution and its research trends.
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LÉvy, Tony. "The Establishment of the Mathematical Bookshelf of the Medieval Hebrew Scholar: Translations and Translators." Science in Context 10, no. 3 (1997): 431–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700002738.
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The ArgumentThe major part of the mathematical “classics” in Hebrew were translated from Arabic between the second third of the thirteenth century and the first third of the fourteenth century, within the northern littoral of the western Mediterranean. This movement occurred after the original works by Abraham bar Hiyya and Abraham ibn Ezra became available to a wide readership. The translations were intended for a restricted audience — the scholarly readership involved in and dealing with the theoretical sciences. In some cases the translators themselves were professional scientists (e.g., Jacob ben Makhir); in other cases they were, so to speak, professional translators, dealing as well with philosophy, medicine, and other works in Arabic.In aketshing this portrait of the beginning of Herbrew scholarly mathematics, my aim has been to contribute to a better understanding of mathematical activity as such among Jewish communities during this period.
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Hoon, Jun Yong. "Mathematics in Context: A Case in Early Nineteenth-Century Korea." Science in Context 19, no. 4 (December 2006): 475–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889706001049.
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ArgumentThis paper aims to show how a nineteenth-century Korean scholar's mathematical study reflects the Korean intellectual environment of his time by focusing on the rule of false double position and the method of root extraction. There were two major trends in Korean mathematics of the early nineteenth century: the first was “Tongsan,” literally “Eastern Mathematics,” which largely depended on Chinese mathematics of the Song and Yuan period adopting counting rod calculation; the second trend was Western mathematics, which was transmitted by the Jesuits and their Chinese collaborators from the late sixteenth century. There was also an intellectual transition in late eighteenth-century Korea when mathematics, which had been of only minor interest for Confucian scholars, became an important part of Confucian pursuits. We can gain an insight into the history of mathematics in Korea by examining and understanding Hong Kil-chu's (1786–1841) mathematical studies and the context of the academic world of his time.
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Moyer, Ann. "Renaissance Representations of Islamic Science: Bernardino Baldi and His Lives of Mathematicians." Science in Context 12, no. 3 (1999): 469–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700003537.
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The ArgumentDuring the later European Renaissance, some scholars began to write about the history of scientific disciplines. Some of the issues and problems they faced in constructing their narratives have had long-term effects on the history of science. One of these issues was how to relate scholars from the Islamic traditions of scientific scholarship to those of antiquity and of postclassical Europe. Recent historians of science have rejected a once-common Western opinion that the contribution of these Islamic scientists had lain mainly in their preservation of ancient texts that were then handed over to Western scholars, who mastered them and then moved beyond them as part of the scientific revolution. This article examines the first effort to write a history of mathematics, the Lives of the Mathematicians by Bernardino Baldi (1553–1617), to determine how he treated this issue in his work. Baldi's efforts are especially important here because he was also an early European scholar of Arabic.An examination of the work shows that Baldi did not share the negative views held by later Europeans about these non-European scientists. However, despite his knowledge of Arabic he had no active contacts with ongoing mathematical scholarship in Arabic. As a consequence, his narrative does follow the chronology of those later Europeans who would limit consideration of these mathematicians to approximately the ninth to the fourteenth centuries. In Baldi's writings, then, we can see the later narrative shape used by Western historians of science until recent years, but not the subsidiary role accorded to non-European scholars.
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Berggren, J. L. "History of Mathematics in the Islamic World: The Present State of the Art." Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 19, no. 1 (July 1985): 9–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026318400014796.
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In Recent Years, many discoveries in the history of Islamic mathematics have not been reported outside the specialist literature, even though they raise issues of interest to a larger audience. Thus, our aim in writing this survey is to provide to scholars of Islamic culture an account of the major themes and discoveries of the last decade of research on the history of mathematics in the Islamic world. However, the subject of mathematics comprised much more than what a modern mathematician might think of as belonging to mathematics, so our survey is an overview of what may best be called the “mathematical sciences” in Islam; that is, in addition to such topics as arithmetic, algebra, and geometry we will also be interested in mechanics, optics, and mathematical instruments.
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Gorbunova, Irina B., and Mikhail S. Zalivadny. "Music, Mathematics and Computer Science: History of Interaction." ICONI, no. 3 (2020): 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33779/2658-4824.2020.3.137-150.
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The lecture “Music, Mathematics and Computer Science” characterizes by concrete examples various aspects of interaction of these studies with each other by incorporating the apparatus of corresponding scholarly disciplines (set theory, probability theory, information science, group theory, etc.). The role and meaning of these aspects in the formation of an integral perception about music and in the realization of practical creative musical goals are educed. Examination of these questions is what the lecture studies are devoted to as part of the educational courses “Mathematical Methods of Research in Musicology” and “Informational Technologies in Music” developed by the authors for the students of the St. Petersburg Rimsky-Korsakov State Conservatory and the Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia. The lecture “Music, Mathematics and Computer Science” is subdivided into two parts. The fi rst part, “Music, Mathematics and Computer Science: History of Interaction” examines the processes of interconnection and interpenetration of various fi elds of music, mathematics and computer science, spanning the period from Ancient Times to the turn of the 20th and the 21st centuries. The second part of the lecture: “Music, Mathematics and Computer Science: Particular Features of Functioning of Computer-Musical Technologies” (due to be published in the journal’s next issue) is devoted to examining various aspects of developing and applying computer-musical technologies in contemporary musical practice, including musical composition, performance and the sphere of music education.
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de Blois, François. "C. A. Storey's Persian Literature: an interim report." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 122, no. 2 (April 1990): 370–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035869x00108603.
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C. A. Storey's Persian Literature, A Bio-bibliographical Survey is the lifework of a meticulous and dedicated scholar and its hitherto published sections have proved an indispensable reference work for Persian studies. Its first volume, covering Qur'anic Literature, History and Biography, was published in five fascicules between 1927 and 1953 and was followed in 1958 by the first fascicule of Volume II, devoted to Mathematics, Weights and Measures, Astronomy and Astrology and Geography.
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Kale, Gül. "Intersections Between the Architect’s Cubit, the Science of Surveying, and Social Practices in CaʿFer Efendi’s Seventeenth-Century Book on Ottoman Architecture." Muqarnas Online 36, no. 1 (October 2, 2019): 131–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22118993-00361p07.
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Abstract In 1614 Caʿfer Efendi devoted four chapters of his book on architecture to the science of surveying. Caʿfer’s text is the only extant comprehensive book written by a scholar on the relation between architecture and various forms of knowledge. His sections on surveying have attracted little scholarly attention since they were often viewed as ad hoc chapters in a biography of the chief architect Mehmed Agha. An investigation into the intersection between architecture, as represented by the architect’s cubit, the science of surveying, and jurisprudence sheds significant light on how scholars assessed the legitimacy of early modern Ottoman architecture. In this article, I examine the relationship between architectural practices, mathematical knowledge, and social practices by focusing on Caʿfer Efendi’s elaborations on the architect’s cubit, units of measure, and mensuration of areas. These links need to be understood through the cultural and scientific context in which architects and scholars collaborated. I also explore Caʿfer Efendi’s identity, which gave him the tools to discuss such intrinsic connections. When read along with court decrees, and in conjunction with the use of mathematical sciences for civic affairs, this investigation reveals how Ottoman architecture was embedded in the scientific discourses, social practices, and ethical concerns of the early seventeenth century.
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Shen, Qinna. "A Refugee Scholar from Nazi Germany: Emmy Noether and Bryn Mawr College." Mathematical Intelligencer 41, no. 3 (March 7, 2019): 52–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00283-018-9852-0.
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Bussotti, Paolo. "THE TEACHING OF HISTORY OF SCIENCE AT THE UNIVERSITY: SOME BRIEF CONSIDERATIONS." Journal of Baltic Science Education 14, no. 5 (October 25, 2015): 564–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/jbse/15.14.564.
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I teach history of science at the University of Udine, Italy. My students – about 25 – frequently the second and the third year at the faculty of Letters and Philosophy (now called “Polo Umanistico”). They have to pass a sole proof in history of science. Therefore, in this editorial, I would like to face the problems connected with the teaching of history of science to students who have a scarce knowledge of mathematics and who in their future will have probably few contacts with science and its history. Thus, two problems are particularly difficult in this case: 1) to choose the subject properly; 2) to choose the appropriate educational approach. Obviously, the choice of the subject is always important, but if one teaches history of science in a scientific faculty, the situation is, in a sense, easier: for example, at the faculty of physics, one could select a specific course each year, i.e., history of mechanics in a certain period, history of electromagnetism in the 19th century, the theory of optics as it is developed by an author or a series of authors (Euclid, Witelo, Kepler, Snell, Descartes, and so on), etc. Each subject could be dealt with by facing the particular research of each scholar and entering the specific mathematical arguments. This is not possible in a humanities faculty. Thence, I would like to explain my choice and to trace some general considerations.
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Hogendijk, Jan P. "The scholar and the fencing master: The exchanges between Joseph Justus Scaliger and Ludolph van Ceulen on the circle quadrature (1594–1596)." Historia Mathematica 37, no. 3 (August 2010): 345–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hm.2010.03.004.
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Hussain, Liya Khaulah Asy-Syaimaa’, and Ahmad Faizuddin Ramli. "Perkembangan Ilmu Matematik Dalam Sorotan Tamadun Islam." Sains Insani 2, no. 2 (September 2, 2017): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33102/sainsinsani.vol2no2.46.
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The development of Islamic civilization goes hand in hand with physical and spiritual development. This can be highlighted in the 9th century golden age of Islam which witnessed the development of knowledge by Muslims scholars in various disciplines, including mathematics. Although the discourse in mathematical science only involves numbers, letters, and formulas, however, Muslims scholars took it as an instrument to manifest the greatest of God. Hence this article will discuss the development of mathematical knowledge in the spotlight of Islamic civilization. The method of study is qualitative through literature study. The study found that the Quran became a source of inspiration to Islamic scholars in mathematics so that the branch of knowledge such as number theory, arithmetic, algebra, and geometry. Then the sciences are developed and exploited by people around the world so far today.
Keywords: Islamic civilization, mathematic, history of mathematic
ABSTRAK: Perkembangan tamadun Islam bergerak seiring dengan pembangunan fizikal dan spiritual. Hal ini dapat disoroti pada kurun ke-9 zaman keemasan Islam yang menyaksikan perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan kalangan sarjana Islam dalam pelbagai disiplin ilmu, termasuklah ilmu matematik. Meskipun wacana dalam ilmu matematik hanya melibatkan angka, huruf, dan sejumlah formula, sarjana Islam menjadikannya sebagai instrument memanifestasikan kebesaran Tuhan. Justeru artikel ini akan membincangkan perkembangan ilmu matematik dalam sorotan tamadun Islam. Metode kajian adalah bersifat kualitatif melalui kajian kepustakaan. Kajian mendapati, al-Quran menjadi sumber inspirasi para sarjana Islam dalam ilmu matematik sehingga terhasilnya cabang ilmu seperti teori nombor, aritmetik, algebra, dan geometri. Kemudian ilmu-ilmu tersebut dikembangkan dan dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat di seluruh dunia sehingga hari ini.
Kata kunci: Tamadun Islam; Matematik; Sejarah Matematik;
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Davidson, Michael W. "Pioneers in Optics: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek and James Clerk Maxwell." Microscopy Today 20, no. 6 (November 2012): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s155192951200079x.
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Leeuwenhoek was born in Delft, Holland on October 24, 1632. His father was a basket maker, and although Leeuwenhoek did not receive a university education and was not considered a scholar, his curiosity and skill allowed him to make some of the most important discoveries in the history of biology.James Clerk Maxwell was one of the greatest scientists of the nineteenth century. He is best known for the formulation of the theory of electromagnetism and in making the connection between light and electromagnetic waves. He also made significant contributions in the areas of physics, mathematics, astronomy, and engineering. He is considered by many as the father of modern physics.
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Wallis, Helen. "The Eva G. R. Taylor Lecture: Navigators and Mathematical Practitioners in Samuel Pepys's Day." Journal of Navigation 47, no. 1 (January 1994): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300011073.
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I am honoured that the Royal Institute of Navigation has invited me to give the E. G. R. Taylor lecture for 1992. These lectures, held annually, were funded by well-wishes in various societies to celebrate Professor Eva Taylor's 80th birthday. As a scholar, Professor Taylor moved in many spheres. I have chosen a subject which seems appropriate to her pioneering work in the history of navigation and the marine sciences.
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Acerbi, Fabio. "Two Approaches to Foundations in Greek Mathematics: Apollonius and Geminus." Science in Context 23, no. 2 (May 4, 2010): 151–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889710000037.
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ArgumentThis article is the sequel to an article published in the previous issue of Science in Context that dealt with homeomeric lines (Acerbi 2010). The present article deals with foundational issues in Greek mathematics. It considers two key characters in the study of mathematical homeomery, namely, Apollonius and Geminus, and analyzes in detail their approaches to foundational themes as they are attested in ancient sources. The main historiographical result of this paper is to show that there was a well-established mathematical field of discourse in “foundations of mathematics,” a fact that is by no means obvious. The paper argues that the authors involved in this field of discourse set up a variety of philosophical, scholarly, and mathematical tools that they used in developing their investigations.
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Aranda, Marcelo. "The Jesuit Roots of Spanish Naval Education: Juan José Navarro’s Translation of Paul Hoste for the Academia de Guardias Marinas." Journal of Jesuit Studies 7, no. 2 (January 29, 2020): 185–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22141332-00702003.
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Abstract From its origins in 1540 to its final expulsion in 1767, the far-flung Jesuit network of schools and scholars influenced the development of scientific and mathematical pedagogy in the Spanish Empire. The most important of these schools was the Colegio Imperial of Madrid where young noblemen and members of the Spanish court learned mathematics. Therefore, when Juan José Navarro, an early eighteenth-century Spanish naval officer and reformer, began to teach at the newly founded Academia de Guardias Marinas, he translated French Jesuit Paul Hoste’s L’Art des armées navales into a Spanish manuscript to serve as the basis of a curriculum on contemporary naval tactics. Navarro’s efforts highlight the continuity between the Jesuit science and mathematics of the seventeenth century and the emerging scientific institutions of the Spanish Enlightenment.
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Samokhin, V. P., K. V. Mescsherinova, and E. A. Tikhomirova. "Carl Friedrich Gauss (the 240 Anniversary of his Birth)." Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, no. 9 (November 4, 2017): 44–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24108/0917.0001302.
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A brief review of the major achievements of Andre-Marie Ampere, a prominent French scholar and the founder of electrodynamics and the author of fundamental works in the field of chemistry, biology, linguistics, and philosophy. Provides information about the parents Ampere, interesting facts from his life and work, including details of his self-education, interest in mathematics, chemistry and teaching. Some interesting facts from the history of electrodynamics associated with contributions in this direction Hans Oersted, Francois Arago and Augustin Fresnel. The designs of the two instruments, invented by Ampere for electrodynamic research and discussions with the opponents of the emerging science. Given the introduction of preconditions Ampe rum concepts of voltage, current, and its direction, which became the basis for the withdrawal of Ampere law of interaction of currents, which now bears his name.
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RABINOVITCH, ODED. "A learned artisan debates the system of the world: Le Clerc versus Mallemant de Messange." British Journal for the History of Science 50, no. 4 (October 11, 2017): 603–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087417000875.
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AbstractSébastien Le Clerc (1637–1714) was the most renowned engraver of Louis XIV's France. For the history of scientific publishing, however, Le Clerc represents a telling paradox. Even though he followed a traditional route based on classic artisanal training, he also published extensively on scientific topics such as cosmology and mathematics. While contemporary scholarship usually stresses the importance of artisanal writing as a direct expression of artisanal experience and know-how, Le Clerc's publications, and specifically the work on cosmology in hisSystème du monde(1706–1708), go far beyond this. By reconstructing the debate between Le Clerc and the professor Mallemant de Messange on the authorship of this ‘system of the world’, this article argues that Le Clerc's involvement in publishing ventures shaped his identity both as an artisan and as a scientific author. Whereas the Scientific Revolution supposedly heralded a change from the world of ‘more or less’ to the ‘world of precision’, this article shows how an artisan could be more ‘precise’ than the learned scholar whose claims he disputed, and points to the importance of the literary field as a useful lens for observing the careers of early modern scientific practitioners.
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Patalano, Rosario. "FERDINANDO GALIANI’S NEWTONIAN SOCIAL MATHEMATICS." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 42, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 357–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837219000348.
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The evolution of Ferdinando Galiani’s thought toward social mathematic has been neglected by scholars, and his attempt to establish political arguments on the analytical basis remains unexplored. The non-systematic nature of Galiani’s intuitions, due to his laziness, largely justifies this underestimation of his scientific program. This paper intends to show that the mature abbé Galiani follows an intellectual itinerary autonomous and parallel to that followed by Marquis de Condorcet in the same years. The anti-Physiocratique querelle represents Galiani’s methodological maturation. In contrast with Physiocratic economic doctrine, based on the primacy of deductive methodology, Galiani claims for economic science the realism of circumstance against aprioristic axiomatic hypotheses and rationalist generalizations. Galiani’s project, substantially similar to Marquis de Condorcet’s approach to social science, can be defined as Newtonian social mathematics opposed to Physiocratic Cartesian social mathematics.
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Caytas, Joanna Diane. "Legacies From a Holocaust of the Mind." Review of European Studies 11, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v11n1p86.
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In the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, Hitler and Stalin devised to partition Poland for all future. Toward their goal of enslaving the nation, the Nazis systematically exterminated the Polish intelligentsia and prohibited tertiary education to create a nation of serfs. Still, the Soviets and their lieutenants continued a policy with similar if largely non-lethal effects for another 45 years under the banner of social engineering. The fate of the Lwów School of Mathematics is a prominent example of brute atrocities but also of great resilience, enduring creativity and irrepressible revival. Among the world’s most advanced biotopes of mathematics in the interwar period, the Lwów School suffered debilitating losses from Hitler’s genocide, wartime emigration, and the post-war brain drain of defections inspired by communism. The Scottish Café was perhaps the best-known liberal scholarly hotbed of cutting-edge mathematical ideas east of Göttingen, the caliber of its patrons reflective of the most noteworthy mine of mathematical talent outside of Oxford, Cambridge, Paris and Moscow in its day. It is a conclusion strikingly evidenced by the Scottish Book: three-quarters of a century later, a quarter of the mathematical challenges described therein is still awaiting resolution.
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Kitagawa, Tomoko L. "Passionate souls: Elisabeth of Bohemia and René Descartes." Mathematical Gazette 105, no. 563 (June 21, 2021): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mag.2021.46.
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The mathematical investigations of natural phenomena in the seventeenth century led to the inventions of calculus and probability. While we know the works of eminent natural philosophers and mathematicians such as Isaac Newton (1643-1727), we know little about the learned women who made important contributions in the seventeenth century. This article features Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia (1618-1680), whose intellectual ability and curiosity left a unique mark in the history of mathematics. While some of her family members were deeply involved in politics, Elisabeth led an independent, scholarly life, and she was a close correspondent of René Descartes (1596-1650) and Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716).
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Dumas, Denis, Daniel McNeish, Julie Sarama, and Douglas Clements. "Preschool Mathematics Intervention Can Significantly Improve Student Learning Trajectories Through Elementary School." AERA Open 5, no. 4 (October 2019): 233285841987944. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332858419879446.
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Perhaps more than at any other time in history, the development of mathematical skill is critical for the long-term success of students. Unfortunately, on average, U.S. students lag behind their peers in other developed countries on mathematics outcomes, and within the United States, an entrenched mathematics achievement gap exists between students from more highly resourced and socially dominant groups, and minority students. To begin to remedy this situation, educational researchers have created instructional interventions designed to support the mathematical learning of young students, some of which have demonstrated efficacy at improving student mathematical skills in preschool, as compared with a business-as-usual control group. However, the degree to which these effects last or fade out in elementary school has been the subject of substantial research and debate, and differences in scholarly viewpoints have prevented researchers from making clear and consistent policy recommendations to educational decision makers and stakeholders. In this article, we use a relatively novel statistical framework, Dynamic Measurement Modeling, that takes both intra- and interindividual student differences across time into account, to demonstrate that while students who receive a short-term intervention in preschool may not differ from a control group in terms of their long-term mathematics outcomes at the end of elementary school, they do exhibit significantly steeper growth curves as they approach their eventual skill level. In addition, this significant improvement of learning rate in elementary school benefited minority (i.e., Black or Latinx) students most, highlighting the critical societal need for research-based mathematics curricula in preschool.
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Jami, Catherine. "The Reconstruction of Imperial Mathematics in China During the Kangxi Reign (1662-1722)." Early Science and Medicine 8, no. 2 (2003): 88–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338203x00026.
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AbstractContrary to astronomy, the early modern Chinese State did not systematically sponsor mathematics. However, early in his reign, the Kangxi Emperor studied this subject with the Jesuit missionaries in charge of the calendar. His first teacher, Ferdinand Verbiest (1623-1688) relied on textbooks based on Christoph Clavius' (1538-1612). Those who succeeded Verbiest as imperial tutors in the 1690s produced lecture notes in Manchu and Chinese. Newly discovered manuscripts show Antoine Thomas (1644-1709) wrote substantial treatises on arithmetic and algebra while teaching those subjects. In 1713, the emperor commissioned a group of scholars and officials to compile a standard survey of mathematics (Shuli jingyun, "Essential principles of mathematics"). This work opened with the claim that mathematics had its roots in Chinese Antiquity. However, it can be shown that the Jesuits' lecture notes were the main source of the Shuli jingyun. The reconstruction of mathematics under Kangxi's patronage is thus best characterised as the imperial appropriation of Western learning.
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Dassa, Awi, Syahrullah Asyari, and Ikhbariaty Kautsar Qadry. "Volume Unit in the Period of The Prophet Muhammad Sallallahu Alayhi Wa Sallam: An Integrated Study of Mathematics and Islamic Histories within the Contemporary Context." Daya Matematis: Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Matematika 7, no. 3 (January 4, 2020): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/jds.v7i3.11869.
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This article aims at presenting one of the mathematics topics in Islamic history, namely volume unit which had been used by Arabians in the medieval age, especially by the Prophet Muhammad Sallallahu Alayhi Wa Sallam. It is something rarely revealed by, or even never be found in the literature of mathematics history by Western mathematics historians. The study results show that in the period of Muhammad Sallallahu Alayhi Wa Sallam, Arabians used Qullah unit in determining the volume of an object, where 1 Qullah is about 96 liters so that 2 Qullahs will be about 192 liters. It is in line with the result of the computation mathematically based upon the explanation of scholars in contemporary Islamic Jurisprudence
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Van Liefferinge, Stefaan. "The Hemicycle of Notre-Dame of Paris: Gothic Design and Geometrical Knowledge in the Twelfth Century." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 69, no. 4 (December 1, 2010): 490–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2010.69.4.490.
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The Hemicycle of Notre-Dame of Paris: Gothic Design and Geometrical Knowledge in the Twelfth Century analyzes how the layout of four plinths in the hemicycle of Notre-Dame of Paris reflects the state of mathematical knowledge at the time of the first construction phases of the cathedral in the early 1160s. During the first half of the twelfth century, building enterprise was paired with intellectual activity in Paris, where architects experimented with a new building style——Gothic——and scholars explained geometry in treatises. Stefaan Van Liefferinge reconstructs the mathematics used by the Gothic builders at Notre-Dame, notes its resemblance to the geometry of the Parisian scholars, and suggests that this similarity points to either the exchange of knowledge or a common origin.
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Gupta, R. C. "Seminar on Astronomy and Mathematics in Ancient and Medieval India: A Dialogue between Traditional Scholars and University-Trained Scientists." Historia Mathematica 18, no. 1 (February 1991): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0315-0860(91)90352-x.
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Usó Doménech, José Luis, Josué Antonio Nescolarde-Selva, Hugh Gash, and Lorena Segura-Abad. "Dialectical logic for mythical and mystical superstructural systems (ii)." Kybernetes 48, no. 8 (September 2, 2019): 1851–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-08-2018-0433.
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Purpose The distinction between essence and existence cannot be a distinction in God: in the actual infinite, essence and existence coincide and are one. In it, maximum and minimum coincide. Coincidentia oppositorum is a Latin phrase meaning coincidence of opposites. It is a neo-Platonic term, attributed to the fifteenth-century German scholar Nicholas of Cusa in his essay, Docta Ignorantia. God (coincidentia oppositorum) is the synthesis of opposites in a unique and absolutely infinite being. God transcends all distinctions and oppositions that are found in creatures. The purpose of this paper is to study Cusanus’s thought in respect to infinity (actual and potential), Spinoza’s relationship with Cusanus, and present a mathematical theory of coincidentia oppositorum based on complex numbers. Design/methodology/approach Mathematical development of a dialectical logic is carried out with truth values in a complex field. Findings The conclusion is the same as has been made by thinkers and mystics throughout time: the inability to know and understand the idea of God. Originality/value The history of the Infinite thus reveals in both mathematics and philosophy a development of increasingly subtle thought in the form of a dialectical dance around the ineffable and incomprehensible Infinite. First, the authors step toward it, reaching with their intuition beyond the limits of rationality and thought into the realm of the paradoxical. Then, they step back, struggling to express their insight within the limited scope of reason. But the Absolute Infinite remains, at the border of comprehensibility, inviting them with its paradoxes, to once again step forward and transcend the apparent division between finite and Infinite.
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Tang, Rong. "Citation Characteristics and Intellectual Acceptance of Scholarly Monographs." College & Research Libraries 69, no. 4 (July 1, 2008): 356–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/crl.69.4.356.
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The present study investigates citations to 750 randomly selected scholarly monographs in disciplines of religion, history, psychology, economics, mathematics, and physics. The objective of the study is to understand distributions of citations to scholarly monographs in various disciplines, to explore disciplinary difference in the citing of books, and to compare citations to monographs with previous results on citations to journal articles. The data revealed interesting citation patterns and aging effects that are in several aspects different from citation data based on the journal literature. While the distribution trend of monographic uncitedness is similar to that of journals across the disciplines, the noncitation ratios are much lower than what has been reported about journal citations. Half-life measures of scientific monographs are greater than those in the humanities and social sciences; this contradicts previous findings. Citation frequency and Price's Index vary from discipline to discipline, and the most significant linear contract occurred between disciplines of religion, history, and economics as one group and psychology, mathematics, and physics as another. When using periods of intellectual acceptance as the unit of analysis, significant disciplinary differences emerged both in terms of citation frequency and the number of books cited. Significant differences also appeared between earlier periods of intellectual acceptance that are within the first 10 years following the original publication year and longer ages of survival that are beyond 10 years.
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Yoke, Ho Peng. "Chinese science: the traditional Chinese view." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 54, no. 3 (October 1991): 506–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00000860.
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In the study of Chinese science it is important to take into account the fact that there are many Chinese terms which do not convey exactly the same meanings to traditional and modern scholars. It is essential to try to put ourselves in theshoes of the former in order to have a better understanding of classical Chinese texts. Take for example the simple term shuxue, which we all take to mean ‘mathematics’. Indeed we are quite correct to call it ‘ mathematics’ when it appears in a modern text, or after the time of Li Shanlan (1811–1982) who first used itwhen he translated Western mathematical works into Chinese. However, when the term shuxue appears in any text written before the time of Li Shanlan it can often be dangerous to use the modern meaning of the term without circumspection. I quote a passage on the Biography of Zhang Zhong from the Ming waish. contained in the Imperial Compendium Gujin tushu jicheng which reads:(Zhang) Zhong was studying at his youth and presented himself at the jinshi level of civil examinations. However, he failed, and whereupon he gave rein to roaming among the mountains and streams. On one occasion he came across an extraordinarily gifted person and learned shuxue from him. (Henceforth) he talked about future destiny, and was often uncanny in accuracy.
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Ericson, Richard E. "The Growth and Marcescence of the “System for Optimal Functioning of the Economy” (SOFE)." History of Political Economy 51, S1 (December 1, 2019): 155–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-7903276.
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This article discusses the perhaps most systematic attempt to develop mathematical methods for use in planning and management of the Soviet economy: the system for optimal functioning of the economy (SOFE). The intellectual ferment of the post-Stalin “thaw,” and increasing difficulties in managing the growing economy, opened the way to new approaches to Soviet economics. Scholars, primarily at a new Academy of Sciences institute for applying mathematics to economic problems—the Central Economic-Mathematical Institute—developed a series of models and policy recommendations in dozens of monographs, articles, and conference reports from 1963 to the mid-1980s. Despite evident support at two CPSU Party Congresses (1966, 1971), SOFE never got traction in the official planning or administrative organs, although some specific mathematical methods and recommendations derived from SOFE were used experimentally, and indeed partially applied in plan implementations. The last act of SOFE came with the incorporation of many of its ideas in the final Soviet reform—Mikhail Gorbachev’s perestroika. I survey the evolution of the SOFE research program and its policy recommendations, arguing that it was inherently incapable of providing viable reform recommendations due not only to the difficulty of that task but also the political opposition to the recommendations derived from that program.
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Uciecha, Andrzej. "Stephan Schiwietz (Siwiec) – uczeń w szkole Maxa Sdralka." Vox Patrum 64 (December 15, 2015): 503–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/vp.3728.
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Stefan Schiwietz (Stefan Siwiec), 1863-1941 – a Roman Catholic priest, Doctor of Theology, historian of the Eastern Orthodox Church, pedagogue – was born in Miasteczko Śląskie (Georgenberg) on 23th August 1863. He studied theology at the University of Wrocław for 3 years (1881-1884) under H. Laemmer, F. Probst, A. König and M. Sdralek, among others, and then continued his theological studies in Innsbruck (1884-1886), where he was a pupil of J. Jungmann and G. Bickell. The seminarist spent two years (1885-1886) in Freising in Bavaria, where in 1886 he took his holy orders. Siwiec published his doctoral thesis in Wrocław in 1896, so at the time when Sdralek took the chair of Church History. The subject of the Silesian scholar’s dissertation concerned the monastic reform of Theodore the Studite De S. Theodoro Studita reformatore monachorum Basilianorum. Siwiec combined his didactic work as a religious and mathematics teacher in the public middle school in Racibórz with his academic studies on the history of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, especially on monasticism. The results of his research were published both in German and in Polish. His most significant work is a three-volume monograph Das morgenländische Mönchtum (Bd. 1: Das Ascetentum der drei ersten christl. Jahrhunderte und das egyptische Mönchtum im vierten Jahrhundert, Mainz 1904; Bd. 2: Das Mönchtum auf Sinai und in Palästina im 4 Jahrhundert, Mainz 1913; Bd. 3: Das Mönchtum in Syrien und Mesopotamien und das Aszetentum in Persien vierten Jarhundert, Mödling bei Wien 1938) on the history of the beginnings and development of Oriental monasticism in Egypt, Palestine, Syria and Persia, until the 4th century, which up to the present day has been cited in the world Patristic literature. Yet, Siwiec’s academic work still remains little known, especially in the circle of historians of antiquity and Polish patrologists. The equally little known figure of Max Sdralek, another Silesian (coming from Woszczyce) priest and academic, Rector of University of Wrocław, provides a significant context with the research methodology which this eminent scholar initiated, developed and tried to pass down to his pupils, among whom was also Stefan Siwiec. Sdralek strictly demanded that the principle of the priority of Church history over history of religion and psychology should be kept. In his works a description of socio-cultural factors and natural conditions determining the process of development of Christianity enables to see in a much clearer way how God’s plan has unfolded in history. The mutual dependence of Sdralek and Siwiec, the similarities and differences in their ways of studying and understanding Church history still remains an issue worth further exploration.
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Monson, Ingrid. "Yusef Lateef's Autophysiopsychic Quest." Daedalus 148, no. 2 (April 2019): 104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_01746.
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Yusef Lateef's neologism for jazz was autophysiopsychic, meaning “music from one's physical, mental and spiritual self.” Lateef condensed in this term a very considered conception linking the intellectual and the spiritual based in his faith as an Ahmadiyya Muslim and his lifelong commitment to both Western and non-Western intellectual explorations. Lateef's distinctive voice as an improviser is traced with respect to his autophysiopsychic exploration of world instruments including flutes, double reeds, and chordophones, and his friendship with John Coltrane. The two shared a love of spiritual exploration as well as the study of science, physics, symmetry, and mathematics. Lateef's ethnomusicological research on Hausa music in Nigeria, as well as his other writings and visual art, deepen our understanding of him as an artist-scholar who cleared the way for the presence of autophysiopsychic musicians in the academy.
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Rabin, Sheila J. "Early Modern Jesuit Science. A Historiographical Essay." Journal of Jesuit Studies 1, no. 1 (2014): 88–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22141332-00101006.
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The traditional narrative of early modern science, or the scientific revolution, made the Catholic church appear anti-scientific. However, as scholars during the last three decades have reconstructed science in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, they have found that members of the Catholic church and the Jesuits in particular, despite their rejection of Copernican astronomy, contributed significantly to the advancement of science in those centuries. Many members of the Society of Jesus were both practitioners of mathematics and science and teachers of these subjects. They were trained in mathematics and open to the use of new instruments. As a result they made improvements in mathematics, astronomy, and physics. They kept work alive on magnetism and electricity; they corrected the calendar; they improved maps both of the earth and the sky. As teachers they influenced others, and their method of argumentation encouraged rigorous logic and the use of experiment in the pursuit of science. They also used mathematics and science in their missions in Asia and the Americas, which aided their successes in these missions. Historians of science now realize that detailing the progress of science in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries requires the inclusion of Jesuit science.
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Golvers, Noël. "Antoine Thomas, SJ, and his Synopsis Mathematica: biography of a Jesuit mathematical textbook for the China mission." East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine 45, no. 1 (June 25, 2017): 119–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26669323-04501006.
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This article is an examination of a nearly forgotten massive two-volume octavo textbook of introductory (theoretical and practical) mathematics published in Douai in 1685, with a second issuing of it in 1729. The theme of mathematical training has been central to the understanding of the Jesuits in China in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, and this discussion gives a detailed survey of the mathematical ‘baggage’ of the author, Antoine Thomas, SJ, (1644-1709). Here we consider his teaching at the Colégio das Artes in Coimbra, Portugal, in the late 1670s, when he synthesized basic mathematical knowledge. Most importantly, Thomas’s Synopsis was explicitly written for the use of Jesuit candidates for the China mission, and describes in detail the minimum level of mathematical, and especially astronomical, knowledge and skills that were expected from them. Despite its two issues and its well-targeted didactic program, the book’s reception—which spans a period from 1685 until at least 1756, when there is evidence that it was still being recommended—was actually quite limited; this reception can mainly be gauged from the twenty-six extant copies, and some references in auction catalogues. These data reveal a restricted geographic spread, with some notable exceptions, including some copies which made it to South America. Soon after its appearance, the Synopsis found a secondary use outside the context of the Jesuit mission to China as a textbook of mathematics. It later enjoyed a reception as a ‘collector’s item’, although it had no further scholarly impact.
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Chen, Jiang-Ping Jeff. "Practices of reasoning: persuasion and refutation in a seventeenth-century Chinese mathematical treatise of “linear algebra”." Science in Context 33, no. 1 (March 2020): 65–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889720000125.
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ArgumentThis article documents the reasoning in a mathematical work by Mei Wending, one of the most prolific mathematicians in seventeenth-century China. Based on an analysis of the mathematical content, we present Mei’s systematic treatment of this particular genre of problems, fangcheng, and his efforts to refute the traditional practices in works that appeared earlier. His arguments were supported by the epistemological values he utilized to establish his system and refute the flaws in the traditional approaches. Moreover, in the context of the competition between the Chinese and Western approaches to mathematics, Mei was motivated to demonstrate that the genre of fangcheng problems was purely a “Chinese” achievement, not discussed by the Jesuits. Mei’s motivations were mostly expressed primarily in the prefaces to his works, in his correspondence with other scholars, in synopses of his poems, and in biographical records of some of his contemporaries.
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GOZZA, PAOLO. "ATOMI, 'SPIRITUS', SUONI: LE SPECULATIONI DI MUSICA (1670) DEL 'GALILEIANO' PIETRO MENGOLI *." Nuncius 5, no. 2 (1990): 75–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539190x00039.
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Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title The publication of La Corrispondenza di Pietro Mengoli (Florence 1986), for the ' Archives of the Correspondence of Italian Scientists ' edited by the Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza, draws attention to a little-known mathematician and natural philosopher of the Galileian School, who was active in Bologna from 1625-1686. Mengoli was trained at the school of Bonaventura Cavalieri (1598-1647), and, after his teacher's death, became professor of mechanics (from 1649-50) and then mathematicis (from 1678 to 1685) in the Bolognese Studium. Today Mengoli's name is known mainly to Italian historians of mathematics interested in his Novae quadraturae arithmeticae (1650) and Geometria (1659). Only recently have his several works on ' mixed mathematics ', metaphysics, cosmology and Biblical chronology come to the attention of scholars. During his lifetime, however, the ' Bolognese Mathematician ' was widely known in Europe, especially in the years 1660-1680. His Speculationi di musica (1670) was eagerly awaited by members of the Royal Society, and was reviewed and partly translated in the Philosophical Transactions (1674). Oldenburg, in his review, pointed out for future historians of musical science the main points of interest of this uncommon musical treatise: 1) the peculiar theory of sound; 2) the refusal of the so-called ' coincidence-theory of consonance '; and, 3) the amazing physiology of hearing, which Mengoli based on his assumption of the existence of two drums in the human ear.
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Tindal, Gerald. "Curriculum-Based Measurement: A Brief History of Nearly Everything from the 1970s to the Present." ISRN Education 2013 (February 14, 2013): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/958530.
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This paper provides a description of 30 years of research conducted on curriculum-based measurement. In this time span, several subject matter areas have been studied—reading, writing, mathematics, and secondary content (subject) areas—in developing technically adequate measures of student performance and progress. This research has been conducted by scores of scholars across the United States using a variety of methodologies with widely differing populations. Nevertheless, little of this research has moved from a “measurement paradigm” to one focused on “training in data use and decision making paradigm.” The paper concludes with a program of research that is needed over the next 30 years.
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Paneva-Marinova, Desislava, Stoikov Stoikov, Lilia Pavlova, and Detelin Luchev. "System Architecture and Intelligent Data Curation of Virtual Museum for Ancient History." SPIIRAS Proceedings 18, no. 2 (April 12, 2019): 444–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15622/sp.18.2.444-470.
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Preserving the cultural and historical heritage of various world nations, and their thorough presentation is a long-term commitment of scholars and researchers working in many areas. From centuries every generation is aimed at keeping record about its labor, so that it could be revised and studied by the next generations. New information and multimedia technologies have been developed during the past couple of years, which introduced new methods of preservation, maintenance and distribution of the huge amounts of collected material. This article aims to present the virtual museum, an advanced system managing diverse collections of digital objects that are organized in various ways by a complex specialized functionality. The management of digital content requires a well-designed architecture that embeds services for content presentation, management, and administration. All elements of the system architecture are interrelated, thus the accuracy of each element is of great importance. These systems suffer from the lack of tools for intelligent data curation with the capacity to validate data from different sources and to add value to data. This paper proposes a solution for intelligent data curation that can be implemented in a virtual museum in order to provide opportunity to observe the valuable historical specimens in a proper way. The solution is focused on the process of validation and verification to prevent the duplication of records for digital objects, in order to guarantee the integrity of data and more accurate retrieval of knowledge.
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Yellin, Joel. "A scholar’s tale." Mathematical Intelligencer 13, no. 4 (September 1991): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03028339.
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Henry, John. "Metaphysics and the Origins of Modern Science: Descartes and the Importance of Laws of Nature." Early Science and Medicine 9, no. 2 (2004): 73–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573382041154051.
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AbstractThis paper draws attention to the crucial importance of a new kind of precisely defined law of nature in the Scientific Revolution. All explanations in the mechanical philosophy depend upon the interactions of moving material particles; the laws of nature stipulate precisely how these interact; therefore, such explanations rely on the laws of nature. While this is obvious, the radically innovatory nature of these laws is not fully acknowledged in the historical literature. Indeed, a number of scholars have tried to locate the origins of such laws in the medieval period. In the first part of this paper these claims are critically examined, and found at best to reveal important aspects of the background to the later idea, which could be drawn upon for legitimating purposes by the mechanical philosophers. The second part of the paper argues that the modern concept of laws of nature originates in René Descartes's work. It is shown that Descartes took his concept of laws of nature from the mathematical tradition, but recognized that he could not export it to the domain of physico-mathematics, to play a causal role, unless he could show that these laws were underwritten by God. It is argued that this is why, at an early stage of his philosophical development, Descartes had to turn to metaphysics.
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Rabin, Sheila J., and Agustín Udías, S.J. "Introduction." Journal of Jesuit Studies 7, no. 2 (January 29, 2020): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22141332-00702001.
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Jesuit scholars have pursued studies in mathematics and science since the founding of the order. Authors in this issue discuss the work on magnetic declination by the Jesuit polymath Athanasius Kircher, the reform of Spanish naval education using the treatise on naval warfare by the Jesuit Paul Hoste, the Jesuit contributions to the Japanese clock-making industry, the dissemination of scientific knowledge through the Jesuit journal Brotéria, the Jesuit Erich Wasmann’s attempts to grapple with Darwinian evolution, Jesuit contributions to understanding the natural environment of India, and the many accomplishments of the Jesuit-run Vatican Observatory.
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Lytvynko, A. "International scientific associations of the History of Science and Technology: formation and development (part III)." Studies in history and philosophy of science and technology 29, no. 1 (February 8, 2021): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/272014.
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The activity of international organizations on the history and philosophy of science and technology is a remarkable phenomenon in the world scientific and sociocultural sphere. Such centers influence and contribute to the scientific communication of scientists from different countries and the comprehensive development of numerous aspects of the history and phylosiphy of science and technology, carry out scientific congresses. That is why the analysis of the acquired experience and the obtained results of these groups are important.
The history of the formation and development, task, structure, background and directions of the activities of some international organizations in the field of history and philosophy of science and technology, including The European Philosophy of Science Association (EPSA), The International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science (HOPOS), The International Federation of Philosophical Societies (FISP) and The International council for philosophy and human sciences (ICPHS) have been shown.
The European Philosophy of Science Association (EPSA) was established in 2007 to promote and advance the investigations and teaching the philosophy of science in Europe. EPSA edits the European Journal for Philosophy of Science (EJPS), which publishes articles in all areas of philosophy of science. The International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science (HOPOS) promotes serious, scholarly research on the history of the philosophy of science and gathers scholars who share an interest in promoting research on the history of the philosophy of science and related topics in the history of the natural and social sciences, logic, philosophy and mathematics. The scholarly journal HOPOS is published by University of Chicago Press.
The International Federation of Philosophical Societies (FISP) is the highest nongovernmental world organization for philosophy, whose members-societies represent every country where there is significant academic philosophy. It was established in Amsterdam in 1948. FISP’s first seat was located at the the Sorbonne in Paris. FISP includes approximately one hundred members. It does not include individual members, but only «societies» in a broad sense, that is, philosophical institutions of different kinds, such as associations, societies, institutes, centres and academies at national, regional and international levels. The International council for philosophy and human sciences (ICPHS) is a non-governmental organisation within UNESCO, which federates hundreds of different learned societies in the field of philosophy, human sciences and related subjects. It was conceived as the intermediary between UNESCO on one hand, and learned societies and national academies on the other. Its aim was to extend UNESCO's action in the domain of humanistic studies.
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De Moura, Roseli Alves, and Fumikazu Saito. "Disseminação do estudo de Análise Matemática e a Repercussão de Instituzioni Analitiche de Maria Gaetana Agnesi." Educação Matemática Pesquisa : Revista do Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em Educação Matemática 23, no. 1 (April 11, 2021): 810–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/1983-3156.2021v23i1p810-832.
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ResumoNeste artigo apresentamos alguns desdobramentos relativos à divulgação e repercussão da obra Instituzioni Analitiche ad uso dela giuveniu italiana, por ocasião de sua publicação em Milão, em 1748, e nos cinquenta anos posteriores, sobretudo em função do direcionamento dado por Maria Gaetana Agnesi (1718-1799) ao seu tratado matemático. Para compreender o lugar ocupado pela estudiosa e sua obra na história da matemática, é essencial situá-la em malhas contextuais mais amplas, de modo a abarcar parte do processo de circulação dos discursos e da divulgação da álgebra e do cálculo, naquele contexto. Mediante este enfoque, a abordagem metodológica adotada neste trabalho se baseou em uma análise documental, a partir da articulação das esferas epistemológica, historiográfica e contextual, na concepção de Alfonso-Goldfarb e Ferraz. Considerando que uma interligação entre tais esferas constituí uma empreitada não trivial, nosso corpus é composto pela obra matemática Instituzioni Analitiche, as correspondencias de Agnesi com seus contemporâneos, além de alguns trabalhos de estudiosos que se debruçaram sobre a vida e obra da estudiosa, como forma de trazer à luz indícios de que houve interesse e comprometimento de Agnesi em divulgar seu tratado para além do solo milanês, e à vista disso, este teve ampla repercussão, a despeito de ter sido esquecido, em sua maioria, sob muitos aspectos, pelos historiadores da matemática.Palavras-chave: História da matemática, Educação matemática, Maria Gaetana Agnesi, Análise matemática, História das ciências.AbstractIn this article, we present some developments related to the dissemination and repercussion of the work Instituzioni Analitiche ad usage della giuveniu Italiana, on its publication in Milan, in 1748, and the following fifty years, mainly due to the direction given by Maria Gaetana Agnesi (1718- 1799) to her mathematical treatise. To understand the place occupied by the scholar and her work in the history of mathematics, it is essential to place it in broader contextual networks, to cover part of the process of circulation of discourses and the dissemination of algebra and calculus in that context. From this perspective, the methodological approach adopted in this work was based on a documentary analysis, from the articulation of the epistemological, historiographical, and contextual spheres, in Alfonso-Goldfarb and Ferraz’s conception. Considering that an interconnection between such spheres constitutes a non-trivial endeavour, our corpus is composed of the mathematical work Instituzioni Analitiche, Agnesi’s correspondence with contemporaries, and some studies based on her life and work, bringing to light evidence that she was interested in and committed to having her treaty publicised beyond Milanese lands, which gave it extensive repercussion. However, despite her importance, Agnesi has been forgotten, in many aspects, by the historians of mathematics.Keywords: History of mathematics, Mathematics education, Maria Gaetana Agnesi, Mathematical analysis, History of sciences.ResumenEn este artículo presentamos algunos desarrollos relacionados con la difusión y repercusión de la obra Instituzioni Analitiche ad use della giuveniu Italiana, en el marco de su publicación en Milán, en 1748, y los siguientes cincuenta años, principalmente debido a la dirección que Maria Gaetana Agnesi (1718-1799) dió a su tratado matemático. Para comprender el lugar que ocupa la académica y su obra en la historia de las matemáticas, es fundamental ubicarla en redes contextuales más amplias, para abarcar parte del proceso de circulación de los discursos y la difusión del álgebra y el cálculo en ese contexto. Desde esta perspectiva, el enfoque metodológico adoptado en este trabajo se basó en un análisis documental, a partir de la articulación de los ámbitos epistemológico, historiográfico y contextual, en la concepción de Alfonso-Goldfarb y Ferraz. Considerando que la interconexión entre tales esferas constituye un esfuerzo no trivial, nuestro corpus está compuesto por el trabajo matemático Instituzioni Analitiche, la correspondencia de Agnesi con sus contemporáneos, y algunos estudios basados en su vida y obra, sacando a la luz evidencias de su interés y comprometimiento a que su tratado se publicitara más allá de las tierras milanesas, lo que le dio una amplia repercusión. Sin embargo, a pesar de su importancia, Agnesi ha sido olvidada, en muchos aspectos, por los historiadores de las matemáticas.Palabras clave: Historia de las matemáticas, Educación matemática, Maria Gaetana Agnesi, Análisis matemático, Historia de las Ciencias.
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Lichocka, Halina. "Akademia Umiejętności (1872–1918) i jej czescy członkowie." Studia Historiae Scientiarum 14 (May 27, 2015): 37–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23921749pkhn_pau.16.003.5259.
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The article shows that the Czech humanists formed the largest group among the foreign members of the Academy of Arts and Sciences in Krakow. It is mainly based on the reports of the activities of the Academy. The Academy of Arts and Sciences in Krakow was established by transforming the Krakow Learned Society. The Statute of the newly founded Academy was approved by a decision of the Emperor Franz Joseph I on February 16, 1872. The Emperor nominated his brother Archduke Karl Ludwig as the Academy’s Protector. The Academy was assigned to take charge of research matters related to different fields of science: philology (mainly Polish and other Slavic languages); history of literature; history of art; philosophical; political and legal sciences; history and archaeology; mathematical sciences, life sciences, Earth sciences and medical sciences. In order to make it possible for the Academy to manage so many research topics, it was divided into three classes: a philological class, a historico‑philosophical class, and a class for mathematics and natural sciences. Each class was allowed to establish its own commissions dealing with different branches of science. The first members of the Academy were chosen from among the members of the Krakow Learned Society. It was a 12‑person group including only local members, approved by the Emperor. It was also them who elected the first President of the Academy, Józef Majer, and the Secretary General, Józef Szujski, from this group. By the end of 1872, the organization of the Academy of Arts and Sciences in Krakow was completed. It had its administration, management and three classes that were managed by the respective directors and secretaries. It also had three commissions, taken over from the Krakow Learned Society, namely: the Physiographic Commission, the Bibliographic Commission and the Linguistic Commission. At that time, the Academy had only a total of 24 active members who had the right to elect non‑ resident and foreign members. Each election had to be approved by the Emperor. The first public plenary session of the Academy was held in May 1873. After the speeches had been delivered, a list of candidates for new members of the Academy was read out. There were five people on the list, three of which were Czech: Josef Jireček, František Palacký and Karl Rokitansky. The second on the list was – since February 18, 1860 – a correspondent member of the Krakow Learned Society, already dissolved at the time. They were approved by the Emperor Franz Joseph in his rescript of July 7, 1873. Josef Jireček (1825–1888) became a member of the Philological Class. He was an expert on Czech literature, an ethnographer and a historian. František Palacký (1798–1876) became a member of the Historico‑Philosophical Class. The third person from this group, Karl Rokitansky (1804–1878), became a member of the Class for Mathematics and Natural Sciences. The mere fact that the first foreigners were elected as members of the Academy was a perfect example of the criteria according to which the Academy selected its active members. From among the humanists, it accepted those researchers whose research had been linked to Polish matters and issues. That is why until the end of World War I, the Czech representatives of social sciences were the biggest group among the foreign members of the Academy. As for the members of the Class for Mathematics and Natural Sciences, the Academy invited scientists enjoying exceptional recognition in the world. These criteria were binding throughout the following years. The Academy elected two other humanists as its members during the session held on October 31, 1877 and these were Václav Svatopluk Štulc (1814–1887) and Antonin Randa (1834–1914). Václav Svatopluk Štulc became a member of the Philological Class and Antonin Randa became a member of the Historico‑Philosophical Class. The next Czech scholar who became a member of the Academy of Arts and Scientists in Krakow was Václav Vladivoj Tomek (1818–1905). It was the Historico‑Philosophical Class that elected him, which happened on May 2, 1881. On May 14, 1888, the Krakow Academy again elected a Czech scholar as its active member. This time it was Jan Gebauer (1838–1907), who was to replace Václav Štulc, who had died a few months earlier. Further Czech members of the Krakow Academy were elected at the session on December 4, 1899. This time it was again humanists who became the new members: Zikmund Winter (1846–1912), Emil Ott (1845–1924) and Jaroslav Goll (1846–1929). Two years later, on November 29, 1901, Jan Kvičala (1834–1908) and Jaromir Čelakovský (1846–1914) were elected as members of the Krakow Academy. Kvičala became a member of the Philological Class and Čelakovský – a corresponding member of the Historical‑Philosophical Class. The next member of the Krakow Academy was František Vejdovský (1849–1939) elected by the Class for Mathematics and Natural Sciences. Six years later, a chemist, Bohuslav Brauner (1855–1935), became a member of the same Class. The last Czech scientists who had been elected as members of the Academy of Arts and Sciences in Krakow before the end of the World War I were two humanists: Karel Kadlec (1865–1928) and Václav Vondrák (1859–1925). The founding of the Czech Royal Academy of Sciences in Prague in 1890 strengthened the cooperation between Czech and Polish scientists and humanists.
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Biderman, Albert D. "The Playfair enigma." Information Design Journal 6, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/idj.6.1.01bid.
Full textAbstract:
The invention of statistical graphics is generally, if inaccurately, attributed to William Playfair His initial innovation, along with his subsequent invention of most of the major repertoire of statistical graphics, is in many ways an enigma of the history of science: (1) Given their apparent obviousness, why had these graphic forms not been previously used for plotting statistics? {2} Why was the Cartesian coordinate system, during a century ami a half from its invention, not regularly applied to the kinds of data which Playfair plotted? (3) Why were the symbolic schematics used by Playfair apparently understood by contemporaries without need for prior learning of his 'conventions'? (4) Why did serious scholarly attention to Playfair'$ innovations occur earlier on the continent than in England? (5) Why subsequently have there been waves of popularity and of neglect of Playfair's forms? (S) Why were statistical graphics invented by a political pamphleteer and business adventurer rather than a scholar or scientist? (7) Why did statistical graphics develop first for social data applications rather than for natural or physical science purposes? Addressing these questions may shed light on developments in schematic representation of statistics from the beginnings of cultural numeracy to the present day The primary explanations of the enigma are: (1) the similarities and differences between the purely empirical data graph and diagrammatic representations of pure or applied mathematical functions; (2) the association of utility of pure data graphs with a statistical orientation toward phenomena, Playfaiťs innovations were facilitated by bis association with science during a time when science was particularly hospitable to highly pragmatic endeavors. His innovations were also facilitated by bis marginality with regard to the science of bis contemporaries.
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Ewing, John. "Predicting the future of scholarly publishing." Mathematical Intelligencer 25, no. 2 (June 2003): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02984826.
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Henry, John. "Reassessing the Wider Aspects of Newton’s Thought – A Symposium." Early Science and Medicine 26, no. 2 (June 28, 2021): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15733823-02620008.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract After a brief introduction, this “symposium” presents four essay reviews of three recent major studies of Newton’s life and works beyond the mathematics, physics and natural philosophy for which he is principally known: Jed Buchwald’s and Mordechai Feingold’s Newton and the Origin of Civilization (2013), Rob Iliffe’s Priest of Nature: The Religious Worlds of Isaac Newton (2017), and William R. Newman’s Newton the Alchemist (2019); and they address Newton’s work on history, chronology, theology and alchemy. The four reviewers are leading Newton scholars in their own right, and assess how these three studies advance our understanding of Newton the “scientist”, as well as Newton the man in his times. Niccolò Guicciardini considers their relevance to our understanding of Newton’s mathematics; Scott Mandelbrote assesses how they advance our understanding of Newton’s local and historical context; Steffen Ducheyne focuses on what we can learn about Newton’s methodological concerns and working practices; while Stephen Snobelen considers how these studies can help us understand the place of religion in Newton’s life and work. We conclude with responses from each of the reviewed authors: Feingold (representing also his co-author Jed Buchwald), Iliffe, and Newman. New insights into key questions are afforded throughout. Should Newton’s work in these different areas be considered continuous with his more “scientific” works, or compartmentalized according to his rigorous disciplinary procedures?
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Barot, Emmanuel. "Sciences et dialectiques de la nature, edited by Lucien Sève, Paris: La Dispute, 1998./La nature dans la pensée dialectique, Eftichios Bitsakis, Paris: L’Harmattan, 2001." Historical Materialism 18, no. 2 (May 20, 2010): 143–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156920610x512499.
Full textAbstract:
Dialectics, especially Engels’s dialectics of nature, is nowadays mostly held in low esteem, even by Marxist scholars because of its Stalinist dogmatisation over the past century. The aim of this comparative review is to show some stakes and prospects, in Marxism and for Marxism, of the debate: the two reviewed books show how the dialectics of nature could, and why it should be considered in a renewed materialist approach to the natural sciences, and provides the reader with complementary outline from the cognitive sciences to physics, via mathematics.
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Gessner, Samuel. "The Use of Printed Images for Instrument-Making at the Arsenius Workshop." Early Science and Medicine 18, no. 1-2 (2013): 124–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15733823-0005a0005.
Full textAbstract:
Mathematical instruments in the early-modern period lay at the intersection of various knowledge traditions, both practical and scholarly. Scholars treated instrument-related questions in their works, while instrument makers and mathematical practitioners also put much energy into producing instrument books. Assessing the role of that literature in the exchange of knowledge between the different traditions is a complex task. Did it directly influence workshop practice? Here, I will examine instruments from a famous Louvain workshop ca. 1570, focussing on the role of printed images. I will suggest that woodcuts did indeed inspire instrument makers; that images were sometimes more important than the text; and that the viewer’s appreciation of the images depended upon his familiarity with an instrument’s mathematical structure.