Dissertations / Theses: 'HIV/AIDS Ethiopia'

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Kassahun, Walelign Meheretu. "HIV Prevalence and Donor Funding in Ethiopia." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6446.

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Many researchers have documented the trend of decreasing financial support from donors for human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) responses in Ethiopia. Less information is available regarding the correlation between trends of HIV prevalence and external funding and ways to address the impact that funding scarcity could cause. The purpose of this study was to examine the trend of HIV prevalence and donor funding levels, analyzing how the 2 are correlated, and opportunities to improve responses. Using the proximate determinant framework, the research questions examined the changes in HIV prevalence in Ethiopia during the past 10 years; the association between the trends of HIV prevalence, funding levels, and services provided; and the effect of different characteristics on the trend of the prevalence. A paired sample t-test, time series forecasting, Pearson correlation, chi-square test, and multiple regression were employed using a secondary data of sampled 1,067 people from the Demographic and Health Surveys and data from donors. Results indicated that the change in prevalence was statistically significant (t [10] = 4.59, p = .001), and correlated with the funding levels(r (10) = .635*, p = .027), a significant relationship between funding level and type of services, Ï?2 (2, N = 1067) = 1425.7, p <.001 and a significant regression equation to predict HIV prevalence (F (9, 1056) = 12.639, p < .001). The results from this study could be used to inform the Ministry of Health of Ethiopia and HIV project implementers to plan for domestic sustainable financing initiatives, invest based upon evidence-based HIV prevention strategies that could most directly impact quality of life and guide future research.

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Yirdaw, Biksegn. "Depression and HIV/AIDS: adapting and piloting group interpersonal therapy for treatment of depressive symptoms for people living with HIV/AIDS in Northwest Ethiopia." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33984.

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Background Being diagnosed with HIV/AIDS and commencement of lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) with the requirement of high adherence can exacerbate or trigger depressive disorders. Prevalence of major depression is substantially higher in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) than those in the general population. More than 50% of PLWHA are likely to meet one or more criteria for depression in their lifetime. However, access to interventions for depressive disorders remains limited in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) where more than 90% of people with depressive disorders are not receiving formal treatment. The role of evidence-based psychological treatments has been fundamental in reducing the huge treatment gap in LMICs. Although brief, flexible and effective psychological treatments are emerging, issues in relation to their acceptability, feasibility and effectiveness in HIV populations remain unexplored. Therefore, this thesis aimed to adapt and pilot group interpersonal therapy (IPT) for treatment of depressive symptoms including its acceptability and feasibility for PLWHA. This thesis has been the first that attempted to adapt and pilot group IPT for treatment of depression in the HIV population in Ethiopia. The findings of this thesis can serve as a baseline for researchers interested in adapting or developing psychological treatments in the HIV population in Ethiopia. The findings contribute information on the process used in examining acceptability and feasibility of psychological interventions which provides indications for conducting future trials to test the effectiveness of group IPT. Methods First, a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials was conducted to identify the most effective psychological treatments for depressive symptoms for PLWHA in LMICs. Second, a survey of major depressive disorder (MDD) was conducted among PLWHA who were attending ART follow-up appointments at the Felege-Hiwot Referral Hospital (FHRH) in Northwest Ethiopia. The survey served as a baseline to identify cases for piloting of group IPT and helped to identify areas for intervention. Third, the intervention areas were further explored among stakeholders from the ART clinic including PLWHA and this was followed by a stepwise adaptation of the group IPT manual. Furthermore, a formative qualitative study was conducted to examine explanatory models of depression and to explore acceptable contexts for implementation of group IPT. A total of three focus groups were conducted with purposively selected case managers, adherence supporters and service users 2 at the ART clinic. The qualitative data were analysed based on a framework approach using predefined thematic concepts. Fourth, a pilot study of the group IPT intervention was conducted among PLWHA to evaluate the acceptability and feasibility of peer-administered group IPT for treatment of depressive symptoms for PLWHA in Ethiopia. A single-arm, prepost, peer-administered, group IPT interventional study was conducted with 31 consecutively recruited participants. The participants were assigned to four IPT groups for the intervention. A post-intervention evaluation of depressive symptoms, perceived social support (PSS), functional disability and quality of life (QoL) was conducted using the same instruments used at the baseline. No control group was included in this pilot study. Results The findings of the systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that trials that used IPT have shown good effectiveness in treating depressive symptoms of PLWHA in LMICs. The baseline study found 32.5% prevalence of MDD among randomly selected PLWHA (N=393). MDD was positively associated with reduced adherence to ART, functional disability and negatively associated with overall QoL. Overall findings of the baseline and the qualitative study indicated that psychosocial problems are the most important factors that need intervention for depression for PLWHA. The main findings in relation to the adaptation of the WHO group IPT were: i) an IPT group that contains five to ten people was perceived to be acceptable and mixed gender groups were recommended; ii) sessions were recommended to be conducted in private rooms for 1.5 to 2 hours, and on a weekly basis. Findings of the pilot study indicated that depression scores reduced significantly between baseline and postintervention (mean difference (MD)=9.92; t=-7.82; p<0.001). The mean PSS scores (MD=0.79; t=2.84; p=0.009) and the mean QoL scores (MD=0.39, t=4.58, p<0.001) improved significantly between baseline and post-intervention. All the IPT intervention areas (life change, disagreement, grief and loneliness) were found to be applicable to and important areas associated with depression in PLWHA in Ethiopia. Most importantly, disagreement within a family and life change due to HIV/AIDS, such as sickness and separation were faced by almost all PLWHA included in the study, followed by loneliness or social isolation as result of HIV stigma, and grief due to loss of loved ones including a spouse, a child, a mother or a father. Overall evaluation of the pilot indicated that the procedures and outcomes of group based IPT were perceived as acceptable. Participants of the intervention gained benefits in resolving psychosocial problems and reported high satisfaction with counsellors and intervention setting. The eight weekly sessions that lasted around two hours were acceptable; however, 3 additional sessions were recommended by some counsellors until everyone recovers from depression. Conclusion The overall findings of this thesis suggested that group IPT was found to be acceptable and feasible for PLWHA in Ethiopia. Future studies should focus on examining its effectiveness for treating depressive disorders among PLWHA in Ethiopia.

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Zenebe, Mulumebet. "Negotiating gender and sexuality in the HIV/AIDS discourse in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia : contradictions and paradoxes /." Tromsø \031C: : Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology, University of Tromsø\031C, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10037/356.

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Timoney, Ringström Miriam, and Elin Johansen. "HIV POSITIVE WOMEN’S EXPERIENCE OF STIGMA FROM HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS DURING PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH : Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för folkhälso- och vårdvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-244699.

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Introduktion: 1,2 miljoner människor lever med HIV/AIDS i Etiopien, men med rätt åtgärder kan en gravid, HIV-positiv kvinna minska risken för att smitta sitt barn till under 5 %. Trots detta upplever en majoritet av HIV-positiva patienter stigma från sjukvårdspersonal som kan leda till en minskad livskvalitet. Vårdpersonalens förståelse av stigma och kunskap om HIV är nödvändig för att utveckla strategier för att minska denna stigmatisering. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka HIV-positiva kvinnors upplevelser av stigmatisering från vårdpersonal under graviditet och förlossning i Addis Ababa, Etiopien. Metod: En deskriptiv studie med kvalitativ ansats användes. Sju HIV-positiva kvinnor som har mottagit mödravård i Addis Ababa, Etiopien, deltog med hjälp av bekvämlighet urval. Travelbees omvårdnadteori och en kognitiv modell av AIDS-relaterad stigma användes som teoretisk ram. Strukturerade intervjufrågor användes och data analyserades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Studien har tre kategorier; Negativa reaktioner från vårdpersonal, Ingen känsla av stigma och Utbildning från vårdpersonal till kvinnorna. Majoriteten av deltagarna hade upplevt en händelse av HIV-relaterat stigma från vårdpersonal. Detta genom att bland annat känna sig annorlunda bemött på grund av sin diagnos eller genom att ha upplevt hur vårdpersonalen var överdrivet rädda för att bli smittade. Resultatet visar också att det finns vårdpersonal som utövar en vård utan stigmatisering samt att utbildning gavs till samtliga kvinnor från vårdpersonalen angående hur HIV smittas och dess medicinering. Slutsats: Stigmatisering från vårdpersonal förekommer bland HIV-positiva kvinnor. Sjuksköterskan har ett ansvar för att minska stigmatisering genom att utöva en omvårdnad där kvinnorna känner sig lika behandlad och respekterad. Förbättring behövs där vårdpersonal utvecklar sin förståelse av stigmatisering och av hur ett stigmatiserande beteende inom vården kan undvikas.
Introduction: 1.2 million people live with HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia, but with correct interventions a HIV positive pregnant woman can reduce the risk of infecting her baby to below 5 %. Nevertheless, a majority of HIV positive patients experience stigma from healthcare professionals, which can lead to a reduced life quality. Healthcare professionals’ understanding of stigma and knowledge about HIV is necessary in order to develop strategies to reduce this stigma. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate HIV positive women's experience of stigma from healthcare professionals during pregnancy and childbirth in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method: A descriptive study with a qualitative method was used. Seven HIV positive women who had received maternity care in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia participated and were chosen through a convenience sample. Structured interview questions were used and data were analyzed by using qualitative content analysis. Travelbeés theory of care and cognitive model of AIDS-related stigmatization were used as theoretical framework. Results: Three categories were identified in this study: Negative reactions from health care professionals, Non-presence of stigma and Education from healthcare professionals. The majority of the participants had experienced an event of HIV- related stigma from healthcare professionals. These HIV positive women felt as if they were treated differently because of their diagnosis and they experienced the professionals’ fear of becoming infected. However some of the HIV positive women who were interviewed felt they had also experienced situations where no stigmatization was shown by healthcare professionals. All the woman who were interviewed had received information about the HIV virus, how it´s spread and what medication is used as treatment. Conclusion: Stigma from healthcare professionals among HIV positive woman exists. Health care professionals have a responsibility to reduce stigma by providing care that gives women the sense of being equally treated and respected. Improvements are needed in the education of healthcare professionals so that they can develop an understanding of stigma as well as an understanding of how their own stigmatizing behavior can be reduced when caring for HIV positive women.

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Aderaye, Getachew. "Pulmonary tuberculosis and Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in HIV-infected patients in Ethiopia /." Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2007/978-91-7357-123-4/.

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Tadesse, Mizanie Abate. "HIV testing from an African Human Rights System perspective : an analysis of the legal and policy framework of Botswana, Ethiopia and Uganda." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5928_1210839992.

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The HIV/AIDS pandemic poses the greatest threat to Africa's efforts to achieve its full potential in the social, economical and political spheres. Cognizant of its devastating consequences, various mechanisms have been designed to address the issue of HIV/AIDS in Africa. This thesis addressed the question: 'Are the legislations and policies of Ethiopia, Botswana and Uganda providing for various modalities of HIV testing consistent with human rights as enshrined under African Human Rights system?' The author of this dissertation critically analyzed the African human rights instruments and the relevant domestic legislation and policies of the three countries.

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Lonsako, Shumet Adnew. "Assessment of an integrated TB/HIV programme at health facilities in Hawassa town administration of Ethiopia." University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5487.

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Magister Public Health - MPH
Evaluation of health programmes is essential to assist programme managers in decision-making and accountability to the population they serve. Additionally, regular monitoring and evaluation of TB/HIV collaborative activities are used as a means to assess quality, effectiveness and coverage of services; yet little attention has been given to this in most developing countries. In the southern region of Ethiopia, since the inception of the TB/HIV collaborative activities in 2005, there has not been any formal evaluation pertaining to the implementation status of integrated TB/HIV services at routine program level. However, a series of TB/HIV reviews underlined many challenges that have adversely affected the implementation nationally. However, studies conducted on the quality of TB and HIV/AIDS services tend to be broad and not targeted to the integrated TB/HIV program and therefore, it was necessary to assess the implementation status in a more focused way with a vision to determine its adequacy or otherwise and make appropriate recommendations to improve integrated TB/HIV services in the town. Aim: To assess the implementation of integrated TB/HIV activities in the health facilities of Hawassa town administration Study design: Cross sectional study Study population: All health facilities, health managers, and records of TB and HIV patients in Hawassa town administration Sample population: The study population encompassed TB and HIV clinics, managers of each health facility, and sampled records of individual clients/patients enrolled in the HIV/AIDS/TB treatment and care program, from each health facility in the year 2009/10. Data collection: Face-to-face interviews with facility managers, observation of the rooms in which TB/HIV services are rendered and a review of patient records, were undertaken. Analysis: Descriptive statistics with frequencies and percentages were used for analysis of facility based resource inputs, TB case finding and management, and HIV case finding and management practices. Indicator variables extracted from the record review were transformed into scales (0 or 1) and weighted to reflect the levels of TB/HIV service quality, integration and resources input. After weighting, experts' opinion was used to set a cut off level (75%) to categorize the relative service quality received by individuals and the level of integrated care provided by facilities into "adequate" or "inadequate". Bivariate analysis was done to assess the effect of independent predictor variables on outcome variables. We used a– P value of 0.1 on bivariate analysis as the cut off point for inclusion of variables into the multivariate analysis. Prevalence ratios, adjusted prevalence odds ratios, and 95% confidence intervals were used to present outcomes. Results: Availability of resource inputs for HIV/AIDS care was inadequate in half of the facilities in Hawassa town whereas, laboratory infrastructure for TB/HIV care was adequate in all facilities. Most (91%) HIV/AIDS patients had their CD4 count and weight (96%) measured at baseline. However, the trend declined over time and the practice was better in hospitals than in health centres. HAART status was a strong predictor of CD4 count improvement and improvement in CD4 count was found to be a strong predictor of body weight gain. TB case finding and management practices in HIV/AIDS clinics were found to be adequate in the health facilities in Hawassa town. Ninety five percent and 86% of HIV positive patients were screened for TB at baseline and at the last clinical visit respectively, of which 98%, 93% and 81% of patients co infected with TB and HIV were provided with DOTS, CPT and ART respectively. However, only 11% of HIV positive patients without active TB were provided with IPT. Only HAART status was found to be a strong predictor of TB case finding. Quality of HIV/AIDS care in health facilities in Hawassa town was adequate. Availability of at least a minimum number of staff and being on HAART were found to be strong negative and positive predictors of quality respectively. Overall, 91% of patients on HAART were retained in care at the end of the year (alive and on treatment), 6% were retained and 3% died. Resources for the TB program were deficient in our study area. Three out of four facilities had inadequate overall input resources required for good quality TB care and the fourth barely managed to achieve adequate status. However, laboratory infrastructure and availability of forms and registers were adequate in all the facilities. There was a high degree of HIV case finding and a high prevalence (17%) of HIV among TB patients. Despite this, the overall HIV care provided was inadequate, with only 64% and 73% of TB/HIV co-infected patients being provided with HAART and co-trimoxazole respectively and 22% of TB/HIV co-infected patients not enrolled in HIV care. Among sputum positive TB patients good quality TB care was found to be a strong predictor of successful treatment outcome Our study also showed consistently very high quality TB service provision in the town despite the lack of required resources. Conclusion and Recommendations: The study showed that there was relatively good quality provision of TB and HIV services despite inadequate input resources and that quality of care was positively associated with good outcomes. The study also indicated that HAART benefited patients substantially and hence earlier initiation could be the way forward. We recommend that to further improve quality of care one stop shopping services (availing both anti-TB and HIV care at the same service point within a clinic) be established. In addition, we recommend improved patient monitoring, especially for Pre-ART patients, be established.

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Berggren, Palme Ingela. "Tuberculosis and HIV interaction in Ethiopian children : aspects on epidemiology, diagnosis and clinical management /." Stockholm, 2002. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2002/91-7349-296-5/.

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Dinbabo, Berhane Tessema. "Transformational leadership and health related NGOs in Ethiopia: Members' perspectives of their leaders - A case study of Addis Ababa Network of PLHIV Associations (ANOPA+)." University of the Western cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5393.

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Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS)
Clarifying the nexus between leadership and organisational effectiveness across the world remains a significant challenge that has raised robust scholarly debate. A wide range of conceptual models have been provided on effective leadership. But, at the global level few empirical studies have been done to examine transformational leadership in the context of Non-Government Organisations (NGOs). In line with the leadership theory and conceptual framework, this study sought to analyse members' perception of their leaders, using a case study NGO in Addis Ababa. The researcher employed both quantitative and qualitative research methods. Quantitative methodology used questionnaire surveys based on the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire to assess the dominant leadership style within ANOPA+. Qualitative methodology was applied through semi-structured interviews, in order to deepen the understanding of the existing leadership style based on the members' perception of the organisation. The results of the study indicated that transformational leadership motivated followers to attain more than they thought possible, by appealing to followers self-esteem and inspiring them to go beyond self-centered interests. In addition, the research process identified five important gaps that impede the successful implementation of ANOPA+'s programme. First, this study revealed that ANOPA+ leaders failed to use, or lacked a proper understanding of, transformational leadership skills. Second, this empirical research, discovered that the dominant leadership style within ANOPA+ was transactional leadership. Third, this research confirmed that there was no statistically significant difference between the perception of staff and volunteers regarding the leadership style within ANOPA+. Fourth, the field data assessment showed that HIV/AIDS status is the crucial criterion for appointment as a leader in ANOPA+. However, ANOPA+ members believed that effective leaders should have a combination of the knowledge, skills and competencies that followers can use to perform their day-to-day work. Fifth, the study identified that the appointment of women in leadership positions within ANOPA+ is very low. Within the context of the above mentioned analysis, the study finally brings into focus general observations gained from the investigation and provides recommendations to policy makers and other stakeholders.

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Johansson, Matilda. "Social Marketing : A way to reach and empower vulnerable people through prevention work against the spread of HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections in Ethiopia." Thesis, Ersta Sköndal högskola, Institutionen för socialvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:esh:diva-1783.

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Millions of people in the world are infected by HIV/AIDS or/and other Sexually Transmitted Infections, STIs. Ethiopia is, with its population on almost 94 million people, one of the worst affected countries. One of the methods that are used in the prevention work in order to combat the spread of HIV/AIDS and STIs in Ethiopia is Social Marketing, a concept that adopts traditional marketing techniques in order to obtain social change. This inductive study explores how three various Ethiopian organizations are utilizing Social Marketing in their HIV/AIDS and STI prevention work throughout Ethiopia, how the concept can be used to achieve attitudinal- and behavioral change by people, as well as if the organization’s various Social Marketing projects strive to provide vulnerable groups of the Ethiopian society with empowerment, and if so, in what ways. The empirical material was collected through six qualitative interviews and two focus group discussions during an eight-week long stay in Ethiopia during March-May, 2012. The findings of this study have been analyzed through theories about human behavior with a focus on behavior change, as well as various definitions and concepts of empowerment. The study’s result shows that Social Marketing can be utilized in several ways in the HIV/AIDS and STI prevention work in Ethiopia to obtain attitudinal- and behavior changes, for instance by using various commercial techniques, street campaigns, information/education/behavioral change materials, as well as trainings, outreach work and peer education, which aims to educate people about HIV/AIDS, STIs, condoms and condom use. The organization’s joint Social Marketing project “Wise Up-program” includes Drop In Centers and Cooperative Activity for sex workers. The findings of this essay shows that these projects do strive to provide vulnerable groups of the Ethiopian society with empowerment, psychologically as well as economically.

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[Verfasser], Sennait Negash Gebreyohannes, Tesfatsion Medhanie [Akademischer Betreuer], and Rainer [Akademischer Betreuer] Dombois. "The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Civil Society Development and Its Implication on Governance "The Case of Ethiopia" / Sennait Negash. Gutachter: Tesfatsion Medhanie ; Rainer Dombois. Betreuer: Tesfatsion Medhanie." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1072045966/34.

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Tadele, Getnet. "Bleak prospects: young men , sexuality and HIV/AIDS in an Ethiopian town." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2005. http://dare.uva.nl/document/78048.

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De, rosis Carolina. "Exercices et constructions du pouvoir aux marges de la cité : la participation des femmes dans la lutte contre le VIH/sida en Éthiopie, entre marginalité et mobilité sociale." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0107/document.

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Une épidémie généralisée de VIH/sida est attestée en Éthiopie dès le début des années 1990. Répartie de façon très hétérogène d’une région à l’autre du pays, l’épidémie est restée essentiellement concentrée dans les villes où le taux de séroprévalence est à son maximum parmi les jeunes femmes adultes. Diverses formes de privation économique et sociale se produisent au sein de la population urbaine et plus particulièrement parmi les femmes, en lien avec une mobilité géographique interne à dominante féminine et une instabilité conjugale très marquée. Facteur aggravant ces formes de privation économique et sociale, le VIH/sida a été à l’origine d’une mobilisation de malades socialement défavorisés qui se sont rassemblés autour de leurs afflictions afin de faire face à leur condition par la recherche de différentes formes d’aides et d’un soutien psycho-social auprès de différentes organisations non- gouvernementales et humanitaires. Cette mobilisation s’est par la suite amplifiée se structurant autour des stratégies globales de lutte contre l’épidémie en même temps que celle-ci a conduit à un investissement sans précédents dans le système sociosanitaire éthiopien en termes de ressources économiques, humaines, techniques et biomédicales. Les politiques d’accès gratuit et généralisé aux ARV que l’Éthiopie a mises en place grâce au développement de partenariats avec des organisations d’aide multilatérale, des pays engagés dans la coopération bilatérale, et des instances globales de la santé, se sont de fait progressivement inscrites à différents titres dans le champ de la lutte contre la pauvreté. Elles ont plus particulièrement facilité la prise en charge globale de femmes séropositives au sein de la population considérée pauvre sur la base de leur condition médicale alors que le ciblage de cette population est imparfaitement atteint par les politiques de réduction de la pauvreté. En s’appuyant sur les données recueillies au cours d’enquêtes ethnographiques réalisées en Éthiopie entre 2007 et 2010, cette thèse se propose plus précisément d’étudier l’impact que les politiques d’accès aux soins ont eu sur la représentation sociale de la pauvreté féminine en Éthiopie tant par le développement de diverses formes de solidarité parmi des citoyens les plus marginalisés que par la facilitation de leur accès à diverses ressources matérielles et symboliques. Se constituant comme un observatoire privilégié du processus historique d’évolution de l’État éthiopien sous l’angle de ses pratiques dans une situation de forte extraversion, la lutte contre le VIH/sida se donne plus spécialement à voir comme l’espace de nouvelles expériences de citoyenneté de la part de femmes malades socialement marginalisées en lien avec diverses formes de mobilités sociales engendrées par leur participation en tant qu’actrices profanes au fonctionnement des dispositifs sociosanitaires dévolus à l’endiguement de cette épidémie
A widespread HIV/AIDS epidemic was confirmed in Ethiopia at the beginning of the 1990s. The epidemic is distributed very unevenly between one region of the country and another, but is essentially concentrated in the towns where the HIV prevalence rate is at its highest level among young adult women. Various forms of economic and social deprivation are observed among urban population and more particularly among women consistent with a predominantly female internal geographic mobility and very significant levels of marital instability. HIV/AIDS was an aggravating factor in these forms of economic and social privation marginality, and gave rise to a mobilization of socially underprivileged sick people who grouped together around their afflictions in order to confront their condition by seeking different forms of aid and psychosocial support from the various non-governmental and humanitarian organisations. This mobilisation then expanded, and was structured around global strategies for facing the epidemic, and at the same time led to unprecedented levels of investment in the Ethiopian healthcare system in terms of economic, human, technical and biomedical resources. The strategies for widespread free access to ARVs that were implemented in Ethiopia thanks to the development of partnerships with multilateral aid organizations, the countries involved in bilateral cooperation and global health organisations gradually became involved in different ways in the struggle against poverty. More particularly, they facilitated the global care of HIV positive women from the population that was deemed to be poor based on their medical condition, whereas targeting of this population is only imperfectly obtained through policies to reduce poverty. By the use of data gathered during the ethnographic studies carried out in Ethiopia between 2007 and 2010, the precise aim of this thesis is to study the impact that policies of access to care have had on the social representation of female poverty in Ethiopia through the development of a variety of forms of solidarity among the most marginalised citizens and their access to various material and symbolic resources. As a privileged observatory of the historical process of development of the Ethiopian State from the perspective of its practices in a highly extraversive situation, the struggle against HIV/AIDS results in a space for new citizenship experiences on the part of socially-marginalized HIV-positive women, in relation to the various forms of social mobility engendered by their participation as lay actors in the functioning of the social and health care devices dedicated to containing this epidemic

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Mohammed, Mohammed O. M. "Statistical methods for analysing complex survey data : an application to HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10397.

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The HIV/AIDS pandemic is currently the most challenging public health matter that faces third world countries, especially those in Sub-Saharan Africa. Ethiopia, in East Africa, with a generalised and highly heterogeneous epidemic, is no exception, with HIV/AIDS affecting most sectors of the economy. The first case of HIV in Ethiopia was reported in 1984. Since then, HIV/AIDS has become a major public health con cern, leading the Government of Ethiopia to declare a public health emergency in 2002. In 2011, the adult HIV/AIDS prevalence in Ethiopia was estimated at 1.5%. Approximately 1.2 million Ethiopians were living with HIV/AIDS in 2010. Surveys are an important and popular tool for collecting data. Analytical use of survey data especially health survey data has become very common, with a focus on the association of particular outcome variables with explanatory variables at the population level. In this study we used the data from the 2005 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey, (EDHS 2005), and identified key demographic, socioeconomic, sociocultural, behavioral and proximate determinants of HIV/AIDS risk factor. Usually most survey analysts ignore the complex survey design issues like clustering, stratification and unequal probability of selection (weights). This study deals with complex survey design and takes the design aspect into account, because failure to do so leads to bias parameters estimates and standard error, wide confidence intervals and statistical tests will be incorrect. In this study, three statistical approaches were used to analyse the complex survey data. The first approach was a survey logistic regression used to model the binary outcome (HIV serostatus) and set of explanatory variables (the dependence of the HIV risk factors). The difference between survey logistic regression and the ordinary logistic regression is that survey logistic regression approach takes the study design into account during analysis. The second approach was a multilevel logistic regression model, that assumed that the data structure in the population was hierarchical, and that individual within household was selected from clusters that were randomly selected from a national sampling frame. We considered a three-level model for our analysis. This second approach considered the results from Frequentist and a Bayesian multilevel models. Bayesian methods can provide accurate estimates of the parameters and the uncertainty associated with them. The third approach used was a Spatial models approach where model parameters were estimated under the Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA) paradigm.
Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2013.

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Alemayehu, Betel Getachew. "Socio-cultural factors contributing to the differential HIV statuses between Agnuak and Nuer communities in Fugnido refugee camp, Ethiopia." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/8922.

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According to the 2005 Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey, HIV prevalence in Gambella region where Fugnido refugee camp is located is 6%, which is the highest prevalence data recorded in the country. Similarly, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Health Information System (HIS) demonstrates that Fugnido has the highest HIV prevalence compared to other refugee camps in Ethiopia and furthermore shows variation in prevalence among the two main ethnic groups in the camp, namely Agnuak and Nuer (about 8.5% and 2.3% respectively). The study seeks to investigate why a significant difference exists in the number of people with known HIV positive status among the Agnuak community compared to the Nuer community in the Fugnido refugee camp in Ethiopia. It does this by investigating factors that are presumed to explain HIV high risk-behaviour and vulnerability. This was a cross-sectional study of Agnuak and Nuer tribes living at the Fugnido refugee camp. The sampled population involved men and women refugees from the ages of 15 to 49 years. The study used a mixed method approach or methodological triangulation. Cluster sampling technique was used for the quantitative data collection. The sample size was 831 refugees (439 Agnuak and 390 Nuer). Seven (7) Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and 3 Key Informant (KI) interviews was used for the qualitative data collection. Findings show that the Agnuak were almost 4 times (OR=3.8, 95% CI [1.9-7.4] p < 0.05) more likely to practice risky behaviour compared to 0.3 times (OR=0.3, 95% CI [0.1- 0.9] p < 0.05) likelihood among the Nuer refugees. Factors associated with differences in risky behaviour for both Agnuak and Nuer included, inter alia, primary education as the highest level of education attained, 50% among the Agnuak (OR=0.5, 95% CI [0.3-0.8] p < 0.05), compared to Nuer community’s 30% (OR=0.3, 95% CI [0.2-0.6] p < 0.05). Access to HIV and voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) services was lower for the Agnuak (OR=1.8, 95% CI [1.1-2.9] p < 0.05) compared to the Nuer (OR=2.9, 95% CI [1.6-5.1] p < 0.05). Unlike the Nuer refugees, the Agnuak refugees who had experienced forced sex (OR=7.3, 95% CI [2.9-18.8] p < 0.05) and had a positive attitude (lack of or reduced stigma) towards HIV (OR=2.1, 95% CI [1.3-3.7] p < 0.05) were more positively associated with risky 6 behaviour (than the Nuer). The Nuer had no factor associated with risky behaviour that was different from that of the Agnuak. The study revealed more Agnuak refugees than Nuer refugees had been engaged in risky sexual behaviour by having multiple sex partners and being involved in transactional sex. The Nuer was more closed and reserved to having sexual relations outside of their group than the Agnuak were which contributed to their relatively lower HIV prevalence. Furthermore, there was very low condom use among the Nuer community compared to the Agnuak community, which was based on differential attitudes between the two communities concerning trust of partner and monogamous relations. The study findings recommend that humanitarian workers and community partners need to collaborate to develop congruent HIV interventions that go beyond traditional strategies of distributing condoms and focus on correct and consistent use of condoms in the camp. Humanitarian and community workers’ understanding the socioeconomic context of the communities and the influence of cultural and other factors, including behaviour with intervention strategies,could also curb the epidemic.
Sociology
M.A. (Sociology)

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Dagnew, Yimenu Wondale. "Factors influencing anti-retroviral therapy adherence in Ethiopia." Diss., 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/3947.

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The objective of this study was to assess levels of HAART adherence and factors affecting it. An observational, analytic, cross-sectional and quantitative study using IMB model was conducted on a randomly selected 349 HIV/AIDS patients on a HAART regimen. Data collection was done by interviewing respondents using a structured questionnaire. Both descriptive and inferential statistics used in the study. Only 80.2% of the total sample population reported a HAART adherence rate of more than or equal to 95% in this study. The findings highlight the need for on-going educational, informational and other interventions to address the knowledge, motivation and adherence behavioural skills of patients in order to improve the current levels of HAART adherence behaviour. The study also suggested the need for research into objective measures of adherence as well as longitudinal studies on adherence behaviour because strict adherence to treatment is a long-term process and not a one-time activity.
Health Studies
M.A. (Public health)

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17

Gatta, Abraham Alemayehu. "Guidelines for gender sensitive HIV and AIDS prevention strategies among reproductive age women in Ethiopia." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/19693.

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Background AIDS remains one of the world’s most serious health challenges affecting more females than men. The differences in the spread of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) among gender groups stem from biology, sexual behaviour and socially constructed gender differences between women and men in roles and responsibilities, access to resources and decision-making power. It could also be due to the females’ status in society which could be justified by lower economic and decision making ability. Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the role of gender in the spread of HIV among women of reproductive age in Ethiopia; with the view of developing gender sensitive HIV and AIDS prevention strategies. Methods The study used sequential mixed method with quantitative and qualitative paradigm. During first phase of the study, health facility based descriptive cross-sectional study design was used. Data was collected from 422 respondents using a structured questionnaire. Forty participants were recruited by purposive sampling from representatives working in reproductive health or related fields. Results About 83.2% of respondents reported that sexual intercourse discussion should be initiated by male partners. This showed that majority of respondents were dependent on their male partners in decision-making regarding sexual matters in their relationship. Multiple sexual partners were common among the respondents. One third of the respondents reported to have had intercourse with more than one partner during the past twelve months of the study period. Higher proportion of respondents (61.4%, n=259) had never used condom during sexual intercourse with their partner/s. As a result these risky sexual practices are a potential threat for spread of HIV and AIDS among women. Thus developed guidelines would alleviate the existing problems through implementation of strategies of HIV and AIDS prevention to enhance women’s status at household and different administrative structure level. Conclusion Gender disparities in relation to negotiating sexual relations among the study respondents were found to be still relevant. The culture that has placed men at the helm of leadership in sexual matters is strongly upheld and that includes who recommends use of preventive measures and who regulates when and how to enter into a sexual relationship. Guidelines for gender sensitive prevention strategies if applied appropriately would educate women and men to make decision about what directly affects their health
Health Studies
D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

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18

Balcha, Daniel Messele. "Rozsah vládnutí v řešení HIV/AIDS problému v Etiopii." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-333767.

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This case study seeks to understand the scope of governance in addressing HIV/AIDS issues in Ethiopia by making use of HIV/AIDS partnership forums that exist in the country. All individuals representing the government sector, the NGO sector, the for profit sector and HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Office (HAPCO) both at the national level and in the three regions namely Oromia Region, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region (SNNPR) and Addis Ababa have been interviewed. Additional data were gathered using a PARTNER tool survey and also relevant documents have been analyzed. The social capital and governance theories create a framework where actors enjoy partnerships and use the benefits in both policy making and implementation. With the help of a problem tree and thematic analysis the study describes the causal effect relationship of the factors affecting partnerships and their ultimate consequence in maximizing social capital and governance. Accordingly, the thesis identifies the specific effects of the 2009 law on partnership endeavors in particular and HIV/AIDS policy implementation in general. Moreover, the study points out the existence of insufficient partnership in both decision making and policy implementation.

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19

Robi, Zinash Dewo. "Pre-antiretroviral services in rural Ethiopia: patient retention, factors associated with loss to follow up, and reasons for discontinuation." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/10534.

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This study was conducted to determine retention rate and factors associated with loss to follow-up (LTFU) of adult pre-ART patients in St. Luke hospital, Ethiopia. Cross-sectional study with quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques was used. Review of patient records, focus group discussions and review of program guidelines was conducted to determine level of adherence among pre-ART patients. In addition, pre-ART service quality and perceived reasons for discontinuation was explored. The study revealed that only 38.2% of the 335 patients enrolled in the pre-ART care were retained after 12 months of follow-up in the program. More than half (55.6%), of the LTFU occurred during the first 6 months of follow-up. Fear of discrimination, high transportation cost and mistrust in the pre-ART service were perceived reasons for LTFU. Absences of clear pre-ART service package and implementation guideline were also identified as important factors that may be related to LTFU. The findings call for improved quality of care and a better pre-ART service packaging that will address the gaps identified in order to increase patient retention.
Health Studies
MA (Public Health)

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20

Amde, Woldekidan Kifle. "Barriers to voluntary counseling and testing of individuals in selected areas of the Gurage Zone, Ethiopia." Thesis, 2008. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4010_1260521596.

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Despite wide acceptance of Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) as a crucial entry point for the prevention, treatment, care and support of HIV-infected persons
the prevalence of testing in Ethiopia remains very low. A review of the literature identifies the set of factors that influence HIV testing of individuals to include socio-economic and demographic factors, knowledge of HIV/AIDS, risk perception, fear of stigma, social capital and the perceived benefit of VCT. By drawing assumptions based on the known literature, this mini-thesis explores the relationship between VCT usage and the above factors in order to explain the status of HIV testing in Moher and Aklil district, Gurage Zone, Ethiopia. The study hopes to address the dearth of material on VCT and contribute to it in a non-clinical and rural context.

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21

Kelemewark, Filson. "Assessment of changes in HIV-related knowledge, attitude, and behavior and its impact on HIV status in Ethiopia, 2005-2011." 2016. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/iph_theses/464.

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Background: In Ethiopia the first case of HIV infection was identified in 1984. Since then HIV/AIDS has created an enormous challenge to several communities, affecting the social and economic well-being of the entire nation. Realizing the enormous consequences of the epidemic, the Ethiopian government deployed tremendous efforts to create HIV awareness in order to bring changes in HIV-related behaviors to reduce the risk of HIV infection. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the role of HIV-related knowledge, attitude and behavior in HIV/AID prevention in Ethiopia. AIM: The aim of the study was to assess the changes in HIV-related knowledge, attitude, and behavior between 2005 and 2011 and its impact on HIV status among Ethiopians. METHODS: The study used a nationally representative sample from the cross sectional years of 2005 and 2011 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). Sample sizes of study population were 12,845 in 2005 and 28,532 in 2011. SAS-callable SUDAAN was used provide descriptive characteristics of socio-demographic characteristics and independent variable of HIV-related knowledge, attitude, and behavior. The binary and multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess changes in HIV-related knowledge, attitude, and behavior and, association between these factors and HIV status. For all results, statistical significant were determined if there were no overlap in the 95% CI of the percentages being compared. RESULTS: There was no difference in correct comprehensive knowledge of HIV between 2005 and 2011. However, there was significant change in knowledge of Mother to Child transmission (MTCT) of HIV, accepting attitude towards people living with HIV (PLWH) and sexual behavior between 2005 and 2011. Respondents who had high level of knowledge of MTCT increased from 40.2% in 2005 to 71.0% in 2011. Likewise, respondents with high level of accepting attitude towards PLWH also increased from 3.9% to 10.8%. Besides, in 2011 fewer people had started sex before the age of 15 years old, and more people knew sources of condoms in comparison to 2005 However the percentage of people who had multiple sexual partners increased from 1.2% to 1.8% between 2005 and 2011 respectively. The study also found significantly protective association between HIV positive status and having low or medium level of knowledge of MTCT of HIV (OR 0.08 or 0.78) and accepting attitude towards people living with HIV (OR 0.12 or 0.48). In contrast, HIV infection was significantly associated with having multiple sexual partners (OR 4.49). Conclusion: Efforts deployed by Ethiopian government and other international organizations in response to HIV/AIDS epidemics have had success in terms of improving MTCT knowledge of HIV, accepting attitude towards PLWH, knowledge of sources of condom and sexual debut between 2005 and 2011. Surprisingly, we did not find an evidence of high level of HIV knowledge to be protective against HIV infection in the current study. Therefore continuous intervention is recommended to seal the gap between knowledge and sexual practices that may influence safer sexual behavioral changes.

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22

Gatta, Abraham Alemayehu. "Knowledge and attitude towards voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) services among adolescent high school students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Diss., 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/6301.

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Voluntary HIV counselling and testing (VHCT) is one of the key strategies in the prevention of HIV in Ethiopia. However, utilization of the VHCT services among adolescents has been reported as low by previous studies. The purpose of this study was to investigate adolescents’ knowledge and attitudes towards VHCT services among adolescents attending high school in Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. A cross-sectional school-based design using quantitative methods was employed to attain the objectives of the study. Data collection was done using self-administered structured questionnaires among 378 adolescent high school students. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings revealed that 75.7% of students are aware of the voluntary HIV counselling and testing services; 62.2% use the services and suggested that VHCT services should be located in schools and youth clubs for better access by adolescents. Thirty-two percent of respondents rated themselves at risk of HIV infection and 35.2% were not willing to disclose their HIV positive status to anybody. The findings of the study clearly indicate a need for a more accessible voluntary HIV counselling and testing services for adolescents.
Health Studies
M.A. (Public Health)

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23

Dinku, Fasika Dessalegne. "Strategies to strengthen referral and linkage system of HIV positive clients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/20663.

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Introduction: HIV referral and linkage system in many countries in general and in Ethiopia in particular was poorly characterised by low linkage rate. The purpose of this study was to analyses factors associated with poor referral and linkage system and develop strategies to improve the system. Methods: A sequential mixed method approach using exploratory descriptive study design was employed. The study was conducted in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and it was conducted in two phases. Phase I involved data collection and analysis as evidence for the development of strategies while phase II was the development of strategies. For phase I, data were collected in steps 1 and 2 using individual interviews and focus group discussions respectively. The study participants were programme owners and partners who were supporting facilities during the data collection period in step 1 and health care providers in step 2. A total of 4 individual interviews and 3 FGDs were conducted with purposively selected participants. Data were analysed using computer assisted software called OpenCode version 4.2. Results: The findings revealed five themes namely, issues of referral and linkage practice, ensuring linkage through communication, issues of health care, issues of health care system and issues of partnerships and Health Bureau. Many gaps that affected the referral system were identified and in phase II, nine strategies were developed to strengthen the referral and linkage system. Conclusion:The results of this study highlighted weaknesses in the referral and linkage system of the HIV positive clients from counselling and testing services to chronic care and proposed strategies to strengthen those weaknesses. Measures to operationalise those strategies are also proposed. The successful implementation of the proposed strategies depends on the support of the ministry of health and regional bureau in terms of resources and the readiness of the health care providers to adhere to the proposed measures. Intervention research is needed to test the effectiveness of the proposed strategies.
Health Studies
D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

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24

Gurmu, Deme Ergete. "Predictors of mortality among human immunodeficiency virus infected patients' records in Gondar University Hospital -- Ethiopia." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/6064.

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Purpose of the study - Identify predictors of mortality and develop a related care plan for patients who are on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Gondar, Ethiopia. Design - A quantitative, retrospective cohort study was conducted analysing medical records of HIV patients who presented to Gondar University Hospital (GUH), Gondar, and started ART between 1 January 2007 and 30 June 2010. Results - In defining the predictors of mortality, the findings in bivariate analysis revealed: female sex, CD4 cell count ≤ 50/μl, CD4 cell count 51-199/μl, a haemoglobin concentration ≤8g/dl, a history of oral candidiasis, tuberculosis and Cryptococcus meningitis were all statistically significant. A female sex, CD4 cell count ≤ 50/μl and CD4 cell count 51-199/μl maintain their significance level in the multivariate analysis. Conclusions - The study therefore recommends that clinicians and case managers be vigilant of these predictors of mortality while managing HIV patients who are on ART. Key Concepts- ART, AIDS, HIV, predictors of mortality
Health Studies
(M.A. (Public Health))

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25

Wodajo, Befekadu Sedata. "HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination reduction-intervention strategy in health care settings of Amahara region Ethiopia." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/19644.

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Stigma and discrimination (SAD) attached to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has been recognised as a major obstacle to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support throughout the world. SAD is more devastating when it occurs in health care settings where it is least expected. Health care providers (HCPs) are supposed to provide physical, social and psychological support to people living with HIV (PLWHA) but HIV and AIDS-related SAD has been extensively documented among the HCPs. Different studies have pointed out that there are three major actionable causes of HIV-related SAD in health care settings. These are lack of awareness among HCPs, fear of casual contacts and associating the SAD to immoral behaviour. The main objective of the current study is to determine the magnitude of HIV and AIDS-related SAD and its associated factors in hospitals and then to propose appropriate SAD reduction-intervention strategy in the health care settings. The study employed pre-test-post-test design with non-equivalent control group. Two paradigms were used in this study including quantitative and qualitative approaches. The sampling method for the quantitative part of the study was probability sampling in which the respondents were randomly selected using stratified sampling technique. The study was able to determine the magnitude of HIV and AIDS-related SAD among the HCPs. Moreover, the study has identified the factors that are attributed to the prevalence of SAD in the hospitals. The major factors identified for causing the SAD in the hospitals were sex, age, work experience, low level of knowledge, negative attitudes and percieved risk of HIV infection of some HCPs toward the PLWHA. The intervention made on the respondents in the treatment group was able to reduce the overall prevalence of the SAD among the HCPs. The study suggests that to reduce the SAD, HIV and AIDS-related trainings before and after graduation is critical to improve the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the HCPs. Besides, ensuring the availability of the protective supplies in hospitals is crucial in reducing the fear of HIV infection among the HCPs while providing care for HIV positive patients. Effective implementation of the hospital policies, strategies, guidelines and protocols along with good institutional support is also vital in creating safe and user-friendly hospitals for PLWHA.
Health Studies

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26

Wodajo, Befekadu Sedeta. "HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination reduction-intervention strategy in health care settings of Amahara Region, Ethiopia." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/19886.

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Stigma and discrimination (SAD) attached to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has been recognised as a major obstacle to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support throughout the world. SAD is more devastating when it occurs in health care settings where it is least expected. Health care providers (HCPs) are supposed to provide physical, social and psychological support to people living with HIV (PLWHA) but HIV and AIDS-related SAD has been extensively documented among the HCPs. Different studies have pointed out that there are three major actionable causes of HIV-related SAD in health care settings. These are lack of awareness among HCPs, fear of casual contacts and associating the SAD to immoral behaviour. The main objective of the current study is to determine the magnitude of HIV and AIDS-related SAD and its associated factors in hospitals and then to propose appropriate SAD reduction-intervention strategy in the health care settings. The study employed pre-test-post-test design with non-equivalent control group. Two paradigms were used in this study including quantitative and qualitative approaches. The sampling method for the quantitative part of the study was probability sampling in which the respondents were randomly selected using stratified sampling technique. The study was able to determine the magnitude of HIV and AIDS-related SAD among the HCPs. Moreover, the study has identified the factors that are attributed to the prevalence of SAD in the hospitals. The major factors identified for causing the SAD in the hospitals were sex, age, work experience, low level of knowledge, negative attitudes and percieved risk of HIV infection of some HCPs toward the PLWHA. The intervention made on the respondents in the treatment group was able to reduce the overall prevalence of the SAD among the HCPs. The study suggests that to reduce the SAD, HIV and AIDS-related trainings before and after graduation is critical to improve the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the HCPs. Besides, ensuring the availability of the protective supplies in hospitals is crucial in reducing the fear of HIV infection among the HCPs while providing care for HIV positive patients. Effective implementation of the hospital policies, strategies, guidelines and protocols along with good institutional support is also vital in creating safe and user-friendly hospitals for PLWHA
Health Studies
D.Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

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27

Woldeyohannes, Moges Jemaneh. "The roles and challenges of household care giving in child headed households affected by HIV/AIDS : the case of 10 child households heads in Addis Ababa." Diss., 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/3484.

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Ethiopia faces large and growing numbers of child household heads, mainly due to AIDS-related parental deaths. Many of them are vulnerable to abuse and are forced to look after themselves and their siblings, drop out of school and find work. This exploratory study employed qualitative research methods using purposive sampling. The aim was to ascertain how child household heads affected by AIDS adapted to changed life circumstances. The study entailed fieldwork for five weeks in Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, where evidence was gathered from 10 selected households headed by children (aged 12 to18), their siblings and key informants. It was found that all the children in the study are in dismal living conditions although some reported feelings of satisfaction and happiness. The need to provide special recognition and support to child household heads and their siblings by policy makers and service providers in Ethiopia is highlighted.
M.A. (Social Behaviour Studies in HIV/AIDS)
Social Work

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28

Wondimagegnhu, Beneberu Assefa. "An assessment of the socio-economic impact of HIV/AIDS on agricultural production in Ethiopia: the case of Ada’a district in Eastern Showa province in Ethiopia." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3721.

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Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) which is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is not only an epidemiological problem but also one of the developmental challenges in developing countries. The epidemic is severely affecting the productive part of the population (15 to 49 age range), that is believed to be ‘the motor of development’. Ethiopia is one of the Sub-Saharan African countries whose economy is affected by the epidemic. The country is assigned along with India, China, Nigeria and Russia as the ‘next wave of HIV/AIDS’ with large populations at risk from HIV infection, that will overtake the current epidemic prevalence rate in central and southern Africa (NIC, 2002). The epidemic is also among the challenges facing the agricultural sector of the country which provides half of the country’s GDP. Although agriculture is the backbone of the economy, little effort has been made to estimate the impact of the epidemic and many existing studies focus on urban areas instead of rural areas. Therefore, the research reported on in this thesis assesses the extent and channels of the impact of HIV/AIDS on agricultural production. The research measured the extent of the impact of the epidemic on factors of production such as labor, capital stock and land use, which are the determinants of agricultural production. The research was conducted in Ada’a district in Eastern Showa province, Ethiopia, which is one of the top agricultural production areas of the country and also one of the most vulnerable areas for HIV/AIDS. Stratified random sampling and judgmental sampling techniques were employed to identify sample cases. In addition, both primary and secondary data sources were used to gather the required data/information. The primary sources of data collection methods include PRA, individual interviews, focus groups, photographs and observations. Secondary sources include reports from governmental and nongovernmental organizations, health centers, agricultural bureaus, books, newspapers, the internet, etc. The collected data was analyzed by using spread sheets-2003. The interpretation of the results was supported by graphs, tables and photos. Two stages of ordinary least square (OLS) estimation were done. The first stage was to estimate the impact of HIV/AIDS on production factors whereas the second stage estimation was done to estimate the impact of HIV/AIDS on output (income) of farmers via the impacts on factors of production. The findings of the analysis indicated that HIV/AIDS has been affecting factors of production significantly, i.e. by reducing labor-hours, depleting the capital stock of farmers and by its impact on the use of land (reducing the amount of land cultivated). The findings also indicated that HIV/AIDS has been decreasing the agricultural income of farmers.
Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS)

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29

Kahwa, Joan Mary F. "Health-care seeking behaviour among terminally ill adults in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/8473.

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Using data collected in 2007 for Addis Ababa Mortality Surveillance, the paper examines the effect of cause of death/type of illness on choice of health care in adults 12 years and above. The multinomial logit model using bootstrapped standard errors is used to investigate the relationship between dominant type of treatment and the covariates: cause of death, gender, age, education, occupation, ethnicity and religion. Availability of water, television and telephone in the household are used as a proxy for economic status. After controlling for duration of illness (exposure), type of illness, gender and marital status are significant. Those who die of HIV/TB and cancer behave similar in way they seek help, and have high likelihood of using traditional healers as the first point for help compared to those who died as a result of other illnesses. Thus the study concludes that cause of death; gender and marital status affect choice of health service.

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30

Zeleke, Amsalu Belew. "Evaluation of the impact of the information-motivation-behavioural skills model of adherence to antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/19649.

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The purpose of the study was to evaluate the IMB skills model for its relevance to the Ethiopian context. According to the model, adherence-related information and motivation work through adherence-related behavioural skills to affect adherence to ART. Quantitative, analytical, observational, cross-sectional, institution-based study was conducted to evaluate the model by assessing those patients who have and do not have the right information, motivation, and behavioural skills whether they have or do not have good adherence to ART. Data was collected using structured questionnaires where a total of 400 randomly selected participants provided data on adherence-related information, motivation and behavioral skills as well as adherence behavior per se. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Both descriptive and inferential statistics used in the study. Only 90.75 % of the total sample population reported ART adherence rate of more than or equal to 95% in this study. Free and restricted model tests, through bivariate and multivariate analyses, used to assess the propositions of the IMB model of ART adherence and provided support for the interrelations between the elements proposed by the model. The study has supported the applicability of the IMB model of adherence to the Ethiopian context highlighting its application in adherence-promotion intervention efforts. The findings revealed the need for on-going educational, informational and other interventions to address the knowledge, motivation and adherence behavioural skills of patients in order to improve the current levels of ART adherence behaviour.
Health Studies
D. Litt. et. Phil. (Health Studies)

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31

Getu, Daniel Kinde. "Factors related to male participation in prevention of mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus in three public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Diss., 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/6941.

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This study aimed at assessing factors related to male participation in PMTCT in three public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A quantitative, descriptive correlational design was used to assess correlation between male participation and socio-demographics, knowledge and awareness in HIV/PMTCT, socio-cultural belief, programmatic factors and reported risk. Male partners (n=216) were interviewed and reviews of HIV counselling and testing (HCT) acceptance formats were made. The major findings were 54.5% (n=156) males reported receiving HCT during their visit to partner’s antenatal care. Some 71.5 % (n=677) of women were accompanied to labour wards by male partners; 86.5% (n=208) of males accepted intra-partum HCT; 55.1% (n=216) scored above the mean score (10) on a 15-point scale for male participation. Male participation in PMTCT was found to have a statistically significant but weak correlation with educational level (r=0.193), income (r=0.167), PMTCT knowledge and awareness (r=0.172), socio-cultural belief (r=-0.164) and reported risk (r=-0.23).
Health Studies
M.A. (Public Health)

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32

Alemayehu, Zelalem Mehari. "Development of HIV Testing Belief Scale (HTBS) and application of Health Belief Model (HBM) to predict HIV testing intention and behaviour among university students in Ethiopia." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/20236.

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Appendix B (leaves 217-218), Appendix M (leaves 239-247) and Appendix O (leaves 253-259) in English and Amharic
The purpose of this research was to develop HIV testing Health Belief Scale (HTBS) that contains the constructs of Health Belief Model (HBM), and also to analyse HIV testing intention and behaviour among university students. The mixed method approach was used in phases. First, Literature review and in-depth interviews were conducted to develop item pool for HTBS, which was followed by content validity assessment by experts. In the second phase, a pilot survey was conducted on randomly selected 318 university students to refine the HTBS using item analysis and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). Lastly, cross-sectional survey was conducted on representative sample of 612 students in order to further refine the HTBS using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and also analyse predictors of HIV testing intention and behaviour. A total of 61 items was written for the HTBS and 23 of these were generated from the in-depth interviews. Content validity assessment by three experts indicated that the average content validity index (CVI) for the 61 items was 91.2% which was more than the recommended cut off point of 90%. The HTBS, after experts review, contained 64 items. EFA indicated that a five factor model which was roughly consistent with HBM was identified and 44 items were retained based on factor loading and reliability analysis. The Cronbach’s alpha for all the six constructs of HBM and HIV testing intention in the HTBS were >0,70. (susceptibility, benefit, self-efficacy and HIV testing intention) fitted the sample data based on chi-square test. However, all the seven constructs demonstrated RMSEA value of less than 0.08 and GFI value of >0.90 indicating acceptable fit. The final HTBS was reduced to 39 items based on factor loading and reliability assessment. All the constructs demonstrated a Cronbach’s alpha value >0.70 except for perceived susceptibility and cues to action. Analysis of multiple linear regression indicated that class year, perceived benefit, perceived self-efficacy and cues to action were significant predictors of HIV testing intention. However, only marital status and cues to action were significant predictors of recent history of HIV testing through analysis of binary logistic regression.
Health Studies
D.Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

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33

Dememew, Zewdu Gashu. "Fertility desire, intention and associated factors among people living with HIV seeking chronic HIV care at health facilities of Hawassa City, southern Ethiopia." Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/20704.

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Text in English
INTRODUCTION: Late in HIV epidemic while HIV program is maturing studies in rich and resource limited setting have shown controversial results with regard to whether childbearing desire and intention are changed after the expansion of ART and PMTCT services. There are few studies in Ethiopia which tried to find out fertility preferences after the decentralized ART and PMTCT services. PURPOSE: The objective of the study is to determine the prevalence of fertility desire, intention and associated factors among HIV positive males and females at health facilities in Hawassa city with chronic HIV care. METHOD: The study used quantitative, observational, analytic and cross-sectional study design. It was structured on Trait-Desire-Intention-Behaviour theoretical frame work. A gender based stratification followed by random sampling method was applied. An interviewer-administered structured data collection approach using the pre-tested questionnaire was applied in the study. The Microsoft Office Excel 2007 and Epi-Info version 3.5.3 were utilized for data analysis. In addition to descriptive statistics, both bivariate and multivariable logistic regressions were used to analyse the data. RESULT: With a respondent rate of 93%, a total of 460 PLHIV participated in the study with equal number of males and females. The majority of the participants were from urban (85%), in relationship (70.9%), and on ART (80%). The reported fertility desire, 43.9% (45.2% in males; 42.6% in females), and fertility intention, 44.9% (46.4% in males; 43.4% in females), were high. The median number of intended children was 2. About 54% of PLHIV were using at least one of the contraceptives with 32.4% of unmet need of family planning. Participants with overall experinece of 2 births or less (AOR: 2.4 95% CI 1.32-4.32; p-value=0.0042), without birth experience after HIV diagnosis (AOR:0.52 95% CI 0.28-0.98; p-value=0.0424) and whose partner also desired for childbearing (AOR: 19.73 95%CI 10.81-35.99; p-value=0.0000) were more likely to intend for a/another child.They wished and planned to get birth because; they did not have a/children before or fear of childless stigma (25.3%), ART could help to have negative child (21.8%), importance of parenthood (17.8%) and the desire of once partner (16.8%). The study participants had consulted health care workers (34.2%), approached their partner or their partner had already approached them (27.6%), tried to get a partner or married (17.6%) and stop using family planning (6%) to get pregnant. CONCLUSION: This study highlights high fertility desire and intention in the background of high unmet need for family planning among PLHIV. A development of comprehensive male partner-involved couple counseling protocol, improving the communication HCWs have with PLHIV to emphasize safer conception methods and strengthening all the components of PMCT integrating with other SRH services at chronic HIV clinic are critical.
Health Studies
M.A. (Public Health)

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34

Megersa, Obsa Amente. "Risk factors associated with TB co-infection in HIV/AIDS patients taking antiretroviral therapy (ART) in one of the public health facilities in Ethiopia." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13105.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to assess risk factors associated with TB co-infection in HIV/AIDS patients taking antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methodology: An observational, analytic, case-control and quantitative study was conducted on a randomly selected 367 HIV and AIDS patients of whom 92 of them were TB co-infected. Data collection was done by using self-structured questionnaire. Result: In this study, educational status, waste disposal system, monthly income, contact history with a patient of active tuberculosis or presence of a family member with active tuberculosis, drug adherence, knowledge on tuberculosis prevention and history of exposure to substance were factors independently associated with the occurrence of active tuberculosis among HIV and Aids patients taking ART. Conclusion: The findings highlight the need for on-going educational, informational and other interventions to address the risk factors of tuberculosis in HIV and Aids patients in order to decrease the rate of TB co-infection
Health Studies
M.A. Public Health

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35

Woldemariam, Yenealem Tadesse. "Perceptions of nurses on disclosure of children's HIV positive status in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/6392.

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A quantitative, descriptive, explorative survey was conducted to explore and describe nurses’ perceptions of disclosure to children of their HIV positive status in Addis Ababa. 100 nurses working in six conveniently sampled health centres participated by completing a self-administered questionnaire. The findings revealed that the majority of participants were of the opinion that children have the right to know their HIV status, participate in their own treatment, and that disclosure contributes towards improved adherence. Forty-one of the participants said that it is nurses’ role to support caregivers in the disclosure process. But 56.3% felt they lacked the training to disclose to children that they are infected with HIV. Accordingly, it is recommended that relevant and applied training is required to equip nurses with the knowledge and skills to disclose to children their status. The importance of nurses’ proactive role in disclosure to children of their HIV status needs to be emphasised.
Health Studies
M.A. (Public Health)

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36

Derseh, Mekdes Alemayehu. "Implementation of Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) pharmacy management information system in health facilities in Ethiopia." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13760.

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Health Management Information System (HMIS) in developing countries lags seriously behind as compared to the developed countries; and the existing HMIS in many countries is insufficient to support health management functions. The purpose of this study was to describe the implementation of Anti-retroviral Therapy (ART) pharmacy management information system in public health facilities. Quantitative, descriptive research was conducted at 38 public health facilities. The participants of the study were Pharmacists and Druggists those are working at ART Pharmacy. Data collection was done by using structure questionnaire. 76 respondents were recruited to participate in the study. The participants ages ranged from 26-50 years and all had more than 2 years’ work experience. The study indicated that even if there is a system at most health facilities their utilization of information technology (IT) for pharmacy practice were not appreciated. The findings indicated that the need for creating awareness among professionals in giving more skill oriented and also a formal in-service information technology related trainings for the professionals. To achieve better utilization of information technology at health care delivery system particularly pharmacy practice, government and stakeholder should consider capacity building activities through proper training and it should also viewed as a long term socio-cultural and technical development process.
Health Studies
M.A. (Public Health with specialization in Medical Informatics)

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37

Tesfaye, Ayalkibet Berhanu. "A critical study of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church's (EOTC) HIV and AIDS prevention and control strategy : a gendered analysis." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/8438.

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This research study is a qualitative appraisal of the HIV and AIDS Prevention and Control Strategy of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (EOTC). It critically analyses the strategy in order to ascertain its gender consciousness or gender sensitivity in the context of HIV and AIDS in Ethiopia. The basic motivation for this study is based on the idea that many if not most of the responses aimed at dealing effectively with the HIV and AIDS pandemic in Ethiopia have so far not addressed the underlying problems related to gender which are fuelling the spread of the HI virus. The study is guided by an overarching feminist ecclesiology, the gendered conceptual intervention to HIV and AIDS proposed by Geeta Rao Gupta, and Orthodox and feminist Trinitarian theology as a theoretical framework within feminist theology. These approaches were chosen because of their common focus on the unity and equality of humanity regardless of gender, social and religious differences. One of the major highlights of this study is that it has succeeded in bringing forth links between gender issues and HIV and AIDS; poverty and HIV and AIDS, and economic, social and cultural factors that fuel the spread of the HI virus; as well the historical, philosophical and cultural influences that perpetuate the oppression of women. Another important highlight of this study is the identification of theologies within EOTC that can help diffuse the tension created by the above mentioned negative influences. These theologies include the Trinitarian theology for example, and are life affirming for women because they transform and empower women to ensure their full humanity and equality, giving them the means to avoid being infected by the HI virus, and/or allowing those who are already infected and affected to live with dignity.
Thesis (M.Th.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.

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38

Negash, Tefera Girma. "Review of prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/14409.

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This study aimed to identify factors affecting women’s utilisation of the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV, evaluate the quality of PMTCT services, describe health outcomes of mothers and infants and to identify factors that influence mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV. Structured interviews were conducted with 384 women who had utilised PMTCT services. Information was also obtained from the health records of these women and of their infants. Better educated women, who had male partners and were self-employed were more likely to use PMTCT services. Being unmarried, poor and feeling stigmatised made it difficult for women to use these services. Respondents were satisfied with PMTCT services except that clinics sometimes had no medications. The health care workers followed the Ethiopian guidelines during HIV testing and counseling but not when prescribing treatment. Although the respondents’ CD4 cell counts improved, their clinical conditions did not improve. The MTCT rate was significantly higher if infants did not receive ARVs, had APGAR scores below seven, weighed less than 2.5kg at birth, were born prematurely, and if their mothers had nipple fissures. PMTCT services could be improved if more women used these services, health care workers followed the national guidelines when prescribing ARVs, clinics had adequate supplies of medicines, all infants received ARVs, and mothers’ nipple fissures could be prevented. Antenatal care should help to avoid premature births of infants weighing less than 2.5kg and having APGAR scores below 7. Future research should compare formula feeding versus breastfeeding of infants with HIV-positive mothers
Health Studies
D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

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39

Negash, Tefera Girma. "Personal factors influencing patients' anti-retroviral treatment adherence in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Diss., 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/5090.

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This study attempted to identify personal (patient-related) factors influencing anti-retroviral therapy (ART) adherence in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional and analytical design was used. Structured interviews were conducted with 355 ART patients. The findings revealed that stigma, discrimination, depression and alcohol use negatively affected patients’ ART adherence levels. However, patients’ knowledge levels had no influence on their ART adherence levels, contrary to other researchers’ reports. Addressing stigma and discrimination at community levels might enhance patients’ abilities to take their medications in the presence of others. Healthcare professionals should be enabled to diagnose and treat depression among ART patients during the early stages. Non-adherent ART patients should be counseled about possible alcohol abuse.
Health Studies
M.A. (Public Health with specialisation in Medical Informatics)

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40

Dememew, Zewdu Gashu. "Human immunodeficiency virus and diabetes mellitus : a missed link to improve pregnancy outcome in Ethiopia." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/25602.

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Introduction: Evidences indicate that human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) and diabetes (DM) impact pregnancy outcomes but no experience on the integrated service delivery of HIV, DM and pregnancy care. This study explored the domains and levels of integration among DM, HIV and pregnancy care to prepare a service delivery model in Ethiopia. Methods: A sequential exploratory mixed method and the integration theoretical framework guided the study. An exploratory qualitative phase used focused group discussion, in-depth interview and observation to explore the level of integration and to refine a questionnaire for the quantitative phase. The data were transcribed and coded for theme-based analysis. The descriptive quantitative phase described HIV, DM and pregnancy care services, and determined the burden of DM among HIV patients and the prevalence of pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes. Data was analysed using Epi-info. The findings were triangulated, discussed and interpreted. Results: Seven themes were generated: joint plan, shared budget, monitoring system, structural location, the need of policy guide, the practice of integrated service delivery and suggested integration approaches. A coordinated HIV and pregnancy care services were noted. There was a linkage between diabetes and HIV, and diabetes and pregnancy care. The 1.5% of diabetes among HIV, the low number of pregnancies per a mother in diabetes (1.8) and HIV (1.3); the high adverse pregnancy outcomes among HIV (13.4% abortion, 12.4% low birth weight (LBW), 3.5% pre-term birth, 2.1% congenital malformation) and diabetes (3.2% big baby, 3.2% LBW, 3.1% Cesarean-section); the respective absent and low (16.2%) diabetes screening service at anti-natal and HIV clinics, the absent pregnancy care service for diabetic females justified the development of the tripartite integrated service delivery model of diabetes, HIV and pregnancy care. Conclusions: The model suggests active diabetes screening, evaluation and treatment at HIV and antenatal clinics. It considers the coordination between non-communicable diseases (NCD), HIV and maternal health units. Pregnancy care could be coordinated at HIV and NCD units. Full integration can be practiced between HIV and pregnancy care units. Preparing policy guide, building the capacity of health providers, advocating and piloting the model may be prioritized before the implementation of the model.
Health Studies
D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

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41

Tessema, Lulit Tamene. "Exploring Anti-retroviral theraphy (ART) adherence in the context of trait emotional intelligence." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/11894.

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M.A. (Public Health)
Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) adherence is a crucial component of the patient management framework for people living with Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV). Trait emotional intelligence is “the constellation of behavioural-dispositions and self-perceived abilities to recognise, process, and utilise emotion-laden information”. The purpose of the study was to determine whether there was a correlation between ART adherence behaviour and behavioural-dispositions related to trait emotional intelligence among HIV/AIDS infected people receiving ART at the regional public hospitals in Addis Ababa. The study used observational, analytical, and cross-sectional research design. The participants were selected through a proportionally stratified systematic random sampling method. Data collection was through a structured self-report questionnaire format. The findings showed that 79.1% had optimal ART adherence behaviour; 84.4% had average trait emotional intelligence. The research finding showed a statistically significant positive correlation between ART adherence behaviour and behavioural-dispositions related to trait emotional intelligence at (r =0.417, n=392, P<0.001).
Health Studies

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42

Gebre-Mariam, Mikael. "Exploring challenges in patient monitoring and clinical information management of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and the perceived usefulness of electronic medical records (EMRs) in HIV care in Ethiopia." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/2616.

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The implementation of electronic medical record (EMR) systems is a complex process that is receiving more focus in developing countries to support understaffed and overcrowded health facilities deal with the HIV/AIDS epidemic. This thesis research uses exploratory-grounded theory to study clinician perceived benefits of EMRs in antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinics at four hospitals in Ethiopia. The study is designed to understand the process, technology, social and organizational challenges associated with EMR implementation in resource-limited areas. The research found the attitude of ART clinicians towards the implementation of EMR systems to be overwhelmingly positive. The data showed that perceived benefits of EMRs are improved continuity of care, timely access to complete medical record, patient care efficiency, reduced medication errors, improved patient confidentiality, improved communication among clinicians, integration of various HIV programs, timely decision support and overall job motivation. Conversely, drawbacks to EMR implementation include productivity loss and negative impact on the interaction and relationship between clinicians and their patients. The study proposes a conceptual framework classifying key components for successful EMR implementation in Ethiopia.

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43

Furry, Daba Banne. "Intervention strategies for the reduction of sexual risk practices among adolescents in Ethiopia." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/20291.

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BACKGROUND: Studies done in both developed and developing countries have reported the tendencies of adolescents to engage in risky behaviours. Such behaviours include indulging in early and unsafe sexual activities, having multiple sexual partners, alcohol and drug use and dropping out of school among others. PURPOSE: The main aim of the study was to develop intervention strategies for reducing sexual risk practices among adolescents in Ethiopia. METHODS: A mixed method approach using quantitative and qualitative approaches was employed in order to investigate the risks of sexual practices among urban and rural adolescents in the selected area. A cross-sectional survey was used to gather data quantitatively and focus group discussions were used for the qualitative part of data collection. A total of 449 students and 72 FGD participants were selected for quantitative and qualitative study respectively using systematic random sampling technique. Logistic regression was done to identify possible factors associated with knowledge on emergency contraceptive, condom utilisation, pre-marital sex practices and perception of risky sexual practices. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy (37.9%) respondents had experienced sexual intercourse at the time of the study. The higher proportion (42.6%) of those who had engaged in sexual relationships was from the rural school compared to 33.1% in the urban schools. The proportion of sexually active respondents was higher among males (44.8%) compared to (29%) females. Multiple partners were higher in rural adolescents (44.7%) compared to 31.8% among urban adolescents. Sexually Transmitted Diseases were reported by 28.6% of the sexually active adolescents and the prevalence was higher among males (73.5%) compared to 27% females. 87% of the sexually active adolescents rarely used a condom. CONCLUSION: The study identified a knowledge gap on ASRH which limited adolescents to access reproductive services. Social, cultural and economic factors contributed to adolescent engagement in risky sexual behaviours. Based on the major findings of this study, intervention strategies targeting behavioural, biomedical and structural interventions were proposed.
Health Studies
D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

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44

Zeleke, Amsalu Belew. "Factors that influence adherence to antiretroviral therapy among adults at Nekemte Referral Hospital in Ethiopia." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/8878.

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The objectives of the study were (1) to quantify adherence rate among the study participants in the ART unit and (2) to identify factors that contribute to non-adherence. This cross sectional study was carried out at Nekemete referral clinic. Data was collected using a self-developed structured questionnaire where a total of 338 participants grouped into adherent and non-adherent based on a score derived from an adherence assessment were interviewed. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0. By using multivariate analysis of variables identified as correlates of adherence, non-adherence was common among those; with age between 18-30 yrs, with no education, who were not married, who had no pipe water supply, those with no electricity in the house, who perceived had no access to assistance from providers, who perceived the health care providers (HCPs) did not keep information confidentially, who had a language barrier with providers, and who were treated with a psychiatric illness. The study concludes that adherence is multi-factorial and varies significantly by individual and care setting. Psychosocial factors were found to impact adherence and should be analysed in more detail by further studies. Three psychosocial factors were independently associated with poor adherence: the study found that patients perceiving poor access; those perceiving problems in information confidentiality (and possibly experiencing stigmatisation); and having psychiatric morbidity (and possibly with less social support) are more likely to be non-adherent. Furthermore, individuals without electricity and those without piped water supply, implying low income, are at risk for non-adherence
Health Studies
M.A. (Public Health)

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45

Woldeeyesus, Bisrate Markos. "The Enneagram : predicting consistent condom use among female sex workers." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/19634.

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Given the lack of effective vaccine or medicine, changing an individual's risk behaviours has been crucial in preventing the spread of HIV. Consistent and correct condom use has been considered as the most effective form of HIV prevention among female sex workers. Despite coordinated national level interventions over the last decade, a consistent decline in condom use among female sex workers has been evidenced in the Ethiopian context, particularly with non-paying partners. Thus far, no study has been produced that has illustrated major determinants of consistent condom use among female sex workers which would help in developing effective intervention strategies for the prevention of HIV spread in the country. In other countries, the Information, Motivation and Behaviour (IMB) model has been used to identify individual level determents of condom use. However, the researcher postulated that behaviour emanating from the personality structure of individuals could be the fundamental individual level determents of adherence to condom use and chose to investigate this using the Enneagram theory of personality, which was acknowledged for its heuristic value in explaining and enhancing self-development of at-risk individuals. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Addis Ababa. With the Without Finite Population Correction of the Sample Size Estimation Formula, the sample size of 350 was set and participants were recruited using Respondent-Driven Sampling (RDS). Using trained female sex workers, the Essential Enneagram Test (EET) and an Information-Motivation-Behaviour (IMB) questionnaire were administered to collect data. General Linear Modeling (GLM) Multivariate analysis was carried out to assess the correlation between personality style and consistent condom use among participants in the last seven days before the interview. The finding of this study revealed that personality type, measured by the Essential Enneagram Test (EET), is able to predict adherence to condom use among female sex workers and provided a new dimension for policy makers and practitioners in behavioural intervention programmes, such as Information-Education-Communication, peer-to-peer approaches, as well as health and rehabilitation services by using the Enneagram principles and universal growth process.
Psychology
D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'HIV/AIDS Ethiopia'

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