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Journal articles on the topic 'History of zimbabwean independence'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Zembe, Christopher Roy. "Migrating with Colonial and Post-Colonial Memories: Dynamics of Racial Interactions within Zimbabwe’s Minority Communities in Britain." Journal of Migration History 2, no. 1 (March 22, 2016): 32–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23519924-00201002.

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Upon attaining independence on 18 April 1980, the Zimbabwean government was faced with the challenge of eradicating prejudices, which had been constructed during the colonial era. Whilst it is correct to accept that colonial Zimbabwe was beset with racial prejudices, which inhibited interracial interactions, it is also essential to recognise that post-colonial events triggered socialisation processes devoid of nation building. Therefore, by exploring the dynamics of interactions within Zimbabwe’s minority communities in Britain, the paper will unravel the impact of memories constructed during the different phases of Zimbabwe’s history. By focusing exclusively on Whites, Coloureds (mixed-race) and Asians, it will demonstrate that the Zimbabwean immigrant community in Britain is not a monolithic group of Blacks, but a racially diverse community. Analysing the diaspora interactions of communities considered more privileged than Blacks during the colonial era provides a perspective on the complexities of eradicating historically constructed racial prejudices.

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2

Stapleton, Timothy. "TThe Creation and Early Development of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces (ZDF) 1980-93." Revista Tempo e Argumento 13, no. 32 (April 30, 2021): e0104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5965/2175180313322021e0104.

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Given the 2017 coup in Zimbabwe, a rare event in Southern Africa but sadly common in the rest of the continent, this paper discusses the beginnings of the politicization of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces (ZDF) during the 1980s. At the end of the country’s war for independence in 1980, the ZDF formed as an amalgamation of former Rhodesian state military personnel and insurgents from the liberation movements of the Zimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU) and the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU). Personnel from ZANU came to dominate Zimbabwe’s new military given the lack of a specific agreement over the integration process, their numerical superiority, and ZANU’s electoral success that gave it political power. During the ZDF integration exercise of the early 1980s, British advisors attempted to create a Western-style force but acted pragmatically while North Korean instructors helped create an overtly ZANU affiliated brigade and party militia. In addition, South African destabilization and the rapid departure of former Rhodesian officers gave way to the accelerated promotion of former insurgents mostly affiliated with the ZANU government. Lastly, the further ZANU-ization of the ZDF occurred within the context of operations in southwestern Zimbabwe where it eliminated ZAPU as an opposition political movement and committed atrocities, and in Mozambique where Zimbabwean troops cooperated with allies from overtly politicized armies of neighboring states

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3

Jackson, Jeanne-Marie. "Stanlake Samkange’s Insufferable Zimbabwe: Distanciating Trauma from the Novel to Philosophy." Cambridge Journal of Postcolonial Literary Inquiry 8, no. 2 (April 2021): 158–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pli.2020.37.

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This article theorizes the Zimbabwean writer Stanlake Samkange’s turn from the novel to philosophy as an effort to circumvent the representational pressure exerted by African cultural traumatization. In breaking with the novel form to coauthor a philosophical treatise called Hunhuism or Ubuntuism in the same year as Zimbabwe achieves independence (1980), Samkange advances a comportment-based, deontological alternative to the psychic or subjective model of personhood that anchors trauma theory. Revisiting the progression from his most achieved novel, The Mourned One, to Hunhuism or Ubuntuism thus offers fresh insight into the range of options available to independence-era writers for representing the relationship between African individuality and collectivity. At the same time, it suggests a complementary and overlooked relationship between novelistic and philosophical forms in an African context.

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4

Charamba, Tyanai. "PARADIGM SHIFTS IN THE PERCEPTIONS OF DEATH IN SHONA LITERARY CREATIONS." Latin American Report 30, no. 1 (February 17, 2017): 49–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0256-6060/2174.

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This article aims to establish a paradigm shift in the way Shona traditional culture perceives death and funeral proceedings and in the manner that literary creations that were published before Zimbabwe attained political independence in 1980, perceive the same aspects. The article will also establish that there has been a paradigm shift in the manner that literary creations which were published before independence and those that were published after independence treat death and funeral proceedings. Thus, the article will establish that Shona culture perceives death and funeral proceedings as painful but not as monstrous and fearsome. Although that is the case in Shona culture, those Zimbabweans of Shona expression who created literature before independence view death and funeral proceedings as both painful and monstrous. However, some literary creations, which were published after independence, treat death and funeral proceedings as neither painful nor fearsome. In fact, there is a tendency by writers of Shona expression who published literary works after independence, to treat death and funeral proceedings as if they are natural and normal occurrences. They at times depict them as if they are lucrative life experiences and proceedings. The article has been written on the understanding that the paradigm shift in the manner death and funeral proceedings are treated in literary creations is indicative of some metamorphosis that Shona culture is undergoing as politico-economic and socio-cultural conditions and circumstances change in relation to the changing eras of Zimbabwe’s history.

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5

Saidi, Umali, and Joshua Matanzima. "Negotiating Territoriality in North-Western Zimbabwe: Locating The Multiple-Identities of BaTonga, Shangwe, and Karanga in History." African Journal of Inter/Multidisciplinary Studies 3, no. 1 (2021): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.51415/ajims.v3i1.864.

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Multiple identities are not an event, neither are they overnight occurrences. They undergo constructions and reconstructions over time. The BaTonga, Shangwe, and Karanga speaking people in the Musampakaruma Chiefdom of north-western Zimbabwe are not an exception. Forced colonial displacements and post-independence involuntary (and/or voluntary) migrations resulted in their settling in the Musampakaruma Chiefdom from which they have now come to negotiate for space, and ultimately their identities too, in the Zimbabwean mainstream nation-state making process. For years, these three ethnic groups have had a primodalist alliance to identity wherein their identification with ancestral places of origin appeared to have been common. This, however, has changed as the new terrain has offered them new options prompting rethinking of identity and ethnicity concepts. Using qualitative and historical ethnographic data obtained in Musampakaruma from April to September 2017, this paper reports the historical and contemporary socio-political experiences of the people in the area advancing the multiple identity phenomena. Taking Musampakaruma as a case, the broad nation-state identity is re-engaged in the paper from the perspective of so-called marginalised groups showing that while landscape and socio-ethno-identities are determinants of ‘multi-personalities’, deep theorisation of identity and ethnicity is required in nation-state development because ethnicities are based on interactions resulting in negotiated identities.

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6

Seda, Owen, and Nehemiah Chivandikwa. "CIVIL SOCIETY, RELIGION AND APPLIED THEATRE IN A KAIROTIC MOMENT - PRELIMINARY REFLECTIONS ON A PROJECT ON POLITICAL VIOLENCE & TORTURE IN ZIMBABWE: 2001 – 2002." Commonwealth Youth and Development 14, no. 2 (March 28, 2017): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1727-7140/1806.

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This article is a critical reflection on possibilities for social transformation and democratisation that can be possibly realised through collaborations between young people in civil society, African traditional religion and the Christian movement in contemporary contexts. In this context the focus on young people as key agents of change is informed by the frequent observation that young people are often the major perpetrators (and victims) of political violence and yet the least beneficiaries from the political spoils. The article analyses a project in the use of applied theatre to address political violence and torture that was conducted by the University of Zimbabwe's Department of Theatre Arts and Amani Trust some time between October 2001 and March 2002. The article uses that project to investigate and to illustrate some of the opportunities that can be harnessed by religious arms of civil society to strengthen peace in disadvantaged rural communities, such as we find in contemporary Zimbabwe, and which often bear the brunt of social unrest in times of political uncertainty. The study approaches time as a social construct that determines human agency and decision-making in order to adopt the biblical concept of ‘kairos’ or the ‘kairotic’ moment. The ‘kairotic’ moment referred to in this paper is the period between 1999 and 2008 when the Zimbabwean polity faced one of its severest national crises following protracted political contestation. This resulted in unprecedented levels of political intolerance, and state-sanctioned violence and torture in the country’s post-independence history. This level of political violence was perhaps second only to the infamous Gukurahundi massacres, which took place in the Midlands and Matebeleland provinces during the mid-1980s. We also view the kairotic moment as a critical moment for making a fundamental decision. It is full of both promise and danger, so much so that whether the moment ‘reaps’ hope or danger depends on how the moment is seized. We ask: Did civil society seize the moment to reap hope? In other words, we analyse whether various arms of Zimbabwean civil society took advantage of the ‘pregnant’ or kairotic moment to liberate itself. The authors adopt existing discourses on civil society and liberation theology to argue that whenever the time is ripe for meaningful intervention, there in fact exist immense opportunities for different branches of civil society domiciled in both traditional African and modern Christian religions to harness applied theatre in the service of peace and democratisation in the face of political adversity and uncertainty.

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7

Lloyd, Robert B. "Zimbabwe: The Making of an Autocratic “Democracy”." Current History 101, no. 655 (May 1, 2002): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2002.101.655.219.

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Two decades after independence, the fruits of President Robert Mugabe's rule are a rapidly declining economy, the systematic dismantling of constitutional government, growing political violence, a costly war in Congo, and international condemnation.

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8

Groves, Zoë. "‘Zimbabwe is my home’: Citizenship and Belonging for ‘Malawians’ in Post-Independence Urban Zimbabwe." South African Historical Journal 72, no. 2 (April 2, 2020): 299–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02582473.2020.1773521.

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9

Spierenburg, Marja. "Spirits and Land Reforms: Conflicts About Land in Dande, Northern Zimbabwe." Journal of Religion in Africa 35, no. 2 (2005): 197–231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1570066054024703.

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AbstractDespite its present support for the invasion of (mainly white-owned) commercial farms and emphasis on 'fast-track resettlement', most interventions by the post-Independence government of Zimbabwe in agriculture aimed to confine African farmers to the Communal Areas. In Dande, northern Zimbabwe, a land reform programme was introduced in 1987 that sought to 'rationalise' local land use practices and render them more efficient. Such reforms were deemed necessary to reduce the pressure on commercial farms. This article describes how the reforms caused Mhondoro mediums in Dande to challenge the authority of the state over land, thereby referring to the role they and their spirits played in the struggle for Independence. Pressure on the mediums to revoke their criticism resulted in a complex process in which adherents challenged the reputation of mediums who were not steadfast in their resistance to the reforms.

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10

Kraśniewska, Olga. "A country held captive by its past: The case of Zimbabwe." Ekonomia 24, no. 1 (August 1, 2018): 153–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4093.24.1.9.

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A country held captive by its past: The case of ZimbabweThe article provides an overview of the history of Zimbabwe in the context of economical, structural and social factors. It tries to answer a question, what were the main reasons that affected Zimbabwe’s development after gaining independence in 1980. It describes pre-colonial and colonial times as well as president Mugabe’s era, that ended with a military coup in November 2017. It portrays issues such as the after-effect of colonialism, land reform, political regime, internal struggles and conflicts between the ruling party ZANU-PF and opposition parties, hyperinflation crisis, as well as economic indicators like GDP, public and external debt, level of education and health care. In the context of upcoming elections in 2018, the article deliberates whether meaningful changes in the country’s situation are possible in the nearest future and what it will take to achieve them.

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11

Hazlewood, Arthur. "Kenyan Land-Transfer Programmes and their Relevance for Zimbabwe." Journal of Modern African Studies 23, no. 3 (September 1985): 445–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00057177.

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The transfer of European farms to Africans began in Kenya a few years before independence in 1963. The main principles of the programmes for land transfer and settlement – the two elements cannot be separated – were laid down at that time and continued thereafter. This article describes their history and main features, sets out the principles on which they were based, and explains the financial arrangements. It then analyses the experience of land transfer and settlement, and suggests lessons that may be drawin form this knowledge.

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12

Onslow, Sue. "The Man on the Spot: Christopher Soames and Decolonisation of Zimbabwe/Rhodesia." Britain and the World 6, no. 1 (March 2013): 68–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/brw.2013.0078.

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In the historiography of British imperialism, the role of the ‘man on the spot’ has been identified as an important impulse to the imperial project, and as a key instigator of decision making. Equal attention should be directed to assessing the contribution of ‘the man on the spot’ in the final unravelling of empire. Old fashioned diplomacy and diplomats should not be airbrushed from history as key individuals navigated the rocky terrain of decolonisation. The fraught negotiations at Lancaster House on Rhodesia-Zimbabwe's constitutional arrangements for independence between September-December 1979 were only part of the delicate process of resolution of the intractable UDI problem. The four months of Christopher Soames’ administration as the last British Governor comprised the second vital stage of implementation, particularly given the presence of four competing armed forces in Rhodesia at the time, all of whom had external backers.

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13

Muchefa, Livingstone, and Calvin Phiri. "Orality versus Written Legislation: Oral History as used in Zimbabwe`s Post-2000 Land Reform Programme." Oral History Journal of South Africa 4, no. 2 (April 5, 2018): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2309-5792/336.

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Zimbabwe became a colony of the British Empire on 13 September 1890, and attained independence in 1980. During the colonial period of 1890 to 1980 land was expropriated primarily from the indigenous Ndebele and the Shona tribal groups through the institutionalisation of legislation that brought about the segregation of Africans and paved the way for settlement and farming by whites. Between 1980 and 1990 there was little progress in terms of resettlement programmes because of financial constraints and the terms and conditions of the Lancaster House Agreement regarding the willing seller willing buyer principle. There were serious economic challenges in the decade 1990 to 2000, but the period post 2000 witnessed brisk land repossessions which were spearheaded by war veterans and politicians. At the heart of the â€œland invasions,â€ as they were popularly termed, lay historical injustices. This paper seeks to provide an insight into the centrality of the oral tradition or oral history as legal basis for the land repossessions that took place. Neither legal recourse nor visiting archives and other information centres for the purposes of authentication were a priority. The Lancaster Constitution was viewed as an obstacle when dealing with land. The National Archives of Zimbabwe is placed in context within the situation discussed.

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14

Phimister, Ian, and Alfred Tembo. "A Zambian Town in Colonial Zimbabwe: The 1964 “Wangi Kolia” Strike." International Review of Social History 60, S1 (September 8, 2015): 41–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859015000358.

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AbstractIn March 1964 the entire African labour force at Wankie Colliery, “Wangi Kolia”, in Southern Rhodesia went on strike. Situated about eighty miles south-east of the Victoria Falls on the Zambezi River, central Africa’s only large coalmine played a pivotal role in the region’s political economy. Described byDrum, the famous South African magazine, as a “bitter underpaid place”, the colliery’s black labour force was largely drawn from outside colonial Zimbabwe. While some workers came from Angola, Tanganyika (Tanzania), and Nyasaland (Malawi), the great majority were from Northern Rhodesia (Zambia). Less than one-quarter came from Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) itself. Although poor-quality food rations in lieu of wages played an important role in precipitating female-led industrial action, it also occurred against a backdrop of intense struggle against exploitation over an extended period of time. As significant was the fact that it happened within a context of regional instability and sweeping political changes, with the independence of Zambia already impending. This late colonial conjuncture sheds light on the region’s entangled dynamics of gender, race, and class.

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15

Moore, Dave, Goswin Baumhögger, and Goswin Baumhogger. "The Struggle for Independence: Documents on the Recent Development of Zimbabwe (1975-1980)." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines 21, no. 3 (1987): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/485660.

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16

Mutasa, D. E., and W. L. Chigidi. "Black writers’ Shona novels of the liberation war in Zimbabwe: an art that tells the truth of its day." Literator 31, no. 2 (July 13, 2010): 61–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v31i2.47.

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Over the years Shona fiction that portrays Zimbabwe’s liberation war has been a subject of severe criticism because of its tendency to falsify and distort history. This article attempts to provide answers to the question of why authors of Shona war fiction tended to romanticise the war of liberation. In pursuance of this objective this article looks at circumstances and conditions that prevailed at the time that most of the Shona stories about Zimbabwe’s liberation war were written. These stories were published during the first decade of Zimbabwe’s independence and it is possible to look at this time and come up with a set of interdependent cultural, economic, political and ideological conditions that helped to shape writers’ perspectives on the war. The article argues that the conditions of artistic freedom that interfaced with internalised fear, the euphoria and celebration, the dominant ideology of the time, as well as the situation of competition were responsible for shaping the consciousness of the war fiction writers. In this article views expressed in interviews by some of the writers of Shona war fiction are taken into consideration. All interviews with authors referred to in the article were carried out by the researcher.

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Nyandoro, Mark. "Development and Differentiation in the Post-Independence Era: Continuity or Change in ARDA-Sanyati Irrigation in Zimbabwe (1980–1990)." African Historical Review 41, no. 1 (July 2009): 51–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17532520902917010.

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18

STONEMAN, COLIN. "RECENT HISTORY OF ZIMBABWE Twenty Years of Independence in Zimbabwe: From Liberation to Authoritarianism. Edited by STAFFAN DARNOLF and LIISA LAAKSO. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. Pp. xviii+245. £55 (ISBN 0-333-80453-8)." Journal of African History 45, no. 3 (November 2004): 524–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853704429934.

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19

Chidora, Tanaka. "Heroes and Heroines in Zimbabwean Fiction." Journal of African Languages and Literary Studies 2, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/2633-2116/2021/v2n2a1.

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This paper was developed from a talk that I gave on heroes and heroines in Zimbabwean fiction at the now defunct Book Café in Harare, Zimbabwe. By the time they invited me, my hosts had already come up with a clearly demarcated guideline of who heroes and heroines are, and connected these heroes and heroines to what they called 'revered' values of 'our' society. My response was not to follow that template, but to create a separate deconstructionist taxonomy that questioned such an assumption. This deconstructionist adventure was based on the belief that heroes/heroines are not the same for everyone, especially in a post-independence Zimbabwean society characterised by conditions that are far removed from the promises of independence. Thus, in a country whose independence has been postponed because of various factors, including a leadership whose form of governance involves violence against its citizens in the name of protecting them, a monolithic view of heroes/heroines and revered values needs to be interrogated. Zimbabwean literature offers an inventory that refuses to pander to my hosts' template, and it is this inventory that I used to question the assumption that Zimbabwe was one, huge, happy and united national family because based on its many literary texts, what we have is a dystopian family still trying to find its way and define its heroes/heroines.

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20

de Lowerntal, Elizabeth. "Curricular Innovations in Traditional Music: A Case Study of Zimbabwean Music Teacher Education." British Journal of Music Education 15, no. 2 (July 1998): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265051700009323.

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The attainment of Zimbabwean independence in 1980 resulted in a variety of pressures on the curriculum for the education of music teachers. These pressures included dissatisfaction with the Eurocentric bias of the existing curriculum and demands for shifting the bias of education towards the promotion of previously marginalised aspects of Zimbabwean culture. This paper outlines the effects of these pressures on curricular innovations in Zimbabwean traditional music at Hillside Teachers' College, Bulawayo, and explores the possibilities for the future development of traditional music curriculum.

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21

Tshuma, Ephraim. "Liberation as a Paradigm for Full Humanity in Africa." Perichoresis 14, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/perc-2016-0001.

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Abstract The study is a response to the call for papers that focuses on African issues and discusses the issue of liberation. This paper seeks to explore the theme of liberation beginning with its definition. It will then proceed by looking at the history of Israel discussing the Egyptian bondage. The identity and role of Moses will also be explored in light of the prominent role that the Hebrew Bible gives him in the exodus motifs. It also highlights the life and role of Jesus of Nazareth in human liberation. In addition it will also highlight the importance of liberation and will pay attention to the fight for freedom and independence in Africa. Finally it looks at the quest for liberation among marginalized women and children in Africa looking at their struggles in the 21st century. The essay will use examples from both theological and secular sources. The Biblical/theological examples will be drawn from the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament and commentaries. Since Africa is very big although sharing related issues, I will use specific examples from Zimbabwe and also use general information from across the continent.

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22

Cooper, R. G. "History of Zimbabwean ostrich production." Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews 18, no. 2 (November 10, 2007): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/147020607x250943.

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23

Chiduza, Lovemore. "Towards the Protection of Human Rights: Do the New Zimbabwean Constitutional Provisions on Judicial Independence suffice?" Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 17, no. 1 (April 21, 2017): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2014/v17i1a2252.

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If human rights are to be effectively protected in any country, the judiciary has to recognise that it also has a role to play in this regard. The rationale for this is that the judiciary has a duty to enhance and protect human rights. Across Africa and most notably in Zimbabwe political interference has been noted as a factor that limits judicial independence. In Zimbabwe the weak protection of judicial independence has contributed to gross human rights violations. Constitutional reforms have been conducted in order to improve the independence of the judiciary and consequently the judicial protection of human rights. These efforts have resulted in the adoption of a new Constitution in Zimbabwe which has replaced the Lancaster House Constitution. The Constitutional reforms have captured legal principles which will ensure an improvement in the human rights situation. Key to the reforms has been the independence of the judiciary. The Constitution guarantees the independence of the judiciary. Despite such guarantees there are a number of challenges with regards to this independence. The aim of this paper is therefore to analyse the judicial reforms introduced by the Constitution of Zimbabwe with a view to establishing whether or not such reforms are likely to improve judicial independence and in turn the protection of human rights in Zimbabwe.

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Dyson, Sue. "Life History and Zimbabwean Nursing Student." Management in Education 19, no. 1 (February 2005): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08920206050190010301.

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Bessant, Leslie. "The Zimbabwean Review." International Journal of African Historical Studies 30, no. 3 (1997): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/220594.

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Hove, Mediel, and Vincent Chenzi. "‘Prophets of Doom’: The Zimbabwean Christian Community and Contemporary Politics." Insight on Africa 9, no. 2 (July 2017): 173–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0975087817710054.

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Since Zimbabwe’s independence in 1980, the Christian community was largely silent about Zimbabwe’s economic and political quagmire. However, the country’s growing political and economic turmoil drew the Zimbabwean Christian community into direct confrontation with Mugabe’s administration. The community experienced political awakening after decades of political indifference, passivity and silence. In 2016, several Christian leaders and their denominations publicly challenged the government on several occasions calling for Mugabe to step down and demanded economic reforms. In response, the Mugabe regime employed different tactics to silence and undermine the Christian community.

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Moore, David. "The Zimbabwean People's Army moment in Zimbabwean history, 1975–1977: Mugabe's rise and democracy's demise." Journal of Contemporary African Studies 32, no. 3 (July 3, 2014): 302–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2014.956499.

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Mangena, Tendai. "Suffer Little Children: Zimbabwean Childhood Literary Representations in the Context of Crisis." International Journal of Children's Rights 19, no. 2 (2011): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181810x512398.

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AbstractA closer reading of post – independence Zimbabwean short stories shows that childhood is more complex than its traditional conceptions. There are various diverging childhood depictions in literature. is paper explores these divergences, focusing initially on how children are represented as possessing what Muponde and Chihota (2000) call 'taboo shattering instincts in a diseased society'. In societies where there are clear human rights violations, children and other vulnerable groups are the most affected. In this respect, the paper explores various literary representations that deal with how children were affected during the Zimbabwean millennial crisis that was at most characterised by human rights violation. In any given society, at some point, adults are expected to resist forms of oppression; this paper argues that in literature and in society, children may be figures of resistance as well. Short stories to be scrutinised will be selected from the following editions; Not Another Day (2006), No More Plastic Balls: New Voices in the Zimbabwean Short Story (2000), Women Writing Zimbabwe (2008), Writing Still: New Stories from Zimbabwe (2003), Writing Now: More Stories from Zimbabwe and An Elegy for Easterly (2009).

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Sibanda, Lovemore, and Sylvan Blignaut. "Implementing a new History curriculum: the Zimbabwean experience." Curriculum Perspectives 40, no. 2 (March 24, 2020): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41297-020-00102-8.

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30

Muwati, I., D. E. Mutasa, and M. L. Bopape. "The Zimbabwean liberation war: contesting representations of nation and nationalism in historical fiction." Literator 31, no. 1 (July 13, 2010): 147–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v31i1.41.

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This article examines the array of macro and micro historical factors that stirred historical agency in the 1970s war against colonial settlerism as depicted in selected liberation war fiction. This war eventually led to a negotiated independence in April 1980. Historical fiction in the early 1980s is characterised by an abundance of fictional images that give expression to the macrofactors, while historical fiction in the late 1980s onwards parades a plethora of images which prioritise the microhistorical factors. Against this background, the article problematises the discussion of these factors within the context of postindependence Zimbabwean politics. It argues that the contesting representations of macro- and microfactors in historical fiction on the war symbolise the protean and fluid discourse on nation and nationalism in the Zimbabwean polity. Definitions and interpretations of nation and nationalism are at the centre of Zimbabwean politics, because they are linked to the protracted liberation war against colonialism and the politics of hegemony in the state. Macrofactors express and endorse an official view of nationalism and nation. On the other hand, microfactors problematise and contest the narrow appropriation of nation and nationalism by advocating multiple perspectives on the subject in order to subvert and counter the elite hegemony.

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Mazarire, Gerald Chikozho. "Doing Zimbabwean History with Terence Ranger: A Personal Note." Journal of Southern African Studies 41, no. 5 (September 3, 2015): 1115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2015.1083279.

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32

Youde, Jeremy. "Patriotic history and anti-LGBT rhetoric in Zimbabwean politics." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines 51, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 61–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00083968.2016.1276850.

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Yoshikuni, Tsuneo. "Linking urban history with precolonial and rural history: From the Zimbabwean experience." Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 36-37, no. 1 (January 2001): 156–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00672700109511705.

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Rwafa, Urther. "BEACONS OF HOPE: YOUTHS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEATRE INDUSTRY IN ZIMBABWE." Commonwealth Youth and Development 13, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1727-7140/1155.

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Since independence (attained in 1980), the theatre industry in Zimbabwe has experienced some tremendous changes due to the involvement of youths who have the capacity to experiment with different genres, such as theatre in the park, street theatre, forum theatre, proscenium theatre and community theatre. All these forms of theatre continue to explore different themes and perspectives that affect Zimbabwean youths in both positive and negative ways. This article explores factors that affect the productive life of theatrical productions in Zimbabwe paying particular attention to the extent to which youths were/are involved in contributing to the growth of the theatre industry in Zimbabwe. In this endeavour, the article will focus on education and training aspects, networking, collaborations, funding, research, theatre impact and advocacy. A better understanding of how the above-mentioned factors affect the developmental skills of youths and the growth of Zimbabwean theatre industry will create awareness among youths, who should make informed decisions if they are to survive â€˜cut-throatâ€™ competition in Zimbabweâ€™s theatre industry.

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Chiduza, L. "Towards the protection of human rights: Do the new Zimbabwean constitutional provisions on judicial independence suffice?" Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 17, no. 1 (May 2, 2014): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/pelj.v17i1.09.

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Morrison, Andrew, and Alison Love. "A Discourse of Disillusionment: Letters to the Editor in Two Zimbabwean Magazines 10 Years after Independence." Discourse & Society 7, no. 1 (January 1996): 39–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926596007001003.

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McLaren, Joseph, and Flora Veit-Wild. "Teachers, Preachers, Non-Believers: A Social History of Zimbabwean Literature." African Studies Review 37, no. 3 (December 1994): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/524931.

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DODGSON, PAULINE. "Teachers, Preachers, Non-Believers: a social history of Zimbabwean literature." African Affairs 92, no. 369 (October 1993): 621–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098675.

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Jones, Claire. "A modern tradition: the social history of the Zimbabwean Marimba." African Music: Journal of the International Library of African Music 9, no. 2 (2012): 32–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21504/amj.v9i2.1803.

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Waters, Harold A., and Flora Veit-Wild. "Teachers, Preachers, Non-Believers: A Social History of Zimbabwean Literature." World Literature Today 67, no. 4 (1993): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40149781.

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Phimister, Ian. "Narratives of progress: Zimbabwean historiography and the end of history." Journal of Contemporary African Studies 30, no. 1 (January 2012): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2012.639657.

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Barure, Walter Kudzai, and Irikidzayi Manase. "Different narration, same history: The politics of writing ‘democratic narratives’ in Zimbabwe." Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 57, no. 2 (September 17, 2020): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/tl.v57i2.6518.

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Over the past five decades, Zimbabwe’s political trajectories were characterised by a historiographic revision and deconstruction that revealed varying ideological perceptions and positions of political actors. This article reconsiders the current shifts in the Zimbabwean historiography and focuses on the politics of positioning the self in the national narrative. The article analyses three Zimbabwean political autobiographies written by political actors from the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC), particularly Michael Auret’s From Liberator to Dictator: An Insider’s Account of Robert Mugabe’s Descent into Tyranny (2009), Morgan Tsvangirai’s At the Deep End (2011), and David Coltart’s The Struggle Continues: 50 Years of Tyranny in Zimbabwe (2016). It also discusses how writing in Zimbabwe is a contested terrain that is bifurcated between oppositional and dominant imaginaries of politics, the revolutionary tradition, and past performances of power.

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Bajaj, Sumeet, Anrin Chakraborti, and Radu Sion. "Practical Foundations of History Independence." IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security 11, no. 2 (February 2016): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2015.2491309.

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Leach, M. "East Timorese History after Independence." History Workshop Journal 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 222–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbi051.

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Xiaoji, Xiang. "Independence and Unification." Chinese Studies in History 30, no. 3 (April 1997): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/csh0009-4633300397.

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Kvart, Igal. "Causal Independence." Philosophy of Science 61, no. 1 (March 1994): 96–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/289782.

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Graham, Richard, and Brian Vale. "Independence or Death! British Sailors and Brazilian Independence, 1822-1825." Journal of Military History 62, no. 2 (April 1998): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/120735.

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Chitando, Ezra. "Fact and Fiction: Images of Missionaries in Zimbabwean Literature." Studies in World Christianity 7, no. 1 (April 2001): 80–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/swc.2001.7.1.80.

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Mafu, Hezekiel. "The 1991-92 Zimbabwean Drought and Some Religious Reactions." Journal of Religion in Africa 25, no. 3 (1995): 288–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006695x00137.

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Machingura, Francis. "The Reading & Interpretation of Matthew 18:21-22 in Relation to Multiple Reconciliations: The Zimbabwean Experience." Exchange 39, no. 4 (2010): 331–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157254310x537016.

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AbstractThe mention of the terms ‘healing, truth and reconciliation’, conjure up different meanings across religio-political, social and economical divide in Zimbabwe. This paper seeks to explore the possible implications of the reading of Matthew 18:21-22 in relation to reconciliation in the face of continual and structural violence in Zimbabwe. This rose as a result of the multiple reconciliation undertakings that have been witnessed by the Zimbabweans since the attainment of Independence in 1980. These healing whistles have been sounded in 1980, 1987 and recently 2008 after the brutal violence that took place in different shapes and depth. Most of the victims belonged to both political parties but mostly opposition parties save the violence before Independence as shall be shown in this paper. What is interesting is that, the recent 24-26 July 2009 healing calls by Mugabe are no longer a new phenomenon in Zimbabwe, as they do not produce any positive change on people’s behaviour and attitude; when it comes to how Zimbabwean people should relate and integrate each other without resorting to violence in the face of different political views. Surprisingly the calls for peace, unity, reconciliation, integration and forgiveness have left the Zimbabwean society more: wounded, divided and polarised than healed; and more disintegrated than integrated. How does one reconcile with someone who murdered your father, raped your mother or sister in your face; and that person is not made accountable for his actions but is only asked to apologize? This paper seeks to argue that healing or any reconciliation without the seeking of truth and justice is a goose chasing as it still leaves Zimbabwe a ‘violence infested’ country. I also take issue with Religious Leaders who quote Matthew 18:21-22; as a precursor for unconditional forgiveness on the part of the victim when it comes to reconciliation and healing in Zimbabwe.

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