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Boswell, Anna. "‘Shakey Notions’ : settlement history on display." Thesis, University of Auckland, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/11044.
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This thesis offers a critical examination of strategies employed by museums and heritage sites in representing settler-colonial history. Its concerns are focused through the lens of the northernmost region in Aotearoa New Zealand, Te Tai Tokerau, an area selected for its strong significance in this history. While several chapters deal with museums and heritage sites located within the region— including Waitangi National Trust, Ruapekapeka pa, the Kauri Museum at Matakohe, Te Rerenga Wairua, and the Kerikeri basin—the thesis interprets this designation in a broader way, too. Acknowledging that the region‟s history is not confined within its own geographical boundaries, it also discusses displays which have been staged in Canberra and in Salem, Massachusetts, and which relate to Te Tai Tokerau through the movement of materials, figures and stories. The thesis draws on a range of sources and theoretical models in order to devise approaches to loosely-framed phases of settlement. In its course, it deals with international trade carried out on distinct-but-related early cross-cultural frontiers; considers the concerted transformation of new world environments in terms of historical re-enactment; examines modes of display at the so-called birthplace of the nation in relation to „privileged settings‟, „hard facts‟ and historic turning points; explores counter-conventional ways of making sense of frontier conflict; and reflects on how notions of progress may be applied to emergent possibilities for tribal museums. In each of these cases, the thesis is concerned to examine the impact of postcolonial critiques on museum story-telling, and to examine the role that resurgent indigenous populations have played in shaping or re-shaping certain kinds of representations. The thesis pays particular attention to strains evident in contemporary modes of display, interpreting these as markers of the extent to which representations of settlement continue to be unsettled by the „shakey notions‟ (Maning 1967, 44) upon which they are necessarily founded. While its interests are primarily analytical, the thesis does offer a number of „experimental‟ possibilities for alternative displays—possibilities which may well, because of their own „shakey‟ nature, prove impossible in the context of a settler society.<br>Whole document restricted until Feb. 2014, but available by request, use the feedback form to request access.
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Martin, James. "Site and settlement : land and settlement structures in rural Northumberland." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/558.
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There is a growing awareness of concerns expressed by people who live in the countryside as arguments for and against new housing developments on farmland receive widespread and regular publicity. The debate follows several different perspectives from participant and nonparticipant parties with a focus of contention on erosion of traditional values. A persuasive argument in this debate is found in traditionalists' opposition to physical and social changes to existing hamlets, villages and small towns, on evidence of the effects of C20 housing accretions, and recognition of the threat to the nature of earlier settlements posed by urban standards of development. This raises fundamental questions about interpretations of rurality in the context of settlement growth, and raises a challenge for developers to retain much admired rural characteristics in a climate of new housing need. The study addressest hese issuesb y examining literature from a wide range of disciplines to develop a concept for meaningful analysis of settlements, in which site and social processes are manifest in building forms. It informs the debate by pinpointing formative elements in settlement development from investigation of linkages between building configurations and particular properties of location and place in a chronology of events and processes. Hamlets,v illagesa nd small towns are in many sensesb eautifulp laces,c ombiningv ariety and interaction of different qualities of forms and spaces in single buildings and groups of buildings. Part of this complexity is a combination of physical and socio-cultural elements which are reflectedi n particularu sesa nd arrangementosf buildings and spaces. The study proposest hat settlementsa re social constructsin which landscapeis a unique elementa nd central to the formation of their distinctive configurations. The study is composed of two parts of empirically based research of settlements in Northumberland. Quantitative and qualitative methodologies are used to explore the prevalence of relationships between building configurations and topographical and geological divisions, and to investigate the phenomena of social-cultural relationships with site. The analysis identifies key elements of landscape which are negotiated by groups of buildings to give distinctive qualities to configurations. The research helps understand site/settlement relationships, by acknowledging the processes and differences which occur over different locations and uses at different times. The research develops new methodologies in tracing site/settlement relationships, and promotes an analytic approach, as an instrument in development processes, to contextualise settlement formations by providing a rich insight into some of their essential characteristics. It concludes that site offers opportunities for and sets limits on development and provides a cohesion between physical and socio-cultural processes of development in a climate of continuous change.
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Poussa, Patricia Mary. "Relativisation and settlement history in north Norfolk." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297513.
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Muraca, David. "Martin's Hundred: A Settlement Study." W&M ScholarWorks, 1993. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625801.
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Arráiz, Irani. "Essays on sovereign debt default, settlement, and repayment history /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3752.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.<br>Thesis research directed by: Economics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Marrinan, Rafael. "The Ptolemaic army : its organisation, development and settlement." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301234.
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Clausen, Amy. "Playing with history : settlement narratives in performance at three history museums of the Lower Mainland." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/48626.
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This is a qualitative study of the settlement narratives that are performed at three Lower Mainland historic sites and museums. Employing costumed interpreters to animate and interpret staged historic environments and texts, museum sites are understood as performance spaces. Using this lens, combined with postmodern sensibilities of narrative and ethics, and a critical eye toward racist and colonial worldviews, I observe and analyze narratives of settlement at Fort Langley National Historic Site, Irving House Museum, and Burnaby Village Museum. With careful attention to the material signifiers of theatre, and the uses of staging environments, I also analyze how narratives at each site open or close themselves to contestation. I advance an argument that certain theatrical devices may hold narratives temporally, spatially, aesthetically captive in performative museum spaces. In resisting these captivating devices, performers and audiences alike can confront and contemplate narratives that complicate the status quo, and ultimately come closer to the expression of radical intellectual equality.<br>Education, Faculty of<br>Educational Studies (EDST), Department of<br>Graduate
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Reed, Janet. "Experiments in Social Salvation: The Settlement Movement in Chicago, 1890-1910." TopSCHOLAR®, 2000. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/697.
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In this study, the settlement movement in Chicago is presented as a crucible for the development of Progressive reform. The subjective and objective necessities for social settlements are described through the lives of men and women central to the movement. Reformers such as Jane Addams, Graham Taylor, and Mary McDowell fused their personal motives to their expanding assumptions regarding public welfare in their pursuit of social salvation. The settlement community advanced a methodology of experimentation and flexibility, which was instrumental to the transformation of nineteenth century ideas of charity into the new twentieth century science of social work. The processes of reform were greatly influenced by the evolving concepts of class, gender, and race. The feminine nature of settlement work and the opportunities afforded to generations of college-educated women were integral to the impact the settlement community had on Progressive reform in general and to the role settlement workers played in affecting public opinion. Primary sources include Jane Addams' correspondence, Twenty Years at Hull-House, and issues of the periodical The Commons. The historiography of the Progressive Era is also considered, and the effects of class, gender, and race upon its development throughout the twentieth century.
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Mulder, Ymke Lisette Anna. "Aspects of vegetation and settlement history in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2000. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10367/.
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Although the Outer Hebrides today are virtually treeless, many parts of the islands appear to have sustained woodland during the early Holocene. The reasons for the decline in trees and shrubs, which took place between the Mesolithic and Iron Age periods, may include natural factors (e.g. climate or soil change) and/or human impact. In order to gain an insight into the relationship between people and vegetation change, profiles from five sites were analysed for pollen, spores and microscopic charcoal content: Loch a' Chabhain and Loch Airigh na h-Achlais (South Uist), Fobost (a valley mire in South Uist); Loch Olabhat (North Uist), and the Neolithic archaeological site of Eilean Domhnuill (located in Loch Olabhat). Other than at the archaeological site, arboreal pollen values were high (>75%) at the beginning of the Holocene. There is no evidence for a clear Mesolithic presence at any of the sites. Inferred woodland decline started c. 7900 BP (8690 cal BP) at Frobost, probably due to an expansion of the mire, and c. 5300 BP (6080 cal BP) at Loch a' Chabhain, probably also due to natural factors. Both areas may have been used for grazing from the Neolithic onwards. At Loch Airigh na h-Achlais woodland reduction started in the Neolithic, accelerating during the Bronze Age, perhaps due to climatic deterioration and/or grazing pressures. The profile from Loch Olabhat has strong evidence of human impact during the early Neolithic: a decline in arboreal taxa, an increase in cultural indicators, and signs of erosion in the catchment area. Woodland removal and cultivation here may ultimately have led to rising loch levels and the inundation of Eilean Domhnuill. At Loch Airigh na h-Achlais and Loch Olabhat there may be evidence for heathland management by fire during prehistoric and historical times. Archaeological evidence points to a shift in settlement areas between the Iron Age and the Neolithic, from peat-covered inland areas to the machair along the west coast. A general expansion in heath and mire communities suggests that inland localities may have become increasingly infertile.
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Fujiwara, Aya. "Ethnicity and local community building, the Opal/Maybridge farm settlement in east-central Alberta, 1919-1945." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ60055.pdf.
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Kontogiorgi, Elisabeth. "The rural settlement of Greek refugees in Macedonia : 1923-30." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339034.
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Kintigh, Keith W. "Settlement, Subsistence, and Society in Late Zuni Prehistory." University of Arizona Press (Tucson, AZ), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/595503.
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Beginning about A.D. 1250, the Zuni area of New Mexico witnessed a massive population aggregation in which the inhabitants of hundreds of widely dispersed villages relocated to a small number of large, architectecturally planned pueblos. Over the next century, 27 of these pueblos were constructed, occupied briefly, and then abandoned. Another dramatic settlement shift occurred about A. D. 1400, when the locus of population moved west to the "Cities of Cibola" discovered by Coronado in 1540. Keith Kintigh demonstrates how changing agricultural strategies and developing mechanisms of social integration contributed to these population shifts. In particular, he argues that occupants of the earliest large pueblos relied on runoff agriculture, but that gradually spring-and river-fed irrigation systems were adopted. Resultant strengthening of the mechanisms of social integration allowed the increased occupational stability of the protohistorical Zuni towns.
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Bruce, Lynn. "Scottish settlement houses from 1886-1934." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3723/.
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This thesis examines the history of Scottish settlement houses from 1886 until 1934. The Scottish settlements have attracted little attention from academics and no overarching study of these organisations has previously been done. This thesis seeks to address this lacuna and situate their achievements within the wider context of the changing role of voluntary organisations in this period. Using archival resources, it argues that settlements made important contributions to Scottish society through social work, training courses and adult education. They pioneered new methods, explored new areas of work and provided their local communities with access to services that they may not otherwise have received. This thesis demonstrates the way in which voluntary bodies evolved in response to local and national pressures and changing social attitudes in order to remain successful and relevant in a period during which their role was changing. There were six settlements in Scotland, each with their own agenda and areas of interest. The settlements remained distinct and independent organisations and there was a limited amount of cooperation between them. This diversity in both location and aims of the settlements gives rise to a range of themes that will be examined in the thesis. The original settlement ideal focused on ameliorating class differences by reforming the characters of working-class individuals through personal connection between them and middle-class settlers. The thesis will examine how this evolved over time. As the state at both a local and national level assumed more responsibility for social services, the role of settlements adapted to encompass training for professional social workers and as the working classes gained more political power the settlements sought to make them ‘fit for citizenship’. Likewise, as the original settlement ideal had denied the legitimacy of working-class culture and community, this attitude also evolved and settlements began to focus on developing strong communities within working-class areas.
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Sandwell, R. W. "Reading the land, rural discourse and the practice of settlement, Salt Spring Island, British Columbia, 1859-1891." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq24350.pdf.
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Scott, Eleanor. "Aspects of the Roman villa as a form of British settlement." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/181.
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This thesis examines the British provincial influences on the character and development of the Romano-British villa. The Introduction makes a case for the independence of Britain from any 'Euro-Celtic culture' and introduces the style and scope of the thesis. Chapter One examines late Iron Age society and settlement, analysing Caesar as a source and introducing models which are later used in conjunction with the Romano-British data. Chapter Two discusses ritual Iron Age burials and the possibility of infanticide. Chapter Three analyses the functions, origins and social position of aisled farmhouses, an important type of Romano-British villa 'outbuilding'. 3.1. Smith's 'Unit Theory' is modified. In Chapter Four the development of the wingedcorridor house is assessed from the perspective of 'Transformational Grammar'. An analysis of the configurations of social space suggests that the adoption of winged-corridor facades indicates fundamental changes in social relations; it was a social response to underlying economic changes. A new world of market forces, inflation, taxation and socially disembedded transactions led to a change in the world view of villa occupants. Chapter Five collects the substantial evidence for ritual animal burials and well deposits on villas. This behaviour was indigenous, yet peaked on villas in the fourth century, and possible reasons for this are suggested. Chapter Six assesses the likelihood of infanticide on villas, noting that lingering Victorian attitudes should not warp our analyses. Dedicatory infant burials are discussed. These chapters are brought together in the Conclusions. Appendix One is a catalogue of known, suspected and possible villas. Appendix Two lists enclosed villas. Appendix Three lists villas built on or close to churches. Appendix Four lists decorative marble from villas.
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Massey, Robert Andrew. "The Lancastrian land settlement in Normandy and Northern France, 1417-1450." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278417.
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Bandyopadhyay, Soumyen. "Manh : the architecture, archaeology and social history of a deserted Omani settlement." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326625.
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Cockfield, James Martin. "Land, settlement and narratives of history in northern Bushbuckridge, c. 1890-1970." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:537f1b6d-dc99-4a58-b64a-75b95a66b978.
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This thesis examines the history of African settlement in northern Bushbuckridge, South Africa. It reveals the ways in which the sprawling low-density villages around Acornhoek were made between 1890 and 1970. Drawing on extensive archival evidence, published secondary sources and over 100 oral history interviews, it makes original contributions to two distinct but related bodies of literature. Firstly, and primarily, it contributes to histories of rural South Africa by providing a detailed local history of African rent tenant communities settled on private white-owned (and to a lesser extent government owned) farms in a region at the margins of state control, and on the fringes of southern Africaâs major historical kingdoms. This account of the slow dispossession of communities in a liminal space, predominantly settled under conditions of rent tenure and outside the control of large chieftaincies, modifies an existing historiography that has often focussed on sharecropping regions or areas that have been historically under the control of large chieftaincies. Furthermore, this is the first study to examine the impact of the 1913 Natives Land Act and the 1936 Native Trust and Land Act in considerable detail at the local level, and in doing so I shed new light on the operations of two landmark legislative measures in the history of rural South Africa. Secondly, I make an important contribution to the increasing scholarship on land reform and historical narrative, much of which lacks detailed historical analysis. In analysing contemporary narratives of history, which are dominated by first-comer claims to land, I set up a dialogue between the past and the present and demonstrate how the history of settlement and removal in an ethnically heterogeneous region informs contemporary narratives of history.
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Haveric, Dzavid. "History of the Bosnian Muslim Community in Australia: Settlement Experience in Victoria." Thesis, full-text, 2009. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/2006/.
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This thesis examines the settlement experience of the Bosnian Muslims in Victoria. Overall this research exploration takes places against background of the history of the immigration to Australia. The study covers migration patterns of Bosnian Muslims from post World War 2 periods to more recent settlement. The thesis provides contemporary insights on Bosnian Muslims living in a Western society such as Australia. The thesis excavates key issues about Islam and the Muslim communities in Western nations and argues that successful settlement is possible, as demonstrated by the Bosnian Muslim community. By adopting a socio-historical framework about settlement, the thesis reveals the significant, interconnected and complex aspects of the settlement process.
Settlement of immigrants takes place within global, historical, economic, political, social and cultural elements of both the sending and receiving countries. Thus any study of settlement must examine theories and concepts on migration, settlement, religion, culture, integration and identity. The purpose for migration, the conditions under which migration takes place, the conditions of immigrant reception are fundamental in the context of Australia. Furthermore, Australia since the 1970s has adopted a policy of multiculturalism which has changed settlement experiences of immigrants. These elements are strongly analysed in the thesis both through a critical conceptual appraisal of the relevant issues such as migration, multiculturalism and immigration and through an empirical application to the Bosnian Muslim community.
The theoretical element of the study is strongly supported by the empirical research related to settlement issues, integration and multiculturalism in Victoria. Through a socio-historical framework and using a ‘grounded theory’ methodological approach, field research was undertaken with Bosnian Muslim communities, Bosnian organizations and multicultural service providers. In addition, historical data was analysed by chronology. The data provided rich evidence of the Bosnian Muslims’ settlement process under the various governmental policies since World War 2.
The study concluded that the Bosnian community has successfully integrated and adapted to the way of life in Australia. Different cohorts of Bosnian Muslims had different settlement patterns, problems and issues which many were able to overcome. The findings revealed the contributions that the Bosnian Muslim community has made to broader social life in Australia such as contribution to the establishment of multi-ethnic Muslim communities, the Bosnian Muslim community development and building social infrastructure. The study also concluded that coming from multicultural backgrounds, the Bosnian Muslims understood the value of cultural diversity and contributed to the development of Australian multiculturalism and social harmony.
Overall conclusion of this research is that the different generations of Bosnian Muslims are well-integrated and operate well within Australian multiculturalism.
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Haveric, Dzavid. "History of the Bosnian Muslim Community in Australia: Settlement Experience in Victoria." full-text, 2009. http://eprints.vu.edu.au/2006/1/Dzavid_Haveric.pdf.
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This thesis examines the settlement experience of the Bosnian Muslims in Victoria. Overall this research exploration takes places against background of the history of the immigration to Australia. The study covers migration patterns of Bosnian Muslims from post World War 2 periods to more recent settlement. The thesis provides contemporary insights on Bosnian Muslims living in a Western society such as Australia. The thesis excavates key issues about Islam and the Muslim communities in Western nations and argues that successful settlement is possible, as demonstrated by the Bosnian Muslim community. By adopting a socio-historical framework about settlement, the thesis reveals the significant, interconnected and complex aspects of the settlement process. Settlement of immigrants takes place within global, historical, economic, political, social and cultural elements of both the sending and receiving countries. Thus any study of settlement must examine theories and concepts on migration, settlement, religion, culture, integration and identity. The purpose for migration, the conditions under which migration takes place, the conditions of immigrant reception are fundamental in the context of Australia. Furthermore, Australia since the 1970s has adopted a policy of multiculturalism which has changed settlement experiences of immigrants. These elements are strongly analysed in the thesis both through a critical conceptual appraisal of the relevant issues such as migration, multiculturalism and immigration and through an empirical application to the Bosnian Muslim community. The theoretical element of the study is strongly supported by the empirical research related to settlement issues, integration and multiculturalism in Victoria. Through a socio-historical framework and using a ‘grounded theory’ methodological approach, field research was undertaken with Bosnian Muslim communities, Bosnian organizations and multicultural service providers. In addition, historical data was analysed by chronology. The data provided rich evidence of the Bosnian Muslims’ settlement process under the various governmental policies since World War 2. The study concluded that the Bosnian community has successfully integrated and adapted to the way of life in Australia. Different cohorts of Bosnian Muslims had different settlement patterns, problems and issues which many were able to overcome. The findings revealed the contributions that the Bosnian Muslim community has made to broader social life in Australia such as contribution to the establishment of multi-ethnic Muslim communities, the Bosnian Muslim community development and building social infrastructure. The study also concluded that coming from multicultural backgrounds, the Bosnian Muslims understood the value of cultural diversity and contributed to the development of Australian multiculturalism and social harmony. Overall conclusion of this research is that the different generations of Bosnian Muslims are well-integrated and operate well within Australian multiculturalism.
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Duering, Andreas. "From individuals to settlement patterns." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f412230f-bbe3-4d07-99b5-ad553bd8b245.
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This thesis describes and contextualises the Population & Cemetery Simulator (PCS), which represents agent-based demographic modelling software that can be used to model living populations based on archaeological and historical data as well as their cemeteries. The data used by the PCS are demographic in nature, e.g. age and sex data generated by osteoarchaeologists from excavated cemeteries or historical demographic data. This thesis seeks to provide a methodological foundation for modelling the demographics of archaeological populations. It focusses on case studies using data from early medieval Anglo-Saxon (South England) and Alamannic (South Germany) cemeteries, although excursions into neighbouring periods and regions are included as validation studies. The case studies show how the PCS can be used in archaeological research and the software is presented as a solution to various problems caused by the difference between the living population and the 'dead' cemetery data in archaeology.
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Poller, Tessa. "Interpreting Iron Age settlement landscapes of Wigtownshire." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2005. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1377/.
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This thesis explores the process of archaeological interpretation by considering how we can interpret the Iron Age settlement in Wigtownshire, SW Scotland. Traditional images of Iron Age warfaring hierarchical societies have persisted through the use of well-established classifications, such as ‘fort’ or ‘roundhouse’ and by the uncritical acceptance of the definition and identification of ‘settlement’ in the archaeological record. Alternative interpretations of Iron Age settlement landscapes are possible by considering a variety of other observations, which traditional classifications ignore, such as the landscape context of specific monuments. This thesis presents a critical review of these alternative interpretations and other more traditional classifications used to define Iron Age settlement and illustrates how multiple narratives of the past can co-exist. This thesis emphasises the essential part classification plays in archaeological interpretation. Interpretation is a complex and ongoing process and it is important to be aware of the assumptions that we make and how these may affect further interpretations of the archaeological evidence. Common standardised classifications stress the importance of certain morphological characteristics over other observations and the interpretations of the archaeological evidence are therefore restricted. Traditional approaches neglect the importance of context, which is integral to the interpretation of the archaeology on many levels. Understudied, but archaeologically rich, Wigtownshire is an ideal case-study. Rather than limiting the discussion of archaeological features by only comparing them through traditional ‘typologies’, here experiential observations of the evidence – within their landscape context – offer an alternative approach by which the iron Age in Wigtownshire can be considered. A flexible process of classification is advocated – dependent upon the research questions that are addressed in particular studies. My approach to the re-evaluation of the Iron Age settlement in Wigtownshire is also influenced by a critique of the definition of the term ‘settlement’ in archaeology. The identification of ‘domestic’ practices in contrast to ‘ritualised’ ones in the Iron Age evidence is questioned and from a variety of perspectives the complex processes of settlement in the Iron Age are explored.
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Tucker, J. Kent. "An Examination of the Mormon Settlement of Syracuse, Utah." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 1987. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/u?/MTNZ,38552.
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Fenwick, Helen. "The Lincolnshire marsh : landscape evolution, settlement development and the salt industry." Thesis, University of Hull, 2007. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:5669.
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The coastal wetland, known as the Lincolnshire Marsh, is investigated in order to understand the ways in which people in the past exploited coastal zones. This research into a previously neglected area has tested the validity of' Rippon's (2000) three-part model ofcoastal strategies - exploitation, modification and transformation. The Lincolnshire Marsh, as considered in this thesis, covers a region from Cleethorpes in the north to Wainfleet in the south. The study area also encompasses areas of the adjacent dry land, of the Middle Marsh and the Wolds, to the west. A wide range of data are studied to help build a picture of the methods people have used to settle this region, from earlier prehistory through to the sixteenth century. It has been shown that the strategies adopted have varied over space and time, and that the region cannot be viewed as a single developmental unit. Four separate development zones have been postulated. showing differences in the visible Bronze Age reactions to rising sea-levels; in the concentration of salt production to specific regions, in certain periods; in the place-name evidence; in the Domesday landholdings; and in the settlement pattern. Following Rippon's (2000) three-part model it has been shown that for the majority of its history, people have been happy to exploit the natural resources on offer along the Marsh, whether they be salt or the natural havens or pasture. Although salt was important in this development, it is limited in specific periods, to specific areas. On occasion the occupants of the Lincolnshire Marsh have modified the coast to aid with settlement and exploitation; however, there were no large-scale attempts at reclamation, or transformation until the sixteenth century. In this respect the region is significantly different from many other coastal wetlands in north-west Europe which see large-scale attempts at transformation by the thirteenth century at the latest. A subdivision has also been apparent at the modification stage - in some cases this strategy was intentionally adopted, in other areas the modification was accidental, a by-product of the salt industry.
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Clarke, Peter. "The Land Settlement Association 1934-1948 : the evolution of a social experiment." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.281892.
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Ivings, Steven Edward. "Colonial settlement and migratory labour in Karafuto 1905-1941." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2014. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1072/.
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Following the Russo-Japanese War Japan acquired its second formal colony, Karafuto (southern Sakhalin), which became thoroughly integrated with mainland Japan, developing into an important supplier of marine products, lumber, paper and pulp, and coal. This sparsely populated colony offered the prospect of large scale settlement and over the course of the Japanese colonial period the population of the Karafuto increased to over 400,000 before the Pacific War. This thesis traces the course of migration to Karafuto and assesses the role of settlement policy, and migratory labour in colonial settlement. Utilizing colonial media, government reports and local documents, as well as the recollections of former settlers, this study argues that the phenomenon of migratory labour acted as an indirect means for establishing a permanent settler community in Karafuto. This study stresses that the colonial government of Karafuto’s efforts towards the establishment of permanent settlements based on agriculture largely failed. Instead, it was industries that involved the utilization of migratory labour which acted as base-industries for economic life in the colony, and helped support Karafuto’s more enduring communities. Indeed, even in the few cases of successfully established government sponsored agricultural communities in Karafuto, seasonal migratory labour and nonagricultural activity were a persistently crucial component of the community’s economic life. A further implication of this study relates to the comprehensive integration of Karafuto with migratory labour markets in northern mainland Japan and Hokkaido. Evidence presented in this study allows us to question the prevalent notions that northern Japan was an isolated, or poorly connected, region. Instead, it is found that the prefectures of Japan’s northeast were actively engaged in northward bound settlement and migratory labour circuits.
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Snyder, Amanda J. "Pirates, Exiles, and Empire: English Seamen, Atlantic Expansion, and Jamaican Settlement, 1558-1658." FIU Digital Commons, 2013. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/857.
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A life of piracy offered marginal men a profession with a degree of autonomy, despite the brand of “outlaw” and the fear of prosecution. At various times throughout history, governments and crowned heads suspended much of their piracy prosecution, licensing men to work as “privateers” for the state, supplementing naval forces. This practice has a long history, but in sixteenth-century England, Elizabeth I (1558-1603) significantly altered this tradition. Recognizing her own weakness in effectively prosecuting these men and the profit they could contribute to the government, Elizabeth began incorporating pirates into the English naval corps in peacetime—not just in war. This practice increased English naval resources, income, and presence in the emerging Atlantic World, but also increased conflict with the powerful Spanish empire.
By 1605, making peace with Spain, James VI/I (1603-1625) retracted Elizabeth’s privateering promotion, prompting an emigration of English seamen to the American outposts they had developed in the previous century. Now exiles, no longer beholden to the Crown, seamen reverted back to piracy. The Carolinas and Jamaica served as bases for these rover communities. In 1650, the revolutionary leader Oliver Cromwell (1649-1658) once again recognized the merits of such policies. Determined to demonstrate his authority and solidify his rule, Cromwell offered citizenship and state support to Caribbean exiles in exchange for their aiding of his navy in the taking of Spanish Jamaica. Official chartering of Port Royal, Jamaica served as reward for these men’s efforts and as the culmination of a century-long cycle of piracy legislation, creating one of England’s most lucrative colonies in the middle of a traditionally Spanish Caribbean empire.
Through legal and diplomatic records, correspondence, and naval and demographic records from England and Spain, this dissertation explores early modern piracy/privateering policy and its impact on the development of the Atlantic World. European disputes and imperial competition converged in these piracy debates with significant consequences for the definitions of criminality and citizenship and for the development of Atlantic empire.
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Macgregor, Lindsay. "The Norse settlement of Shetland and Faroe, c.800-c.1500: a comparative study." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2728.
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This thesis provides detailed studies of settlement on four Faroese islands and in four districts of Shetland in order to isolate and explain differences and similarities between the two island groups. These studies examine topography, place-names, relationships with previous settlements, church distribution, settlement expansion, inter-relationship of settlements and land assessments. The range of sources and methods are set out in the Introduction. The first Regional Study presents two districts of Western Norway, Fjaler and Gaular, which are discussed to illustrate some of the major trends of settlement in the homeland. Detailed studies are then made of settlements on the four Faroese islands of Fugloy, Streymoy, Sandoy and Suduroy and in the four Shetland districts of Fetlar, Delting, Walls and Sandness, and Tingwall. A section arranged thematically follows, bringing together results from the Regional Studies and referring more generally to the whole of Shetland and Faroe. This section examines three themes: firstly, the relationship between the Norse settlers and pre-Norse populations; secondly, the development of the Scattalds and bygdir; -and thirdly, naming patterns. Despite very great differences in the extent of settlement prior to the arrival of the Norse in Faroe and Shetland, primary settlement patterns are essentially similar. The Scattalds and bygdir represent comparable settlement districts and reflect similar agricultural requirements and responses to the landscape while primary settlement sites in both island groups generally feature good harbours and extensive cultivable land with topographical names descriptive of their coastal location. Secondary settlement expansion takes different forms in Faroe and Shetland, however, and this is reflected in nomenclature, in particular the absence of the habitative elements stadir, bolstadr and setr from Faroe. It is concluded that the absence or presence of habitative place-name elements is dependent on the nature of settlement expansion.
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Webb, Nigel. "Settlement and integration in Scotland 1124-1214 : local society and the development of aristocratic communities : with special reference to the Anglo-French settlement of the South East." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2004. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3535/.
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A detailed examination of the interactions between individuals and their wider social experiences is the primary aim of this thesis. It is intended that such an investigation will present a picture of local society within which the ties between individuals and families are more multi-faceted than a strict feudal presentation of society would allow. This formulation takes into account a number of components and involves the important consideration of religious patronage as an indicator of local attachments. The investigation of the social role of religious patronage, including consideration of personal motivation and the politics of choice, will be the subject of two chapters and will provide an important indication of the strength of local attachments and social ties. The main theme throughout this work will be that the development of local society involved the integration of a number of social groups within a framework provided by relatively clear geographical boundaries. This thesis thus aims to portray the main characteristics of local society in more three dimensional terms than have been previously attempted, by approaching the subject from a number of different angles. The thesis will accordingly elaborate the existing picture of Scottish society, through the movement of discussion away from the narrow confines of superior lordship.
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Viets, Heather Ann. "Little Russia| Patterns in Migration, Settlement, and the Articulation of Ethnic Identity among Portland's Volga Germans." Thesis, Portland State University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10785251.
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<p> The Volga Germans assert a particular ethnic identity to articulate their complex history as a multinational community even in the absence of traditional practices in language, religious piety, and communal lifestyle. Across multiple migrations and settlements from the eighteenth to the twentieth centuries, the Volga Germans’ self-constructed group identity served historically as a tool with which to navigate uncertain politics of belonging. As subjects of imperial Russia’s eighteenth-century colonization project the Volga Germans held a privileged legal status in accordance with their settlement in the Volga River region, but their subsequent loss of privileges under the reorganization and Russification of the modern Russian state in the nineteenth century compelled members of the group to immigrate to the Midwest in the United States where their distinct identity took its full form. The Volga Germans’ arrival on the Great Plains coincided with an era of mass global migration from 1846 to 1940, yet the conventional categories of immigrant identity that subsumed Volga Germans in archival records did not impede their drive for community preservation under a new unifying German-Russian identity. A contingent of Midwest Volga Germans migrated in 1881 to Albina, a railroad town across the Willamette River from Portland, Oregon where the pressures of assimilation ultimately disintegrated traditional ways of life—yet the community impulse to articulate its identity remained. Thus, while Germans are the single largest ethnic group in the U.S. today numbering forty-two million individuals, Portland’s Volga German community nevertheless continues to distinguish itself ethnically through its nostalgia for a unique past.</p><p>
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Tees, Eunice A. "South-west Scotland in Roman times : settlement and communications." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63871.
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Crawford, Christina Elizabeth. "The Socialist Settlement Experiment: Soviet Urban Praxis, 1917-1932." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493266.
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If capitalist cities are dense, hierarchical, and exploitative, how might socialist space be differently organized to maximize productivity, equitability, and collectivity? That question—central to early Soviet planning specialists—is the basis of this dissertation, which investigates the origins and evolution of the socialist spatial project from land nationalization to the end of the first Five-Year Plan (1917-1932). This dissertation asserts that socialist urban practices and forms emerged not by ideological edict from above, but through on-the-ground experimentation by practitioners in collaboration with local administrators—by praxis, by doing. Existing scholarship on early Soviet architecture and planning relies on paper projects of the Moscow avant-garde—radical, exciting, and yet largely unbuilt. This dissertation, based on new empirical research, uncovers the untold origins of socialist urban practice through the brick and mortar, steel and concrete projects that defined Soviet urban praxis in the 1920s and 30s. Through interweaved stories of three so-called “socialist settlements” in Baku, (Azerbaijan), Magnitogorsk (Russia), and Kharkiv (Ukraine) this study explores how Soviet physical planners and their clients addressed unprecedented socioeconomic requirements. Provisions like affordable housing near the workplace, robust municipal transportation and evenly distributed social services emerged from these experiments to affect far-flung sites in the Soviet sphere for decades to follow. Material gathered from now accessible archives—including architectural briefs, bureaucratic memos, drawings and photographs—finally permits deep inquiry into these significant years and projects. It draws the Soviet case into dialogue with scholarship on industry, urbanization, and social modernization in Europe and the United States, and highlights the contributions of Soviet designers to devise viable alternatives to the capitalist city.<br>Architecture, Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning
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Bantjes, Rod. "Improved earth : land settlement, community and class in rural North America 1990 to 1960." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316559.
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Thomas, Martin. "France in British foreign policy : the search for European settlement, March 1936 - June 1937." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332885.
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Thomson, Duncan Duane. "A history of the Okanagan : Indians and whites in the settlement era, 1860-1920." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42611.
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This study’s primary focus is on white settlement and
Indian dispossession and marginalizatian, the theme being
developed in the context of a comprehensive local history
A number of sub-themes are developed including the relationship
between political power and landholding, the changing role of
chiefs in Indian society, the importance of the railway in
consolidating economic power, the connection between
transportation and changing industrial activity and the
significance of land tenure regimes in economic performance.
After an introduction and outline history the paper is
organized in three parts. The first deals with the institutions
which supported settlers and were imposed upon Indians. The
four institutions examined are missionary activity as it related
to Indians and the political, judicial and educational
structures as they affected Indians and whites. The notable
characteristic of these institutions is that the services
delivered to the two racial groups were markedly different, that
Indians never received the benefit of their support. The second
section considers the critical question of Indian access to
resources, the conditions under which reserves were assigned and
then repeatedly altered, and the question of aboriginal rights
to the land The discrepancy in the terms in which whites and
Indians could claim land and the insecurity of tenure of Indians
is documented. The third section considers economic sectors:
hunting, fishing and gathering, mining, stockraising and
agriculture. In the latter two industries, pursued by both
Indians and whites, the two communities are juxtaposed to
observe differences in their conduct of those industries. The
critical elements determining different performance are
identified as the differing quantities of obtainable land, and
the land and water tenure regimes under which the participants
operated although other factors such as increasing
capitalization, an oppressive Department of Indian affairs,
inadequate access to education and health services and
restricted rights in the political and judicial spheres were
contributing factors.
Okanagan society in the pre-World War I era is seen as a
racist society, one in which a completely different set of rules
existed for each race and in which social distance between races
increased over time White settlers succeeded in building a
society with all the features of the modern world: well
developed transportation and communications, urban centres,
supportive social service institutions, and an educated and
prosperous population, in short, a harmonious and just society
But this development occured at the expense of the Indian
Population. As a society they could only be characterized as a
dependent, impoverished, diseased and illiterate people, prone
to alcohol and appearing to lack in ambition White success was
built upon Indian dispossession.<br>Arts, Faculty of<br>History, Department of<br>Graduate
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Moreland, John Francis. "Archaeology, history and theory : settlement and social relations in Central Italy A.D. 700-1000." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1988. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/5977/.
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The first two chapters of this thesis trace the development of historical and archaeological thought in an attempt to arrive at an understanding of the reasons behind the present polarization of the two disciplines. It is concluded that this polarization is the result of the stress placed on a series of oppositions -structure/agency, society/individual, synchrony/diachrony, past/present. It is argued that a rapprochement between History and Archaeology Is essential, especially for those who study the early med e.val period where both have some relevance, and that this rapprochement is only possible through an adequate theorisation of the recursive links which connect each of the oppositions. This theorisation is the subject of chapters 3 and 4. The essential elements of the theoretical perspective produced are that all the traces of the past should be seen as material culture produced by agents working in and through societal structures. The link between the past and the present is also stressed, and the past is seen as a resource drawn upon in the creation and negotiation of social relations. I use this theoretical perspective in a re-examination of the nature of settlement patterns and social structures in early medieval central Italy. I suggest that the archaeological evidence used to support the notion of massive depopulation at the end of the Roman empire, refers more to the dominance of the feudal mode of production. This is not to argue that population did not decline. It did, and much of this thesis is concerned with attempting to isolate the mechanisms through which elites tried to exercise control over people. These included increased management of production through the use of the written text and the development of administrative sites. These efforts culminated in the tenth century with the "incastellation" of much of the rural population.
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Lane, P. J. "Settlement as history : a study of space and time among the Dogon of Mali." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1986. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/273105.
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Rusek, Rebecca Ann. ""Nothing Tame about Them": Dogs and the Symbolism of Civility in the Jamestown Settlement." W&M ScholarWorks, 2013. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626735.
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Lukezic, Craig. "The Effect of Soils on Settlement Location in Colonial Tidewater, Virginia." W&M ScholarWorks, 1986. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625336.
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Stephens, Katherine Bernice. "American Gypsies: Immigration, migration, settlement." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2354.
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Litzenberger, Caroline J. "The role of episcopal theology and administration in the implementation of the settlement of religion, 1559-c. 1575." PDXScholar, 1989. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3983.
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The term, Elizabethan Settlement, when applied solely to the adoption of the Prayer Book in 1559 or the Thirty-nine Articles in 1563, is misleading. The final form of the Settlement was the result of a creative struggle which involved Elizabeth and her advisers, together with the bishops and the local populace. The bishops introduced the Settlement in their dioceses and began a process of change which involved the laity and the local clergy. Through the ensuing implementation process the ultimate form of religion in England was defined.
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Halsall, Guy Richard William. "Civitas Mediomatricorum : settlement and social organisation in the Merovingian region of Metz, c.450-c.750." Thesis, University of York, 1990. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10851/.
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Tolley, Rebecca. "Fox Sisters, Mary Heaton Vorse, Nancy Ward, Robert Ingersoll, Settlement Houses." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://www.amzn.com/B008KZU12Y.
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McCleskey, Nathaniel Turk. "Across the first divide: Frontiers of settlement and culture in Augusta County, Virginia, 1738-1770." W&M ScholarWorks, 1990. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623794.
Full textAbstract:
This is a history of a frontier county in late colonial Virginia. Augusta County was created in 1738 and subdivided for the first time in 1770. During the intervening years it encompassed most of Virginia's claims to land west of the Blue Ridge Mountains.;As drawn by Virginians, the borders of Augusta County simultaneously encompassed two types of frontiers: a frontier of settlement on which white immigrants created a new society, and a frontier of culture in which those settlers interacted with a variety of Indians. This study examines both types of frontier experiences.;On the settlement frontier, white immigrants rapidly created a deferential and hierarchical society identical in its major features to contemporary counties throughout colonial Virginia. The aspects of white society examined by this dissertation include landholding, control of labor, religious diversity, and resistance to magisterial authority.;In the cultural frontier, Indian-white relations included routinely peaceful contacts as well as occasional violent outbursts. Cherokees responded to white expansion primarily with diplomacy and accommodation, while the tribes of the upper Ohio River Valley chose more militant resistance.;For contemporary whites and Indians, the complex frontier that was colonial Augusta County seemed at times to offer great rewards. Red or white, individual successes in realizing those rewards varied widely, depending partly on chance and larger historical events beyond local control. One constant continually influenced both destinies--the form and function of white society. That society, simultaneously conservative and dynamic, supported the expansion of colonial Virginia into the North American interior.
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Kurtz, June Margaret. "The Albania settlement of Griqualand West, 1866-1878." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004665.
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The history of the Albania Settlement of Griqualand West is examined from its beginnings in 1866 to its demise in 1878. Albania was very much a product of its time. Nineteenth century British colonial policy was basically expansionist, despite minor fluctuations caused by the various influences affecting it, such as the Free Trade and Mercantilist doctrines, social factors within Britain and events within the colonies themselves. From 1815 colonial settlements were fairly common in British territory, especially after Wakefield had provided a convincing theoretical framework for them. Within South Africa itself there are differing interpretations of what motivated British policy and of the role of the missionaries, while the changing political and economic landscape markedly affected Britain's decisions. British Government settlement schemes were undertaken mainly for social or military reasons, but there were also many settlements founded by land speculators. The economically depressed 1860s hit the Eastern Cape hard and this, combined with the transition to sheep farming, which created considerable land hunger, made the Albania scheme attractive to Eastern Cape farmers. The Griqua people led by Andries Waterboer had made a great effort to establish hegemony north of the Orange River, over the Sotho-Tswana and other Griqua chiefs. By 1866 the attempt had failed and Free State farmers were encroaching onto Nicholas Waterboer's lands. When Waterboer's agent, David Arnot, proposed the establishment of a settlement of Albany men to act as a "Wall of Flesh", Waterboer accepted the idea. Arnot's motivation was also land speculation in an area where diamonds were likely to push up land values. From its inception the settlement was dogged by quarrels, mainly over land, amongst the parties involved - the Griqua, brutally removed to make way for the settlers; the settlers, dissatisfied with the land tenure system and their administration; Arnot; the British and the encroaching Boer farmers . After the 1871 annexation of Griqualand West, into which Albania was absorbed, it took seven years, two Land Commissions, a Land Court and a special Land Claims Commissioner to sort out the tangled claims and bring order to the area and Albania's history to a close.
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Wright, Christopher Allen. "The Cork Settlement - Fort Job Lewis Archaeological Study." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2008. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/WrightCA2008.pdf.
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Friedl, Andrew Joseph 1963. "Land use in ancient Italy: Agriculture, colonization and veteran settlement, and the Roman villa." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291874.
Full textAbstract:
This paper is intended as a survey of the major points in the debate over land use in Roman Italy in the Late Republic and Early Empire. The transition from Rome the agricultural backwater to Rome the international power created a series of social, political, economic, and demographic changes in Italy, further sparking a series of struggles over land use that brought down the Republic and defined the policies and problems of the Empire. Was the Italian peasant displaced from the land for the benefit of the latifundia and the wealthy, or did he prosper in the countryside along-side the large estates? What is the nature of the evidence? Recent archaeological evidence has suggested new answers to these questions, and new processual models have been proposed based on that evidence. This study will address and evaluate both the literary-historical and archaeological arguments.
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Edwards, David. "Settlement, livelihoods and identity in Southern Tanzania : a comparative history of the Ngoni and Ndendeuli." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10324.
Full textAbstract:
The focus of the thesis is a comparative history of two neighbouring ethnic groups in Songea District and their agroecological environments: the Ngoni, a branch of the Mfecane migrations from South Africa which dominated southern Tanzania in the late nineteenth century; and the Ndendeuli, one of numerous indigenous groups that were created by partial incorporation into the expanding Ngoni State. Under British Indirect Rule, the egalitarian, stateless Ndendeuli were ruled by authoritarian Ngoni Native Authorities, and the character of the two ethnic groups diverged, with the Ndendeuli enthusiastically adopting tobacco production, and Islam, while rejecting the European Christianity that had taken hold among the Ngoni. As the colonial economy developed, Europeans characterised the Ngoni as conservative and indolent- a 'deteriorating tribe' - while the Ndendeuli were increasingly recognised as industrious and progressive. These representations informed divergent patterns of intervention including coercive agricultural programmes for the Ngoni and forced resettlement of the Ndendeuli. In the early 1950s, a successful campaign for Ndendeuli selfrule emerged, which quickly transformed into mass support for TANU while their Ngoni counterparts allied with European interests. Despite forty years of nationalism, ethnic tensions between the Ngoni and Ndendeuli were sustained by a District Council and Cooperative Union which straddled the two regions, until July 2002 when Songea District was divided into two along a 'fault-line' that can be traced back to pre-colonial social and spatial organisation. The starting point for analysis is the insight that Undendeuli is the frontier of Ungoni, with a rapidly increasing population and unstable pattern of settlement and land use that developed in a region of indeterminate political and moral authority. The thesis examines how the people who became known as Ndendeuli created their society and culture out of the materials of a shared frontier experience, under economic, ecological and sociological conditions common to innumerable internal frontiers throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. In doing so, the thesis adapts Kopytoffs model of ethnogenesis and social change given in The African Frontier. The discussion explores the extent to which Ndendeuli history can be seen as an endogenous movement to build a new society in opposition to that found at the Ngoni centres of power. An interdisciplinary methodology was employed including sequenced historical mapping of settlement patterns, political organisation and land use; archival research, oral histories and interviews; participatory appraisal techniques and participant observation. The thesis is structured both thematically and chronologically, exploring in turn: pre-colonial settlement, political control and ethnic identity; colonial administration and the politics of representation; colonial religious identities and educational opportunities; the cultural economy of cash crop production; settlement and resettlement; and post-War political reform and resistance. The conclusions show how long-term settlement dynamics can offer new ways to frame and understand rural development trajectories and ethnic identities in other African districts.
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Webley, Lita Ethel. "The history and archaeology of pastoralist and hunter-gatherer settlement in the North-Western Cape, South Africa." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17817.
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Bibliography: pages 282-299.<br>Investigations in the archaeologically unexplored region of Namaqualand show that it was unoccupied for much of the terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene. Marginally more favourable climatic conditions circa 2000 BP encouraged re-occupation of the region. It would appear that Khoe-speaking hunter-gatherers with livestock and pottery first entered Namaqualand along the Orange River before moving southward along the Atlantic coast. Both sheep and pottery are present at /Ai tomas in the Richtersveld and Spoeg River Cave on the coast, some 1900 years ago. This is strong evidence for a western route of Khoekhoen dispersal into southern Africa and invalidates one of the hypotheses proposed by Elphick in 1972. Domestic stock was initially only a minor addition to the economy and these early inhabitants of the region continued utilising wild plant foods and game, slaughtering their domestic stock only infrequently. It is proposed that hunter-gatherer society may undergo the structural changes necessary to become pastoralists and that there is evidence for this in the archaeological record from Namaqualand during the period 1900 to 1300 BP. The historical and ethnographic records relating to the Little Namaqua Khoekhoen indicates that gender conflict structured much of the lives of the historical population and it is postulated that the pre-colonial period was also characterised by changing gender relations. Central to this thesis is a consideration of the active role of material culture in negotiating relations between various interest groups within a society as well as structuring relations between 'ethnic' groups. Certain material culture items are identified which were used to negotiate and structure gender relations. The archaeological material from Namaqualand are therefore analysed in order to determine changing social relations through time. It is concluded that ethnic distinctions between pastoralist groups and hunter-gatherers in Namaqualand became more stressed with the arrival of the Dutch as a consequence of increasing competition for resources. The collapse of Namaqua Khoekhoen society was brought about as a result of trading excess stock for luxury items rather than in establishing stock associations. This thesis proposes that material culture from archaeological excavations be analysed for evidence of the structuring of within-group relations and that material cultural changes dating to within the last 2000 years should not automatically be ascribed to the presence of two 'ethnic' groups.
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Moyer, Paul Benjamin. "Wild Yankees: Settlement, conflict, and localism along Pennsylvania's northeast frontier, 1760-1820." W&M ScholarWorks, 1999. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623949.
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Pennsylvania's northeast frontier---a region embraced by the upper reaches of the Delaware and Susquehanna Rivers---was the scene of a bitter and, at times, bloody backwoods dispute. Here Yankees (settlers and speculators holding deeds from Connecticut land companies) fought Pennamites (settlers and landlords who claimed land under Pennsylvania) for land and authority. This contest began in the 1760s and lasted till the first decade of the nineteenth century and, for a time, pitted Connecticut against Pennsylvania in a bitter jurisdictional conflict. This study focuses on the dispute after the revolutionary war when the federal government awarded the contested territory to Pennsylvania and when Connecticut claimants, who became known as Wild Yankees, violently resisted the imposition of Pennsylvania's authority and soil rights.;This study explores agrarian unrest in northeast Pennsylvania and adds to existing backcountry scholarship by demonstrating that the revolutionary frontier was not only the scene of a battle over land and authority but also the locus of a struggle over identity and the definition of local culture. It analyzes how frontier expansion, the Revolution, class conflict, and disputes over property intersected with the daily lives of ordinary men and women by examining the small-scale social networks (family, kin, and neighborhood) that delimitated their lives.;This study makes two closely connected arguments. First, it contends that backcountry inhabitants' local lives---the social relationships, economic networks, and sources of authority that operated on a face-to-face level---framed their aspirations as well as their perceptions of the Revolution and social conflict. This parochial world view, or localism, played an important role in shaping frontier expansion and frontier unrest. Second, it argues that localism, though it had always been present in agrarian society, became a paramount ingredient of identity and ideology in the backcountry between the mid-eighteenth and early nineteenth century. Rapid frontier expansion combined with the Revolution to create a distinct parochial world view among settlers that can best be described as revolutionary backcountry localism .