Dissertations / Theses: 'History of the ancient Near East'

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Liedeman, Gwendolene Caren. "Magic in the ancient Near East with special reference to ancient Israel." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52924.

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this investigation an anthropological and comparative approach was employed in the study of magic in the ancient Near East. Firstly, a survey was presented with regard to anthropological theories throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This forms the background against which evidence on magic with respect to the cultures of the ancient Near East is investigated. Secondly, examples of magic in the Ancient Near East was discussed, with reference to Egypt, Mesopotamia and Hittite Anatolia. Reference was made to categories such as magic spells, objects, rituals and magical experts (magicians) and various examples were discussed. Thirdly, an analysis was made about the phenomenon of magic in ancient Israel. In this context magic plays a somewhat different role in comparison to its other ancient Near Eastern neighbours. It was shown that so-called miraculous actions, miracle workers (prophets) and other religious actions (curses and blessings) in the Hebrew Bible could definitely be associated with magic. The frequent prohibitions against magical practises furthermore suggest that magic was indeed been practiced in ancient Israel.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie ondersoek met betrekking tot magie in die ou Nabye Ooste word gebruik gemaak van 'n antropologiese en vergelykende benadering. Eerstens word 'n oorsig aangebied van antropologiese teorieë met betrekking tot magie in die negentiende en twintigste eeue. Dit vorm die agtergrond waarteen die verskynsel van magie in die ou Nabye Ooste ondersoek word. Tweedens word voorbeelde van magie in die ou Nabye Ooste ondersoek, met verwysing na Egipte, Mesopotamië en die Hetiete. Spesiale aandag word gegee aan kategorieë soos magiese spreuke, magiese objekte, rituele en magiese spesialiste. Dit word toegelig met verskillende toepaslike voorbeelde. Derdens word 'n ondersoek gedoen na die aard van magie in Oud-Israel. In hierdie konteks het magie ietwat van 'n ander rol vervul in vergelyking met die ander ou Nabye Oosterse bure. Daar word aangedui dat sekere wonderdade, wonderwerkers (profete), en ander religieuse aksies (vervloekinge en seënuitsprake) in die Hebreeuse Bybel met magie geassosieer kan word. Die vele verbiedinge teen die beoefening van magie is 'n duidelike aanduiding dat magie inderdaad in Israel gepraktiseer is.

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Troy, Beth M. "LEGALLY BOUND: A STUDY OF WOMEN’S LEGAL STATUS IN THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1101850402.

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Stremlin, Boris. "Constructing a multiparadigm world history civilizations, ecumenes and world-systems in the ancient Near East /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.

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Kabuka, Mukhtar 1954. "The origin and development of domestic architecture and urban planning in the pre-Islamic Near East." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/558096.

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Crouch, Carly L. "War and ethics in the ancient Near East military violence in light of cosmology and history." Berlin New York, NY de Gruyter, 2009. http://d-nb.info/998753424/04.

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Overmann, Karenleigh Anne. "Materiality in numerical cognition : material engagement theory and the counting technologies of the ancient Near East." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1d0e3925-5207-4858-9820-681ba97c6867.

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Using the Material Engagement Theory of Cognitive Archaeologist Lambros Malafouris as its framework, the thesis offers a unique synthesis of data from neuroscience, ethnography, linguistics, and archaeology to outline how number concepts are realized, manipulated, and elaborated. The process is described as an interactivity of psychological processes like numerosity, behaviors that manipulate objects into concept-generating stimuli, and material objects with semiotic qualities distinct from those of language and agency distinct from that of brains and bodies. The counting technologies of the Ancient Near East (ANE) are then analyzed through archaeological and textual evidence spanning the late Upper Paleolithic to the Bronze Age, from the first realization of number concepts in a pristine original condition to their elaboration into one of the ancient world's greatest mathematical traditions, a foundation for mathematical thinking today. Insights from the way numbers are realized through psychological-behavioral-material interactivity are used to challenge three dominant conceptualizations of ANE numbers: first, the idea that the ANE numerical lexicon would have counted only to very low numbers; second, that Neolithic tokens were the first counting technology; and third, that numbers were 'concrete' before they became 'abstract'. Considering archaeological evidence from the Epipaleolithic Levant and drawing on linguistic and ethnographic evidence to characterize the regional prehistory, the thesis suggests that the numerical lexicon would have included relatively high numbers prior to the Neolithic; that finger-counting (linguistically attested) and tallies (archaeologically attested) would have preceded tokens; and that numbers are 'abstract' concepts whose content changes in conjunction with the incorporation and use of different material forms. The evidence provided to support these alternatives implies that numbers may have originated in the late Upper Paleolithic and arithmetic early in the Neolithic, pushing the onset of these capabilities further back than is commonly held. In addition to tallies and tokens, the thesis explores fingers and numerical notations as material artifacts, enabling an analysis of how materiality might structure numerical concepts, influence a number system's capabilities, limitations, and elaboration potential, and affect brains and behavior over cultural spans of time. Insights generated by the case study are then applied to the role of materiality in cognition more generally, including how concepts become distributed across multiple material forms; the reasons why materiality might be transparent (or invisible) in cognition; and the differences between thinking through and thinking about materiality.

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Newell, Nicholas R. "A Reception History of Gilgamesh as Myth." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2013. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/rs_theses/41.

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The story of Gilgamesh has been viewed as an example of several different narrative genres. This thesis establishes how scholarship in English published between 1872 and 1967 has described Gilgamesh as a myth, or denied Gilgamesh status as a myth and discusses new the meanings that the context of myth brings to the story. This thesis represents preliminary work on a larger project of exploring present day artistic meaning making efforts that revolve around Gilgamesh.

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Richter, Sandra L. "The deuteronomistic history and the name theology : "leškkēn šemô šām" in the Bible and the Ancient Near East /." Berlin ; New York : W. De Gruyter, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb390516712.

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Du, Toit Jaqueline Susann. "The organization and use of documentary deposits in the near east from ancient to medieval times : libraries, archives, book collections and genizas." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38480.

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A multidisciplinary approach is utilized to assess the organization and use of ancient and medieval Near Eastern textual deposits. An elaborate survey of the published material in ancient Near Eastern studies and library and archival studies indicates a general and pervasive insensitivity to and misuse of key terminological constructs. The indistinct portrayal of the nature of ancient libraries and archives is identified as of particular concern; as well as a widespread disregard for the recognition of textual collections older than the famed Library of Alexandria. This dissertation endeavours to indicate the presence of distinct textual collective units in the ancient Near Eastern context on equal footing with their much later counterparts and more broadly defined than the traditional library and archive, to include entities such as the geniza, building and foundation deposits, and so forth. Furthermore, the ancient temple library, as a restricted and well-regulated collective entity, is suggested as representative of literary standardization in the Near East, and the canonization process of the Hebrew Bible, in particular. Ancient archives are attested as equally prevalent textual units, clearly distinguishable from adjunct textual deposits, often loosely, but incorrectly, termed "archives" in modern scholarly discourse. In conclusion, this dissertation reconsiders the status of the two traditionally most valued ancient textual entities, the Library of Assurbanipal and the Library of Alexandria, and concludes that these entities are atypical examples of ancient textual collections. As closest claimants to the improbable and often religiously imbued ideal of universal collection of information, these libraries erroneously became the impossible standards by which all ancient collections were measured and found wanting. As alternate, the applicability of the theoretical constructs proposed in the earlier part of this dissertation, such as the introduction of an in

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Burgh, Theodore William. "Do you hear what I hear? A study of musical instruments and musical activity in Iron Age Israel/Palestine and surrounding cultures of the ancient Near East." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284124.

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It is true that the music of antiquity is now mute, but archaeology has provided valuable artifacts pictorial representations showing musical activity and musical instruments of the ancient world. Several scholars have conducted paramount research regarding music from every period in the ancient Near East, and contributed greatly to the field. Further study, however, is required. This paper presents new questions to previously studied Near Eastern musical artifacts and iconography. These queries explore the areas of identifying instruments in artifacts and iconographic depictions, performance techniques, gender identification of musicians in depictions, and the use of space in cultic activities involving music. The goal of this study is to shed additional light and generate further discussion in these areas of musical activity in the Ancient Near East. As expected, this study is difficult. Nevertheless, these questions must be addressed in an effort to better understand music activity in ancient Israel/Palestine and surrounding Near Eastern cultures.

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Deijl, Aarnoud van der. "Protest or propaganda : war in the Old Testament Book of Kings and in contemporaneous ancient Near Eastern texts /." Leiden : Brill, 2008. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41341528z.

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Furlong, Pierce James. "Aspects of ancient Near Eastern chronology (c. 1600-700 BC)." Melbourne, 2007. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/2096.

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The chronology of the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age Near East is currently a topic of intense scholarly debate. The conventional/orthodox chronology for this period has been assembled over the past one-two centuries using information from King-lists, royal annals and administrative documents, primarily those from the Great Kingdoms of Egypt, Assyria and Babylonia. This major enterprise has resulted in what can best be described as an extremely complex but little understood jigsaw puzzle composed of a multiplicity of loosely connected data. I argue in my thesis that this conventional chronology is fundamentally wrong, and that Egyptian New Kingdom (Memphite) dates should be lowered by 200 years to match historical actuality. This chronological adjustment is achieved in two stages: first, the removal of precisely 85 years of absolute Assyrian chronology from between the reigns of Shalmaneser II and Ashur-dan II; and second, the downward displacement of Egyptian Memphite dates relative to LBA Assyrian chronology by a further 115 years. Moreover, I rely upon Kuhnian epistemology to structure this alternate chronology so as to make it methodologically superior to the conventional chronology in terms of historical accuracy, precision, consistency and testability.

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Foust, Kristan Ewin. "Exposing the Spectacular Body: The Wheel, Hanging, Impaling, Placarding, and Crucifixion in the Ancient World." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1062805/.

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This dissertation brings the Ancient Near Eastern practice of the wheel, hanging, impaling, placarding, and crucifixion (WHIPC) into the scholarship of crucifixion, which has been too dominated by the Greek and Roman practice. WHIPC can be defined as the exposure of a body via affixing, by any means, to a structure, wooden or otherwise, for public display (Chapter 2). Linguistic analysis of relevant sources in several languages (including Egyptian hieroglyphics, Sumerian, Hebrew, Hittite, Old Persian, all phases of ancient Greek, and Latin) shows that because of imprecise terminology, any realistic definition of WHIPC must be broad (Chapter 3). Using methodologies and interdisciplinary approaches drawn from art history, archaeology, linguistic analysis, and digital humanities, this work analyzes scattered but abundant evidence to piece together theories about who was crucified, when, how, where, and why. The dissertation proves that WHIPC records, written and visual, were kept for three primary functions: to advertise power, to punish and deter, and to perform magical rituals or fulfill religious obligations. Manifestations of these three functions come through WHIPC in mythology (see especially Chapter 4), trophies (Chapter 5), spectacles, propaganda, political commentary, executions, corrective torture, behavior modification or prevention, donative sacrifices, scapegoat offerings, curses, and healing rituals. WHIPC also served as a mode of human and animal sacrifice (Chapter 6). Regarding the treatment of the body, several examples reveal cultural contexts for nudity and bone-breaking, which often accompanied WHIPC (Chapter 7). In the frequent instances where burial was forbidden a second penalty, played out in the afterlife, was intended. Contrary to some modern assertions, implementation of crucifixion was not limited by gender or status (Chapter 8). WHIPC often occurred along roads or on hills and mountains, or in in liminal spaces such as doorways, cliffs, city gates, and city walls (Chapter 9). From the Sumerians to the Romans, exposing and displaying the bodies consistently functioned as a display of power, punishment and prevention of undesirable behavior, and held religious and magical significance. Exposure punishments have been pervasive and global since the beginning of recorded time, and indeed, this treatment of the body is still practiced today. It seems no culture has escaped this form of physical abuse.

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Vollemaere, Benjamin. "Histoire politique des royaumes du Sud-Sindjar à l'époque amorrite (XIXe-XVIIe siècle avant notre ère)." Thesis, Lille 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL30009/document.

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En quelques décennies, entre le XXIe et le XIXe siècle, le visage de la Mésopotamie fut profondément bouleversé par l'immigration massive de populations amorrites qui se sédentarisèrent et investirent les centres urbains laissés vacants au tournant du millénaire précédent. Le phénomène toucha particulièrement la Haute‑Mésopotamie dans laquelle s'insère un petit ensemble rendu singulier par sa topographie : le sud du Djebel Sindjar.Si cette région n'a encore livré que peu de vestiges archéologiques, la documentation écrite exhumée sur plusieurs sites dans ou à l'extérieur du Sud-Sindjar (Tell Hariri, Tell Leilan et Tell al‑Rimah principalement), apporte de nombreuses informations sur sa géographie, sur ses habitants et leur mode de vie mais également et surtout sur les événements politiques qui la touchèrent entre le XIXe et le XVIIe siècle avant notre ère. C'est l'enjeu de cette thèse que de dater, d'ordonner et d'analyser ces informations dans une optique qui se veut double. Dans un premier temps, il s'agit de reconstituer le paléo-environnement et la géographie historique de cette région, avec comme l'un des principaux points de mire la localisation des villes évoquées dans ces textes. L'autre approche tient à la découverte de son histoire politique en premier lieu par la description des ensembles politiques et humains qui s'y constituèrent, royaumes et groupes tribaux, mais également par l'analyse des rapports que ces entités entretinrent entre elles. Enfin, il s'agit de considérer les enjeux que la région revêt et qui expliquent autant les choix politiques de ces royaumes que les interventions étrangères dans la région
In a few decades, between the XXIst and the XIXth century, the appearance of Mesopotamia deeply changed because of the immigration on a massive scale of amorite populations which settled down and flooded upon the cities left unoccupied at the end of the previous century. The phenomenon particularly struck the Upper Mesopotamia in which there is a small area made singular owing to its topography : the plains south of the Jebel-Sinjar. This area has revealed only a few archaeological vestiges but the written documentation which was found in several sites inside or outside South-Sinjar (especially in Tell Hariri, Tell Leilan and Tell al-Rimah) brought many pieces of information about its geography, its inhabitants and their way of life, but also, and most importantly, about the political events which occurred there between the XIXth and the XVIIth century before our era. The issue of this thesis is to date, to order and to analyze these pieces of information in a double perspective. On one hand, it is about rebuilding the old environment and the historical geography of this area, aiming especially the location of the cities mentioned in these texts. Secondly, its political history will be studied, first of all throughout the description of the political and human groups which appeared there, kingdoms and tribal groups, and secondly through the analysis of the relationships between these entities. Finally, we will consider the issues represented in the area which explain the political decisions made by those kingdoms as well as the foreign interventions in the region

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Benson, Derrick. "Josephus' reasons for the Jewish War." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52313.

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this thesis I will examine and discuss the reasons given for the Jewish War of AD 66 - 70. Reasons put forward by modern scholars specializing in the study of the works of Flavius Josephus are examined and discussed. However, the bulk of my study centres on the reasons that Flavius Josephus supplies for the war as found in his major work Bellum Judaicum. One is lead to the conclusion that he firmly believes that reasons on the human and transcendent planes contributed to the catastrophic events that lead to the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple. The worldview of this Jewish priest, general and accomplished historiographer was strongly influenced by the religious tenets of the Torah and the past history of the Jewish nation. He cannot countenance the wicked and evil deeds committed shamefacedly by his people against the clear standards that God had given to the nation, and believes that retribution by God will follow. He cannot forget occasions on the past when God intervened in the affairs of his nation by using a pagan world power to accomplish the purposes of God. He sees a similar recurrence of the events that lead to the destruction of the Jerusalem and the Temple in 587/6 BC being manifested in the Jewish War of AD 66 - 70.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis word die redes wat vir die Joodse Oorlog van AD 66-70 aangebied word, ondersoek en bespreek. Veral die redes wat moderne geleerdes wat in die bestudering van Flavius Josephus se werk spesialiseer, word nagespeur en bespreek. Die grootste deel van die studie fokus egter op die redes wat Flavius Josephus self vir die gebeurtenis voorhou, soos wat hy dit in sy belangrike werk, Bellum Judaicum, uiteensit. 'n Mens kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat hy met groot oortuiging glo dat die redes wat tot die katastrofiese gebeure rondom die vernietiging van Jerusalem en die Tempel 'n bydrae gelewer het, op die vlak van sowel die menslike as bomenslike te vinde is. Die wêreldbeskouing van hierdie bedrewe geskiedskrywer en Joodse priester is deur beide die Torah se godsdienstige voorskrifte en volksgeskiedenis sterk beïnvloed. Hy kan nie sy steun aan die blatante en bose dade van sy volksgenote teen die duidelike standaarde wat God gegee het, toesê nie. Volgens hom moes God se vergelding volg. Hy kan ook nie vergeet hoe God in sy volk se verlede ingegryp het deur om goddelose wêreldmagte aan te wend om sy Goddelike doelwitte te bereik nie. Hy gewaar 'n soortgelyke herhaling van gebeurtenisse wat tot die vernietiging van Jerusalem en die tempel in 587/6 vC gelei het, in die aanloop tot die Joodse Oorlog van AD 66-70.

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Karantabias, Mark-Anthony. "The Struggle Between the Center and the Periphery: Justinian's Provincial Reforms of the A.D. 530s." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/history_etds/31.

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This dissertation analyzes the struggle between the imperial court and the periphery in the context of Justinian’s reforms in the early A.D. 530s. The reforms targeting select Roman provinces sought to reduce the size of the imperial bureaucracy while simultaneously attempting to maintain imperial vertical authority. The reforms epitomize the imperial court’s struggle to rein in the imperial bureaucracy in the provinces of the Roman Empire. The analysis is framed within the cultural, social, political and economic evolution occurring in Late Antiquity. It shall be proposed that the reforms are one example of the imperial court’s attempt to limit the distance between itself and its provincial resources, particularly with regard to fiscality. The reforms also embody the political dynamics between the emperor and his bureaucracy, which is composed of the Roman elite. Roughly two centuries earlier, the Tetrarchic reforms fundamentally changed the relationship between both parties. Specifically, the upper stratum of the aristocracy saw the balance of power tilt in its favor substantially.

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Badinjki, Oubayda. "Histoire de la civilisation ancienne du monde arabe. Les figurines masculines en terre cuite en Syrie et au Liban au Néolithique et aux âges du Bronze. Etudes de cas." Thesis, Lille 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL3H020.

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Pourquoi les figurines masculines ? Parce que les archéologues spécialistes des terres cuites ont ciblé d’une façon générale les figurines zoomorphes et, parmi les figurines anthropomorphes, les représentations de femmes. On ne trouve jusqu’à maintenant aucun catalogue exhaustif et détaillé des figurines masculines en terre cuite. Dans ce vaste champ d’investigation, j’ai sélectionné deux périodes. La préhistoire, pour remonter aux origines et réfléchir sur la création des figurines masculines en terre cuite. Et les âges du Bronze, période faste s’il en est pour ce type de production. Cette thèse porte donc sur l'étude des figurines masculines en terre cuite(figurinesmodelées, moulées, et moule). L’objectif de cette étude est de faire un corpus de figurines masculines en terre cuite, car il n’en existe pas de corpus satisfaisant, de les classifier, de les analyser techniquement, artistiquement, et de les interpréter, et enfin de publier les figurines inédites conservées au musée du Louvre. Les problématiques sont les suivantes : les figurines étaient-elles utilisées comme jouets, comme éléments décoratifs ou comme amulettes ? Doivent-elles être mises en rapport avec des coutumes ou des rites religieux ? Comment peut-on interpréter la découverte defigurines masculines dans des temples, dans des tombes et dans les maisons ? Quelle que soit la technique qui leur a permis de se répandre, la question générale est toujours la même : à quelle fin l’artisan ou l’usager les destinait-il ?Les réponses pourront varier en fonction de la chronologie, puisque le sujet couvre une très longue période ; en fonction des lieux et des contextes archéologiques, et aussi bien sûr en fonction de la typologie, car les figures masculines peuvent présenter différentes attitudes (assises/debout), différents gestes, différents types de vêtements, d’attributs (en particulier des armes). Les chercheurs ont proposé une grande variété d’hypothèses, parfois sur la base de comparaisons ethnographiques, ou d’un rapprochement avec les traditions littéraires ou artistiques. Sans aucun doute, quel que soit le rôle de ces figurines, elles ont été considérées comme des objets importants dans la vie quotidienne au cours de l'époque néolithique, comme la poterie, les outils de pierre et d'autres objets « utilitaires », et des objets importants, notamment dans les activités religieuses et magiques, au cours de l’âge du Bronze.Le plan est le suivant : typologie et répartition régionale, matériau et techniques de fabrication (modelage et moulage), spécificités des figurines masculines, contexte archéologique et fonctions plausibles, avec l’apport de l’iconographie
Why male figurines? Because archaeologists specializing in terracotta have generally targeted zoomorphic figurines and, among anthropomorphic figurines, representations of women. Until now, there is no exhaustive and detailed catalog of terracotta male models. In this vast field of investigation, I have selected two periods : Prehistory, to go back to the origins and think about the creation of terracotta male figurines, and the Bronze Age, the apogee time for this type of production. This thesis deals so with the study of terracotta male figurines (modeled figurines, molded figures and molds). The objective of this study is to make a corpus of terracotta male figurines, because there is no satisfactory body of work, to classify them, to analyze them technically, artistically, and to interpret them, and finally publishing the unpublished figures preserved in the Louvre Museum.The research problems are the following : the figurines were used as toys, as decorative elements in homes, or as amulets? Should they be related to religious customs or rites? How can one interpret the discovery of male figurines in temples? in tombs and houses, whatever thetechnique that has allowed them to spread, the general question is always the same : for what purpose did the craftsman or the user make them? The answers vary according to the chronology, since the subject covers a very long period. According to the places and archaeological contexts and of course depending on the typology, because male figures may have different positions (sitting/standing), different gestures, different types of clothing, attributes (especially weapons). Researchers have proposed a wide variety of choices, sometimes on a hypothetical basis, ethnographic comparisons, and reconciliation with literary, artistic or funerary traditions. Undoubtedly, whatever the role of these figurines, they were considered important objects in everyday life during the Neolithic period, such as pottery, stone tools and other "utilitarian" objects, and important objects, especially in religious and magical activities, during the Bronze Age

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Dokter, Anija (Rachel). "Listening to birth : metallurgy, maternity, and vocality in the reproduction of the patriarchal state." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/278616.

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Listening to Birth asserts that structures of power reproduce themselves by instituting particular modes of listening and sound production. Situating my research within feminist sound studies, I argue that meanings conjured around the audible, material bodies of women were carefully crafted by elites in antiquity, in order to construct gendered ideologies of kingship, civilisation, and nature. I examine these power dynamics as expressed in mythic and magical texts and iconographies, dating from the Bronze Age to later Roman antiquity. Throughout the thesis, I examine the development of symbolic systems and narrative tropes that linked mining and metallurgy with reproduction and vocality. My analysis emphasises how the invention of nature was accomplished, in part, through a metallurgical reclassification of the voices and sexualities of women as indiscrete phenomena: womb, mouth, and voice were elided with mining and smelting to form a unified semantic realm. I argue that this invention of ‘vulvar vocality’ reclassified female sounds as illicit, providing a plaform for the removal of women from the public sphere. I attempt to connect the gendered discourse found in myths and magical rituals to the political and economic domain of state-craft, to demonstrate the importance of hegemonic mythopoeic control of audible female reproduction for establishing ideologies of colonisation and extraction. I link analyses of texts and iconographies from the Bronze Age Mesopotamians, Hittites, Canaanites, Minoans, and Egyptians to later materials from the Iron Age Greeks, Israelites, and Romans—my goal is to demonstrate both the ubiquity and the continual reproduction of metallurgical ideology across the ancient world. I also present my preliminary research into the lasting impact that antique notions of vulvar vocality had on later state-craft. I begin to trace the preservation and elaboration of antique metallurgical literature by Byzantine and Islamic scholars, who in turn exerted strong influence on the Ottomans and late medieval and early modern Europeans. I outline future work to investigate the exponential rise of entrepreneurial metallurgy in late medieval and early modern Europe, arguing that this metallurgical discourse provided symbolic re-enforcement for the rapidly-accelerating mining and metal trade that formed the core of European colonial expansion. I suggest that vulvar vocality was central to early modern metallurgical, demonological, and colonial discourse, and that specific female vocalities and silences were purposefully crafted into the colonial project in order to forcibly redefine women, along with the lands and children stolen from them, as mere natural resources.

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Fudge, Sara Jane. "Human sacrifice in the Ancient Near East." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1993. http://www.tren.com.

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Price, Joe H. "Chastised Rulers in the Ancient Near East." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1440145076.

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Crouch, Carly Lorraine. "War and Ethics in the Ancient Near East." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.503980.

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Hall, Stephen Kilgore. "Deuteronomy and the law codes of the Ancient Near East." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1987. http://www.tren.com.

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Mobley, Gregory. "Samson and the liminal hero in the ancient Near East /." New York [u.a.] : Clark, 2006. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0616/2006019647.html.

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Mass., Harvard Univ., Diss. u.d.T.: Mobley, Gregory: Samson, the liminal hero--Cambridge, 1994.
Includes bibliographical references (p. [116]-124) and indexes. Revision of the author's thesis--Harvard University, 1994, originally presented under the title: Samson, the liminal hero.

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Pham, Thi Xuan Huong. "Mourning in the Ancient Near East and the Hebrew Bible /." Sheffield : Sheffield academic press, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb371146726.

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Troy, Beth M. "Legally bound a study of women's legal status in the ancient Near East /." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1101850402.

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Molyneaux, M. E. "The impact of a change in political constitution on early Palestinian Judaism during the period 175-161 B.C.E." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53121.

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study looks at a watershed period in the history of Judaism. In 175 B.C.E. a group of Jews sought to break Judaea out of the isolation in which it had stood since the Persian period. They wished to develop closer ties with their neighbours in Coele-Syria and Phoenicia and the Greek world in general. Since the Persian period the people of Judaea had been governed by high priests according to the 'ancestral laws' i.e. the Torah and its interpretation by Ezra. This 'ancestral law' had been confirmed as binding on all Jews by Antiochus III in his decree of 198 B.C.E. In order to move beyond the restrictions placed on contact between Jews and other peoples, it would be necessary to have the political status of Judaea changed. A change of political status could only be brought about by the king or one of his successors. In 175 B.C.E. a group of Jews requested Antiochus IV to permit them to transform Judaea from an ethnos into a polis. He agreed and the transformation was begun. It is these events of 175 B.C.E. that form the base of this study. The writer uses the model of Cultural Anthropology to form a framework in which these and subsequent events can be analysed. In this way we can get a better understanding of how events progressed. How a political reform ended in a religious suppression and persecution and finally a successful revolt against the Seleucid kingdom. The Torah and its interpretation stood at the center of Jewish life. Each group interpreted the law in their own way and understood events in relation to this interpretation. Therefore no analysis of this period can be undertaken without taking the law and its various interpretations into account. The law is the thread that holds all facets of this work together.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie handeloor 'n tydperk van waterskeiding in die geskiedenis van die Judaïsme. In 175 ve. wou 'n groep Jode in Palestina wegbreek uit die isolasie waarin hulle hulleself bevind het sedert die oorname deur die Persiese ryk. Hulle wou graag nouer bande met hulle buurstate en die Griekse wêreld aanknoop. Sedert die Persiese tydperk is die mense van Juda deur hëepriesters regeer, volgens die 'voorvaderlike wette', dws die Torah en sy vertolking volgens Esra. Alle Jode was gebind deur hierdie 'voorvaderlike wette' deur Antiogus III se dekreet van 198 ve. Indien die mense die beperkings teen kontak met ander volke sou wou ophef, sou dit nodig wees om die politieke status van Juda te verander. Net die koning of een van sy opvolgers kon die politieke status van Juda verander. In 175 ve. word Antiogus IV deur 'n groep Jode gevra om verlof om Jerusalem in 'n Griekse polis te omskep. Hy het ingestem en die omskepping het begin. Hierdie gebeurtenisse van 175 ve. vorm die basis van hierdie studie. Die skrywer gebruik die kutuur-antropologiese teoretiese model as raamwerk vir die ontleding van hierdie en opvolgende gebeurtenisse. Hierdie model stelons in staat om die ontwikkelinge in Juda beter te verstaan en meer spesifiek 'n antwoord op die volgende vraag te kry: "Hoekom het politieke hervorming tot godsdienstige verdrukking en vervolging aanleiding gegee en in die finale instansie tot 'n suksesvolle opstand teen die Seleukied koninkryk gelei?" Die Torah en sy vertolking het die sentrum van die Joodse lewe gevorm. Elke groep in Juda het die 'wet' op sy eie manier vertolk en ontwikkelinge in verband daarmee probeer verstaan. Daarom is dit nie moontlik om hierdie tydperk te bestudeer sonder 'n erkenning van die waarde van die 'wet' en sy verskillende vertolkings nie. Die 'wet' is die goue draad wat hierdie studie byeen hou.

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Hsu, Johnson. "The decalogue and moral conscience in the ancient near east : a comparative study." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 1986. http://www.tren.com.

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Lawrence, P. J. N. "Agents and masters in ancient Near Eastern history writings." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374420.

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Fleming, Benjamin J. "A study of the therianthropes in India and the Ancient Near East." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ54707.pdf.

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Paynter, Sarah Clare. "The development of vitreous materials in the ancient Near East and Egypt." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.395303.

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Evers, John D. "Myth and narrative : structure and meaning in some ancient Near East texts /." Kevelaer : Neukirchen-Vluyn : Butzon & Bercker ; Neukirchener Verlag, 1995. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35812284j.

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Reusch, Kathryn. ""That which was missing" : the archaeology of castration." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b8118fe7-67cb-4610-9823-b0242dfe900a.

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Castration has a long temporal and geographical span. Its origins are unclear, but likely lie in the Ancient Near East around the time of the Secondary Products Revolution and the increase in social complexity of proto-urban societies. Due to the unique social and gender roles created by castrates’ ambiguous sexual state, human castrates were used heavily in strongly hierarchical social structures such as imperial and religious institutions, and were often close to the ruler of an imperial society. This privileged position, though often occupied by slaves, gave castrates enormous power to affect governmental decisions. This often aroused the jealousy and hatred of intact elite males, who were not afforded as open access to the ruler and virulently condemned castrates in historical documents. These attitudes were passed down to the scholars and doctors who began to study castration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, affecting the manner in which castration was studied. Osteometric and anthropometric examinations of castrates were carried out during this period, but the two World Wars and a shift in focus meant that castrate bodies were not studied for nearly eighty years. Recent interest in gender and sexuality in the past has revived interest in castration as a topic, but few studies of castrate remains have occurred. As large numbers of castrates are referenced in historical documents, the lack of castrate skeletons may be due to a lack of recognition of the physical effects of castration on the skeleton. The synthesis and generation of methods for more accurate identification of castrate skeletons was undertaken and the results are presented here to improve the ability to identify castrate skeletons within the archaeological record.

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Bruce, Joel C. "The judicial process for suspected adultery in Israel and the ancient Near East." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1998. http://www.tren.com.

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Ewin, Kristan Foust. "The Argei: Sex, War, and Crucifixion in Rome and the Ancient Near East." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2012. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc115076/.

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The purpose of the Roman Argei ceremony, during which the Vestal Virgins harvested made and paraded rush puppets only to throw them into the Tiber, is widely debated. Modern historians supply three main reasons for the purpose of the Argei: an agrarian act, a scapegoat, and finally as an offering averting deceased spirits or Lares. I suggest that the ceremony also related to war and the spectacle of displaying war casualties. I compare the ancient Near East and Rome and connect the element of war and husbandry and claim that the Argei paralleled the sacred marriage. in addition to an agricultural and purification rite, these rituals may have served as sympathetic magic for pre- and inter-war periods. As of yet, no author has proposed the Argei as a ceremony related to war. By looking at the Argei holistically I open the door for a new direction of inquiry on the Argei ceremony, fertility cults in the Near East and in Rome, and on the execution of war criminals.The Argei and new year’s sacred marriage both occurred during the initiation of campaign and spring planting and harvest season. Both in the ancient Near East and in Rome, animal victims were sacrificed and displayed through impaling, crucifixion, and hanging for fertility and in war. for both Rome and the Near East war casualties were displayed on sacred trees. Through the Near East cultures a strong correlation existed between impaling, hanging, and crucifixion in war and Sacred Tree fertility worship. By examining Roman tree worship, military rituals, and agricultural ceremonies a similar correlation becomes apparent. on the same day of the Argei, Mars was married to the anthropomorphized new year and within the month became a scapegoat expelled from the city. Additionally, on the first day of the Argei boys became soldiers.

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Adali, Selim Ferruh. "Umman-manda and its Significance in the First Millennium BC." University of Sydney, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4890.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Umman-manda (literally “Troops of Manda”) is an Akkadian compound expression used to denote military entities and/or foreign peoples in a diverse number of texts pertaining to separate periods of ancient Near Eastern history. The dissertation initially discusses the various difficulties in ascertaining the etymology of the second component of the term Umman-manda. A very plausible etymology is proposed based on new research on the semantic range of the Sumerian word mandum. The thesis then focuses mainly on the references made to the Umman-manda in the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian sources, where it is used to denote the Cimmerians and Medes respectively. The starting point is that these references are making literary allusions to the Standard Babylonian version of the Cuthaean Legend. New information gained from these literary allusions provides insight into the significance of the term Umman-manda in the first millennium B.C.: it recalls the various attributes of the Umman-manda depicted in the Cuthaean Legend and applies these attributes to contemporary political events. The Cuthaean Legend envisions a powerful enemy that emerges unexpectedly from the distant mountains and establishes hegemony after a sudden burst of military power. This enemy will eventually be destroyed without the intervention of the Mesopotamian king. The thesis studies how the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian sources allude to the Cuthaean Legend and in this way they identify the Cimmerians and the Medes as the Umman-manda.

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Fulton, Michael. "Artillery in and around the Latin East (1097-1291)." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/87056/.

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This study examines the development of artillery used in and around the Latin East during the period of the crusades. It begins with an examination of the broader historiography of medieval artillery, an overview of the spread of swing-beam siege engines (trebuchets) across Europe and the Levant in the Early Middle Ages, and the mechanical physics that govern such machines. From these foundations, the development and significance of the engines are investigated. Incorporating as much textual and archaeological evidence as possible, the use of artillery by Frankish and Muslim forces is examined on a case-by-case basis. With an appreciation of the power of these machines, the influence of artillery on the design of twelfth- and thirteenth-century-fortifications is analysed. Both Frankish and Muslim forces were familiar with the traction trebuchet by the end of the eleventh century. While these engines remained relatively light throughout the period of the crusades, the counterweight trebuchet appears to have been introduced by the end of the twelfth century. Initially rather primitive and little stronger than the traction variety, these engines developed fairly quickly. The appearance of new vocabulary for identifying these engines in the early thirteenth century indicates their increasing strength and physical evidence from the middle of the century confirms that they had become much more powerful by the start of the Mamluk period. Although counterweight trebuchets appear to have grown steadily throughout the thirteenth century, these had a relatively limited impact on the design of most fortifications. Trebuchets, large and small, were an important part of Frankish and Muslim siege arsenals in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, but even the largest were not effective breaching engines by the time the Franks were pushed out of the Holy Land.

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SooHoo, Anthony P. "Violence against the Enemy in Mesopotamian Myth, Ritual, and Historiography." Thesis, New York University, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13420957.

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Evidence for violence is found in all periods of Mesopotamian history. Kingship, which was divine in origin, included the exercise of power and the legitimate use of violence. Mesopotamian violence reflects the culture's understanding of ontology, order, and justice. Although there is scant archaeological evidence for its actual practice, the worldview that allowed it to flourish can be reconstructed from myth, ritual, and historiography.

Approaching Mesopotamian conceptions of violence through these three modes of discourse, this study explores the behavior through the lens of theory, practice, and presentation. The investigation is guided by the following questions:

• What do the myths say about violence? How is violence imagined and theorized?

• How do the war rituals promote and normalize the practice of violence?

• How and why is violence presented in the narrative(s) of the royal annals and in the visual program of the palace reliefs?

This study moves from offering a general account of Mesopotamian violence directed against the enemy "other" to analyzing the portrayal of a particular act.

Mesopotamian myths served as paradigms for successful kingship. It is argued that the thematic content, asymmetrical characterization, chronotypes, and emplotment observed in Lugal-e, Bin šar dadmē, and Enūma eliš are also operative in the war rituals and the royal historiography. Central to Mesopotamian theorizing about violence is the concept of evil, which is best understood in relation to the culture's ideas about divine and social order.

Waging war in Mesopotamia entailed various practices that framed the conflict as part of the cosmic struggle against chaos. This study addresses the contexts in which these practices occur and the social structures that make them seem natural, necessary, and desirable. The so-called war rituals involved processes of socialization that allow violence to commence, escalate, and terminate. This symbolically loaded ritualized violence reflected and created (or destroyed) relationships, both natural and supernatural.

Finally, accounts of ritualized violence were strategically incorporated into the historiography of Mesopotamian rulers as expressions of royal ideology. This study analyzes the sources for the beheading of Teumman, arguing that variations in the textual and pictorial presentation were influenced by the Assyrian conflict with Egypt and Babylonia.

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Reid, John Nicholas. "Leviticus 25:39-43 in light of sources of unfree labour in the Ancient Near East." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2010. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=158578.

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Most scholars understand the law of Lev 25:39-43 to be legislation concerning debtslavery. The present study questions such a conclusion. By considering the complex nature of the study of unfree labour systems, analyzing legal-historical documents and socio-economic contracts found in the ancient Near East, and through detailed exegesis of Lev 25:39-43, this study argues that the sale of the individual in Lev 25:39-43 reflects, rather than debt-service, the practice of self-sale in the ancient Near East. While debt is a form of poverty, I contend that poverty does not necessarily involve debt. By refusing to blur these terms into one, the semantic range of the key verb (Kwm) in Lev 25:25-55 is preserved along with the logical order of the text. As such, I propose that the law of Lev 25:39-43 represents the only extant ancient Near Eastern attempt to regulate the practice of self-sale. The connection between the sociological reality of self-sale in the ancient Near Eastern documents and the law of Lev 25:39-43 explains the extended period of service, the relationship between the sale of the individual and the Jubilee, the emphatic Hebrew construction dObSoAt_aøl dRb`Do tådObSo wø;b, the stated theological purpose of the law that the Israelites shall not be enslaved (Lev 25:42), and could also shed some light on the long-standing debate about the relationship of Lev 25:39-43 to Exod 21:2-6 and Deut 15:12-15. As my study does not seek to enter into the debate about the Sitz im Leben, determine finally the relationship between the three manumission laws of the Pentateuch, or establish a sociological reality of unfree labour in ancient Israel, these are areas for further study.

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Landuyt, Frederique. "Greek and indigenous in the architecture of South-Western Asia Minor." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.484297.

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Bonfiglio, Emilio. "John Chrysostom's discourses on his first exile : Prolegomena to a Critical Edition of the Sermo antequam iret in exsilium and of the Sermo cum iret in exsilium." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:df828fcd-dc2a-47b9-8bb1-c957c9199fb1.

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The Sermo antequam iret in exilium and the Sermo cum iret in exsilium are two homilies allegedly pronounced by John Chrysostom in Constantinople at the end of summer 403, some time between the verdict of the Synod of the Oak and the day he left the city for his first exile. The aim of the thesis is to demonstrate that a new critical edition of these texts is needed before any study of their literary and historical value can be conducted. Chapter one sketches the historical background to which the text of the homilies refers and a concise survey about previous scholarship on the homilies on the first exile, from the time of Montfaucon’s edition until our days. The problem of the authenticity occupies the last part of the chapter. Chapter two investigates the history of the texts and takes into account both the direct and indirect traditions. It discusses the existence of double recensions hitherto unknown and provides the prefatory material for the new critical edition of recensio α of Sermo antequam iret in exilium and of the Sermo cum iret in exsilium. Chapter three comprises the Greek editions of the two homilies, as well as a provisional edition of the Latin version of the Sermo antequam iret in exilium. Chapter four is divided into two parts, each presenting a philological commentary on the text of the new editions. Systematic analysis of all the most important variant readings is offered. The final chapter summarizes the new findings and assesses the validity of previous criteria used for discerning the authenticity of the homilies on the exile.

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Herring, Stephen L. "Divine substitution : humanity as the manifestation of Deity in the Hebrew Bible and the ancient Near East." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2011. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=174714.

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Abstract Divine Substitution: Humanity as the Manifestation of Deity in the Hebrew Bible and the Ancient Near East, by Stephen L. Herring, is an investigation of ancient conceptualizations of divine presence. Specifically, this thesis investigates the possibility that the ancient Mesopotamian conceptualization of cultic and royal statues, thought to actually manifest the presence of gods and kings, can likewise be found in ancient Israel. Despite the overly pessimistic view of the later biblical authors, material objects were almost certainly believed to extend and manifest the presence of God in pre- exilic Israel. Likewise, the later polemics against such cultic concepts demonstrate Israel's familiarity with this type of conceptualization. These polemics engaged in the rhetoric of mutilation and destruction of cultic representations, the erasure and re- inscription of divine names, and the rhetorical deconstruction of the specific Mesopotamian rituals thought to transform the dead statue into a living god. Though the biblical reflection of these concepts is more often found in the negative commentary regarding "foreign" cultic practices, S. Herring demonstrates that these opinions were not universally held. At least three biblical texts (Gen 1:26f.; Ex 34:29-34; and Ezek 36-37) portray the conceptualization that material images could manifest the divine presence in positive terms. Yet, these positive attestations were limited to a certain type of material image - humans.

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Korp, Maureen. "The sacred meaning of East another look at ancient Ameridian burial sites in the Mississippi Valley." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5092.

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Cunliffe, Emma Louise. "Satellites and site destruction : an analysis of modern impacts on the archaeological resource of the ancient Near East." Thesis, Durham University, 2013. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/8472/.

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The increasing damage to archaeological sites is of particular issue in the Near East. Rapid modernisation has dramatically changed the landscape, threatening the archaeological resource. Ancient sites and relict landscapes are particularly well preserved here, but the rate of anthropogenic damage is shown to be increasing markedly. This primary aim of this thesis is to use sequential satellite images to examine the changes to archaeological sites in selected case study areas in Syria, and attempt a quantitative assessment. Results are then generalised to the wider Middle Eastern region. The secondary aim is to demonstrate the potential of low cost and free satellite imagery for archaeological site monitoring, as such work is essential but the cost of custom-ordered imagery is prohibitive for many organisations. The case study areas were Tell Beydar in the Upper Khabur Basin, and the region south of Carchemish by the Euphrates. 161 sites were examined, first on low-cost Corona imagery from the 1960s, showing sites at the advent of the landscape change, and then on SPOT, DigitalGlobe and Geoeye imagery from the last decade, available through Google Earth. The sites were surveyed as part of Durham University’s Fragile Crescent Project, and the survey records used to inform the analysis. Some level of assessment was possible on all sites. The concept of damage was examined and refined, and then applied to the case study sites. Multiple anthropogenic threats were examined, and all were quantitatively shown to be increasing in horizontal extent across sites and vertical depth in both case study areas, often causing extensive damage. Almost no sites were unaffected. Finally, key issues from this study are highlighted and key recommendations made.

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Yoder, Tyler R. "Fishing for Fish and Fishing for Men: Fishing Imagery in the Hebrew Bible and the Ancient Near East." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429659752.

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Rawls, Orlando Julius. "Bes: The Ancient Egyptian Way of Initiation." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2018. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/cauetds/124.

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The purpose of this thesis is to explore Osiris’s role in the Book of the Dead[1] to unearth the ancient Egyptian connotation for the term death. This study contends that western scholars have debased the arcane expression of death to literal interpretation. The basic function of ancient Egyptian scripture was to instruct man’s soul into deity—in the earthly realm. This investigation suggests the ancient Egyptian priesthood instituted this esoteric philosophy in scripture to adumbrate this grand idea death, which was Bes—to be initiated. The third century A.D. witnessed the development of Christianity in northeast Africa and subsequent rise of the Western world, delivering the fatal blow to ancient theology sending the art of esotericism into obscurity for centuries. The discovery of the Rosetta Stone would help to reestablish portions of this lost science. Thus, this inquiry aims to restore the sublime philosophy to the Book of the Dead so that its purpose is properly understood. [1] The indigenous term for the Book of the Dead is prt m hrw or Book of Coming Forth by Day.

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Strawn, Brent A. "What is stronger than a lion ? : leonine image and metaphor in the Hebrew Bible and the Ancient Near East /." Fribourg : Fribourg academic press, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40146627m.

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47

Way, Kenneth C. "Giants in the land a textual and semantic study of giants in the Bible and the ancient Near East /." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2000. http://www.tren.com.

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Crowley, Heather. "The impact of the Franks on the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem : landscape, seigneurial obligations, and rural communities in the Frankish East." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/97637/.

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With the conquest of Jerusalem in 1099 and the subsequent establishment of four Frankish states in the Middle East, individuals of European descent came to control and administer areas of the Levant. Frankish regional authority persisted until 1291, when their diminished coastal territories fell to the Mamluks. Yet, despite a Frankish assumption of power in the Eastern Mediterranean, what e↵ect this had on communities in the countryside is still unknown. The purpose of this thesis is to resolve some of this uncertainty, by examining the Frankish impact on rural settlements in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. Frankish impact on communities was investigated through an exploration of the medieval landscape and seigneurial obligations, two attributes that affected all rural sites in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, regardless of other settlement characteristics. Investigating physical qualities of the countryside through palaeoenvironmental information, medieval views of landscape, and the connection between natural attributes and settlement sites, suggested that despite a favourable climate, Frankish impact on rural communities was limited and regional. Likewise, exploration of seigneurial obligations imposed on settlements similarly implied that Frankish impact was localised to specific areas; however it also suggested that the Franks maintained a sound understanding of indigenous agricultural customs outside of areas they significantly a↵ected. It showed Frankish disinterest in intervening with local traditions when established conventions benefited landlords. This thesis contributes to the field of Crusader Studies by nuancing the current view of the e↵ect the Franks had on communities in the countryside. Frankish impact in rural environments is presented as localised and restricted, but consciously imposed in the settlements that were a↵ected.

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Adendorff, Melissa. "Othered flesh : social-scientific and critical patial investigations into the tattooed ancient near eastern body as space and body in space." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/56061.

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The study of the ancient tattooed Mediterranean people from Assyria (circa 3300 BCE-2100 BCE), Egypt (circa 2000 BCE-300 BCE) Nubia (circa 2000 BCE-300 BCE), Israel (circa 1500 BCE-1200 BCE), Greece (circa 510 BCE-323 BCE), and Rome (circa 510 BCE-323 BCE) comprises the interpretivist investigation into the social-scientific and critical spatial practices of the cultures in order to establish whether or not the tattooed individuals would have been othered because of their marks. This othering is investigated in terms of the body in space, as well as the body as space. The social-scientific and critical spatial interpretation of the tattooing practices of the ancient Mediterranean cultures show that there are nine social values which are common to these cultures. These values are clothing, communicativeness, honour and shame, humility, nudity, ordering, prominence, social norms, customs, and laws (originally referred to as Torah-orientation), and wholeness. The analysis of these values as they are applied to each of the aforementioned cultures allows for the establishment of the social body as an entity within social space, as well as a spatial entity in itself. The critical spatial interpretation of the phenomenon of Thirding-as-Othering is applied in terms of how the tattooed individuals are othered within the social spaces they inhabit. Critical spatiality is further applied in order analyse the tattooed body in space, based on its social interaction within societal space, as well as to body as space which is analysed based on the individual who bears the tattoos, and the meaning, affect, and esteem that are imparted to that individual by virtue of his or her marks. This study shows that there is a distinction between honourable and shameful tattoos, and that the othering which occurs based on the honour or shame of the tattooed individual either others the marked individual in the case of shameful tattoos, or, in the case of honourable tattoos, other the unmarked individuals by refusing them access and entry into elite communities, such as those of the military. Finally, the study identifies four factors of the ancient Mediterranean tattooing process which may be compared, namely, whether or not the tattooing process is engaged in under the individual’s own volition, whether the tattooing process is only applicable to one or both sexes, whether the tattoos are honourable or shameful, and whether the tattoos are decorative, religious, military, or punitive and preventative.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
Ancient Languages
PhD
Unrestricted

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King, Anya H. "The musk trade and the Near East in the early medieval period." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3253639.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Eurasian Studies and Near Eastern Languages and Cultures, 2007.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Nov. 19, 2008). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-02, Section: A, page: 0695. Adviser: Christopher I. Beckwith.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'History of the ancient Near East'

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