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Journal articles on the topic 'History of the settlement'
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1
Ripley, Charles F. "Preloading thick compressible subsoils: a case history." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 32, no. 3 (1995): 465–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t95-049.
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A case history of preloading and surcharging a more than 300 ft (1 ft = 0.3048 m) thick compressible subsoil is presented, with data on the settlement analysis, the fill design, other measures used for control of settlements, and the 24 year postconstruction performance. The essential factors for successful application of preloading to thick compressible subsoils are discussed. Key words : preloading, settlement analysis, construction control, settlement behaviour.
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Lewis, Hana. "Elitism and Status: Reassessing Settlement Hierarchy in Early Medieval England." Studia Historica. Historia Medieval 38, no. 2 (2020): 9–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14201/shhme2020382942.
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The complexities of identifying and understanding settlement hierarchy in early medieval England (c. 5th–11th centuries) is the focus of much debate. Within this field of enquiry, settlement arrangements, architecture, landholding patterns and material culture are commonly used in the identification of a range of settlement types. These include royal complexes, monastic institutions, towns and trading/production sites such as emporia. This same evidence is also used to interpret the status and role of these sites in early medieval England. This paper advances the current understanding of settlement hierarchy through an assessment of rural settlements and their material culture. These settlements have received comparatively less scholarly attention than higher profile early medieval sites such as elite, ecclesiastical and urban centres, yet represent a rich source of information. Through analysis of material culture as evidence for the consumption, economic and social functions which characterise rural settlements, a picture of what were inherently complex communities is presented. The findings further support the need to reassess settlement hierarchy in early medieval England and a new hierarchical model is proposed.
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Duncan, J. M. "Thirteenth Bjerrum Memorial Lecture: A case history of mysterious settlements in a building." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 29, no. 1 (1992): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t92-001.
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This lecture describes the investigation of large and damaging settlements in the One Lombard Building in San Francisco Calif. The cause of the settlements was a mystery. Although it was known that settlement began during construction of a major new sewer near the building, it was not clear how the settlements could be related to the sewer construction activities. The paper explains the cause of the settlements and describes the technique used to remedy the problem. The legal and insurance aspects of the case, in some ways more mysterious than the technical aspects, are also described. Key words : settlement, foundations, clay, dewatering, pile driving, underpinning.
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Bose, Arpita. "The Chinese in Calcutta: A Study on Settlement and Demographical Patterns." Indian Historical Review 46, no. 1 (2019): 132–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0376983619856540.
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The present article will shed light on the settlement and demographic pattern of the Chinese community living in Calcutta over more than 200 years. The Calcutta Chinese settlement was one of the oldest if it is compared with the other settlements of them in other parts of South Asia. It also intends to focus on their arrival and the reasons behind their migration. The present article will also indicate the routes of migration and the evolution of their settlement in and around Calcutta.
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Kong, Jing, Li Qiu, Ming Ma, et al. "Research on the Morphological Evolution of Sanye House Village Located in Farming-Pastoral Zone of Eastern Inner Mongolia." Applied Mechanics and Materials 361-363 (August 2013): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.361-363.64.
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San ye House Village are located in Farming-pastoral zone of eastern Inner Mongolia after a hundred years of development history, from mainly nomadic settlements into agricultural and pastoral settlements. The evolution of the settlements' pattern experienced a total of three stages. With the combination of different periods of settlement pattern analysis, the characteristics of San ye House village settlement pattern development is studied and the reasons for its formation and evolution process are presented.
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Ankusheva, Polina S., Irina P. Alaeva, Sergey A. Sadykov, et al. "“STEPPE CORRIDORS” OF ALAKUL PASTORALISTS: ISOTOPE AND PALEOBOTANICAL STUDIES AT THE CHEBARKUL III SETTLEMENT." Ural Historical Journal 72, no. 3 (2021): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2021-3(72)-26-38.
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The paper is devoted to the determination of the preferred ecological niche of the Alakul population of the forest-steppe Trans-Urals and considers the problem of Andronovo colonization in the northern direction. Radiocarbon dating, paleobotanical and isotopic studies were carried out based on the Chebarkul III settlement materials. The Alakul period of the settlement dates back to the 18th–17th centuries BC. The species composition of plants from the settlement’s cultural layer is similar to the Bronze Age steppe settlements of the Southern Trans-Urals and mainly represented by plant seeds of the meadow and ruderal zones with a minimum amount of forest and the absence of domesticated plants. The δ13C, δ15N values in the livestock bones reflect the diet consisting of C3 photosynthesis type plants with a small proportion of C4 plants. The decreased values of δ13C and δ15N in comparison with the Late Bronze Age steppe sites in the Ural-Kazakhstan region may indicate a high moisture content of the settlement’s pastures. The data obtained indicate the preservation of the settled cattle-breeding model, which is typical for the steppe Alakul sites, with cattle grazing in the surrounding territories and the possible preparation of fodder for the winter. The development of northern territories by the Alakul populations took place in the landscape zones habitual for the steppe population: with the presence of open spaces, wide meadows for grazing animals, and preparing forage, as well as forests. For this reason, the so-called Chebarkul steppe corridor was also populated, capturing the shore of the lake of the same name, on which the settlement under study is located.
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Asube, L. C. S., J. M. Daquiado, and B. J. P. Lavapiz. "DETECTION AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF LAND-USE: A CASE OF BUTUAN CITY WITH HISTORY OF MAJOR INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-4/W6-2021 (November 18, 2021): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-4-w6-2021-41-2021.
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Abstract. This study detects the significant informal settlements in Butuan City proper. It determines the growth rate in 15 years with the given five-year interval. Machine learning algorithms and spatial analysis were applied to obtain the possible locations of informal settlement buildings. The projected locations of informal settlement buildings were validated thru aerial image validation using Remote Sensing and GIS-based techniques in ArcGIS software. Eight (8) barangays satisfy all the informal settlement building characteristics during the aerial validation process and ground-truthing, namely, Golden Ribbon, Holy Redeemer, Limaha, New Society, Ong Yiu, Port Puyohon, San Ignacio, and Tandang Sora. The eight (8) barangays were manually digitized from the given 5-years interval from 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2010. The value of the major informal settlement buildings area was computed to excel. The area growth rate was calculated using the growth rate formula. This study showed that the significant informal settlement in the study area increased. Among the eight (8) focused barangays, Tandang Sora ranked the highest informal settlements growth from 2005 to 2020. Its area increases up to 178.52%, a total of 24,608.43 square meters. Finally, the results revealed that the area of informal settlement buildings in Butuan City from 2005–2020, in 15-years, its value increases up to 9.74%, a total of 19,172.88 square meters.
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Gerasimov, Yu V., M. Yu Zdor, and M. A. Korusenko. "The settlement of Chertaly in the Tarsky Irtysh region: SOME results of the study." Herald of Omsk University. Series: Historical studies 9, no. 4 (36) (2022): 186–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/2312-1300.2022.9(4).186-199.
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The article presents some results of the archaeological study of the settlement of Chertaly I, located in the middle reaches of the Tara River, left by the historical ancestors of the Siberian Tatars. Some information about the history of the monument research is provided as well as characterization of its current state. The settlement has been excavated for several seasons, with the total area of the digs equated to 660 m2. As a result, the remains of two residential buildings, the utility zone and the adjacent space have been studied. On the basis of the data collected, some construction technologies are described, the issues of the planographic organization of settlements are touched upon, the special characteristics of the economy of the indigenous population are discussed. The data obtained convincingly connects the archaeological complex with the historical settlement of Chertaly, which existed until the middle of the XIX century. Additionally, the data allows us to conclude that the studied complexes represent the final stage of the settlement's existence
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Fedina, I. M. "FIRST SETTLEMENTS OF BLACK SEA COSSACKS." Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Historical science 7 (73), no. 4 (2022): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1741-2021-7-4-107-115.
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The article analyses the initial stage in the settlement of the Kuban at the end of the XVIII century. The study of the history of the first settlements of the Black Sea Cossacks allows one to recreate a historical picture of the settlement in the Black Sea region, to identify the features that are characteristic to the development of the first Cossack settlement structures in the south of Russia. The settlements’ modus vivendi was largely predetermined by the type of settlement and the moment of its creation in the regional historical space, although given some special conditions of the Kuban (South Russian) frontier, the importance of consolidation and sustainability of the Cossack settlements has grown quite largely. The process of peopling an extensive territory of the Black Sea originally did not meet with a noticeable success and broad scale, since for the first ten years after the resettlement there was not a single new settlement with a new Cossack community. Particular attention is paid to the Cossack commercial villages and kuren settlements, as primary residential units, as well as their arrangement and planning
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Lobo, Jose, Luis MA Bettencourt, Michael E. Smith, and Scott Ortman. "Settlement scaling theory: Bridging the study of ancient and contemporary urban systems." Urban Studies 57, no. 4 (2019): 731–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098019873796.
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A general explanatory framework for the social processes underpinning urbanisation should account for empirical regularities that are shared among contemporary urban systems and ancient settlement systems known throughout archaeology and history. The identification of such shared properties has been facilitated by research traditions in each field that define cities and settlements as areas that capture networks of social interaction embedded in space. Using Settlement Scaling Theory (SST) – a set of hypotheses and mathematical relationships that together generate predictions for how measurable quantitative attributes of settlements are related to their population size – we show that aggregate properties of ancient settlement systems and contemporary metropolitan systems scale up in similar ways across time, geography and culture. Settlement scaling theory thus provides a unified framework for understanding and predicting these regularities across time and space, and for identifying putative processes common to all human settlements.
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Crawford, C. B., H. Jitno, and P. M. Byrne. "The influence of lateral spreading on settlements beneath a fill." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 31, no. 2 (1994): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t94-020.
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The discrepancy between calculated consolidation settlements and measured settlements under a 3.8 m high section of an earth embankment is investigated in this paper. A conventional one-dimensional analysis underestimated the observed settlement by 40%. A two-dimensional finite-element analysis was carried out to assess the effects of lateral spreading on vertical movements, and the results were in close agreement with the measured values. Key words : case history, consolidation, finite element analysis, settlement.
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Varma, Supriya, Jaya Menon, and Deepak Nair. "Ephemeral Traces: Archaeology of a Medieval Rural Settlement." Medieval History Journal 24, no. 1-2 (2021): 281–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09719458211052719.
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For a considerable span of human history, following the adoption of agricultural economies but prior to the emergence of settlements that we label as ‘urban’, small permanent communities or ‘villages’ were the main types of settlements, as also were places intermittently occupied by mobile, nomadic groups. The context of these, however, differed from those small or rural settlements that existed within an integrated network of centres in urban and state societies. A third scenario is the case of small-scale rural settlements that may exist at the margins of complex societies and, hence, outside state/political control but could still be socially and economically networked with other centres. Thus, the concept of ‘rural’ needs to be situated and interrogated within specific political, social and economic contexts. While archaeological research has addressed village settlements in pre-urban periods, once urbanism and the state societies emerged, urban settlements became the focus of attention. Even though surveys have shown the distribution of settlements of varying sizes, we do not seem to know much about early historic and medieval villages, in terms of settlement layouts, domestic spaces, crafts, if any, or even subsistence practices. It is this lacuna that we are trying to address through our work at a small, rural settlement in the Upper Ganga-Yamuna Doab. Some of the questions that we raise in this article deal with terms like ‘urban’, or ‘rural’, whether these should be viewed as binaries, or whether it may be more fruitful, as others have suggested, to see settlements in a continuum.
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Verevkina, E. D., and E. V. Sitnikova. "Administrative organization of villages of Spassky rural settlement in the late 19th and early 29th centuries." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture 23, no. 1 (2021): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2021-23-1-9-18.
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The article discusses the formation of Siberian settlements on the example of villages of the Spassky rural settlement (the Tomsk region, Russia). The influence of the MoskovskoSibirskii Tract on the development of villages is determined by the number of houses and residents. The analysis of the villages of the Spassky rural settlement includes the history of the formation of settlements; territorial management units; volost management; volost assignment to settlements after 1861, and changes in the volost boundaries based on lists of settlements in Tomsk Gubernia at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The relevance of the study is determined by little information on the historical and cultural heritage of Tomsk villages and the problems of preserving historical rural settlements in Russia.Purpose: A study the history and development of villages in the Spassky rural settlement. Practical implications: the results obtained can be used in the implementation of design work on the prospective development of old Siberian villages. Scientific novelty: Historical study of the formation and development of settlements in the Spasskoye rural settlement, which has not been studied previously. Methodology/Approach: The critical analysis of the literature, system and structural analysis of information and creative synthesis of conclusions were used in this work. Theoretical works of historians and architects listed in the bibliographic list of this article. Research findings: The formation of villages in Siberia occurred, to a large extent, owing to immigrants from the European part of Russia, who brought their own traditions of housekeeping. The analysis of the volost distribution of the villages of the Spassky rural settlement shows that the territories inhabited by certain nationalities transformed to separate volosts and were called foreign. The growth in the number of courtyards and residents of settlements in the adjacent villages of the Tomsk Province confirmed the more intensive development of the adjacent villages.
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Ortman, Scott G., José Lobo, and Michael E. Smith. "Cities: Complexity, theory and history." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (2020): e0243621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243621.
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In recent decades researchers in a variety of disciplines have developed a new “urban science,” the central goal of which is to build general theory regarding the social processes underlying urbanization. Much work in urban science is animated by the notion that cities are complex systems. What does it mean to make this claim? Here we adopt the view that complex systems entail both variation and structure, and that their properties vary with system size and with respect to where and how they are measured. Given this, a general framework regarding the social processes behind urbanization needs to account for empirical regularities that are common to both contemporary cities and past settlements known through archaeology and history. Only by adopting an explicitly historical perspective can such fundamental structure be revealed. The identification of shared properties in past and present systems has been facilitated by research traditions that define cities (and settlements more broadly) as networks of social interaction embedded in physical space. Settlement Scaling Theory (SST) builds from these insights to generate predictions regarding how measurable properties of cities and settlements are related to their population size. Here, we focus on relationships between population and area across past settlement systems and present-day world cities. We show that both patterns and variations in these measures are explicable in terms of SST, and that the framework identifies baseline infrastructural area as an important system-level property of urban systems that warrants further study. We also show that predictive theory is helpful even in cases where the data do not conform to model predictions.
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Hashmi, Zahra Akram. "Land Revenue Settlements: The Magnitudes of Economic Development in the State of Bahawalpur (1866–1947)." Indian Historical Review 48, no. 1 (2021): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03769836211009711.
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With the advent of the British in India, the colonial institutions were introduced throughout the country. In the Bahawalpur State, the Agency government stimulated the fiscal patterns of British India particularly its settlement policy, which brought amelioration in the native revenue system. This paper traces the historical process of land settlement for revenue generation and their impact over the agrarian economy of the State. These settlements became the major contributing factor towards the economic advancement. The different phases of settlement of land, along with the extent of government demand are established in this research. The third phase of land settlement resulted by the beginning of weir control water system, brought some revolutionary changes in the land pattern and revenue structure therefore, it has been particularly focused in this paper. The data for this study is mainly based on unpublished archival documents and unpublished assessment reports.
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Zimina, Oksana Yu, Oleg S. Sizov, and Svetlana I. Tsembalyuk. "SETTLEMENT STRATEGIES AT THE TURN OF THE BRONZE AND IRON AGES: NATURAL AND PALEOECONOMIC FACTORS (FOREST-STEPPE–SUBTAIGA ZONES IN THE TOBOL RIVER VALLEY)." Ural Historical Journal 72, no. 3 (2021): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2021-3(72)-50-60.
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The article describes the settlement specifics of the Itkul and Baitovo cultures population in the Tobol River region in the 8th–6th centuries BC. The settlements of the Itkul culture are confined to the areas of large drainage lakes and lake systems, they are located on sandy ridges and uplands and not obviously associated with watercourses. The majority of settlements are situated in the subtaiga zone in the interfluve of the Tura and Pyshma Rivers. There are fewer settlements in the forest-steppe area, they are located in ribbon-like forests. The Baitovo сulture sites, on the contrary, are clearly confined to the main rivers and their tributaries, they form a clearly expressed frame of settlements along the Iset and Tobol Rivers, a certain distance is maintained between many of them. These conclusions are substantiated by the vertical distribution of the sites, their confinement to water bodies, and detailed geomorphological characteristics of cultural and chronological groups of artifacts of the cultures under consideration. Summing up, main differences in the settlement systems of the Itkul and Baitovo collectives are: confinement of the Itkul culture settlements to the subtaiga zone, and the Baitovo ones — to the forest-steppe; gravitation of the Itkul settlements towards the areas of large flowing lakes and lake systems, the Baitovo settlements towards the river system; a high degree of concentration, a close interposition of weakly fortified settlements of the Itkul culture in places of their localization and the presence of a frame of equidistant and, apparently, interconnected settlements of the Baitovo culture. The settlement specifics of the Itkul and Baitovo cultures populations brought about by their origins and economic activities, as well as the natural and climatic dynamics reconstructed for the territory under consideration.
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Diers, Lina. "Reading the subtext - site location and settlement systems in roman Moesia." Balcanica, no. 55 (2024): 27–57. https://doi.org/10.2298/balc2455027d.
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This paper argues that there is a political, social, economic or even historical substratum to the location and development of settlement that is significant to the diachronic understanding of settlement systems but may easily get neglected in favour of discussions of settlement hierarchy or single events in settlement history. Hence, it postulates that the factors for initial site location may not be the same as the factors for further settlement development, and that said substratum should be explored to fully grasp the reasons behind settlement dynamics. In doing so, it focuses on two categories of sites - so-called bridge-sites at significant geographical locations and legionary garrisons turned colonies. Settlements used as examples are Horreum Margi, Naissus, Scupi, and Ratiaria in Moesia Superior.
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Sarah Holland-Batt. "An Illustrated History of Settlement." Antipodes 27, no. 1 (2013): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.13110/antipodes.27.1.0098.
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Bykasova, V., and K. Kolodin. "Arrangement features of the ecological settlement in the Baikal natural territory." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 937, no. 4 (2021): 042040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/937/4/042040.
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Abstract The article reviews one of the types of ecological tourism – ecological settlement, its history, advantages and disadvantages. The domestic experience of ecological settlement engineering according to the criteria was analyzed, as well as the experience of existing settlements in the Baikal Natural Territory. The generally accepted scheme of ecological settlement arrangement cannot be implemented in its original form, since each site has its own features. Lake Baikal and its adjacent territories are UNESCO sites, have difficult climatic, geomorphological, landscape conditions, etc. The relevance of ecological settlement arrangement in this territory has been proved. As a result of the analyzes, a scheme of ecological settlement arrangement in the BNT was created. The results obtained allow us to conclude that it is possible to expand the field of research and search for new models. Cluster-based ecological settlements can serve as one of the directions for development. However, one of the most effective ways to check the results is the actual ecological settlement arrangement in the BNT with subsequent study during construction and operation.
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DUAN, Zhuanghui, Danyang ZHANG, Chenyu LU, and Shuangqing SHENG. "Literature Review of Rural Settlements Based on Web of Science Database:1921- 2023." Chinese Geography Sciences Review 3, no. 1 (2025): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.48014/cgsr.20241226001.
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Rural settlements, as a form. of rural population concentration, are gathering and settling areas with clear spatial structure and specific functions formed by human beings according to production and living needs. . In this study, the bibliometric analysis software Bibliometrix and Biblioshiny R language package were used to analyze the development history and current status of 2122 articles in the field of rural settlements in the Web of Science core collection database during the period of 1921—2023, to reveal their research hotspots and to predict the future development trend. The results showed that: (1) the number of papers published in the field of rural settlements and the average number of citations per year have been increasing over the past 102 years. (2) Seventy-four countries/regions have scientific research outputs in the field of rural settlements, and developed countries have strong research strength in this field. China, the United States and Ireland are the top three countries in terms of the number of publications. In addition, among 5635 authors, the top three authors are JIANG GUANGHUI, QU YANBO and ZHANG FENGRONG. ( 3) The top three keywords in the field of rural settlements are “Rural”, “Settlements” and “Residential”. The research themes can be divided into three phases: in the first phase (1921—2006) , scholars began to explore the two aspects of “rural residence” and “rural settlement”. In the second phase (2007— 2013) , the research content of rural settlements was gradually enriched, mainly related to “rural migration”, “ rural population” and “rural settlements”. In the third stage (2014—2023) , rural settlement research mainly focuses on “settlement intention”, “living environment” and “rural settlement”. The research on rural settlements in this stage (2014—2023) focuses on “settlement intention”, “living environment” and “rural settlements”. In general, from 1921 to 2023, “settlement” and “land” have been one of the core issues in the field of rural settlements.
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Fedina, Irina M. "Military-Administrative and Demographic Aspects of the Kuban Cossack Settlements Formation on the Adagum Cordon Line in the Trans-Kuban (1860s)." Journal of Frontier Studies 8, no. 2 (2023): 154–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.46539/jfs.v8i2.442.
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Based on documentary materials, this paper reviews the development of Northwestern Caucasus by the Cossacks in the 1860s. For the development of new territories, a defensive-offensive strategy was used. With the help of fortified settlement structures, the advancement and retention of Russian borders in the trans-Kuban areas were carried out.
 The “inducted” settlements are of particular interest because they were invariably tied to the cordon lines during the settlement period of the Trans-Kuban region. Among them, Cossack villages were the most stable settlement type. The focus of the scientific problem is the civil-settlement aspect and the military-organizational narrative of the Adagum cordon line. Historical settlements arose from a complex interweaving of politics and geography, power, and settlement modus vivendi, reflecting not only the Cossacks' way of life but also their identity.
 The purpose of this paper is to analyze and determine the significance of the Cossack settlement structures throughout the regional historical process to understand the process of development of the Trans-Kuban areas and the emerging network of fortification objects with key settlement structures in the form of fortified stanitsa settlements, as well as the penetration of Russian influence into a new area of the historical region of Kuban.
 This article is intended for historians and anyone interested in the history of the Cossacks.
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Lenner, Tibor. "Life in Veszprém, in the ”town of queens”." Journal for Geography 7, no. 2 (2012): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/rg.7.2.3874.
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Every settlement is a unique place. This uniqueness is manifested, among others, in cultural and historical values. Truly reflecting the settlement’s history and development, the ground plan of a town safeguards these unique characteristics over the centuries. Therefore, it is practical to analyse the spatial extension within its historical relations when researching a settlement’s morphology, development and functional structure. This method has traditions dating back to Tibor Mendöl in the Hungarian settlement geography. By means of historical settlement geography, one can interpret the creation of a settlement space, the principles of spatial arrangement, and explore the expansion or regression of a settlement. In the present study, we attempted to find a correlation between the historical, functional and formal aspects of the transformation processes on the example of Veszprém, a county capital in Transdanubia. The authors’ aim of doing so was to establish a basis for a later settlement-morphological examination of the town.
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Verbych, Svіatoslav. "Formation of the oikonym system in archaic regions of Ukraine (on the example of the settlement names of modern Vinnychchyna and Khmelnychchyna)." Ukrainska mova, no. 4 (2020): 50–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ukrmova2020.04.050.
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Abstract: The research of the history of a particular region involves the study of the history of its settlement, which is manifested in the names of settlements. Thus, oikonyms as linguistic phenomenons contain linguistic, as well as historical, geographical and ethnographic information. They can be found out using the help of special onomastic studies. Historical and etymological research of the names of villages, settlements, cities, towns is one of the priority tasks not only of Ukrainian or Slavic, but also of world onomastics in general. The names of settlements provide different periods of history of that time in other regions, accumulate extremely diverse information about the peculiarities of the development of a particular area, namely: the ethnic composition of the first settlers, the specialty of their material and spiritual culture, the characteristic features of topographic objects called by the corresponding oikonyms. Of fundamental importance for the formation of the oikonymicon of a certain region is time and with the help of its settlement. As you know, Podolsk land belongs to the long-developed regions of man. A review of the history of this region shows that the formation of a system of settlement names within the modern Vinnytsia and Khmelnytsky regions, which are the main part of the historical Podillya, dates back to ancient times, at least the ancient Ukrainian period. This is indicated primarily by the specific word-forming structure of local oikonyms and the nature of their creative bases. The ancient settlements of these areas, the names of which were formed on Ukrainian soil, include such, for example, Bershad, Brailiv, Bratslav, Vinnytsia, Kopaihorod, Tyvriv (Vinnytsia region), Velyka Yaromyrka (initially Yaromyrka), Volochysk (initially Volochyshcha), Dobrohoshcha, Zhvanets, Kytaihorod, Medzhybizh, Smotrych (Khmelnytsky region) and other. The article focuses on the peculiarities of the formation of the oikonymykon of Podillya within the modern Vinnytsia and Khmelnytsky regions, analyzes the main structural and derivational types of names of settlements in these regions, found that the characteristic feature of oikonyms of the studied areas is the presence of many names the ancient nature of the settlement of these areas. Keywords: appellation, anthroponym, history of Podillya, oikonym, oikonym system, word-forming model.
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Martindale, Andrew, Susan Marsden, Katherine Patton, et al. "The role of small villages in Northern Tsimshian territory from oral and archaeological records." Journal of Social Archaeology 17, no. 3 (2017): 285–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469605317730411.
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Small villages have been central to progressive models of hunter-gatherer-fisher complexity on the Northwest Coast as a stage in the narrative of increasingly nonegalitarian social relations. We argue that Tsimshian settlement history is more complicated. We examine settlement and chronological data for 66 village sites in the Tsimshian area, 22 of which we define as small. Small villages were present in the area as early as 6500 years ago, but they are also contemporary with larger settlements until after 1300 years ago. We suggest that small villages represent a traditional Tsimshian social entity known as the wilnat’aał, or lineage, knowledge of which is preserved in Tsimshian oral records. We argue that the persistence of this settlement and community form illustrates the foundational role of this social unit throughout Tsimshian history, a result that has implications for archaeological research in the context of Indigenous history.
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Kasparov, Alexei, and Yuri Vinogradov. "Osteological Materials of Ivanovka Severnaya Classical Time Settlement in the Eastern Crimea." Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp213151160.
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The study of ancient settlements in Eastern Crimea is of great scientific importance. In 2017, Ivanovka Severnaya settlement was studied on the route of the Kerch — Feodosia highway under construction. Here, a series of pits was excavated, dating to the middle of the 4th — beginning of the 3rd centuries BC. Excavations most likely affected the outskirts of the ancient settlement. The osteological materials are very interesting. They are represented by the bones of horses, cows, sheep; the number of pig bones is relatively small. The settlement had a well-developed poultry. It is assumed that this is an agricultural settlement in the distant surrounding of the capital of the Bosporus Kingdom.
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Gould, R. A., Philip R. Bedell, and J. G. Muckle. "Construction over organic soils in an urban environment: four case histories." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 39, no. 2 (2002): 345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t01-090.
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Four case histories relating to construction over organic soils in an urban environment are reported. Three of the cases can be classified as failures; buildings were unwittingly constructed over organic soils and the subsequent performance of the buildings was unsatisfactory. The presence of peat was recognized in the fourth case, but the design was carried out to accommodate the resulting settlements. Case history 1 deals with a small industrial mall that was founded in fill and was partially located over a peat-filled pocket. The building experienced large differential settlements, and extensive repairs consisting of piled foundations in the affected area were required. Case histories 2 and 3 concern single-family houses that were founded in fill overlying organic soils. Differential settlement caused severe damage to the houses. Repairs were required and consisted of levelling the structures on the original foundations and reducing the loads to minimize future settlements. In addition, a unique method of foundation wall reinforcement was employed in case history 2. Case history 4 documents the performance of a municipal roadway and sanitary sewer constructed over a deposit of organic materials. This sewer was designed with a flexible pipe to float within the fill over the compressible material, with provision being made for future settlement. Settlements of the road surface have been monitored. The information presented should assist the design engineer in mitigating the effects of having compressible, organic subsoils beneath structures.Key words: organic soils, peat, case histories, settlement.
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McCool, Weston C. "COPING WITH CONFLICT: DEFENSIVE STRATEGIES AND CHRONIC WARFARE IN THE PREHISPANIC NAZCA REGION." Latin American Antiquity 28, no. 3 (2017): 373–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/laq.2017.28.
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Warfare was a prevalent phenomenon throughout the Andes during the Late Intermediate period (LIP; AD 1000–1450). A salient research topic within broader investigations of conflict is how populations cope with chronic warfare. This article utilizes statistical and GIS-based analyses of architectural features and settlement patterns to reconstruct defensive coping mechanisms among groups living in 15 fortified settlements in the Nazca region of Peru. This research evaluates how populations deployed artificial defenses (fortifications), natural defensibility, and settlement placement to best protect themselves and critical resources from enemy incursions. Intersite variation in fortification was primarily driven by population size: the smallest and most vulnerable settlements were the most heavily fortified and occupied the least accessible areas. Variation in fortification investment within each site was driven by differences in the accessibility of approaches leading to the residential sector of a site. Settlement patterns were largely driven by natural defensibility, large viewsheds, and proximity to economic resources. This research demonstrates that LIP populations made optimal trade-offs between competing defensive variables, revealing highly patterned regional defensive strategies. Broader spatial, settlement, and architectural data indicate that warfare in the region was chronic and internecine.
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Korenevskiy, Sergey N. "FEATURES OF CONSERVATION OF ABANDONED BUILDINGS AMONG THE TRIBES OF THE MAYKOP-NOVOSVOBODNENSKAYA COMMUNITY (ON THE MATERIALS OF NOVOTITAROVSKOYE-14 AND TUZLA-15 SETTLEMENTS)." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 19, no. 1 (2023): 123–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch11123-149.
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The article aims to introduce the material on the new Maykop settlement Novotitarovskoye-14 and, to provide the description according to archaeological data of the conservation of the Maykop semi-dugout pits, as well as to discuss the construction of a portable hearth at the settlement Novotitarovskoye-14. The materials are compared with the finds at the Maykop settlement Tuzla-15. The methodology involves the description of the source, the analysis of finds and analogies, the definition of cultural affiliation and chronology. The article also provides the results of radiocarbon dating of materials from the Tuzla-15 settlement and osteological analysis of materials from Kurgan 12 of the Novotitarovskoye-14 group and the Tuzla-15 settlement. The Novotitarovskoye-14 settlement was discovered in 2014 by N.F. Shevchenko, the Tuzla-15 settlement was excavated by S.N. Korenevsky in 2012-2015 and described in a monograph. On both settlements, semi-dugout pits filled with pottery shards, animal bones and small tools in the form of pebbles, fragments of grain grinders were uncovered. At the settlement of Novotitarovskoye-14, the adobe furnace hearth, as well as a large fragment of the brazier were recorded. These findings prove that the Maykop population might have used portable hearths, which were lit outside their buildings. In both settlements, in the filling of abandoned buildings, a layer of ash from a fire that burned outside was recorded. The analysis of osteological findings clearly reflects that the majority of bones belong to large and small cattle. Single horse bones were found at Novotitarovskoye-14 settlement. The settlement of Novotitaroovskoye-14 belongs to the Maykop variant of the Maykop-Novosvobodnenskaya community, and the settlement of Tuzla-15 belongs to the similar Psekup variant of the Maykop-Novosvobodnenskaya community. The date of the first settlement cannot be determined precisely within the framework of the existence of the Maykop sites. The date of settlement of Tuzla-15 belongs to the final stage of the Maykop-Novosvobodnenskaya community.
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Korenevskiy, Sergey N. "FEATURES OF CONSERVATION OF ABANDONED BUILDINGS AMONG THE TRIBES OF THE MAYKOP-NOVOSVOBODNENSKAYA COMMUNITY (ON THE MATERIALS OF NOVOTITAROVSKOYE-14 AND TUZLA-15 SETTLEMENTS)." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 19, no. 1 (2023): 123–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch191123-149.
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The article aims to introduce the material on the new Maykop settlement Novotitarovskoye-14 and, to provide the description according to archaeological data of the conservation of the Maykop semi-dugout pits, as well as to discuss the construction of a portable hearth at the settlement Novotitarovskoye-14. The materials are compared with the finds at the Maykop settlement Tuzla-15. The methodology involves the description of the source, the analysis of finds and analogies, the definition of cultural affiliation and chronology. The article also provides the results of radiocarbon dating of materials from the Tuzla-15 settlement and osteological analysis of materials from Kurgan 12 of the Novotitarovskoye-14 group and the Tuzla-15 settlement. The Novotitarovskoye-14 settlement was discovered in 2014 by N.F. Shevchenko, the Tuzla-15 settlement was excavated by S.N. Korenevsky in 2012-2015 and described in a monograph. On both settlements, semi-dugout pits filled with pottery shards, animal bones and small tools in the form of pebbles, fragments of grain grinders were uncovered. At the settlement of Novotitarovskoye-14, the adobe furnace hearth, as well as a large fragment of the brazier were recorded. These findings prove that the Maykop population might have used portable hearths, which were lit outside their buildings. In both settlements, in the filling of abandoned buildings, a layer of ash from a fire that burned outside was recorded. The analysis of osteological findings clearly reflects that the majority of bones belong to large and small cattle. Single horse bones were found at Novotitarovskoye-14 settlement. The settlement of Novotitaroovskoye-14 belongs to the Maykop variant of the Maykop-Novosvobodnenskaya community, and the settlement of Tuzla-15 belongs to the similar Psekup variant of the Maykop-Novosvobodnenskaya community. The date of the first settlement cannot be determined precisely within the framework of the existence of the Maykop sites. The date of settlement of Tuzla-15 belongs to the final stage of the Maykop-Novosvobodnenskaya community.
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Eyong, Kingsley A., Sammy Besong Arrey-Mbi, Tambi Daniel Mbu, and Agborbechem Peter Tambi. "Anthropological History of the Upper Banyang People in the Banyang Country, from Pre-Colonial Times to 2022." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VIII, no. II (2024): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2024.802006.
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The Upper Banyang people just like their Lower Banyang and Ejagham neighbours have the Bantu ancestry and migratory history. They migrated in waves and settled in the Cross-River Region of Cameroon. Before unification subject to colonial rule, they were scattered through the forest in separate settlements. Despite their disintegration, they had a common anthropological and binding factor; their Kenyang language. They remained Manyang with a defined settlement pattern, lineage structure and clans. The main objective for this study therefore is to bring out the geography, settlement pattern, lineage structure and clans in Upper Banyang. This paper employs qualitative historical analysis developed from primary and secondary data. The study reveals that the Upper Banyang people despite their migratory and complex colonial history, maintained a common anthropological ancestry, settlement pattern, lineage structure and clans.
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Nieling, Jens. "Dongus Tapa – An Iron Age Settlement in the Udabno-Steppe, Eastern Kakheti." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 13, no. 1-2 (2007): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157005707x212661.
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Abstract The article is a preliminary report on an excavation carried out on the Iron Age settlement Dongus Tapa in Kakheti (Eastern Georgia). This fortified settlement existed from the Late Bronze Age till the 7th century BC and lasted longer than the settlements in the Shiraki plain, which end in the same century.
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Filanova, Tatiana, Vasily Filippov, and Anna Ekaterinskaya. "SETTLEMENT UPRAVLENCHESKY: HISTORY AND RECREATIONAL POTENTIAL." INNOVATIVE PROJECT 4, no. 10 (2019): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/ip.2019.4.10.5.
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The potential of the territories of the northern settlements of the city of Samara, located along the Volga River in the Krasnoglinsky district, is analyzed from the standpoint of the development of public and recreational spaces in this part of the city. Specifically, the territory of the Upravlenchesky settlement is examined, their role in the system of public recreational spaces (PIU) of the city is revealed, and their functioning at the city level is studied. The analysis of the value of these territories not only for local residents, but also for the city as a whole is carried out, the nature and specificity of their use by the townspeople historically and at the present time is studied. The factors that hinder the harmonious development of recreational spaces in the region of the northern remote periphery of Samara are revealed. On the basis of the data of the conducted research, recommendations are given for the further development of recreational spaces in order to increase the demand for territories by citizens and enhance their tourist attractiveness.
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English, Barbara, and Lloyd Bonfield. "Marriage Settlements, 1601-1740: The Adoption of the Strict Settlement." American Journal of Legal History 30, no. 1 (1986): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/845943.
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Iskandarov, Sherzod A. "SETTLEMENT OF ARABS WHO MOVED TO CENTRAL ASIA." Current Research Journal of History 5, no. 5 (2024): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-05-05-05.
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Crawford, Carl B., and K. Ian Morrison. "Case histories illustrate the importance of secondary-type consolidation settlements in the Fraser River delta." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 33, no. 6 (1996): 866–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t96-117.
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The technique of preloading the deep, compressible soils in the Fraser River delta has been used for more than 40 years to prevent excessive settlement of major structures. This paper documents 22 years of settlement under preloading and after construction of the facilities for a major waste water treatment plant in the delta. These results are similar to observations for as long as 28 years at five additional sites in the delta. It was found that as much as one half of the measured surface settlement occured during or within a few weeks of the full apllication of the preload and that subsequent settlements have the characteristics of secondary consolidation. This could not have been predicted from laboratory tests, and it raises questions concerning the true nature of consolidation in situ. For practical purposes the observations provide guidance for the prediction of long-term settlements in the region. Key words: case history, consolidation, field observations, preloading, settlement.
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Su, Wei, and Yalei Liu. "A Study of the Streets and Alleys of Traditional Settlements in Taihang Mountains – Taking Wangjinzhuang, Shexian County as an Example." Journal of World Architecture 6, no. 2 (2022): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/jwa.v6i2.3610.
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Wangjinzhuang in Shexian County, which has a long history, is a representative of the traditional settlements in Taihang Mountains. Through the in-depth study of the morphological characteristics of Wangjinzhuang settlement, this paper fully excavates its value as a traditional settlement. The overall pattern of the settlement form is complete, showing a linear layout form; the road system is graded, and the structure is clear; the spatial form shows a combination of points, lines, and planes; public buildings are distributed in an orderly manner, with clear functions, and they have a high degree of research value.
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Антонов, Е. Е. "LAYOUTS OF SETTLEMENTS IN NORTHWESTERN CRIMEA IN THE SECOND HALF OF I C. BC - FIRST QUARTER OF I C. AD." Краткие сообщения Института археологии (КСИА), no. 264 (December 3, 2021): 346–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.0130-2620.264.346-365.
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Статья представляет собой часть серии, посвященной планировкам позднескифских поселений Северо-Западного Крыма. Ее цель - выделение главных характеристик позднескифской застройки в регионе, проверка рабочей гипотезы о преемственности планировок на протяжении всего «позднескифского» периода, сравнение облика поселений Северо-Западного Крыма с синхронными памятниками соседних регионов. Тема настоящей статьи - планировки второй половины I в. до н. э. - первой четверти I в. н. э. Это время можно признать периодом расцвета поселений. Они достигают максимальных размеров, вокруг укреплений формируются «посады». Планировки поселений выглядят упорядоченными. Единицами застройки выступают многокомнатные дома, которые блокируются в кварталы. Характерная черта - использование греческих сооружений. В начале периода поселения укреплены различными оборонительными сооружениями, к концу они полностью или частично теряют свое значение. The paper is one in a series exploring the layout of late Scythian settlements in northwestern Crimea. It is aimed to identify key characteristics of late Scythian buildings in the region, test the working hypothesis on continuity of layouts throughout the entire ‘late Scythian’ period, and compare the look of settlements in northwestern Crimea with that of contemporaneous sites in the neighboring regions. This paper focuses on settlement layout in the second half of the 1 century BC - first quarter of the 1 century AD. Settlements of that period reached peak in their development. Settlements reached maximum size, with trading quarters (suburbs) appearing around fortified settlements. The layout of a settlement appears to follow a regular pattern. Housing units are buildings with many rooms constructed in residential quarters. Settlement development is characterized by use of Greek constructions. Early in the period settlements were fortified with various defensive structures which lost their importance partly or completely.
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Smith, Michael E., José Lobo, Matthew A. Peeples, et al. "The persistence of ancient settlements and urban sustainability." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 20 (2021): e2018155118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2018155118.
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We propose a dedicated research effort on the determinants of settlement persistence in the ancient world, with the potential to significantly advance the scientific understanding of urban sustainability today. Settlements (cities, towns, villages) are locations with two key attributes: They frame human interactions and activities in space, and they are where people dwell or live. Sustainability, in this case, focuses on the capacity of structures and functions of a settlement system (geography, demography, institutions) to provide for continuity of safe habitation. The 7,000-y-old experience of urbanism, as revealed by archaeology and history, includes many instances of settlements and settlement systems enduring, adapting to, or generating environmental, institutional, and technological changes. The field of urban sustainability lacks a firm scientific foundation for understanding the long durée, relying instead on narratives of collapse informed by limited case studies. We argue for the development of a new interdisciplinary research effort to establish scientific understanding of settlement and settlement system persistence. Such an effort would build upon the many fields that study human settlements to develop new theories and databases from the extensive documentation of ancient and premodern urban systems. A scientific foundation will generate novel insights to advance the field of urban sustainability.
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Balogh, András. "Villages of Porabje: Individual elements of the Hungarian settlement network." Journal for Geography 11, no. 1 (2016): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/rg.11.1.3950.
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Special feature of Porabje settlements can be detected on some geographical aspects within the national settlement network. Unique features of these settlements even these features are not exclusive in themselves regarding all the administratively independent settlements form such a specific region of Hungary on the base of that the following can be stated. The Vend-region occupies prominent place among the regions of Hungary. These special features are studied in this study on the base of the following aspects: spatial location, history, ethnic composition, ethnographic aspects, small village and sporadic settlement characteristic and development possibilities. However Szentgotthárd (Monošter) played important role in life of the Slovenians in Hungary too the essay focuses on the analysis of the settlements in the Porabje region.
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Mizerovskaya, Ulyana V., and Egor E. Chaika. "The role of rotation shift settlements for the sustainable development of Russia’s Far North urbanization." R-Economy 10, no. 2 (2024): 190–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/recon.2024.10.2.012.
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Relevance. As permanent settlements in the Russian Far North suffer increasing depopulation, a "shadow" settlement framework is emerging through rotational labor migration. Despite nearly half a century of history, rotational shift work in the North remains largely spontaneous, posing risks to sustainable development. Research Objective. This study examines rotational shift settlements as elements of the population settlement system in the Russian Far North and analyzes their role in transforming the region's settlement patterns. Data and Methods. Data on rotational shift camps were gathered from various open web sources and the Ministry for the Development of the Far East and the Arctic. Information on permanent settlements was obtained from Rosstat (Federal State Statistics Service). The study employed systemic and comparative analysis methods. Results. Unlike other Russian regions, rotational shift settlements in the Far North were initially integrated into the local settlement system. However, socio-economic changes in the 1990s disrupted the established Soviet model of integration, leading to the spontaneous development of these settlements. This unregulated growth poses increasing risks in such areas as ecology and social well-being. Conclusions. To regulate the status of rotational settlements, legislative initiatives should be supported by updated conceptual and terminological frameworks. The urbanization process in this geostrategically important and environmentally vulnerable region must be controlled or at least predictable to ensure timely responses to emergencies.
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Aksarin, Vyacheslav Valerievich. "Settlements of the Ostyako-Vogulsky National District in the 1930s : Number and Typology." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 10 (October 2022): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2022.10.39041.
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The subject of the study is the settlement network of the Ostyako-Vogul National District of the Omsk region, the object is spatial placement, number, typology, size (by the number of inhabitants) its localities. In addition, the influence of natural-geographical, socio-economic and other conditions for the development of the network of settlements was taken into account. The sources for the study of the settlement network were the documents of the Russian State Archive of Economics (RGAE) introduced into scientific circulation for the first time: materials of the Central Statistical Office under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, lists of populated places indicating the population according to the All-Union Census of 1939 in the Ostyako-Vogul National District. The work used historical-comparative, historical-typological, statistical research methods, as well as methods of graphical representation of the data obtained. Analysis, comparison and critical approach allowed us to consider the process of development of the settlement network in the studied district. Reference to the historical experience of the settlement network of the national district will contribute to the replenishment of data on the history of the regional settlement system. For the first time, a quantitative analysis of the structure of settlements showed the predominance in the typology of the settlement network of yurts, villages, settlements, the presence of a small number of villages. The size of villages of different types in the district is determined. Thus, the number of inhabitants of yurts averaged 35 people, villages – 85, settlements – 482, villages – 892.
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Milanovic, Dragan. "The economic and social importance of saline soils and saltwaters during the Late Neolithic of the Pannonian Plain and the Central Balkans." Starinar, no. 71 (2021): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sta2171007m.
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The importance of salt in human and animal diets suggests that the local resources of saline soils, watercourses, and marshes with saline water had to be well known to past populations. Based on the analysis of the environs of a large number of Late Neolithic and Early Eneolithic sites, this research assumes the great importance of such resources. This paper examines the spatial relationships between settlements and these resources, in the example of five Late Neolithic settlements from the territories of the Pannonian Plain and the Central Balkans. The goals of the research are to provide an initial step in the reconstruction of potential locations for salt exploitation, and provide a better understanding of each settlement and, subsequently, its role and function in the local Neolithic settlement system. The research considers previously published results of the pedological analysis of the settlement environments and archaeological investigations of the settlements. If certain micro-regions and regions did not provide possibilities for the extraction of salt for both animal and human utilisation, salt, and probably cattle, had to be procured through exchange networks. However, if livestock could not be grazed in areas abundant in salt, then salt would have to be added to the animals? diet. We conclude that Late Neolithic settlements should not be observed in isolation, but rather ?s parts of wider settlement systems including exchange networks with salt as a major commodity. This represents one of the crucial factors for the understanding of cultural development during the 5th millennium BC.
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Wahid, Julaihi, and Azli Abdullah. "Urbanization and the lost of river activity on Malay human settlement." American Journal of Agricultural Science, Engineering and Technology 5, no. 2 (2021): 148–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.54536/ajaset.v5i2.86.
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Malaysia, as any other country, is constantly evolving in all facets of life, including architecture, economy, and culture. Despite that, the Malay settlement on the River's fringe remains an early settlement due to the Malays' strong connections to agriculture and socio-culture. The Malay's brilliance in establishing settlements on the river's fringe is among the leading reasons for this community's glorious history in the maritime world. However, today's shift in river activity has eroded the strong bond in Malay settlement. Therefore, affecting the Malay settlements, which have a significant impact on their economic growth. The research methodology employs previous researchers' exploratory techniques focusing on the effects of urbanization, as well as socioeconomic data from 350 local respondents collected during the field survey in April 2019, and observation analysis information commonly used by architects to evaluate the context of the discussion. These include physical, social, cultural, and public amenities, and the data gathered then was amalgamated using IBM SPSS V26, supplemented by interview techniques and pictorial documentation. Mapping techniques are being used to generate existing settlements patterns by utilizing the Google Earth software. Finally, AutoCAD 2018 software is used to demonstrate the current settlement pattern in the case study situation. According to the results of the study, the pace of urbanization is speeding up and creeping into the Malay settlements. The destruction of river activities in order to change Malay settlement patterns and force them to follow or reject the current trend of urbanization.
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Kriskó, Andrea, and Tibor Tatay. "From Walking Bankers to Blockchain Technology The History of Payment Systems." Regional and Business Studies 10, no. 2 (2020): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33568/rbs.2377.
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The technique and technology of payment settlement systems has completed an enormous journey from the 18th century to modern times. Nowadays, we have gone from bilateral settlements to global payment systems. Numerous payment options are available to us, from paper based settlements to mobile wallets. In my study, I am primarily tracking the development of the technology on the basis of the payment systems of the USA, introducing the primary open and closed loop systems, as well as the changing customer needs which have brought the bank card and Bitcoin to life.
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Shin, Seungwon, Yong-Hee Park, Jeong-Heon Choi, Hyoun Soo Lim, Sook-Chung Shin, and Daekyo Cheong. "Geochronology and sedimentary environment at the Udu-dong archeological site, Chuncheon, South Korea." Holocene 28, no. 9 (2018): 1512–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683618777068.
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The Udu-dong archeological site in Chuncheon, South Korea, dates back to the Proto–Three Kingdoms Period (approximately 100 BC to AD 350). Many artifacts, including some earthenware, have been excavated in these ancient dwelling sites. We applied three geochronological dating methods (radiocarbon, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), and archeomagnetic dating) to the archeological remains of this large-scale human settlement and reconstructed the history of depositional processes prior to human settlement. The timing of the ancient community’s settlement was investigated by radiocarbon dating of the charcoal fragments collected from old furnaces. Archeomagnetic dating allowed us to constrain the time period of the settlement’s abandonment by dating the last use of fire. The timing and development of fluvial deposits underlying the settlement site were reconstructed by OSL dating combined with sedimentary facies analysis. Our results show that, following the deposition of coarse sediments starting 10,000 years ago, the region formed a stable floodplain environment starting around 3000 years ago; people began to form clustered settlements approximately 50 years later. For the subsequent 150 years or so, the area was heavily used as a settlement site, with people evenly distributed across it, before eventual abandonment of the site around AD 200–250. Because the sedimentary deposits do not show any significant facies change during this period, we conclude that any catastrophic events were not the main reason for settlement abandonment. This study suggests that combining scientific and archeological analyses have significant benefits for studies of such archeological sites. Therefore, continuous collection of such data can provide important information for the excavation and protection of prehistoric or historic sites.
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Spring, Eileen, and Lloyd Bonfield. "Marriage Settlements, 1601-1740: The Adoption of the Strict Settlement." American Historical Review 93, no. 5 (1988): 1326. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1873595.
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Hannah, Emma. "A chronology for unenclosed settlements in early medieval Ireland: Settlement patterns in the late first millennium AD." Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy: Archaeology, Culture, History, Literature 123, no. 1 (2023): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ria.2023.a913615.
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Abstract: The remains of various early medieval enclosed settlements—earthen and stone-built ringforts, non-circular enclosures, and lake-side crannógs—dominate the Irish landscape. Other settlements from this period lacked an enclosing element and our understanding of these is poor, especially their chronology. This paper provides an overview of the archaeological evidence for unenclosed settlements and other non-enclosure settlement types and analyses associated radiocarbon (14C) data to provide a preliminary chronology for this collective of sites. Temporal trends indicate that settlement peaked between the eighth to mid-ninth centuries before an ostensible reduction in activity at the end of the first millennium AD. This paper then reflects on the latter pattern, acknowledging that this may represent past settlement change or be partly influenced by excavation and research biases. Future avenues of research in the study of unenclosed settlements are also suggested.
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Osztás, Anett. "The settlement history of Alsónyék–Bátaszék." Dissertationes Archaeologicae 3, no. 8 (2021): 205–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17204/dissarch.2020.205.
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Belorybkin, G. N., T. V. Osipova, and A. S. Sobol. "STUDYING HISTORY OF ZOLOTOREVKA FORTIFIED SETTLEMENT." Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. History Sciences 2, no. 1 (2020): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2658-4816-2020-2-1-113-116.
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Barry, T. "A History of Settlement in Ireland." Seanchas Ardmhacha: Journal of the Armagh Diocesan Historical Society 18, no. 1 (1999): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/29742733.
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