Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'History of the Industrial Revolution'

This thesis argues that the British Industrial Revolution, which marked the beginning of sustained modern economic growth, was facilitated by the blossoming in eighteenth and early nineteenth century Britain of the world’s first infrastructure for commercial R&D, composed of a network of ‘Knowledge Access Institutions’ (KAIs): scientific societies, ‘mechanics institutes’, public libraries, masonic lodges and other organisations. This infrastructure lowered the cost of access to knowledge for scientists, inventors and entrepreneurs, raising the productivity of R&D and encouraging a sustained increase in R&D effort. This contributed to the acceleration in technological innovation that lay behind the transition to modern economic growth. First, I define the concept of KAIs and explain how they affected the rate of economic growth. Second, I present detailed data on the KAI infrastructure and estimate its effect on the rate of technological innovation during the British Industrial Revolution, using newly constructed spatial datasets on British patents between 1700 and 1852 and exhibits at the Great Exhibition of 1851. Third, I argue that KAIs were largely exogenous to industrialisation, rooted instead in the intellectual developments of the Scientific Revolution and European Enlightenment. Fourth, I show that the prevalence of Knowledge Access Institutions was correlated with the emergence of modern economic growth across countries in the late nineteenth century and that the cost of access to knowledge was a binding constraint to economic progress shared by many countries during this period. Finally, based on the case of late nineteenth century US manufacturing, I investigate the extent to which the emergence of modern economic growth depended on the incentives to innovate rather than the capabilities lent by access to knowledge and other factors. The thesis suggests that the sharp fall in the cost of access to knowledge that we are currently experiencing may give rise to an acceleration in the rate of technological innovation in the coming decades and that policymakers should direct some effort towards mitigating the potentially harmful effects of rapid technological change.

The thesis challenges popular generalisations about the trades, occupations and locations to which pauper apprentices were consigned, shining the spotlight away from the familiar narrative of factory children, onto the fate of their destitute peers in port towns. A comparative investigation of Liverpool, Bristol and Southampton, it adopts a deliberately broad definition of the term pauper apprenticeship in its multi-sourced approach, using 1710 Poor Law and charity apprenticeship records and previously unexamined New Poor Law and charity correspondence to provide new insight into the chronology, mechanisms and experience of pauper apprenticeship. Not all port children were shipped out. Significantly more children than has hitherto been acknowledged were placed in traditional occupations, the dominant form of apprenticeship for port children. The survival and entrenchment of this type of work is striking, as are the locations in which children were placed; nearly half of those bound to traditional trades remained within the vicinity of the port. The thesis also sheds new light on a largely overlooked aspect of pauper apprenticeship, the binding of boys into the Merchant service. Furthermore, the availability of sea apprenticeships as well as traditional placements caused some children to be shipped in to the ports for apprenticeships. Of those who were still shipped out to the factories, the evidence shows that far from dying out, as previously thought, the practice of batch apprenticeship persisted under the New Poor Law. The most significant finding of the thesis is the survival and endurance of pauper apprenticeship as an institution involving both Poor Law and charity children. Poor children were still being apprenticed late into the third quarter of the nineteenth century. Pauper apprenticeship is shown to have been a robust, resilient and resurgent institution. The evidence from port towns offers significant revision to the existing historiography of pauper apprenticeship.

'The Industrial Revolution' is simultaneously one of the most under-examined and overly-simplified concepts in all of social science. One of the ways it is highly under-examined is in the arena of the ecological, particularly through the lens of critical world-history. This paper attempts to analyze the phenomenon through the lens of the world-ecology synthesis, in three distinct phases: First, the history of the conceptualization of the Industrial Revolution is examined at length, paying special attention to the knowledge foundations that determine these conceptualizations. Secondly, I sift out what I believe is the dominant model throughout most of modern and now postmodern history, which I identify as the techno-economic narrative. I then present the main critical world-historical challenge to that argument (that the Industrial Revolution was a unified, linear, two-century phenomenon) by outlining the critical interpretations of Fernand Braudel, Immanuel Wallerstein, Giovanni Arrighi, among others, leading a view of industrialization that is over the very long term, or what Braudel referred to as the longue durée. This long-view form of critical historical analysis is unabashedly Marxist, so there is some foray into various pieces of the Marxian canon, pieces that are often left untouched or at the least under-utilized in many politico-economic analyses of environmental history and politico-ecological narratives as well. Thirdly, I attempt to bring this new long-form view of industrialization more firmly into the ecological, but filtering the basic presuppositions of the 'techno-economic' narratives and the Marxist 'critical world-historical' narratives through the presuppositions of Jason W. Moore's world-ecology synthesis. What we arrive at through this filtering process is a very different view of the Industrial Revolution than we are used to hearing about. This is Part I of a much larger research process, one that I intend to bring into the present and future by looking at the development process of the BRICS as the next extension of the Industrial Revolution. What this paper is most concerned with is re-igniting what I think is a valuable debate among theorists, economic historians, and Marxist ecological thinkers, the debate about what exactly this phenomenon was, is, and will be. My small contribution is to re-define it in relationship to its really-existing history, including its antecedents and possible future expansions.

The New Deal legislation of the 1930s would threaten Dallas' peaceful industrial appearance. In fact, New Deal programs and legislation did have an effect on the city, albeit an unbalanced mixture of positive and negative outcomes characterized by frustrated workers and industrial intimidation. To summarize, the New Deal did not bring a revolution, but it did continue an evolutionary change for reform. This dissertation investigated several issues pertaining to the development of the textile industry, cement industry, and the Ford automobile factory in Dallas and its labor history before, during, and after the New Deal. New Deal legislation not only created an avenue for industrial workers to achieve better representation but also improved their working conditions. Specifically focusing on the textile, cement, and automobile industries illustrates that the development of union representation is a spectrum, with one end being the passive but successful cement industry experience and the other end being the automobile industry union efforts, which were characterized by violence and intimidation. These case studies illustrate the changing relationship between Dallas labor and the federal government as well as their local management. Challenges to the open shop movement in Dallas occurred before the creation of the New Deal, but it was New Deal legislation that encouraged union developers to recruit workers actively in Dallas. Workers' demands, New Deal industrial regulations, and union activism created a more urban, modern Dallas that would be solidified through the industrial demands for World War II.

In this thesis, I argue the case for putting the industrial revolution back into literary accounts of the Romantic period. Writers of fiction played an important part in disseminating knowledge about the changes to technology and society, as well as helping to form the image of the newest social class: that of the industrial workers. Literature aspired to educate and integrate this class, as well as to influence the parallel process of educating the upper classes about the advent of the new manufacturing order. I have taken as the governing metaphor for industrialization that of 'white slavery', drawing the contrast to the contemporary movement to abolish black slavery. To illustrate the thesis, I have chosen six writers: three Romantic poets - Coleridge, Southey and Wordsworth - and three women educationalists - Hannah More, Maria Edgeworth and Harriet Martineau, each of whom represents a significant philosophical approach to a manufacturing society and who each made an important contribution to imaginative literature. Whilst the Romantic poets analysed industrialization as a divisive and demoralizing phenomenon and looked to the past for solutions, the educationalists responded to the challenge presented by the factory system by suggesting new visions of social relationships which bound moral and economic behaviour together. The thesis aspires to restore the voices of neglected women writers in the industrial debate with the aim of promoting a deeper understanding of the dynamics of the Romantic period and a fuller comprehension of its creative expression.

Division One: “Malthus Gets Fat” (Two Chapters) Chapter One develops a simple dynamic model to examine the takeoff from a Malthusian economy to a modern growth regime. It finds that several factors, most notably the rate of technological progress and the economic structure, determine the fastest rate at which the population can grow without declining living standards; this is termed maximum sustainable population growth. It is only when this maximum sustainable rate exceeds the peak rate at which a society expands that takeoff can occur. I also investigate the effects of trade and international income transfers on the ability to sustain takeoff. It is also shown that present income growth is not necessarily indicative of the ability to sustain takeoff and that factors which increase current income growth may actually inhibit takeoff, and vice versa. Chapter Two applies the sustainable population growth framework to Britain during the Industrial Revolution. The model shows a dramatic increase in sustainable population growth at the time of the Industrial Revolution, well before the beginning of modern levels of income growth. The main contributions to the British breakout were technological improvements and structural change away from agricultural production. At least until the middle of the 19th Century, coal, capital and trade played a minor role. Division Two: “Leverage and Financial Market Instability” (Four Chapters) Chapter One develops a model of how leverage induces explosive behavior in financial markets. I show that when levered investors become too large relative to the market as a whole, the demand curve for securities can suddenly become upward-sloping as levered investors are exposed to forced liquidations. The size and leverage of all levered investors defines the minimum elasticity-adjusted market size for stability or MinEAMASS, which is the smallest elasticity-adjusted market size that can support the group of levered investors analyzed. This gives rise to a measure of instability that can predict when markets become vulnerable to a leverage-driven market liquidity crisis. Chapter Two iterates the model of Chapter One forward in time to generate an inflating bubble that suddenly bursts, reproducing many of Kindleberger's (1996) stylized facts about the dynamics of bubbles in a simple framework. Chapter Three applies my measure of instability in a historical investigation of the 1998 demise of hedge fund Long-Term Capital Management (LTCM). I find that a forced liquidation of LTCM threatened to destabilize some financial markets, particularly for bank funding and equity volatility. Chapter Four discusses how the model applied to the stock market crash of 1929. There the evidence suggests that a tightening of margin requirements in the first nine months of 1929 combined with price declines in September and early October caused enough investors to become constrained that the market was tipped into instability, triggering the sudden crash of October and November.

This thesis explores how a typical area of rural Wales participated in and was shaped by social and economic change during the period of the Industrial Revolution. It investigates how increasing numbers of people made a livelihood in the Caernarvonshire hundred of Nantconwy over the period 1750-1860, including the role of women in the local economy. A wide range of record types are used to explore inter-relationships between population growth, agriculture, proto-industry, the organisation of farming households, and the livelihoods of the poor. The thesis covers a key gap in the historical literature, as most studies of agrarian change at this period concentrate on England, and there has been little investigation of the experience in rural Wales. Unlike many parts of England where economic modernization was accompanied by growing inequality involving a transition from a household economy to a capitalist tripartite society of landowners, tenant farmers and landless wage labourers, Nantconwy experienced a growth of subsistence smallholding, as more people faced with a shortage of waged employment sought to make a livelihood from the land. Family by-employment and proto-industry also played a crucial role in the local economy. Bringing the commons and wastes into private ownership had relatively little impact on the poor, but smallholders' livelihoods were adversely affected after 1815 by the mechanization of spinning and declining earnings from stocking knitting. Living standards began to improve after 1830 with the expansion of male employment in slate quarrying, while the role of women on family farms was enhanced. Parishes evolved a low-cost system of poor relief which supported mainly older residents who were no longer able to quite make ends meet from the traditional cottager economy, while encouraging the young to leave the land or migrate to local towns or quarrying areas with better employment prospects.

Currently, more than half of all Swedish single-family houses have an installed heat pump and more heat is supplied by heat pumps in Sweden than in any other nation. Despite the enormous impact of heat pumps on the Swedish energy system, the transition towards their use has gone relatively unnoticed. Hence the title of this thesis, ‘A silent revolution’. This thesis provides an in-depth study of the Swedish transition towards heat pumps and how Swedish industries contributed to it. It approaches the topic from the perspective of value networks and ‘coopetition’, combined with the concept of complementarities. This approach has been inspired by the work of Verna Allee (2009) and Erik Dahmén (1991). In this thesis, value networks are networks of actors surrounding a specific business model, coopetition is used to describe the relationships between actors (as both competitive and cooperative), and the concept of complementarities is used to analyze the dynamics between synergistic elements and value networks in Sweden’s heat pump sector and energy system. Based on this approach, the thesis explains how a durable web of relations and interdependencies between complementarities has developed within the heat pump sector and the energy system in Sweden, and between the two, during the country’s transition to widespread use of heat pumps. Interest in heat pumps arose in Sweden and other parts of Europe during the 1970s. The Swedish energy system had been caught between international oil crises and national political mobilisation against nuclear power expansion. In this period of negative transformation pressure, the heat pump appeared as a promising alternative that could mitigate the use of oil and electricity for heating. In the 1970s, an early Swedish heat pump industry formed together with a growing heat pump market. A large number of diverse actors became involved in the Swedish heat pump sector, and the intense coopetition dynamics relating to heat pumps following the 1970s oil crisis contributed to durable connections between complementarities during the early stages of the transition. The 1980s saw a rapid expansion of large heat pumps in Swedish district heating facilities. In the mid-1980s, however, oil prices dropped back to their previous low levels. This change, combined with other factors, such as lifted subsidies and higher interest rates, created a crisis for Swedish heat pump industry. The industry underwent a 10-year period of low sales of small heat pumps and the market for large heat pumps died out and never returned. Nevertheless, several connections between heat pump–related complementarities remained in Sweden after the mid-1980s. In conjunction with value network reconfigurations, changes in company ownerships and governmental industry support, these complementarities helped the Swedish heat pump sector to maintain both production and service capacity. Due to developments that took place largely outside the heat pump manufacturing sector, by the mid-1990s it became possible for the struggling Swedish industry to offer more reliable and standardised heat pumps to the Swedish home heating market. During the years after 1995, the Swedish heat pump market grew to become the biggest in Europe. The industry’s early development and growth gave Swedish companies a comparative advantage over its European competitors, with the result that the manufacturing of heat pumps remained concentrated to Swedish-based manufacturing facilities even after the Swedish heat pump industry became internationalised after 2005. As of 2015, Sweden had the greatest amount of heat production from heat pumps per capita of any European nation, and many heat pump markets in other European countries are 10 to 20 years behind the Swedish market in development. This thesis shows how the Swedish heat pump industry has co-evolved with the market and how developments in the industry contributed towards causing the transition to heat pumps to occur so early in Sweden relative to other European markets. It also shows that coopetition dynamics in a socio-technical transition change with the emergence and characteristics of structural tensions between complementarities, which has implications for the strategic management of external relations and partnerships during socio-technical transitions. It further argues that the combination of the value network, coopetition, and complementarity concepts can be conceptualised for descriptive and exploratory studies on the role of firms and industries in socio-technical transitions, thereby offering a complement to existing dominant frameworks in the area of transition studies.
För närvarande har mer än hälften av alla svenska husägare en installerad värmepump. Värmepumpar levererar mer värme per capita i Sverige än i något annat land. Men trots värmepumparnas stora genomslag i det svenska energisystemet har övergången från olja och el till värmepumpar gått relativt obemärkt förbi. Därav titeln på denna avhandling, ”en tyst revolution”. Denna avhandling ger en djupgående beskrivning av den svenska övergången från olja och el till värmepumpar och av hur den svenska industrin bidragit till utvecklingen inom det svenska värmepumps- området. Forskningsansatsen i denna avhandling bygger på ett värdenätverks- och ’coopetition’-perspektiv i kombination med användningen av det dynamiska analytiska begreppet komplementaritet. Denna ansats är inspirerad av Verna Allees (2009) och Erik Dahméns (1991) arbeten. Begreppet värdenätverk används i denna avhandling för att beskriva det nätverk av aktörer som omger en specifik affärsmodell, begreppet ’coopetition’ används för att beskriva relationerna mellan aktörer (som både konkurrerande och samarbetande) och begreppet komplementaritet används för att analysera dynamiken mellan synergistiska delar och värdenätverk i den svenska värmepumpsektorn och det svenska energisystemet. Genom detta tillvägagångssätt beskrivs hur ett hållbart nät av relationer och ömsesidiga beroenden mellan komplementariteter har utvecklats, dels inom själva värmepumps- sektorn, dels mellan värmepumpssektorn och energisystemet i Sverige, under den svenska övergången mot ökad användning av värmepumpar. Intresset för värmepumpar steg i både Europa och Sverige under 1970- talet. Det svenska energisystemet var under tryck från både internationella oljekriser och nationell politisk mobilisering mot svensk kärnkrafts-utbyggnad. Under denna period när det svenska energisystemet var under negativt omvandlingstryck framstod värmepumpen som ett lovande alternativ som skulle kunna minska användningen av både olja och el för uppvärmning i Sverige. På 1970- talet bildades en svensk värmepumpindustri i samband med en växande värmepumpsmarknad. Ett stort antal aktörer av olika typer engagerade sig i den växande svenska värmepumpsektorn under denna period. Den intensiva samarbetsdynamiken kring värmepumpar som följde oljekrisen från 1970-talet bidrog till bildandet av varaktiga kopplingar mellan komplementariteter under denna tidiga fas i värmepumpsövergången. Under tidigt 1980-tal steg den relativa försäljningen av villavärmepumpar kraftigt och under mitten av 1980- talet skedde en ännu kraftigare utveckling av stora värmepumpar i svenska fjärrvärmeanläggningar. Men i mitten av 1980-talet sjönk oljepriset tillbaka till sina tidigare låga nivåer. I kombination med andra faktorer, så som slopade subventioner och höjd ränta, uppstod en kris för värmepumpar i Sverige. Den följande 10-års perioden karakteriserades av låg försäljning av små värmepumpar. Marknaden för stora värmepumpar försvann helt och skulle aldrig återkomma. Men flera kopplingar mellan värmepumpsrelaterade komplementarier kvarstod i Sverige även efter mitten av 1980-talet. I kombination med värdenätverkskonfigurationer, förändringar i företagsägande och statligt stöd till industrin, bidrog dessa hållbara kopplingar mellan komplementarier till att upprätthålla både produktion och servicefunktioner inom den svenska värmepumpsektorn. På grund av den tekniska utvecklingen, som i stor utsträckning skedde utanför tillverkningssektorn, blev det i mitten av 1990-talet möjligt för den kämpande svenska värmepumpsindustrin att erbjuda mer pålitliga och standardiserade villavärmepumpar till den svenska hemmamarknaden. Under åren efter 1995 växte den svenska värmepumpmarknaden till att bli den största i Europa. Den svenska marknadens och industrins utveckling och tillväxt gav svenska företag en relativ fördel gentemot sina eftersläntrande europeiska konkurrenter, med följden att tillverkningen av värmepumpar förblev koncentrerad till svenska anläggningar även efter det att en stor del av svensk värmepumpsindustri blivit uppköpt av utländska företag efter 2005. År 2015 var Sverige fortfarande det land med mest värme från värmepumpar per capita i Europa och den svenska utvecklingen var 10- 20 år före andra europeiska värmepumpmarknader. Denna avhandling beskriver samutvecklingen mellan den svenska värmepumpssektorn och det svenska energisystemet och hur den industriella utvecklingen bidragit till att den svenska övergången till värmepumpar var relativt tidig i jämförelse med andra europeiska marknader. Avhandlingen visar också att aktörsdynamiken i en socio- teknisk övergång förändras med uppkomsten av strukturella spänningar mellan komplementariteter, vilket har betydelse för hur externa relationer och partnerskap hanteras av företag och organisationer som genomgår omfattande socio-tekniska övergångar. Vidare argumenteras för att begreppen värdenätverk, coopetition, och komplementariteter kan kombineras i ett konceptuellt ramverk för att beskriva och analysera företags och industriers roller i omfattande socio-tekniska övergångar och därigenom komplettera nuvarande dominerande konceptuella ramverk för studier av omfattande socio-tekniska övergångar.

QC 20171023

This thesis is an attempt to reassess the long debated issues of economic history from the perspective of institutional economics. Besides examining different approaches to technology and its impact on economic and social life, it analyzes the role of institutions in history. It discusses the institutional interpretations of the critical developments of economic history such as, the Industrial Revolution and the Great Divergence, with an emphasis on differences between the two scholarly traditions, namely, the Original Institutional Economics and the New Institutional Economics. Although the arguments of New Institutionalists concerning the role of technology in history have been effectively incorporated into the economic history research, the potential contributions of the Original Institutional Economics to the study of economic history have remained for the most part unexplored. The aim of this thesis is to demonstrate the relevance and importance of original institutional analysis with respect to technology and economic history.

Between 1813 and 1825 the Boston Manufacturing Company built a textile factory in Waltham, Massachusetts. Their factory is known for many important firsts in American industry, including the first commercially viable power loom, one of the first vertically integrated factories, and one of the first join stock financed manufacturing concerns. This successful factory became the direct model for the large textile mills built along the Merrimack River and elsewhere, iconic locations of American post-colonial industrialization. This dissertation looks at the early development and success of the Boston Manufacturing Company from a geographical perspective. It argues that in order build a successful factory, the company, its managers, and its workers, had to transform their "place": a notion that I investigate from an economic-geographical and anthropological point of view, moving from site, to landscape, to geographic networks. On these grounds, I show how the logic of the factory's development was both embedded in and shaping the emerging structures surrounding it, and how, in turn, the company’s later move to Lowell as one of the iconic industrial sites depended on its having successfully learned the business of "place-making" in its foundational Waltham decade.
History of Science

This thesis examines the relationship between work and identity amongst letterpress printers in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Britain. It probes the sources of work-based identity and considers efforts to maintain, and even manipulate, a distinctive sense of trade belonging. The effect of work on other interrelated personal and social identities is also examined. In contrast to other histories of work, particularly class-based studies, all levels of the trade are scrutinized, from apprentices through journeymen to masters and proprietors. Differences in the experience of work between these varying members of the trade are analysed, together with their effect on working relationships. The first part of this thesis follows the hierarchy of the trade with chapters on apprentices, journeymen and masters. Apprentice printers endured increasingly exploitative conditions and came from more diverse social backgrounds than was commonly assumed. Journeymen took pride in the history of their trade, and had a strong tradition of fraternity, but their sense of identity was increasingly threatened by rising unemployment levels. Meanwhile, masters were less likely to have been brought up to the trade, and had few formal or informal trade associations. The second part of the thesis looks at how work-based identities intersected with familial, political, and socio-economic identities. Family relationships were crucial to the success of many printing businesses with intergenerational transfer being unusually prevalent compared with other trades. Political discussion played an important role in the formation of printers’ collective identity, particularly where campaigns for freedom of the press were concerned. Finally, social mobility became increasingly divergent among printers in the early industrial period. The changes highlighted in this thesis had a profound effect on working relationships. A new generation of master printers was distant from the physical process of work and at times dismissive of the culture and customs of the workplace. This led to tension and conflict with journeymen over issues such as apprentice numbers. But there were also many stabilizing influences, such as the strength of journeymen’s fraternity, or a shared belief in the history and social significance of the press. By uncovering these complexities, even within a single trade, this thesis argues that occupation is a poor basis on which to base socio-economic classifications. Furthermore, the specific characteristics of occupational communities were in themselves strong contributors to personal and social identity, influencing working relationships, as well as the way in which people interacted with wider society.

The main research questions for this local study of Tarkett AB, a floor manufacturer, are based on the central characteristics of the third industrial revolution: globalization, technological development, and organizational change. As a background to the local development and change towards the end of the twentieth century, I have chosen to emphasize, on the one hand, the increasing need of the industry for internationalization, rationalization, and productivity development after fordism and the demise of the regulated “real wages capitalism” in the middle of the 1970s, and, on the other, the work rights offensive of the labor movement in the 1970s and its continued struggle for economic and industrial authority. The method to analyze the essential traits of the organizational change process has aimed to construe a field of organizational change whose ideal types are based on taylorism, toyotism, flexible specialization, just-in-time, and lean production. Methods used to analyze change from the perspective of social structuration are also related to the theories of dynamic contradictory class locations, local hegemony, and gender. Apart from traditional source material and interviews, the study builds on the results from a study group consisting of a number of factory workers from Tarkett. Technological change and development (IT) of the work process on the factory floor has been analyzed as technological rationalization, quality development, work environment improvement, and as issues of gender relations and class positions at the work place. As regards the management process, leadership and control, centralization and decentralization concepts are vital. In matters concerning working conditions, including salaries, working hours, and job profiles (qualifications required for employment) are central. The management process was subject to changes that entailed deviations from the principles of traditional tayloristic management philosophy. Instead a participant change strategy implemented decentralized leadership functions in the shape of management by objectives via autonomous groups according to principles of ”responsible autonomy”. The investigation shows that computer-aided centralized control functions, competence improvement, and intensified ideological control worked together to change the management process. Decentralization of responsibility, the integration of white-collar like duties, the general competence development, and the higher demands on job qualifications, combined to render workers’ class locations more contradictory. This, together with ideological control and change, contributed to consolidate local hegemony.

This study explores the history of a group of London handicraftsmen, the multi-skilled millwrights, who were power-transmission mechanics and rudimentary engineers, from 1775-1825. It reveals an organised group of old-style journeymen, who had developed a powerful grip on all aspects of the trade itself, not just their terms and conditions (which were in the top bracket of London artisans of the time). This amounted to a power-sharing partnership with their masters who accepted this arrangement for decades of the late eighteenth century because of the millwrights' unique skills, quality work and organised power as a trade club. The millwrights as individual handicraftsmen varied from 'rough and ready rule of thumb' mechanics to ingenious mechanical and civil engineers. Many of these latter could design and erect complex buildings and infrastructure for water, wind or horse-driven mills and install the transmission millwork/gear wheels of the time. They were, in effect, a powerful guild to which many of the masters belonged. With the growing demand for larger and more complex power sources of the early industrial revolution, this traditional trade came under tremendous pressure to overcome the restrictions imposed by the journeymen millwrights, especially from the businesses who employed the masters as contractors. The study examines the previously unappreciated role of the London brewers, distillers and other manufacturers in pressurising the master millwrights to resist the power of their combined journeymen. It was this pressure which induced the master millwrights to bring to Parliament a Combination Bill seeking to outlaw the London Society of Journeymen Millwrights' trade club and replace them by wage regulation of the magistrates of the City and neighbouring Home Counties. This wider development is examined in detail. Those City employers were also prominent in the more successful 1812-14 bid to remove the medieval apprenticeship laws which then underpinned all journeymen's control of skilled labour supply. But it was the exigencies of the wars with the French from the 1800s which really drove the technological changes which undermined the millwrights' exclusive control of mechanical work, especially using the new, better quality fabrication of iron and machinery. This development is examined at the Portsmouth naval dockyard in 1805 and the spread of new engineering works in the London area thereafter. A new breed of engineering employer now emerged who were successful in breaking the millwrights' grip on the trade with greater control in larger establishments. They made a practice of employing/training non- or short-apprenticed skilled fitters, turners and a variety of other specialised engineering workers to do aspects of the more expensive and less tractable high-skilled millwrights with what became known as an Engineers' Economy. This little-known episode of early British engineering history was illustrated throughout with contemporary prints and drawings and pen-pictures of the key figures who became involved - John Rennie, James Watt and Henry Maudslay, to name but a few. An update and rewrite has recently been produced entitled, The Old London Artisans: the Millwrights 1775-1825.

Orientador: José Ricardo Barbosa Gonçalves
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo discutir o papel de um grupo específico das elites no Império, segmento que sem dúvida pertencia ao grupo hegemônico do país, mas que dele se destacava por sua instrução, nível cultural e, principalmente, por seu contato frequente com o mundo já desenvolvido nos moldes da revolução industrial. Por um lado tal segmento, como parte da elite econômica, atuou de forma pragmática na direção da criação de um Estado que se tornasse um ator privilegiado e que atendesse aos interesses dos produtores envolvidos com o modelo escravocrata¿agrário¿exportador e, por outro, adotou uma visão humanista que se vinculava a sua compreensão sobre as transformações em sociedades que desfrutavam de ganhos advindos da revolução industrial, mas que viam emergir novas relações sociais. Assim, o segmento da elite estudado, independente da esfera do Estado, buscou discutir questões relevantes para os seus interesses e o fez pela aproximação a instituições privadas de caráter não confessional através das quais puderam generalizar suas ideias, quer fosse entre seus próprios membros (já que entendiam como necessário que estivessem eles próprios organizados como atores coletivos) quer com o conjunto de homens livres, que não derivassem do grupo hegemônico. Uma das associações escolhidas por esse segmento foi a Sociedade Amante da Instrução que é usada como guia do trabalho
Abstract: This work intends to discuss the role of a specific group of elites in the Empire, a segment which belonged to the hegemonic group in the country, but it stood out for their education, cultural level, and especially for his frequent contact with the developed world after the industrial revolution. As part of the economic elite, acted pragmatically to create a State to become a privileged actor and would meet the interests of producers involved with model slave agrarian export, and, secondly, adopted a humanistic vision that was linked to transformations in societies that enjoyed gains from the industrial revolution, but they saw emerging new social relations. The segment of elite studied, regardless of the sphere of the State, sought to discuss issues relevant to their interests and made the approach to private institutions (non-confessional) through which could generalize their ideas, whether it were among their own members (as understood that they needed to be organized as collective actors) or among free men, that were not derived from the hegemonic group. One of the associations chosen by this segment was the Sociedade Amante da Instrução which is used to guide the work
Doutorado
Historia Economica
Doutor em Desenvolvimento Economico

This study of the American business presence in Russia from the late 19th Century to the early Soviet period, focuses on more than twenty individual firms that operated there or otherwise conducted business with Russia. They are presented as primary and secondary case studies in three distinct groups: financial industries, manufacturing industries, and sales, services and light manufacturing industries.
The primary cases, American Express, Case and Vacuum Oil Company, offer a detailed insight into: motives for opening installations in Russia, daily operations, the effects of war, revolution and nationalization as well as business relations under the early Soviet government. The secondary case studies include, Citibank, Chase Manhattan Bank, Morgan Guaranty and New York Life Insurance Company in the financial group; Western Electric, Westinghouse Airbrake and General Electric in the manufacturing group; and United Shoe, Otis, Moline Plow, Kodak, Parke, Davis & Co., Chesebrough-Pond's and Continental Gin in the sales, services and light manufacturing group.
Collectively these firms present a comprehensive account of the largely neglected and misunderstood role of private American business in Russia. The experiences of these companies help dispel conventional notions of U.S. commercial interests in Russia and place American involvement in proper perspective.

The aim of this essay is to analyse the progression between textbooks written for lower secondary school and upper secondary school that help students to evolve their history consciousness. The study examined how two textbooks each from three different history courses presented the Industrial Revolution and if there is a progression in content between the textbooks. To examine this, texts, study questions and illustrations were examined with a comparative analysis. The results showed that progression occurs between textbooks written for lower secondary school and upper secondary school. This is foremost seen quantitatively, in an increasing amount of facts. However, this increase is not great and can mainly be seen as an increase of facts in combination of the portraiture of new perspectives e.g. the industrialisations impact on society and democracy.

L’histoire du développement a été marquée par deux grandes révolutions. La révolution néolithique a fait passer l’humanité d’une économie paléolithique organisée autour de la chasse, de la pêche et de la cueillette à une économie néolithique basée sur l’agriculture et l’élevage. Cette première révolution planétaire est caractérisée par le passage d’un mode de vie nomade à un mode de vie sédentaire; lui-même conduisant à terme à la naissance des premières civilisations de l’Antiquité. La révolution industrielle, deuxième révolution planétaire, constitue une seconde rupture. Cette révolution se caractérise par le passage d'une société à dominance agraire à une société à dominance industrielle et urbaine.Dans un contexte de crise globale, qui s’apprécie notamment à l’aune de l’échec patent desOMD, nous posons l’hypothèse d’une troisième révolution planétaire en devenir dont l’ampleur pourrait être comparable aux deux précédentes. Depuis la révolution industrielle, lemonde a connu une croissance économique et démographique sans précédent; entraînant certes des progrès notoires, mais aussi un accroissement exponentiel de son empreinteécologique. À travers l’étude des principaux paradigmes contemporains du développement,nous avons décidé de revisiter prospectivement le modèle onusien. Au carrefour des divers modèles nationaux, l’ONU constitue, nous semble-t-il, le lieu le plus approprié pour aborder cette question. Enfin, dans la mesure où derrière la présente crise globale se cache une crise écologique profonde, nous considérons que le prochain paradigme qui émergera sera, pour les raisons que nous exposons, le fruit d’une dialectique entre les modèles anthropocentriste et biocentriste
The history of development was marked by two great revolutions. The Neolithic revolution has seen humanity passed of an economy organized around Paleolithic hunting, fishing andgathering to a Neolithic economy based mainly on agriculture and livestock. The first planetary revolution is characterized by the transition from a nomadic to a sedentary lifestyle;himself eventually leading to the birth of the first civilizations of antiquity. The Industrialrevolution, the second planetary revolution, is a second major break in development history.This revolution is essentially characterized by the transition from a predominantly agrariansociety to a predominantly industrial and urban.Against a backdrop of global crisis, including appreciating in terms of the obvious failure ofthe MDGs, we hypothesize a third planetary revolution with a magnitude that could becomparable to the previous two. Since the beginning of industrial revolution, the world hasexperienced an economic and population growth unprecedented, certainly at the origin ofsignificant progress, but also an exponential increase of its ecological footprint. Through thestudy of major contemporary paradigms of development, we prospectively decided to revisitthe UN model and framework. At the crossroads of different national models, the UN is themost appropriate place to address this issue. Finally, since behind this global crisis lies aprofound ecological crisis, we believe that the next paradigm that will emerge, for reasonsthat are set, is going to be the result of a dialectic between anthropocentric models, on onehand, and biocentric models, on the other hand

This study deals with the historical compromise between Labour and Capital—the so-called “Swedish model”—and the abandonment of this compromise in connection with the third industrial revolution. The focus of the study lies in the transformations in working life and labour internationalism from 1973 to 1993. The strategies of the trade union regarding the protection of workers’ rights at local, national and international levels are of particular interest. The relations between the Company Union Group at LM Ericsson, the Swedish Metalworkers’ Federation and the local union at Ericsson’s work premises in Colombia (Sintraericsson) are examined in depth. The research is conducted through archive studies and interviews according to oral history theories. The theoretical perspectives in the dissertation are mainly inspired by postcolonial and materialist world system theories. The examined relations took place in a time that from the point of view of the trade union was characterized by uncertainty and anxiety about the future. The visible effects of the technological and industrial processes of transformation in Sweden as well as in Colombia had increased, and one of the main manifestations of the changes was the decreasing demand of manual labour. The introduction of the electronic AXE-system at LM Ericsson industries constituted a significant pass toward increasingly minimized and decreasing labour-intensive telecommunication systems. In Colombia, the local management took advantage of both the political unrest and instability and the absence of functional legislation praxis of work in order to set back and, finally, repudiate Sintraericsson. Many obstacles were mounted impeding the realization of collected and vigorous international labour actions which, had these been successful, would have constituted a response to the union-hostile actions initiated by the company. The Swedish Metalworkers’ Federation and the Company Union Group at LM Ericsson in Sweden were faced with several strategical and ideological issues resulting in their support of Sintraericsson appearing as obligatory or even absent. The study further shows that LM Ericsson as a company had advantages when compared with the Labour Organizations in Sweden and Colombia. The company early established business connections in Colombia and had knowledge about, and was an active part of, the Colombian society. The company was not driven by moral principles though it on the one hand could point at Colombian laws and norms, and on the other hand at overreaching economical “laws” when it came to motivating the politics vis-à-vis the employees, the local union and the frequent dismissals of union activists at Ericsson de Colombia.

Textile manufacture in England had always employed a high proportion of women and this continued to be the case during the period 1760-1850. However, these industries underwent dramatic changes in both the nature and location of production, and women’s employment opportunities altered. Whilst in some cases technological advances reduced the strength required to perform a given process, making women more attractive to employers, this was not always the case. Urbanisation and factory production increased trade union influence, which often acted to the detriment of women’s access to well-paid occupations. The long standardised hours worked away from the home typically required of factory workers made it harder for women to combine textile work with the mothering and domestic responsibilities expected of them. As well as making it harder for women to work throughout their life, this discouraged investment in human capital of females by both themselves and their parents. Ideological resistance to women’s work outside of the home increased as the Industrial Revolution progressed. The more formalised work hierarchy created by factory production meant that resistance to female authority became increasingly important for denying women access to the best paid occupations. Ideology was not merely a response to material factors, but helped determine decisions made by economic actors. This thesis draws on a number of parliamentary reports over the period 1802-67. Not only do these reports provide a wealth of qualitative information, they also contain quantitative information which enables me to track male and female factory earnings over the life-cycle, by region and industry. The information in the parliamentary reports is used in conjunction with business records of various firms, covering both domestic and factory workers, as well as the writings of numerous contemporary observers.

La tesi estudia el cas d’una de les primeres fàbriques de teixits de cotó que va usar el vapor com a força motriu, coneguda popularment a Vilanova i la Geltrú com la Fàbrica de la Rambla o també com Manufacturas El Fénix SA. L’empresa que l’havia de construir i fer funcionar es va establir l’any 1833 però, per vicissituds diverses, no va poder començar a funcionar fins l’any 1839 i cap a mitjan la dècada de 1960 va tancar les seves portes definitivament. La possibilitat de disposar de documentació original des dels mateixos inicis de l’empresa i fins als anys 30 del segle XX permet abordar la història d’un cas rellevant entre les empreses pioneres de la Revolució Industrial a Catalunya. L’obra s’estructura bàsicament en dues parts. En la primera s’analitza la producció i el comerç de teixits i en la segona les estratègies de finançament. Pel que fa a la primera part, la tesi estudia com es produí la inversió en actius fixos (edificis i maquinària), en matèries primeres (carbó i cotó), amb quina mà d’obra es va comptar, quin tipus de teixit i quina quantitat es va arribar a produir; es fa una anàlisi en conjunt de l’evolució dels costos de producció i una estimació de la productivitat de l’empresa, i s’acaba amb aquest apartat amb una anàlisi dels aspectes comercials: clients, mercats, preus i crèdit. La segona part aborda els aspectes financers de l’activitat industrial començant per l’origen del capital industrial i seguint amb una anàlisi de la rendibilitat i de les estratègies de finançament. Del treball es desprèn que els empresaris que van regir la Fàbrica de la Rambla van buscar sempre produir amb el mínim cost possible i obtenir el màxim ingrés. Per això no van deixar mai d’introduir les innovacions tècniques que van considerar necessàries, van buscar les matèries primeres i la mà d’obra que van considerar més apropiades i als millors preus possibles; pel mateix motiu un dels seus màxims objectius va ser la reducció dels costos i l’augment de la producció i de la productivitat per poder oferir uns preus competitius a un major nombre de clients. Però, de vegades, l’objectiu maximitzador i l’ajustament de costos i preus van xocar obertament, de manera que es va renunciar al primer. Els empresaris de la Fàbrica de la Rambla, per tant, es van haver d’adaptar a un mercat amb una demanda dèbil que els condicionava.
The PhD studies the case of one of the first cotton mills that used steam as a motive force in Vilanova i la Geltrú. The company was established in 1833 but, for various vicissitudes, he could not begin to run until 1839 and towards the mid of 1960 closed its doors forever. The availability of original documentation from the beginning of the company to 30 years of the twentieth century can address the relevant history of a case among the pioneers of the Industrial Revolution in Catalonia. The work is divided into two parts. The first analyzes the production and trade of textiles and the second financing strategies. Regarding the first part of the thesis as there was investment in fixed assets, raw materials, labour recruitment, and what type and amount of fabrics was to produce, analyzes the evolution of overall production costs and made an estimate of the productivity of the company, and this section ends with an analysis of commercial side: customers, markets, prices and credit. The second part deals with the financial aspects of industrial activity starting at the origin of industrial capital and following an analysis of profitability and financing strategies. PhD shows that entrepreneurs who ruled this factory always sought to produce the lowest cost possible and get the most income. So it never ceased to introduce technical innovations which were considered necessary, sought raw materials and labor that were considered most appropriate and best possible prices, for the same reason one of its main objectives was reducing costs and increasing production and productivity in order to offer competitive prices to a greater number of customers. But sometimes the goal maximizer and adjustment costs and prices clashed openly, so he resigned first. Managers of Fàbrica de la Rambla, therefore, had to adapt to a market with weak demand that conditioned.

Les révolutions industrielles ont été caractérisées par un rôle des banques joué en premier via le capital circulant, plus que via le financement du capital fixe. Le poids du commerce extérieur dans l’économie Britannique du dix-neuvième siècle pose la question de l’importance d’une catégorie de crédits, les crédits à l’exportation. Le dix-neuvième a vu la croissance des financements des exportations par prêts, ces prêts rencontrant l’engouement aussi bien des banques que des entreprises. A partir de la mi-dix-neuvième siècle, le role historiquement joué par l’escompte connait un déclin relatif, concrétisé par un financement des exportations par prêts devenant dominant dans l’actif des banques. La prolifération des banques, malgré les crises récurrentes, et la concurrence interbancaire qui en a découlé, ont joué dans le sens d’une réduction du rationnement au niveau du financement des exportations. La pression sur le rationnement est d’autant plus notable que les structures de l’assurance-crédit à l’exportation n’ont commencé à s’affirmer qu’en fin de dix-neuvième siècle, et n’ont commencé à bénéficier du soutien de l’Etat qu’après la première guerre mondiale. Malgré cela, les marchés proches des pays d’Europe continentale ont été dépassés en direction des marchés géographiquement éloignés, en principe caractérisés par un niveau de risque plus élevé. L’interaction entre l’élargissement des débouchés à l’exportation et la croissance de la production a bénéficié de l’appui d’une offre de crédits à l’exportation relativement peu sensible au risque. D’où la possibilité de parler de révolutions industrielle, financière, et commerciale. Du point de vue institutionnel, si l’Etat a essentiellement agi dans le sens de l’élargissement de l’accès aux marchés pour les exportations Britanniques, la banque d’Angleterre a, pour sa part, rempli le rôle vital de préteur ultime, permettant de maintenir le flux de financement en direction des entreprises, via le refinancement des banques
The industrial revolutions were characterized by a role of banks played mainly via the circulating capital, rather than via the financing of fixed capital. The weight of the foreign trade in the nineteenth century British economy raises the question of the importance of a category of credits, the export credits. The nineteenth century saw the growth of loan-financed exports, these loans meeting the craze of banks as well as that of companies. From the mid-nineteenth century, the role historically played by the discount witnessed a relative decline, concretized by a financing of the exports by loans which became dominant among bank activities. The proliferation of banks, in spite of the recurring crises and the interbank competition which ensued from it, resulted in a reduction of the rationing at the level of exports financing. The pressure on the rationing is more considerable than the structures of export credit-insurance began to assert themselves only at the end of nineteenth century, and began to benefit from state support only after World War I. Nevertheless, markets close to countries of continental Europe were exceeded in the direction of geographically remote markets, usually characterized by a level of higher risk. The interaction between export outlets extension and production growth benefited from the support of an export credits offer relatively less risk sensitive. Hence the possibility to speak about industrial, financial and commercial revolutions. From an institutional point of view, if the state has essentially acted in favor of the extension of access to markets for the British exports, the Bank Of England has played, for its part, the vital role of ultimate lender, allowing to maintain the flow of financing in the direction of companies, via the refinancing of banks

Thesis (M.A.)--Dept. of Art and Art History. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2005.
"A thesis in art history." Typescript. Advisor: Rochelle Ziskin. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed March 12, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-85). Online version of the print edition.

Des arts décoratifs aux arts industriels. Contribution à la genèse de l’Art Nouveau en Belgique. (1830-1893)

Thèse réalisée sous la direction de M. Michel Draguet et présentée en vue de l’obtention du titre de Docteur en Histoire de l’Art.

Bruxelles, janvier 2005.

Dès la fin du XVIIIe puis tout au long du XIXe siècle, le secteur décoratif connaît une mutation profonde sous l’impulsion de la Révolution industrielle. La production décorative, jusqu’alors issue d’un artisanat de longue tradition, se développe désormais également dans le registre industriel (production et diffusion à grande échelle). Cette nouvelle situation est la source d’un renouvellement important quant à la nature des disciplines décoratives, aux missions qui leur sont assignées ainsi qu’à l’organisation générale du secteur.

L’étude présentée sous le titre susmentionné vise à observer l’impact de ce bouleversement sur le secteur industriel belge durant le XIXe siècle, depuis la fondation du pays en 1830 jusqu’au moment d’éclosion de l’Art Nouveau en 1893, amorçant une nouvelle phase d’évolution du secteur.

Notre étude vise dès lors à établir une nouvelle lecture de l’évolution décorative belge de cette période. Au-delà des manifestations stylistiques, majoritairement passéistes tout au long du siècle, le secteur connaît une mutation profonde s’opérant autour de nombreuses interrogations quant à ses nouvelles orientations et ses nouveaux objectifs. La question de l’équilibre délicat entre la nouvelle nature industrielle et le caractère artistique de la production décorative en constitue le point central. Nous décelons deux phases clefs dans l’évolution de cette problématique. Dans un premier temps (durant la première moitié du XIXe siècle) deux catégories distinctes – l’une nouvelle, l’autre ancienne – cohabitent désormais au sein du seul secteur décoratif :d’une part un « art industriel » moderne aux missions sociales, d’autre part un « art décoratif » traditionnel et généralement luxueux. Si les objets produits dans les deux registres répondent communément à une destination utilitaire, leur rapport au « Beau » s’oppose. Dans un deuxième temps (durant la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle) – et suite à l’Exposition universelle de Londres de 1851 qui mettra à jour les limites de la situation développée durant la première moitié du siècle –, la majorité des acteurs du secteur ambitionneront la dissolution de cette dichotomie par la fusion de ces deux registres. L’alliance de l’art et de l’industrie constituera effectivement l’objectif principal d’une large partie du secteur décoratif belge de l’époque. Deux chantiers principaux viseront à l’accomplissement de cet objectif :d’une part, la réforme de l’enseignement décoratif et d’autre part, la création d’un musée d’arts décoratifs et industriels.

Ce cheminement révélera, simultanément, la nécessité d’une réforme stylistique. Celle-ci est alors conçue comme un aboutissement des deux principaux chantiers…….

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation histoire de l'art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

La présente thèse vise à déterminer les ressorts de l’ascension sociale des Cibiel, entre 1754 et 1914, organisée durant quatre générations sur un mode collectif, au cours de laquelle ils passent du colportage local entre montagne du Cantal et plaines, au négoce et à la finance au niveau national puis international : ils édifient, à partir du textile et du Sud-ouest, un empire financier et industriel dans tous les domaines de la Révolution industrielle – transports, secteur minier et métallurgique et dérivés, modernisation urbaine – complété par un patrimoine foncier de premier ordre. L’analyse de cette mutation progressive permet de comprendre quelles sont les stratégies et les logiques mises en œuvre par les différents « acteurs » de la famille, mettant en synergie jeux communs et jeux individuels pour conquérir un pouvoir économique et sociopolitique majeur au sein des réseaux d’élites, à partir d’un réseau familial insolite implanté dans une logique de comptoirs à l’image de celui des Rothschild. La mobilisation de la méthodologie d’analyse des réseaux et de la sociologie des organisations, notamment la théorie de « l’acteur stratégique » de Michel Crozier et Erhard Friedberg, pour étudier la dynamique des Cibiel, permet de mesurer à quelles conditions « l’union fait la force ». Alors que la succession d’un « acteur-clé » aux trois premières générations joue un rôle moteur pour le collectif familial, la rupture introduite par une « stratégie d’affrontement » intrafamiliale à la dernière génération marque la fin de la « bonne fortune » prodigieuse de la famille Cibiel et de sa success story singulière
The present thesis aims at determining the origins and forces of the social climbing of the French family Cibiel, between 1754 and 1914, through four generations. Within these 160 years, the family rose from local peddling to international trade and finance. Starting from textile trading in the Southwest of France, the Cibiels gradually built a financial and industrial empire which stretched over all the fields impacted by the Industrial Revolution — transports, mining, metallurgy, urban modernizing —, and accumulated a considerable estate. The analysis of this gradual transformation enables the understanding of the strategies and logics implemented by the various "players" of the family. They forged synergistic common games and individual games to conquer a major economic and socio-political power within elite networks. Their social climbing hinges on an unusual family network, that developed itself through a counters approach, similar to the Rothschilds network. The network analysis and the sociology of organizations methodologies have been used, particularly the "strategic player" theory of Michel Crozier and Erhard Friedberg, to study the Cibiels’ dynamics. They support the assessment of what makes unity a strength. The emergence of a "key player" at each of the first three generations plays a leading role in the family collective. With the break introduced by an intrafamilial "confrontational strategy" at the last generation came the end of the prodigious "good fortune" of the Cibiel family and of its singular success story

The focus of the Fourth Industrial Revolution has been on its implications on Human Capital and its need to develop “21st-Century Skills" through education to ensure future labour and capital complementarity. Human Capital combined with 21st-Century Skills, it is claimed, can together generate economic growth, jobs and propel an economy into the next Industrial Revolution. However, Schwab’s (2016) concept of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, make no distinction between the Average Worker and the Knowledge Elite and their relationship to each other and successful economic growth. The different nature of these skills is absent in the literature to date. A critical analysis of literature will be used to examine Schwab’s (2016) claim of a Fourth Industrial Revolution and assess how the Average Worker and the Knowledge Elite relate to the Fourth Industrial Revolution and 21st-Century Skills. The evidence is provided on how both the Average Worker and the Knowledge Elite are key contributors to economic growth and will be important in the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

This study explores the social and economic changes in the mid-Atlantic region generally, and Baltimore City and its hinterlands specifically, between the late colonial period and the dawn of the Jacksonian era. Baltimore foundered as a colonial entrepot until wheat emerged as an important export commodity in the 1740s. Between the mid-1740s and the 1770s, the town grew steadily within the British mercantilist world. its trade was deeply dependent on Atlantic commerce, its social structure reflected the mercantile orientation of the town and the staunchly deferential colonial household economy. The Revolution threatened to overturn this world with the promise of free trade and the possibility that the new republic could remake the Atlantic world, but this promise flickered out with the return of European mercantilist restrictions and hard times in the 1780s. Thereafter, merchants abandoned their revolutionary ambitions and re-established old commercial ties within the British Empire. Artisans sought to strengthen the ties that bound together workers to workshops in the colonial period, and preserve the deferential social order. Thus instead of making a clean break from the colonial to the early national after the war, Baltimore and the mid-Atlantic entered a postcolonial period in which merchants and artisans forged a neomercantilist mentalite to perpetuate much of the traditional social and economic order of colonial America.;The postcolonial period continued until the Bank of England suspended specie payments in 1797. This triggered a financial panic in the Atlantic world, and caused the return of hard times to Baltimore and the mid-Atlantic. Economic misfortune encouraged a reorientation of the town's social and economic life away from the Atlantic world and towards the backcountry and the frontier beyond. America thus moved from the postcolonial to the early national. After 1800, merchants and artisans sought to establish market ties to the backcountry by investing in manufactories, turnpike companies, banks, and western newspapers. These trends were accelerated by the Embargo of 1807, and by 1812, a nascent manufacturing class had emerged. This transformation came at a price. Without technological improvements to augment productivity, manufacturers achieved economies of scale by squeezing more labor from their workers, thus destroying the deferential bonds that held together the household economy and the colonial social order. The urban transition from workshop to manufactory was therefore chaotic, and eventually led to the Baltimore riots of 1812, the largest and most violent the country had ever witnessed.

Tutkielmassa selvitetään sitä, miten skottilainen filosofi ja poliitikko James Mackintosh (1765–1832) käytti kirjallisessa tuotannossaan ”revolution”-termiä. Tutkimuskohteena on erityisesti ”revolution”-termin käyttö poliittisissa yhteyksissä, mutta myös termin käytöt muissa yhteyksissä on tutkielmassa huomioitu. Lisäksi tutkielmassa kiinnitetään huomiota ”revolution”-termin kanssa samassa semanttisessa kentässä esiintyneisiin termeihin. Tutkielma on semasiologista tutkimusta, jossa pyritään selvittämään yhden termin mahdollisia merkityksiä. Metodeiltaan tutkielma on lähellä käsitehistoriallista tutkimusta. Tutkielman lähdeaineiston muodostaa koko Mackintoshin julkaistu tuotanto, jota on täydennetty Mackintoshin elämänkertaan liitetyillä katkelmilla hänen kirjeistään ja päiväkirjastaan. ”Revolution”-termin käyttöön liittyvästä tutkimuksesta on erotettavissa kaksi keskeistä tulkintaa. Varhaisemman tulkinnan mukaan ”revolution” tarkoitti aina Ranskan suuren vallankumoukseen asti poliittisissa yhteyksissä ennen kaikkea paluuta takaisin johonkin aiemmin vallinneeseen tilanteeseen. Tämä tulkinta, jota muun muassa Hannah Arendtin tuki, on ollut vallitseva 1990-luvulle asti. Myöhäisempi tulkinta puolestaan korostaa sitä, että ”revolution”-termin merkityksessä olennaisempaa oli jo 1600-luvun lopulta lähtien sen merkitys suurena muutoksena, eikä niinkään ensisijaisesti paluuna minnekään. Tätä tulkintaa puolestaan ovat tukeneet muun muassa historioitsijat Ilan Rachum ja Keith Michael Baker. ”Revolution”-termin kuvaaman muutoksen laadun lisäksi tutkielmassa selvitetään sitä, minkälaisen moraalisen arvottamisen tuo termi sai Mackintoshin teoksissa. Huomiota kiinnitetään myös siihen, näkyykö Mackintoshin teoksissa Bakerin esittämä väite siitä, että ”revolution”-termi muuttui Ranskan vallankumouksen yhteydessä tarkoittamaan itse poliittisen muutoksen lisäksi myös poliittista prosessia, jossa muutos tapahtui. Tutkielmassa seurataan Mackintoshin ajattelun muutosta skottilaisen filosofian ja commonwealth-miesten aatteiden kyllästämästä ajattelusta kohti englantilaista whigismiä. Tähän ajattelun muutokseen vaikutti suuresti varsinkin Edmund Burken (1729–1797) teokset ja Ranskan suuren vallankumouksen väkivaltaistuminen vuodesta 1792 eteenpäin. Tutkielmassa peilataan tätä aatteellista, poliittista ja historiakäsitykseen liittyvää kontekstia Mackintoshin ”revolution”-termin käyttöön. Tutkielmassa esitetään, että Mackintoshin ”revolution”-termin käytössä ei tapahtunut suurta muutosta aikavälillä 1788–1832. Mackintosh käytti läpi tuotantonsa ”revolution”-termiä sekä takaisinpäin menevästä muutoksesta, että edistykseen liittyneestä muutoksesta. Suurin poikkeus oli hänen tunnetuin teoksensa Vindiciæ Gallicæ, jossa termin merkitys oli erityisen läheisessä yhteydessä edistykseen. Vuosien 1792–1811 välillä, jolloin hänen ajattelunsa läheni Burken ajattelua, ”revolution” -termin negatiiviset ja taaksepäin menemiseen liittyvät konnotaatiot lisääntyivät. Tämä muutos oli olennaisesti liitoksissa siihen, että Mackintosh menetti tuolloin uskonsa ihmiskunnan mahdollisuuksiin luoda toimiva poliittinen järjestelmä pelkän järjen avulla. Varsinkin hänen toimiessaan Intiassa tuomarina vuosien 1804–1811 välillä, olivat ”revolutionin” sykliset implikaatiot erityisen korostuneita. Mackintoshin palattua Isoon-Britanniaan ”revolution”-termin merkitys edistykseen liittyvänä terminä puolestaan jälleen lisääntyi, varsinkin yhteiskunnallisen muutoksen yhteydessä. Tutkielmassa väitetään myös, että Mackintoshin teoksissa on nähtävillä Bakerin edellä mainitun väitteen mukainen muutos ”revolution”-termin merkityksessä viimeistään 1810–1820-lukujen vaihteessa.

Orientador: Fernando Teixeira da Silva
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T22:02:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Chaves_MarceloAntonio_D.pdf: 4801054 bytes, checksum: fc6a079ec5703b5a3ea427e2e11f1c0e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009
Resumo: O robustecimento do aparelho de Estado no plano federal, principalmente com a criação do Ministério do Trabalho, Indústria e Comércio (MTIC), é fato já bem destacado pela historiografia. A minha pesquisa faz uma nova aproximação, a partir de perspectiva trazida por fontes inéditas, revelando um aspecto ainda não estudado: a criação do MTIC encontrou no estado de São Paulo, um órgão que exercia funções similares, justamente ali, onde a reação ao governo federal assumiu aspectos de guerra civil. O Departamento Estadual do Trabalho (DET) existia naquele estado desde 1911, possuía forte estrutura, foi modelar para o próprio MTIC e protagonizou episódios curiosos que bem refletem as tensões no processo de centralização política e econômica, no plano federal, que ainda carecem de estudos. Esta tese revela aspectos dessa ainda desconhecida e inusitada relação entre o DET e o MTIC no estado de São Paulo, no começo da década de 1930 e traça parte da trajetória histórica desse Departamento estadual, desde a sua criação, até a implantação do Estado Novo, em 1937, não obstante o DET só se extinguido em 1952.
Abstract: The strengthening of the state apparatus at the federal level, especially with the creation of the Ministry of Labor, Industry and Commerce (MTIC) is well highlighted by the historiography. My research is a new approach from a perspective brought by unpublished sources revealing an aspect not yet investigated: the creation of MTIC found an institution with similar functions in São Paulo state, exactly there, where the reaction to the federal government turned into a civil war. The State Department of Labor (DET) existed in São Paulo since 1911, had a strong structure, served as model for the MTIC and produced curious episodes that well reflect the tensions in the political and economic centralization at the federal level, which require further studies. This doctoral thesis reveals some aspects of this yet unknown and unusual relationship between the DET and the MTIC in São Paulo state in the early 1930's, and traces the historical trajectory of the Department of State, since its inception to the deployment of the Estado Novo in 1937, despite the DET only extinguished in 1952.
Doutorado
Historia Social do Trabalho
Doutor em História

At Papplewick, Nottinghamshire, there is physical evidence of 18th century industry. This study focuses on George Robinson and Sons, who were cotton-spinners between 1778 and 1830. The firm’s records have not survived, so detail of their operation has been re-constructed using alternative sources. The thesis investigates some accepted ideas about the concept of industrialisation, and attempts to address the question of when, where and what constituted the Industrial Revolution in this particular locality. The study adopts a transdisciplinary approach, viewing physical evidence from the landscape alongside documentary sources. Evidence from archaeological exploration is presented. The historic landscape is viewed in the context of biographical and socio-economic data relating to people and events. These water-powered mills were the first in the world to apply steam to cotton-spinning. The study considers the evolution of the water-system, and the introduction of steam to this pioneer site. It also examines transport networks, delivery of raw materials and capital expenditure. Personnel associated with the mills are identified, charting their employment and migration. Cartographic sources of different ages are used to provide a spatial framework for the description. The principles of reverse engineering are applied - attempting to understand, on one hand, the function of the mills and water-system, and on the other to de-construct the factors which influenced this innovative undertaking. It is generally accepted that three key attributes of the Industrial Revolution were adoption of new technology, introduction of centralised production, and socio-economic changes, accompanied by urbanisation. The Robinson mills could be perceived as the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the Leen valley. However, when the company was wound up (in 1830) industrial activity in the valley reverted to manufacture of hosiery and bobbin-net lace, both of which were, at that time, cottage industries.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 1989.
Includes bibliographical references.
by Elise Scheiner Brezis.
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 1989.

This thesis studies the political role of the Chilean military during the years 1780-1826. Beginning with the last decades of the eighteenth century and ending immediately after the last royalist contingents were expelled from the island of Chiloé, this thesis does not seek to give a full picture of the participation of military men on the battlefield but rather to interpret their involvement in local politics. The main categories deployed in this study are 1) armies, 2) politics and 3) revolution, and the three are presented with the purpose of demonstrating that, as Peggy K. Liss has claimed, after 1810 Spanish American public life ‘became militarized; and the military, privileged’. I argue that, notwithstanding the sometimes tense relationship between civilians and the armed forces, the Chilean military became privileged because the demise of the Spanish monarchy in 1808 made them protagonists of the decision-making process. In so doing, this thesis aims to make a contribution to the understanding of Chile’s revolution of independence, as well as to discuss some recent historiographical contributions on the role of the military in the creation of the Chilean republican system. Although the focus has been placed on the career and participation of Chilean revolutionary officers, this thesis also seeks to provide an overview of both the role of royalist armies and the influence of international events in Chile.

The thesis explored the theoretical implications of the African Revolution through an examination of its radical cinematic inventions. My research investigated points where the cinema screen became a site of radical gathering and ambitions of cinema emerged that expressed a revolutionary desire. The thesis mapped out a relational geography between different late liberation struggles of the 1970s and 1980s produced by cinema in the networks of connections lived out and constructed through radical drives. The exploration of aesthetics of liberation is the point of departure to investigate how screens, as urban surfaces of projection and reflection, appearance and masking, emerge from the world and have material and psychical effects in the world.

Après les longues années de guerres louis-quatorziennes, le retour de la paix en Europe et sur les mers marque le début d’une nouvelle période dans l’histoire de la Normandie. En l’espace de quelques années, les ports renouent avec la croissance suite à la mise en valeur des colonies et à la reprise des activités commerciales. L’arrivée massive des produits coloniaux et en particulier du « roi coton » entraine de nombreux changements dans les centres urbains et les campagnes où la filature connait une progression fulgurante. Le développement de l’économie atlantique et son importance pour l’économie de la Normandie n’est cependant pas sans conséquence. Même si elle apporte une certaine aisance et permet à de nombreux habitants des campagnes d’assurer leur subsistance quotidienne, elle a dans le même temps scellé le sort d’une partie de la population à l’activité commerciale et aux vicissitudes de l’industrie textile alors en plein essor. À partir d’une analyse quantitative et spatiale, l’objectif de cette thèse, en s’intéressant aux crises et aux émeutes de subsistances, est d’étudier les conséquences de l’intégration de la Normandie à l’économie atlantique. Au-delà d’un réexamen des crises qui éclatent entre la paix d’Utrecht et la guerre d’Indépendance américaine, cette recherche s’articule autour de deux périodes emblématiques marquées par d’importantes transformations. La première est celle engendrée par la signature en 1786 du traité de commerce dit d’Eden-Rayneval entre la France et l’Angleterre qui met un terme à la politique mercantiliste en vigueur depuis 1713. La seconde est celle de la crise provoquée par la révolution française, la révolte des esclaves de Saint-Domingue en 1791, et le retour de la guerre sur les mers en 1793
After the long years of the Louis XIV’s wars, the return of peace in Europe and on the seas represented the beginning of a new era in the history of Normandy. Within a few years, ports were back on the road to growth thanks to thedevelopment of the colonies and the resumption of commercial activities. The massive arrival of colonial products and in particular of the "cotton king", brought about many changes in urban centres and countryside where spinning was booming. The development of the Atlantic economy and its importance for the Norman economy was, however,not without consequences. Even if it brought a certain ease and enabled many rural inhabitants to ensure their daily subsistence, it sealed at the same time the fate of a part of the population to the commercial activities and the vicissitudes of the textile industry, which was rapidly expanding. This dissertation relies on a quantitative and spatial analysis, with a focus on crises and subsistence riots, to study the consequences of the integration of Normandy in the Atlantic economy. Beyond a re-examination of the crisis that erupted between the Peace of Utrecht and the American War of Independence, this research focuses on two emblematic periods marked by major transformations. The signature in 1786 of the so-called Eden-Rayneval trade treaty between France and England, which put an end to the mercantilist policy in force since 1713, marked the beginning of the first period. The second is that of the crisis caused by the French Revolution, the revolt of the slaves in Saint-Domingue in 1791, and the return of the war on the seas in 1793

Though the American Revolutionary Army is often portrayed as a crucible of national feeling, this study of 169 diaries reveals that Revolutionary soldiers barely understood, or accepted as part of their community, large parts of the country for which they fought. The diaries include journals of ordinary soldiers, officers, and camp followers, and demonstrate the largely overlooked significance of soldiers’ physical environment in shaping their world-view. Typically episodic, often filled with random and apparently mundane detail, and occasionally dark with deep sadness and melancholy, diary writings reveal soldiers’ definitions of who belonged to the national community. Military historians of the Revolutionary War have long culled important details from various diaries, with the goal of constructing a synthesis of relevant narratives into a single history. In many ways, this project does the opposite. Instead of fitting soldier diarists into a single linear narrative of the war, it looks at how soldiers fought their war and understood its landscapes by creating a variety of sometimes complimentary, sometimes conflicting, personal and group narratives. The purposes and conventions that defined soldiers’ descriptions of land, architecture and people they encountered reveal their motivations for fighting, definitions of just violence, and hopes for victory. In turn each of these factors shaped their understanding of their war and the community for which they fought. This thesis follows American soldiers’ problem of understanding their new country through three chronological phases of the war. In the early years of the war, as American strategy focused on cities, soldiers struggled to protect themselves against the perceived immorality of city life. By blaming cities for their losses, soldiers developed a dark set of justifications for destroying civilian landscapes. In the mid war, the use of landscape description as a weapon intensified as both armies increasingly turned to scorched earth policies. As the campaigning turned south late in the war, northern soldiers guarded themselves against a landscape they perceived as inherently unhealthy. In their depiction of these places, soldiers used their diaries as tools to protect their bodies and souls, and contemplate American landscapes they often found foreign.
History

This thesis investigates the affects of the French Revolution of 1789 and the Mexican Revolution of 1910 on gender roles in their respective societies. Women that contributed to political discourse challenged separations of public and private spheres, which dictated order in the late and postrevolutionary periods of France and Mexico. Given the deliberate acts by both postrevolutionary governments to send women to the periphery of their respective societies, it is vital to revisit the examples of female influence that shaped the early French and Mexican Revolutions. The understanding that comes from a detailed analysis of the parameters of gendered spaces before, during, and after revolution sheds light on the relationships between order and gender that determined the future of women in their respective postrevolutionary worlds.

By reference to a wide range of sources and with an especial, but deliberately not exclusive, concern for events in Northern Durham, an attempt is made to reconstruct basic patterns of coalmining, population and enclosure. A second major task is to provide a framework of explanation for these patterns: to examine the factors which may have created and, in turn, destroyed them, and to explore ways in which the patterns may have been interrelated or interdependent. Rising demand for coal throughout the period 1551-1810, emanating chiefly from London, stimulated population growth within the mining districts, and the rise of an increasingly specialized industrial work force, in turn, put pressure upon agriculture to reform its technical and organizational structures in order to ease the task'of providing more locally grown food. Developments were not as simple as might be assumed from the above scenario, however. The variable attitudes and actions of decision makers were no less crucial than the uncertainties of natural resource endowment in determining the pace and location of developments through time and space, period and place. Landownership emerges as a dominant factor in understanding contrasts and similarities in the changing economic landscape of Northern Durham. An appreciation of the richness and variety of regional experience is essential to the formulation of descriptive or explanatory models of economic and social change.

The standard historiography sees the working class as a passive bystander in the insurrectionary phase of the Cuban revolution, assuming that the real struggle was conducted by a rural guerrilla army. However, an examination of the archival evidence contradicts this view and shows that workers played a much more active role in the defeat of the Batista regime than they are normally given credit for. At the start of the 1950s, Cuba was suffering a crisis in profitability as the world price of sugar declined. This led the employers to conduct a productivity drive backed by the full repressive force of the Cuban state. Going on strike in a dictatorship is a life or death decision and workers need to feel some confidence in their chances of survival and in the possibility of successfully gaining a result that would be in their political and economic interests. Thus, following the defeat of a wave of militantly organised strikes in 1955, significant numbers of working class militants felt of the need for armed support to enable them defend their wages and conditions. Starting from the city of Guantánamo and spreading to cover most of the island, these activists constructed an impressive, clandestine, working class organisation in alliance with the rebel army which, after several failed attempts, proved capable of calling a successful general strike in January 1959. This strike was crucial to the rebel victory. This thesis, based on primary source material found in archives and private collections in Havana, Manzanillo, Guantánamo and Santiago de Cuba, will re-examine working class participation in the Cuban insurrection of the 1950s, concentrating on organised labour rather than the role of individual citizens.

This dissertation reevaluates the consequences of the American Revolution by examining how indigenous peoples preserved their role as regional powers in the decades following the birth of the United States. Focusing on the Creek Indians of the present-day southeastern United States, I demonstrate that they maintained ties with Britons, Spaniards, and other Native peoples, employing these connections to their advantage. Creeks created borderlands that connected their societies with those of the British and Spanish Caribbean. The Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of Florida and their surrounding waters became zones of encounter and exchange between Native peoples, British wreckers from the Bahamas, and Spanish fishermen from Cuba. The networks created through these borderlands show that many elements of colonial-era diplomacy, where Native peoples held significant power in relationships with Europeans and Euroamericans, continued in force well after American independence. Creek diplomacy during this era engaged with European international law and concepts of nationhood in ways that compare to and were in dialogue with the efforts of the United States. Both Creeks and Americans sought to negotiate as unitary nations because the international order of their era demanded it. Each consisted of disparate peoples who had little sense of common interest or cohesion prior to the mid-eighteenth century. Creeks identified as members of towns and clans rather than as a singular nation. Any political unity between the Creek towns developed only in response to challenges presented by European colonization. Likewise, Americans identified more with their home states or local communities than the nation as a whole. Over the course of the late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries, both Creeks and Americans struggled to find ways to balance local interests with the diplomatic needs created by the Atlantic community to which they belonged. In this sense, Creek diplomacy was decidedly modern and conversant with legal and political developments throughout the Atlantic world.

This thesis is a study of radical manhood during the English Revolution. It examines different forms of radicalism, including that of soldiers, Levellers, Diggers, Quakers, and Ranters. By examining a plurality of radical sectaries, it acknowledges that, just as there was no one way to be a man in the seventeenth-century, there was no one way to be a radical man. Studying a variety of groups has the added benefit of allowing the thesis to explore radicalism across the period, including the Army Revolt of 1647-49 and Leveller activism in the mid-1640s, through to the spread of the Quaker Movement during the Interregnum. This enables the study of different types of radicalism; from the more formalist radicals who had a defined programme for change, such as the Levellers and the Diggers, to the more individualistic, ecstatic ministries of the Ranters and the Quakers. The thesis makes the case that all of the radical manhoods under discussion are varying forms of alternative manhood, which existed outside of, or in tension with, patriarchal manhood. These manhoods are designated alternative manhoods because they either did not relate to, or had a complicated relationship with, the household. Typical studies of manhood during the early modern period have focused on household patriarchy as the centre of male power and male identity formation; conversely, this thesis discusses alternative manhoods that were not centred on the household. The thesis’s central argument is that independence was a defining feature of manly identities. It has already been demonstrated by historians of manhood that economic independence was an important feature of early modern patriarchal manhood. This thesis argues that, in cases where economic independence was unattainable, independence remained a desirable state. Independence did not have to be economic independence, it could imply agency over actions, or the absence of a relationship of dependence on clerical authorities. Further, the focus on independence allows the thesis to study manhood in areas outside the household, such as politics, the army, and the church. Overall, discussing manhood from the perspective of independence makes it possible to discuss alternative ways that men could achieve full manhood that were unrelated to domestic patriarchy.