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Lo, Yuk-ping, and 盧鈺苹. "The securitisation of HIV/AIDS: China and India." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4832968X.
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Securitisation theory has made significant contributions to security studies. However, the theory is not without theoretical and empirical shortcomings. Notably, a lack of operationalisation and differentiation has led to a binary classification of results as either ‘securitised or not’. In addition, the presence of Euro-centric assumptions has weakened the theory’s applicability in non-Western contexts.
This thesis develops a new framework featuring a typology with eight branches of securitisation. The thesis then uses that framework to study HIV/AIDS securitisation in two Asian countries: China and India.
The process of HIV/AIDS securitisation in both countries is illustrated chronologically. Following the international HIV/AIDS securitisation obtained in 2000, the study shows that HIV/AIDS has been fully securitised by both national governments since 2004. However, the Chinese government addressed HIV/AIDS through a stand-alone programme, whereas India’s national HIV/AIDS programme was integrated into its primary health care system.
Six cities were included in the detailed empirical analysis: Beijing, Shanghai, and Kunming in China, and New Delhi, Mumbai, and Imphal in India. Semi-structured interviews were conducted amongst 62 individuals working in HIV/AIDS-related non-governmental organisations, and 10 officials working in government agencies. Chinese respondents were receptive to framing the threat and handling of HIV/AIDS, yet many grassroots organizations lacked opportunities to participate in the national HIV/AIDS programme. In contrast, such groups were strongly involved in national HIV/AIDS interventions; however, Indian government efforts in fully securitising HIV/AIDS were largely faded out.
The thesis therefore responds to the major theoretical and empirical shortcomings identified by security scholars. The thesis also advances the existing knowledge of security studies in general, and HIV/AIDS securitisation processes in the non-Western world in particular.published_or_final_version
Humanities and Social Sciences
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Karsten, Anja. "Knowledge and attitudes of religious leaders towards HIV/AIDS." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50387.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2005.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Religion plays a significant role in the structuring of people's identities and perceptions and also has the potential to playa fundamental role to determine how communities respond to HIV/AIDS. Faith-based organisations are respected in their communities and have existing resources, structures and systems in place. People who are diagnosed with HIV often turn to the church where they receive emotional and spiritual support. The primary objective of this study was to determine the knowledge of religious leaders about HIV/AIDS and their attitudes towards people living with it. A non-experimental quantitative research design was used in this study and the data was gathered through a structured questionnaire. The respondents were not exceptionally informed about the transmission of the HI-virus, but their knowledge around the risk of specific sexual behaviour was high and their attitudes towards PLHA generally positive.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Geloof speel "n belangrike rol in die vorming van "n mens se identiteit en persepsies en het ook die potensiaal om gemeenskappe se reaksie rakende MIV/Vigs te bepaal. Geloofsorganisasies word in hul gemeenskappe gerespekteer en het bestaande hulpbronne en stelsels in plek. Mense wat MIV postitef gediagnoseer word, wend hul dikwels na hierdie organisasies waar hul emosionele en geestelike ondersteuning ontvang. Die doel van hierdie navorsing was om die kennis en houdings van geloofsleiers rondom MIV/Vigs en die mense wat daarmee leef te bepaal. "n Nie-eksperimenteel kwantitatiewe navorsingsontwerp is gebruik, en die data is deur middel van "n gestruktureerde vraelys ingesamel. Hoewel die respondente se kennis omtrent die oordrag van die MI-virus nie voldoende was nie, het hul die nodige kennis rondom die risiko van spesifieke seksuele gedrag gehad. Hul houdings rondom MIV/Vigs en mense wat daarmee leef was positief.
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Beetge, Lijahne. "Themes related to children living with HIV/AIDS." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21549.
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Assignment (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This review examines themes related to children, especially children under the age of fifteen, living with HIV/Aids. For review purposes themes include defining children living with HIV/Aids as a vulnerable population, the psychological impact of HIV/Aids on children, children’s coping with and perceptions of HIV/Aids. The global HIV/Aids pandemic has caused major worldwide social change. The impact, especially the psychological impact of HIV/Aids on children appears to be vast and at times disastrous in nature. HIV/Aids is estimated to affect the lives of several generations of children and the impact of the pandemic will therefore characterize their communities for decades to come as the numbers of affected and infected children are on the increase. It has been noted by research done that children living with HIV/Aids become impoverished, their insecurities worsen and their psychosocial and psychological problems increase. In addition their educational and work opportunities decline, their nurturing and support systems disintegrate, and child mortality rates rise. The necessity of psychological support for children affected and infected by HIV/Aids is directly linked to the rights of children listed in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and the South African Constitution. Research reviewed points out that a child’s physical and psychological health is intertwined and therefore a child cannot be physically healthy without also being psychologically secure. Research reviewed also points out that it is of the utmost importance that the voices of children who live with HIV/Aids are heard, their involvement in decision making and planning related to HIV/Aids is allowed and that their needs are met, especially their psychological needs in relation to the pandemic. Overall the literature reviewed in the past four years (2003-2006) highlights the significantly under-investigated, under-researched themes such as psychological aspects related to children living with HIV/Aids, both in South Africa and internationally. These aspects surrounding HIV/Aids, as previously mentioned, also seem to be the least tangible and the most difficult for adults to address or comprehend fully and yet they impinge on all aspects of developing children - hence the identified need in this area for adequate research and psychological support, such as program implementation.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie literatuuroorsig bied ’n ondersoek na die wêreldwye sosiale verandering en uitwerking wat die globale HIV/vigs-pandemie tot gevolg het. Daar word veral gelet op temas wat verwantskap hou met kinders, veral kinders vyftien jaar oud en jonger wat leef met HIV/vigs. Temas sluit in die definiëring van kinders as weerloos, kinders se hantering van HIV/vigs, hulle persepsies van HIV/vigs en hulle sielkundige behoeftes en ander aspekte met betrekking tot HIV/vigs. Die trefkrag van HIV/vigs blyk omvattend en by tye rampspoedig te wees. Na beraming beïnvloed HIV/vigs verskeie geslagte van kinders en die uitwerking van die pandemie sal dus dekades lank nog deel vorm van hulle gemeenskappe soos die aantal kinders wat geïnfekteer en geaffekteer is, toeneem. Navorsing toon dat kinders wat met HIV/vigs leef, verarm. Verder vererger hulle onsekerhede en hulle psigososiale en sielkundige probleme neem toe. Ook neem die kinders se opvoedkundige en werkgeleenthede af, hulle versorgings- en ondersteuningsnetwerke disintegreer en sterftesyfers neem toe. Die noodsaaklikheid van sielkundige ondersteuning vir kinders wat deur HIV/vigs geïnfekteer en geaffekteer is, word direk in verband gebring met die regte van kinders soos gelys in die Verenigde Nasies se Konvensie oor die Regte van die Kind en die Suid-Afrikaanse Grondwet. Die literatuuroorsig toon dat ‘n kind se fisieke en sielkundige gesondheid ten nouste met mekaar verband hou en daarom kan ’n kind nie fisiek gesond wees sonder om ook sielkundig geborge te wees nie. Verder dui navorsing ook op die kardinale belang daarvan dat kinders wat leef met HIV/vigs se stemme gehoor word, hulle betrokkenheid by besluitneming en beplanning verseker word en al hulle behoeftes bevredig word, veral hulle sielkundige behoeftes wat met die pandemie verband hou. Oor die algemeen beklemtoon die literatuuroorsig wat oor die afgelope vier jaar strek (2003-2006) dat daar nie voldoende navorsing gedoen is met betrekking tot temas wat verwantskap hou met kinders en HIV/vigs nie, nie alleen in Suid-Afrika nie, maar ook internasionaal. Hierdie bevindings is kommerwekkend veral omdat Suid-Afrika ‘n land is met onrusbarende groot getalle kinders wat deur HIV/vigs geïnfekteer is. Dit wil ook voorkom of hierdie aspekte wat te make het met kinders en HIV/vigs nie baie duidelik is vir volwassenes nie en ook die moeilikste is om te hanteer of ten volle te verstaan, hoewel dit alle aspekte van die kind se ontwikkeling raak. Vandaar die behoefte op hierdie gebied aan voldoende navorsing en sielkundige ondersteuning, soos program implementering.
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Abracen, Jeffrey. "Psychosocial risk factors for HIV infection." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28976.
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A group of 21 HIV-positive gay or bisexual men was compared with a matched group of 22 HIV-negative individuals. All subjects were sexually active gay or bisexual males matched for age, as well as age at first intercourse with males. Subjects completed a detailed sexual history questionnaire as well as a series of standardized measures of psychosocial functioning. Results indicated that subjects engaged in a wide range of unsafe sexual behaviours, and frequently combined drugs with sex. Scores on the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) were significantly correlated with lifetime condom use. Social support was also found to be significantly associated with the lifetime number of homosexual partners. Regression analysis revealed a significant negative association between MAST scores and social support and a positive relationship between social support and CD-4 cell count. The groups were found to be similar in terms of clinical levels of anxiety and depression, self-esteem in interpersonal situations, and risk-taking personality.
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Hogan, Paula Jaye. "A constructivist study of social work's involvement with HIV/AIDS." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1995. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1079.
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Sultan, Aysel. "HIV/AIDS related stigma and discrimination issues from cross-cultural aspects of international social work." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130614_105504-21833.
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Stefan Elbe (2005) in his writing about international security dimensions calls HIV/AIDS as a “global security threat” and emphasizes the importance of the disease acknowledgement by the scholars and international policy-makers. Indeed, HIV/AIDS is already for a long time not considered solely as a health problem, on the contrary, the medicalisation of the disease, remains one of the biggest obstacles to the global prevention and holistic treatment approaches. This research highlights those particular obstructions in the essence of cross-cultural peculiarities, bringing more vividness into idea of how HIV/AIDS related challenges are seen in different communities, despite of being a globally actual issue for more than three decades. It is almost an undeniable reality that HIV/AIDS pandemic unites millions and millions of people throughout the world each year, and no matter how bitter might the fact of comprehension be, it still continues to take lives away, therefore, investigations and researchers must be going on, for making the survival a better experience.
This study provides case-studies of stigma and discriminatory challenges as a cultural systems (both internal and external) with its own symbols, rules, thinking models, approaches, norms, laws, values, beliefs, prejudices, taboos, goals, contexts, and political abutments through the exploration of cultural resources that specific societies adopt. Besides that, psychological and existential analysis are used to reveal... [to full text]ŽIV/AIDS jau ilgą laiką nėra laikoma tik kaip sveikatos problema, priešingai, medicininiu požiūriu išlieka viena iš didžiausių problemų taikant pasaulines prevencijos ir holistinį gydymą. Šis tyrimas pabrėžia problemos skirtingose kultūrose ypatumus, todėl dėmesys kreipiamas kaip su ŽIV/AIDS susijusios problemos vertinamos skirtingose bendruomenėse. todėl tyrimai ir tyrėjai turi būti vyksta, už išlikimo geresnį įspūdį. Šis tyrimas atskleidė diskriminacijos problemas, kurios atsiskleidė skirtingose kultūrose per tam tikrus simbolius, taisykles, mąstymo modelius, pagalbos metodus, įstatymus, vertybines nuostatas, tabu. Tyrimo duomenys analizuoti taikant psichologinį ir egzistencinį požiūrius. Bendras tyrimo dalyvių skaičius 13 (11 sergančių ŽIV ir 2 ekspertai). Duomenys rinkti Azerbaidžane, Lietuvoje ir Vokietijoje.
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Mushonga, Allan. "A sociological analysis of Southern African AIDS Trust's capacity-development model in responding to HIV and AIDS." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013261.
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The issues of capacity and capacity development in the response to HIV and AIDS is a topic of intense academic interest and is on the agenda of development practitioners, particularly as these issues are linked to community HIV and AIDS competence and sustainability of civil society organisations and community capacity. The capacity development model of the Southern African AIDS Trust is one of the more illuminating examples of capacity development of civil society organisations for the enhancement of community HIV and AIDS competence in southern Africa. The thesis examines the conceptualisation and implementation of the Southern African AIDS Trust's capacity development model in order to identify and understand the multi-dimensional factors that influence the success and sustainability of HIV and AIDS responses. It argues that, even though the conceptualisation, formulation and implementation of the model were appropriate and yielded acceptable benefits to communities in relation to HIV and AIDS, the sustainability of the model depended fundamentally on the availability of requisite resources. The dependence on external resources, the availability of which is in large part beyond the control of the Southern African AIDS Trust and its community-based beneficiaries, undercuts the sustainability of the model and the programmes delivered through it. Community capacities and community-based HIV and AIDS responses are sustainable only to the extent that communities have sufficient resources to build capacities and develop responses, or can leverage and negotiate external inputs. The degeneration of capacity in intermediary organisations (such as Southern African AIDS Trust) that support community competence undermines models that at first sight seem suitable for effective capacity enhancement with regard to HIV and AIDS programmes. In this regard, the thesis also focuses on the organisational crisis within Southern African AIDS Trust and the ramifications this had for community HIV and AIDS competence.
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Jaquess, David L. "Psychosocial variance in the outcomes of pediatric HIV." Diss., This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-172642/.
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Malatji, Modjadji Linda. "The experiences of women living with HIV and AIDS in Mankweng area, Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/696.
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Thesis (M.A. (Social work)) --University of Limpopo, 2007The impact of AIDS has an overwhelming effect on women as they are unable to fulfill their multiple roles. For many women, a diagnosis of HIV/AIDS carries a profound physical, psychological and social burden. Gender inequities, poverty and a growing prevalence of HIV in developing countries have increased the vulnerability of women to HIV infection. Women’s lack of social and economic independence and their low status in their marital households also increase their vulnerability to HIV. They are susceptible to stigma and discrimination when they are identified as being HIV-positive. Negative social responses in these situations may result in them being rejected by their families and denied access to resources. A qualitative exploratory-descriptive study was conducted with fifty six women living with HIV/AIDS (WLWHA) in the Mankweng area and surrounding villages. Six focus groups interviews were conducted to elicit information about their experiences and perceptions on the way families, communities, health and social service professions treat them. A quantitative approach was also used to indicate the number of participants who shared similar views on a particular issue. The striking feature about the participants’ explanation of HIV and AIDS is that, they associated HIV/AIDS with makgoma (contaminations). The participants also reported that dealing with the consequences of the disease is a huge challenge. They also face challenges in managing their illness. Their problems are compounded by accusations from their partners, family members and the community who blame them for the infection. This creates stress for them that may be detrimental to their physical and emotional health. The participants freely expressed views on HIV/AIDS, aspects that are positive and unsupportive of people living with HIV/AIDS. They shared their physical, social, psychological, cultural and economical challenges. The findings also revealed that an overwhelming number (89%) of WLWHA are struggling with negotiating for condom use. Some of their partners are reluctant to use condoms thus, risking re-infection that is detrimental to their health. The participants’ plea is for the health and social service professionals to become sensitive and compassionate towards them.
Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC)
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Kalla, Coecky Yasmeen. "The impact of HIV/AIDS on service delivery in Polokwane Municipality as an organisation." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/901.
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Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2011The aim of the study was to explore the impact of HIV/AIDS on service delivery in Polokwane Municipality as an organisation and the mechanisms used to implement the HIV/AIDS policies and programmes. The researcher conducted the study in the city of Polokwane under the Capricorn District Municipality in the Limpopo Province. For this study, information was gathered from both municipal employees and managers in Polokwane municipality. The respondents confirmed that the organisation has on HIV/AIDS policy in place and its key provision serves to create a non-discriminatory working environment. They further acknowledged the fact that HIV/AIDS is a concern to the Polokwane municipal workforce and impacts negatively on service delivery that is the reason that led to the establishment of the EAP office. HIV/AIDS is still perceived as a very sensitive issue and employees are not willing to communicate about their status due to fear of being stigmatised. The Municipality should continue facilitation of educational awareness on employee’s health and wellness, and encourage their employees to utilise the office of the employee assistance programmes
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Castelletto, Simona. "Processes that influence the experiences of children living with mothers that have HIV: two case studies." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007728.
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Maternal HIV-infection is considered to be a threat to the psychosocial development of AIDS-affected children. In South Africa, AIDS-affected children may be particularly vulnerable due to the unprecedented effects of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on the breakdown of family and community resources in already disadvantaged communities. The aim of this study was to explore the contextualised experiences of two children living with mothers who have HIV by conducting two case studies. Mother-child dyads were recruited from local HIV/AIDS centres and informed consent was obtained. The mothers were in the minor symptomatic phase of HIV-infection and the children were uninfected and aged between 10 and 12 years. Through semi-structured interviewing, the mothers provided background and contextual information about the children. Play techniques were used in the child interviews to encourage the introduction and exploration of issues salient to the children. Play facilitated engagement around sensitive and potentially anxiety-provoking material. A key issue for the children was their concerns about the anticipated deaths of their mothers. The children held misconceptions about the transmission of HIV/ AIDS. They feared HIV/AIDS and expected that others would have negative perceptions of them. Family processes such as secrecy and avoidance around HIV/AIDS-related issues were understood to perpetuate the children's fears and false beliefs in a broader community context that stigmatised HIV/AIDS. It was argued that the mothers' shame over HIV-infection and their need to protect their relationship with their children compromised their ability to communicate openly with their children and to offer them meaningful emotional support. Limited parental involvement was identified as the key contextual process that engendered vulnerability in the children, as they were isolated within and beyond the family. Recommendations to address the processes that engendered vulnerability in the children are discussed.
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Kulu, Joyce Aliendar Nomvuyo. "Social workers perspectives on social support needed by people living with HIV/AIDS." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86481.
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Thesis (M Social Work)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African government has laws and policies that forbid discrimination against individuals. These policies protect people from being discriminated against in the workplace due to sickness, race and many other factors. Discrimination against people living with HIV/AIDS has caused many people who suffer from this disease not to come forward with their illness because they fear being discriminated against and stigmatised; some even lose their jobs because they are infected with HIV. People infected with HIV are discriminated against not only in the workplace but also in their communities and families. This implies that people living with HIV/AIDS need support from all levels of society in order to live positive lives, which may lead infected people to live longer. This study explored HIV/AIDS as terminal illness and the stressors experienced by people infected with the virus. This was done by examining the support available to people living with HIV/AIDS, as well as identifying the support needed by these people. By adopting an ecological approach to the study, the need for support could be investigated on multiple levels. A combination of a quantitative and qualitative research design was used in the study. Data were gathered by means of a semi-structured interview schedule that was administered during individual interviews with service providers. This allowed for data that were both measurable as well as rich in description to be collected. The questions in the semi-structured questionnaire were based on the information retrieved from the literature review. The findings from the empirical investigation revealed that people living with HIV/AIDS receive limited support from their families, the South African government and society at large. The findings further indicated that informal sources of support such as family, friends and partners are relatively supportive of people living with HIV/AIDS. However, the relationships between people living with HIV/AIDS and their families and partners are often strained, especially when a person first discovers his or her status as HIV positive. Furthermore, people living with HIV/AIDS are stigmatised on multiple levels because of their status. There is stigmatisation from family, friends, in the workplace and in the community. The most important recommendations resulting from the study are that services such as counselling are needed for people living with HIV/AIDS together with their families. This is of particular significance to the South African government, especially the health sector, which needs to improve the health care system. In addition, recommendations emphasise the importance of promoting education and awareness, which could have great value for people living with HIV/AIDS, their families and communities. Knowledge about HIV/AIDS would empower people at all levels to support those who live with the disease and would also be of great value in helping those living with the disease to contribute something of value towards their health condition.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse regering beskik oor wette en beleide wat diskriminasie teen individue verbied. Hierdie wette en beleide beskerm mense teen diskriminasie in die werkplek, diskriminasie op grond van siekte, gestremdheid, ras en vele ander redes. Diskriminasie teen mense wat met MIV/vigs leef, laat baie van hulle hul MIV/vigs-status geheim hou omdat hulle diskriminasie en stigmatisasie vrees. Sommige verloor selfs hulle werk wanneer dit rugbaar word dat hulle aan MIV/vigs ly. Diegene met MIV/vigs ervaar egter nie net in die werkplek diskriminasie nie, maar ook in hul gemeenskappe en families. Dít impliseer dat mense met MIV/vigs op alle vlakke ondersteuning nodig het om ’n positiewe lewe te lei en daarmee hul lewensverwagting so ver moontlik te verleng. Hierdie studie het die stresfaktore van terminale MIV/vigs-lyers ondersoek. Daar is voorts ondersoek ingestel na die ondersteuning wat mense met MIV/vigs ontvang, sowel as die ondersteuning wat hulle nodig het. MIV/vigs-lyers se ondersteuningsbehoeftes op etlike vlakke is deur middel van ’n ekologiese navorsingsbenadering bepaal. ’n Kombinasie van ’n kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe navorsingsmetodologie is vir die studie gebruik. Data is met behulp van ’n semigestruktureerde vraelys ingesamel, wat gedurende individuele onderhoude met diensverskaffers afgeneem is. Sodoende kon meetbare sowel as hoogs beskrywende data ingesamel word. Die vrae in die semigestruktureerde vraelys was gegrond op die inligting uit die literatuuroorsig. Die bevindinge van die empiriese ondersoek toon dat mense wat met MIV/vigs leef beperkte ondersteuning van hul familie, die Suid-Afrikaanse regering en die groter samelewing ontvang. Die bevindinge dui voorts daarop dat informele ondersteuningsbronne, soos familie, vriende en lewensmaats, betreklik ondersteunend is teenoor diegene met MIV/vigs. Tog is die verhouding tussen MIV/vigs-lyers en hul families en lewensmaats ook dikwels onder druk, veral net nadat die persoon ontdek dat hy/sy MIV-positief is. Daarbenewens word mense met MIV/vigs op verskeie vlakke gestigmatiseer – deur hul familie, vriende, in die werkplek en die gemeenskap. Die belangrikste aanbeveling uit die studie handel oor die behoefte aan dienste soos berading vir mense wat met die virus leef, sowel as vir hul familie. Die aanbeveling behoort veral van belang te wees vir die Suid-Afrikaanse regering, en in die besonder die gesondheidsektor, wat hierdie behoefte in gedagte moet hou om die gesondheidsorgstelsel te verbeter. Ander aanbevelings beklemtoon die belang van meer opvoeding en bewusmaking, aangesien dit uiters waardevol kan wees vir mense met MIV/vigs, hul familie en gemeenskappe. Kennis oor MIV/vigs sal mense op alle vlakke bemagtig om diegene met die virus te ondersteun, terwyl dit MIV/vigs-lyers self ook sal help om hul eie gesondheidstoestand beter te bestuur.
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Malgas, Helen Audrey. "Stress, coping, and the role of social support in living with HIV/AIDS : a literature review." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50456.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2005.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: HIV/AIDS places much stress on those living with the disease. An understanding of the processes of stress and coping and how these relate to people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) can inform the nature of services we offer to PLWHAs. Social support has been shown to playa mediatory role in the stress response and is also considered to be a problem-focused coping strategy. This paper presents an overview of the literature on stress, coping and social support with the aim of assisting healthcare workers to understand how these issues relate to HIV/AIDS and to show how healthcare workers, and, specifically psychologists can use their unique competencies and skills to enhance the quality of life of PLWHAs.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: MIVNIGS plaas baie druk op mense wat met die siekte moet saamleef. Insig rakende die prosesse van spanning en hantering daarvan en hoe dit verband hou met mense wat met MIVNIGS moet saamleef, het die potensiaal om die aard van die dienste wat aan die spesifieke populasie gelewer word, in te lig. Sosiale ondersteuning blyk 'n bemiddelende rol te speel in spanningsresponse en word ook beskou as 'n probleemgefokusde hanteringsmeganisme. Die betrokke werkstuk bied 'n oorsig van die literatuur rakende spanning, hantering en sosiale ondersteuning. Dit is gefokus daarop om bystand te verleen aan gesondheidsorg werkers om hulle insig te gee hoe hierdie kwessies met MIVNIGS verband hou. Dit poog ook om aan te toon hoe gesondheidsorgwerkers en spesifiek sielkundiges, hul unieke bevoegdhede en vaardighede kan benut om die wat met MIVNIGS moet saamleef, se kwaliteit van lewe te verryk.
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Rocha, Emerson Ferreira da. "A construção social do cuidado em um grupo de apoio aos indivíduos portadores do vírus HIV/AIDS: estratégias e enfretamentos." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2005. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7605.
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O objetivo principal deste trabalho consiste em analisar a construção social do cuidado em um grupo específico de apoio aos portadores do vírus HIV/AIDS. Para tanto, apresentamos uma discussão teórico-conceitual e metodológica desenvolvida em quatro capítulos. Nos dois primeiros refletimos sobre a trajetória, do enfrentamento da epidemia do HIV/Aids no Brasil e o papel das ONGs nessa trajetória, buscando delinear o campo de disputando qual um grupo específico de portadores do vírus HIV/Aids se insere e assume posição contra-hegemônica. Em seguida, no terceiro capítulo, mapeamos o percurso da formação desse grupo, analisando o engendramento das atividades ali desenvolvidas e os reflexos do campo de disputa no interior do grupo. No capítulo seguinte, refletimos sobre a história de vida de uma das participantes do grupo, por meio da qual identificamos quais as possíveis configurações desse sujeito, mediante sua inserção nos espaços sociais. Verificamos que tal inserção amplia sua capacidade de articular saberes no enfrentamento dos seus problemas de saúde. Concluímos que o grupo estabelece modos de fazer que primam pela
manutenção do vínculo por onde circulam bens e se efetuam as solidariedades. Além disso, percebemos que as hegemônicas concepções de saúde e doença estão tendo seus poros alargados por este reordenamento social que não somente filtra os valores indesejáveis da visão hegemônica, como também propicia aos sujeitos a redescoberta do seu próprio cuidado. Por fim, constatamos que as representações sobre saúde e doença, decorrentes da que as representações dobre saúde e doença, decorrentes da inserção do sujeito em espaços sociais específicos, como os grupos de apoio, provocam (re)significações importantes: trabalhar, cozinhar, dormir, alimentar-se e também aquelas que estavam somente na ordem do lazer, como passear, ficar em casa com a família, visitar e ser visitado por amigos, dançar e outras, ganham nova dimensão e passam a ser vistas como vetores de saúde. Deste modo, gestos
simples e práticas habituais assumem aspectos de táticas que modulam o cuidado dos sujeitos, Estas práticas realizadas no cotidiano, as quais chamamos de cuidado vivo, são também
percebidas pelos sujeitos como cuidado.The main aim of this paper consists in the analysis of social construction care in a specific supports group to the people living with HIV/AIDS. For this purpose, a theoretical conceptual and methodological discussion will be developed in four chapter. The first two ones we reflect on the trajectory of combat in the HIV/Aids epidemic in Brazil and the role of the Non-Governmental Organizations in this trajectory, searching to delineate the field of dispute in where a specific group of people living with HIV/Aids has insertions and tales on counter hegemonic position. In the third chapter we map the process of the groups formation, analyzing the relationship of the activities developed and the consequences of the field of dispute in the interior of the group. In the following chapter, a reflex ion on one components life is put forward, by mean of which we identify the possible configurations of this person, through of its insertion on these social spaces. We verify that such enlarges its capacity to articulate knowledge in the difficulties faced of its healths problems. We concluded that the group establishes ways of to make that prioritizes the maintenance of the bond by where circulate goods and solidarities. Moreover, we notice that the hegemonic conceptions of health and illness have had its pores widened by this social new arrangement that not only filters the values undesirable of this hegemonic vision, as also it propitiates to the persons the rediscovery of its own care. Finally, we evidence that the representations on health and illness derived from the persons insertion in specific social spaces, as the groups of support, provoke outstanding new meaning: to work, to cook, to sleep, to feed himself and those that were only in the order of the leisure as: to walk, to be in home with the family, to visit and to be visited by friends, to dance and others gain a new dimension and become healths vectors. In this way, common gestures and habitual practices are converted in tactics that modulate the care of person. The persons also realize these daily practices, which we call living care as care.
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Washington, Vanessa Marie. "Destigmatisation within the HIV/AIDS pandemic : wowards a pastoral anthropology of embodiment." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4103.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MTh (Practical Theology and Missiology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The focus of the thesis is on the HIV and AIDS-related stigma and stigmatisation of people who try to live positively with HIV/AIDS within the pandemic. The basic assumption is that there is interplay between the HIVAIDS-related stigma as a cultural phenomenon and the negative perception of the human body. Since a human being is created corporeal and re-created due to the fact that human embodiment is a fundamental ingredient for the understanding of soul, It is argued that in a pastoral approach, a person should be understood holistically. Anthropology within the traditional kerygmatic approach focused mainly on the notion of sin (corruption totalis) within the theological understanding of God’s judgement (judgemental attitude). I have proposed that pastoral anthropology should adopt constructive paradigms and point towards the integration of embodiment (wholeness) in a realistic approach rather than emphasising the notion of sin and forms of dualism. The thesis departs from an eschatological and pneumatological view of the human being, in which the concepts of resurrection and hope are equally crucial. I further argue that a Christian spiritual perspective on embodiment is potentially destigmatising itself. In terms of a pastoral hermeneutic I have shown that in destigmatisation the transformation of the HIV and AIDS-related stigma corresponds to the transformation of the mindset and paradigm of a person (habitus). Through the process of destigmatisation people discover meaning and are enabled to live fully embodied and responsible lives. The thesis is designed as a literature study based on text analysis and hermeneutical reflection. Moreover, in order to develop a pastoral anthropological view, the Scripture is used as a reference point.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die navorsing fokus op die fenomeen van stigmatisiering binne die HIV/AIDS pandemie. Die kernargument is dat stigmatisering as 'n sosiaal-kulturele konstrukt binne die netwerk van verhoudinge direk in verband staan met 'n bepaalde destruktiewe persepsie wat die vraagstuk van liggaamlikheid onmiddellik raak. Vandaar die verdere fokus op die verband tussen liggaamlikheid en die verstaan van die menslike siel binne die raamwerk van 'n pastorale antropologie. Die teologiese invalshoek is die eskatologiese paradigma, die mens as 'n pneumatiese wese en nuwe skepping. Liggaamlikheid deel gelykoorspronklik aan hierdie nuwe wees-funksie van die mens sodat verstaan van die mens as „beliggaamde siel“ en „besielde liggaam“ alle vorme van dualisme in teologiese antropologie teëwerk. Die totale mens is as ‘n beliggaamde mens geskep sodat in pastorale antropologie die menslike persoon holisties verstaan moet word. Om menswees bloot vanuit die perspektief van sonde te benader hou nie rekening met die realisme van die Bybel wat die mens binne die raamwerk van die wysheidsliteratuur sien vanuit die perspektief van genade en vernuwing. Eensydige fokus op die paradigma van sonde dra by tot destruktiewe veroordelende houding (judgemental attitude). Volgens die aard van kruisteologie is die „smet“ en „stigma“ van sonde daar oorwin. In die lig van die opstandingsperspektief is die „dood van stigma“ totaal uitgewis. Hierdie opstandingperspektief moet verreken word in teologiese model wat gerig is op prosesse van destigmatisering binne pastorale hermeneutiek. Die implikasie hiervan is die transformasie van stigmatisernde paradigmas en die skep van pastorale houding (habitus) van begrip en medelye. Deur ‘n dergelike proses van destigmatisasie word mense in die kern van hul weesfunksie kwalitatief bemagtig ten einde vervulde lewens te kan ly. Die tesis volg kwalitatiewe benadering. Dit is voorts literêre studie gebaseer op teks-analises, kritiese reflektering en hermeneutiese metodologie.
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Klopper, Ceridwyn Elza. "Factors influencing HIV status disclosure." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17857.
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Thesis (MCur)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Understanding the incidence and prevalence of HIV/AIDS is important in addressing the ongoing epidemic. Understanding which factors influence the rate of transmission of the virus is critical in attempting to contain and ultimately eradicate the disease. Determining which factors influence a person’s decision to disclose his/her positive status to others, particularly the sexual partner, is essential in understanding this complex process and thereby improving disclosure rates. The aim of the study was to investigate which factors influence the disclosure of someone’s HIV positive status. The objectives were to determine whether aspects such as socio-demographic factors, stigma and discrimination, religion, culture, fear of abandonment and rejection as well as knowledge of the disease influences disclosure rates. These objectives were met through an in-depth descriptive correlational research design with a quantitative approach. The target population (N = 1200/100%) consisted of all the HIV infected clients who attended a Community Health Clinic (CHC) for HIV management in the Cape Metropolitan area. The convenience sampling method was used to select the sample of participants (n = 150/12.5%) who met the criteria and voluntarily agreed to participate in the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used consisting of mainly closed-ended questions, with a limited number of open-ended questions. Ethics approval for the study was obtained from the Health Research Ethics Committee at the Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University. Permission was obtained from the City of Cape Town: City Health, to conduct the research. Informed consent was obtained from each participant. Reliability and validity were supported by a pilot study which was conducted on (n=15/10%) of participants at this CHC to assure the feasibility of the study. The data was analysed with the support of a statistician and was presented with histograms and frequency tables. Statistical associations were determined between the various variables. The qualitative data obtained from the open-ended questions were grouped in trends and analysed thematically and then these trends were quantified. The results show that there are numerous factors which influenced HIV status disclosure. The fear of stigmatisation was identified as a factor which influences HIV disclosure to others, especially among the male participants. The results revealed that this was the major reason for delayed or non-disclosure, as well as the fear of rejection and blame. The results showed that awareness of the sexual partner’s HIV status remained relatively low (n = 64/43%), with awareness of the partner’s status highest among married participants. The recommendations were to assure that HIV positive individuals have access to support groups and are given an opportunity to attend multiple counselling sessions. Community based initiatives are needed to reduce stigmatisation of individuals with HIV and to improve access to social support systems. It was concluded that disclosure is a multifaceted process and one particular factor does not necessarily influence disclosure of a HIV positive status but most often a combination of factors.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit is belangrik om die verspreiding en voorkoms van MIV/VIGS te verstaan om die gesprek rondom die voortdurende epidemie aan te roer. Kennis van watter faktore die snelheid beïnvloed waarteen die virus oorgedra word, is krities in ’n poging om dit onder beheer te hou en uiteindelik uit te wis. Om te bepaal watter faktore ’n mens se besluit beïnvloed om jou positiewe status van MIV aan andere bekend te maak, veral aan ’n seksuele maat, is dit belangrik om die kompleksiteit van die proses te begryp en sodoende die pas van bekendmaking te verbeter. Die doel van die studie is om te bepaal watter faktore beïnvloed die bekendmaking van ’n MIV positiewe status. Die doelwitte is om vas te stel of aspekte soos sosio-demografiese faktore, stigma en diskriminasie, godsdiens, kultuur, vrees vir verlating en verwerping en kennis van die siekte, die insidensie van bekendmaking beïnvloed. ’n Beskrywende korrelatiewe navorsingsontwerp met ’n kwantitatiewe benadering is toegepas. Die teikengroep (N=1200/100%) het bestaan uit al die MIV geïnfekteerde persone wat ’n Gemeenskapgesondheidskliniek vir die bestuur van MIV in die Kaapse Metropolitaanse area besoek het. Die gerieflikheidssteekproef metode is gebruik om die steekproef van deelnemers (n=150/12.5%) te kies wat vrywillig ingestem het om aan die kriteria vir die studie te voldoen. ’n Self-geadministreerde vraelys was gebruik wat hoofsaaklik uit geslote vrae met ’n beperkte aantal ope vrae bestaan. Etiese goedkeuring vir die studie is verkry van die Gesondheidsnavorsing se Etiese Komitee by die Fakulteit van Gesondheidswetenskappe, Universiteit van Stellenbosch. Toestemming is verkry van die stad Kaapstad: Stad Gesondheid, om die navorsing uit te voer. Ingeligte toestemming is van die deelnemers verkry. Betroubaarheid en geldigheid is ondersteun deur ’n loodsstudie wat op (n=15/10%) van die deelnemers beoefen is by die Gemeenskapsgesondheidkliniek om die uitvoerbaarheid van die studie te verseker.Die data is geanaliseer met die ondersteuning van ’n statistikus en is deur histogramme en frekwensie-tabelle voorgestel. Statistiese assosiasies is vasgestel tussen die verskeie veranderlikes. Die kwalitatiewe data is geneem vanuit ope vrae wat gegroepeer is in neigings en tematies geanaliseer is en die neigings is hierna gekwantifiseer. Die uitslae bewys dat daar heelwat faktore is wat die bekendmaking van MIV statusstatus beïnvloed. Die vrees vir stigmatisering is geïdentifiseer as ’n faktor met betrekking tot die bekendmaking van MIV aan andere, veral onder die manlike deelnemers. Die uitslae bewys dat dit die hoofrede vir terughoudendheid of nie-bekendmaking van die siekte is, asook die vrees vir ververwerping en blaam. Die resultate bewys dat die bewustheid van die seksuele maat se MIV statusstatus relatief laag bly (n=64/43%) met bewustheid van die maat se status die hoogste onder getroude deelnemers. Die aanbevelings is om te verseker dat MIV positiewe individue toegang het tot ondersteuningsgroepe en dat hulle geleentheid gegee word om veelvuldige voorligtingsessies by te woon. Gemeenskapgebaseerde inisiatiewe is nodig om stigmatisering van individue met MIV te verminder en vir die verbetering van toegang tot maatskaplike ondersteuningsisteme. Ter samevatting kan die gevolgtrekking gemaak word, dat; die bekend making van MIV positiewe status word nie noodwendig beïnvloed deur ʼn spesifieke faktor of meervlakkige besluitnemings proses nie, maar eerder deur ʼn kombinasie van faktore.
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Brink, Nicole. "An interpretative phenomenological analysis of HIV positive individuals’ experiences of being in a support group." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/62988.
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People who have been diagnosed HIV positive often experience distress and anxiety due to uncertainties pertaining to the implications of an HIV positive status. Research has shown that support groups have always been a way for people to cope with the distress and stressful circumstances associated with health conditions such as HIV. This research investigated the role of face to face support groups in the lives of those living with HIV. The primary focus of this research project is to provide an in-depth exploration of HIV positive individuals‟ experiences of being in a support group. The study aims to explore the positive and negative experiences of being in an HIV support group and aims to gain an understanding of the role support plays in the lives of those living with HIV. A qualitative research design was used to explore the above mentioned aim. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with five individuals, (three women and two men) who had experienced HIV support groups. The interviews were transcribed and then analysed according to the principles of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). The findings of this study revealed five super-ordinate themes, which revealed not only the positive and negative experiences of being in a support group, but also the challenges that the participants‟ experienced before joining the group. Getting a sense of the participants‟ experience before joining the group allowed the researcher to get a better understanding of how useful or not the support group has been in helping them deal with the challenges of living with HIV. The themes included: „struggling to survive after diagnosis‟, „struggling to cope: adopting negative coping skills‟, „experiencing a turning-point: a will to survive‟, „attending support group: a sweet experience‟ and lastly, „attending support groups: a bitter experience‟. Findings suggest that for these participants, the advantages outweighed the disadvantages of being in a support group. Therefore this study suggests that face to face support groups are a viable and even necessary option for support. These findings support previous research and literature in regards to the importance of social support in the form of support groups in effectively assisting HIV positive people in their journey to adjust to the consequence of living with HIV.
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Ndhlovu, Japhet. "Combating HIV : a ministerial strategy for Zambian churches." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5492.
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Thesis (DTh (Practical Theology and Missiology))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This work is about a missiological praxis for the creation of 'Circles of Hope' as an entry point for faith based organisations and, particularly, local churches in Zambia for an effective battle in the fight against HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). The HIV pandemic is one of the worst tragedies to have befallen humankind in the 21st century. Lost to many people is the fact that it does not affect all regions of the globe equally. Figures show that over 70% of PLWHA (people living with HIV) are in sub Saharan-Africa while most affected are young and therefore, in theory, energetic. With an overall HIV prevalence rate of 16% and a life expectancy of 34 years, HIV has severely impacted the lives of Zambians across the country. Stigma remains one of the most significant challenges in Zambia across the prevention-to-care continuum. The wider environment of these effects and statistics has provided for us the wider contextual situation. The Church in Zambia and, indeed, in the entire sub-Saharan African region cannot afford to hide its head in the sand anymore. The impact of HIV is being felt at all levels of society. This has posed a threat to economic progress and human development by attacking the most economically productive age group and reversing gains in life expectancy and child survival. The increasing burden on health budgets has stretched national and community resources to the limit, leaving no room for complacency or pretence about the magnitude of the problem. Since some members of the Church are positively infected, we can safely say of the Church: the body of Christ has HIV. HIV is a national disaster. It cannot be managed without mobilising all the sectors within a nation. The Church in Zambia needs to make HIV prevention a matter of compelling priority. The Church is an instrument for the missional praxis of the triune God. Theology in this work is not so much a scientific endeavour that begins and ends with analysing contexts and texts, rather it is an imaginative way of finding new answers to the new situation brought about by the presence of HIV (Hendriks, 2004: 30). In this work the researcher contends that measures are required to develop strong theological reflections and education which would result in the establishment of Circles of Hope in all local congregations. These Circles of Hope would act as a fountain for promoting behavioural change, support action for safer sexual behaviour, and combat stigmatisation and discrimination against people with known HIV infection. There must be appropriate theological reflections that touch on the work of the reign of God. A relevant HIV theology will necessarily involve the laity, will watch out for fundamentalist views, will be biblical in nature and will draw from Trinitarian understanding. The basis of moving from a theology of punishment to that of care, truth, freedom, justice and peace is the theology of community and companionship. This reflection is an attempt to have constructive interpretation of the present realities brought about by a time of HIV. One can only discern God‘s will for the present situation through critical and sensitive leadership in order to bring about genuine healing. The role of the local church and networking activities are essential commodities to realise a vision of a Zambia that is HIV competent. This then is the new ministerial strategy being spearheaded by the 'Circles of Hope' programme of the Council of Churches in Zambia. It is a challenge for Zambian churches.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die navorsing handel oor ʼn missiologiese begronde praksis vir die skepping van 'Kringe van Hoop' as 'n beginpunt vir geloofsgebaseerde organisasies en spesifiek die plaaslike kerk in Zambië in hulle stryd teen MIV (Menslike Immuniteits Virus). Die MIV pandemie is een van die ergste tragedies wat die mensdom in die 21ste eeu getref het. Wat baie mense nie altyd besef nie, is dat dit nie oral in die wêreld dieselfde impak het nie. Statistiek wys daarop dat meer as 70% van alle MIV positiewe mense Suid van die Sahara woon. Die meerderheid van die geïnfekteerdes is jonk met baie potensiaal. 16% van die bevolking in Zambië is MIV positief en het 'n lewensverwagting van 34 jaar. Die uitwerking hiervan raak die land en al sy mense. Naas voorkoming en versorging bly een van die grootste uitdagings wat die gemeenskap in Zambië moet aanspreek stigmatisering. Die groter konteks Suid van die Sahara vorm die agtergrond van elke land se spesifieke probleme. Ook Zambië en met name die kerk in Zambië sal die feite in die oë moet kyk. Die pandemie is 'n bedreiging vir ekonomiese vooruitgang en menslike ontwikkeling omdat dit die ekonomies mees produktiewe ouderdomsgroep afmaai, lewensverwagting verlaag en kindersterftes laat toeneem. Die toenemende las op die gesondheidsbegroting het die nasionale en gemeenskapshulpbronne grootliks uitgeput. Die omvang van die probleem kan op geen manier meer ontken en negeer word nie. Aangesien baie lidmate MIV positief is, kan 'n mens goedskiks verklaar dat die liggaam van Christus MIV het. Dit is ʼn nasionale tragedie. Die pandemie kan nie bestry word sonder dat al die sektore van die samelewing daarteen gemobiliseer is nie. Die kerk in Zambië moet die voorkoming van MIV as 'n uiters noodsaaklike prioriteit beskou. Die Kerk is 'n instrument vir die missionêre praksis van die drie-enige God. Die navorsing beskou teologie nie as 'n wetenskaplike onderneming wat bloot handel oor 'n analise van kontekste en tekste nie. Teologie is iets waarin jy handelend en verbeeldingryk toetree tot die aanspreek van 'n veelbewoë situasie en antwoorde probeer vind op die probleme (Hendriks, 2004: 30). Die navorsing werk met die hipotese dat die probleem vanuit 'n teologiese hoek benader moet word sodat teologiese beginsels die praktykteorie van Kringe van Hoop in plaaslike gemeentes sal onderskraag. Die studie voorsien dat die Kringe van Hoop die hoof dryfveer sal wees wat gedragsverandering sal bevorder, veiliger seksuele gedrag sal aanmoedig, en die stryd teen die stigmatisering en diskriminasie sal voer. Gepaste teologiese refleksie oor die heerskappy van God is noodsaaklik. 'n Revelante HIV teologie sal gewone lidmate insluit, sal bedag wees op fundamentalistiese sieninge, sal bybels wees en sal gebaseer wees op ʼn trinitariese godsbegrip. Die teologiese basis vir die wegbeweeg van 'n teologie van straf/oordeel na een van versorging, waarheid, vryheid, geregtigheid en vrede, is geleë in gemeenskap en kameraadskap. Hierdie refleksie is 'n poging om in 'n tyd van HIV 'n konstruktiewe interpretasie te gee van die huidige realiteite. Kritiese en sensitiewe leierskap behoort in die huidige situasie te poog om God se wil te soek om die gebrokenheid van 'n MIV siek gemeenskap aan te spreek. Die rol van die plaaslike kerk en netwerkingsaktiwiteite is onontbeerlik vir die realisering van die visie van ʼn Zambië sonder MIV. Die 'Kringe van Hoop'-program van die Zambiese Raad van Kerke is 'n bedieningstrategie wat die MIV pandemie wil aanspreek en wat die kerk in Zambië uitdaag om mee te doen.
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Ward, Vivienne. "Networks, NGOs and public health : responses to HIV/AIDS in the Cape Winelands." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/19890.
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Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This reflexive study of responses to the HIV/AIDS pandemic was set in Stellenbosch, a town in the Cape Winelands that, with its diverse but disjointed population, in many ways is a microcosm of South African society. My question was what happens when the experience of HIV/AIDS, with its personal impacts and global connections, reaches a particular locality in South Africa. I worked on the assumption that the reach of the disease in this specific locality reflects the disconnectedness of people through historical, political, social and economic processes, and that responses to the disease attempt to repair ruptures through integrating people into caring systems of support. By tracking and interrogating responses at public health and service organisation levels as a participant observer, I noted recurrent references to the importance of engaging patients in the treatment process. My observations revealed a transformation in the dyadic relationship between doctor and patient, as well as an embracing reach of networked service organisations, both initiatives striving to render more effective services. In the process relationships developed between patients and service providers at health and social levels, and between providers themselves. Much of the impetus for these local developments was derived from global inputs as local players draw down packaged practices and funds from the global assemblage that Nguyen refers to as the “AIDS industry” (2005a). Thus, I suggest that HIV/AIDS becomes a catalyst for local innovation within globally standardised structures, such innovation being driven principally by building social relationships.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie reflektiewe studie aangaande die response tot die MIV/VIGS pandemie is in Stellenbosch, ‘n dorp in die Kaapse Wynlande, gedoen. Stellenbosch se diverse, maar tog onsamehangende, populasie is in verskeie maniere ‘n mikrokosmos van die Suid- Afrikaanse samelewing. My vraag het gevra wat gebeur as die ondervinding van MIV/VIGS, wat persoonlike impakte en globale konneksies insluit, ‘n spesifieke lokaliteit in Suid-Afrika bereik. Ek het gewerk volgens die aanname dat die omvang van die siekte in dié spesifieke lokaliteit die uitskakeling van mense deur historiese, politieke, sosiale en ekonomiese prosesse reflekteer, en dat response tot die siekte poog om ontwrigtings te herstel deur die integrasie van mense in versorgende ondersteunings sisteme. Deur response, op publieke gesondheid en dienslewerings organisasie vlak, as deelnemende waarnemer op te volg en te ondersoek, het ek herhaaldelike verwysings gekry na die noodsaaklikheid om pasiente te betrek in die behandelings proses. My observasies het ’n transformasie in die wederkerige verhouding tussen dokters en pasiente ontbloot, sowel as ’n omvattende omvang van netwerke van dienslewerings organisasies. Beide inisiatiewe streef daarna om meer effektiewe dienste te lewer. In die proses ontwikkel verhoudings tussen pasiente en diensverskaffers op gesondheids and sosiale vlakke, asook tussen diensverskaffers. ’n Groot gedeelte van die dryfkrag agter hierdie plaaslike ontwikkelings spruit uit globale insette namate plaaslike spelers verpakte praktyke en fondse ontvang/trek van die globale groep, wat Nguyen na verwys as die ’VIGS industrie’ (2005a). Daarvoor, stel ek voor dat HIV/VIGS ’n katalisator vir plaaslike innovasie binne globaal gestandardiseerde strukture word, en dat inovasies van die aard hoofsaaklik deur die bou van sosiale verhoudings gedryf word.
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Kunda, Rosaria. "Vulnerable children, schooling and the feminisation of the AIDS pandemic in Zambia." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4874_1189597212.
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This study aimed to explore the gender imbalances that exist in access to education and participation in schooling of the female orphans and vulnerable children, and also how this relates to the continuing feminisation of the HIV and AIDS pandemic in Zambia. The study was based on the premise that the girl child is disadvantaged in this area, and the HIV and AIDS pandemic in worsening the situation for female orphans and vulnerable children.
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Bitangaro, Barbara Kagoro. "The role of gender relations in decision-making for access to antiretrovirals. A study of the AIDS Support Organisation (TASO) clients, Kampala district, Uganda." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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The way gender relations influence access to care and treatment particularly access to antiretroviral medicines is a challenge to HIV/AIDS programmes and to the individuals and families with HIV. Gender norms that push women and men to adhere to dominant ideals of femininity and masculinity may restrict women's access to economic resources, health care and fuel the spread of HIV. The aim of this study was to determine the role of gender relations in influencing decision-making for access to antiretroviral medicines between partners and in the family.
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Makhubele, Jabulani Calvin. "The impact of culture on the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS amongst people in low-resourced areas :a social work perspective." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2027.
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Thesis (M. A. (Social Work)) -- University of Limpopo, 2004.The aim of this study was to explore the impact of culture on the prevention and reatment of HIV/AIDS amongst people in low-resourced areas like Malamulele. he study focused on the lifestyles, beliefs, attitudes and perceptions around ultural elements and practices, which might impact negatively on the prevention nd treatment of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. There were three groups of research espondents namely: learners from three high schools in Malamulele, some arents of the learners and the traditional/cultural leaders. The researcher ollected both qualitative and quantitative data. The data was gathered through he use of an interview schedule (questionnaire), focus group discussions and ound-table discussion sessions. The data was presented, analysed and nterpreted by means of tables and charts. t was found that people in low-resourced (rural) areas have little knowledge about HIV/AIDS, causes, symptoms and how the disease is transmitted. Despite the fact that awareness and educational campaigns and programmes are being rendered, people in low-resourced (rural) areas have little knowledge and needed skills about prevention and treatment of the pandemic. Polygamy and extra-marital relations by men is still highly valued and viewed at high esteem. Religious structures seem to be detached to the issue of HIV/AIDS as they mentioned that talking about HIV/AIDS is immoral and against their principles. The study also tried to explore the extent to which people in low-resourced areas view and use condoms as a protective means.
23
Roman, Gail Sandra. "An exploration of the stigma experienced by women who are living with HIV/AIDS." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1255_1210750809.
Full textAbstract:
The effects of the spread of HIV/AIDS place a great burden on women and children, who will probably suffer most in terms of social and economic deprivation. Since HIV/AIDS is linked to social taboos such as sexuality, drug use and death, there are enormous levels of ignorance, denial, fear and intolerance in most communities. These prejudices lead to the stigmatisation and discrimination of people who are living with HIV/AIDS. Moreover the illness, as it is sexually transmitted, has been conflated with sexual excess, lack of morals, and those already stigmatised such as sex workers with associated discourses of blame, shame and guilt. Generally, responses to HIV and those living with HIV have served to reflect, legitimise and reproduce broader social inequalities on the basis of sexual orientation, gender, race and class. Stigma is the reason why many people who are living with HIV/AIDS, choose not to disclose their status and seek apposite assistance. This study explored the stigma experienced by a group of women who are living with HIV/AIDS and to develop a deeper understanding of whether these experiences are complicated by social responses.
24
Jones, Lynne. "The impact of HIV/AIDS on children in Swaziland : opportunities for, and constraints on, scaling up interventions." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9049bceb-9ae7-48d0-b501-78c9ef45446d.
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This research focuses on vulnerable children in Swaziland, the country with the highest level of adult HIV prevalence in the world, where nearly 25 percent of children will be orphaned by 2010. It investigates the experiences of relatively poor urban children growing up in the epidemic and the coping strategies the children and their adult carers adopt. Through the lens of both children and adult carers, it explores the ways sexual knowledge is gained and used by older children in the context of HIV/AIDS as well as the experience of coping with widespread bereavement. In this way, it adds to the literature on childhoods in the 'South' and the increasing recognition of the heterogeneity of children's lived experiences. Rather than being seen as passive, the agency of both vulnerable children and their adult carers emerges as they seek to improve their livelihoods. The way this agency connects with government, NGO and community structures is revealed by showing the opportunities for and constraints on gaining access to education and health-care. The interwoven roles of government, international donors, NGOs and civil society is explored by assessing the relative merits of supporting vulnerable children by either welfare assistance to poor families or new forms of 'community' care structures or institutionalised residential care. The critical importance of relationships and power relations between key actors in different organisations and the effect this has on implementation of interventions for children is discussed as well as the relevance of these findings to vulnerable children in other settings.
25
Lima, Ricardo Delgado Marques de. "A experiência de viver com hiv/aids, relações afetivo-sexuais e adesão ao tratamento." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2015. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1103.
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Este estudo qualitativo problematizou os processos de subjetivação das pessoas vivendo com HIV e Aids (PVHA) na contemporaneidade, buscando questionar as concepções naturalizadas e universais sobre o fenômeno do HIV/Aids, ressaltando suas nuances históricas e políticas. O objetivo geral foi de investigar a experiência de se viver com HIV/Aids, analisar as questões da descoberta da soropositividade, investigar a vida afetivo-sexual dessas PVHA após a descoberta do HIV e problematizar sobre o significado que atribuem à adesão e ao uso da medicação. Utilizou-se de um referencial teórico pós-estruturalista, baseado no pensamento de Michel Foucault. Seis entrevistas semiestruturadas foram realizadas com PVHA que são atendidas em um SAE (Serviço de Atendimento Especializado em DST e Aids) de Recife-PE. Os sujeitos foram selecionados através de uma amostra acidental e intencional. Problematizou-se a existência de um método em Foucault, não sendo possível falar em método a partir deste pensador, mas em metodologias. Seu objeto de estudo foi sempre o sujeito, assim, seu caminho foi problematizá-lo, considerando sua contingência histórica, tensionada pelos jogos de verdade e pela dimensão ética da relação consigo e com o outro. Trabalhou-se com o conceito de experiência, como central a esta pesquisa, tomando-o como parte dos processos de subjetivações. O estudo sobre a experiência de viver com HIV/Aids mostrou que os sujeitos da Aids vivenciam, ainda muito de perto, a perspectiva de doença e morte, apesar do tempo passado e dos avanços conseguidos. Quanto às experiências afetivo-sexuais, evidenciou-se mediada pela questão da contaminação e prevenção do HIV, sendo possível apontar como a Aids como um discurso, funcionando dentro de dispositivos de vigilância e controle da sexualidade, interferindo diretamente nessas práticas sexuais. É sob a insígnia da prevenção que uma lógica sanitarista media os engajamentos numa relação amorosa e/ou sexual, onde predominam a preocupação consigo e com o outro, através das técnicas de si e de uma ética do cuidado. Finalmente, a experiência com uso da medicação e com a adesão ao tratamento, tomados como discursos enredados com o dispositivo de controle sobre a vida. Assim, sujeitos seguem prescrições médicas que lhes guiam num cuidado com sua saúde e com a da população, onde esses discursos parecem estabelecer pilares para uma sociedade orientada pelo biopoder e por biopolíticas onde o corpo transforma-se num campo de batalhas. A Aids parece circular como um dos discursos que servem ao dispositivo da biopolítica na sua vigilância sobre a preservação da vida.This qualitative study problematized processes of subjectivation on people living with HIV/AIDS in the contemporaneity; it aimed to question the naturalized and universalised conceptions on the phenomena of HIV/AIDS, highlighting their historical and political nuances. Therefore, general objective was to investigate the experience of living with HIV/AIDS. It was also to analyse discovery of the HIV status, to investigate the affective-sexual lives of those people post HIV and problematize the meaning given by them to adherence to the treatment and use of medication. A post-structuralism theoretical approach was used, based on Michel Foucaults thought. We conducted 6 semi-structured interviews with HIV/AIDS people attending a SAE (special care service for STDs and AIDS) in Recife-PE, where subjects were accidental and deliberately chosen. The study on experience revealed HIV/Aids people facing a perspective of illness or death, regardless all time elapsed and advances acquired. As for the affective-sexual experiences, we were able to see they were mediated by matters of contamination and how AIDS as a Discourse was used by dispositif of surveillance and control for the sexuality, directly interfering on sexual practices. It is under the insignia of prevention that a sanitation order intervene engagements on love or sexual relationships, where predominates a concern of oneself or towards the others through some Techniques of the self and Ethics of Care. Finally, the issue of medication and adherence seem to work as a dispositif controlling life where medical prescriptions guided them with their health care and the population caring; those discourses seem to set foundations for a biopolitics oriented society whereas the body is transformed into a field of battles.
26
Van, der Walt I. C. "The impact of HIV/AIDS on the South African labour market." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51980.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: No disease in modern times has created as much fear and panic as HIV/AIDS - undoubtedly one of the most formidable public health problems facing South Africa today. Traditionally, HIV/AIDS has not been regarded as a workplace issue, except for "high-risk" professions such as surgeons, dentists and emergency medical technicians. The stark reality is that HIV/AIDS will have an impact on all sectors of society and all aspects of human activity throughout South Africa. Because of the nature of the spread of the disease, it hits predominantly sexually active people. These are the people that make up the workforce. It can therefore be expected that HIV/AIDS will impact directly on the patterns of employment in South Africa. Furthermore, the economic consequences of the epidemic will result in pressures on the South African economy, which again will influence employment. Apart from affecting the general population, HIV/AIDS will have a direct impact on businesses in various areas. HIV/AIDS will also have a significant impact at community level that will, in turn, impact on businesses. If business in South Africa is to survive, these impacts have to be managed so that productivity can be maintained and costs can be contained. The objective of this study is to explore the impact of HIV/AIDS on employment by examining the South African labour market. From the study, it is clear that South Africa is certain to experience severe consequences arising from the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Even without taking the immense impact of HIV/AIDS into account, there are various problems facing the' South African labour market. Specific problems discussed are unemployment, low productivity and a shortage of skills. These are not the only problems associated with the South African labour market, but the extent of these problems is further exacerbated by the impact of HIV/AIDS. All sectors of the society need to be mobilised into action. This action must encompass both prevention of the spread of the disease, as well as caring for the sick and dying.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Geen ander siekte in die moderne tyd het al soveel vrees en paniek geskep as MIV/VIGS nie ongetwyfeld een van die mees formidabele gemeenskapsgesondheidsprobleme wat Suid-Afrika huidiglik in die gesig staar. Oorspronklik was MIV/VIGS slegs met die werksplek geassosieer in terme van "hoë-risiko" beroepe soos dokters, tandartse en nood mediese personeel. Die naakte waarheid is dat MIV/VIGS 'n impak sal hê op alle sektore en aspekte van die samelewing in Suid-Afrika. As gevolg van die aard van die verspreiding van die siekte, tref dit hoofsaaklik seksueel aktiewe persone. Hierdie persone is die lewensaar van die arbeidsmag. Dit kan dus verwag word dat MIV/VIGS 'n direkte impak op werkverskaffingspatrone in Suid-Afrika sal hê. Die ekonomiese gevolge van die epidemie sal verdere druk veroorsaak op die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie, wat op sy beurt werkverskaffing sal beïnvloed. Buiten die impak van MIV/VIGS op die algemene bevolking, sal die siekte ook in verskeie areas van die besigheidsektor 'n uitwerking hê. Verder sal MIV/VIGS 'n aansienlike impak op gemeenskapsvlak hê, wat op sy beurt weer 'n uitwerking sal hê op besighede. As besighede in Suid-Afrika wil oorleef, moet hierdie aanslae so bestuur word dat produktiwiteit gehandhaaf word en kostes onder beheer gehou word. Die oogmerk van hierdie studie is om die impak van MIV/VIGS op werkverskaffing te ondersoek deur na die Suid-Afrikaanse arbeidsmark te kyk. Van die studie is dit duidelik dat Suid-Afrika ernstige konsekwensies as gevolg van die MIV/VIGS epidemie kan verwag. Selfs sonder om die ontsaglike impak van MIV/VIGS in ag te neem, is daar verskeie probleme wat die Suid-Afrikaanse arbeidsmark in die gesig staar. Spesifieke probleme wat bespreek word is werkloosheid, lae produktiwiteit en 'n tekort aan gespesialiseerde vaardighede. Alhoewel hierdie nie die enigste probleme is wat met die Suid-Afrikaanse arbeidsmark geassosieer word nie, word die spesifieke probleme vererger deur die impak van MIV/VIGS. Wat vereis word is dat alle sektore van die samelewing moet oorgaan tot aksie. Hierdie aksie moet beide die voorkoming van die verspreiding van die siekte, sowel as die versorging van die siekes en sterwendes omvat.
27
Nyaredi, Mmabatho. "The future of older people in HIV/AIDS prevalent South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18188.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.This research document seeks to outline the future of older people in HIV/AIDS-prevalent South Africa. The research report examined literature which assisted the researcher in understanding how older people‘s lives and standard of living has evolved due to HIV/AIDS in South Africa. The research report was focused on providing answers to the following questions: i) What are the factors that need to be addressed now to ensure a favourable future for older people in HIV/Aids prevalent South Africa? ii) What are the institutions responsible for ensuring a favourable future for older people in HIV/AIDS prevalent South Africa? The questions will be focused on 2040, from 2010 to 2040. In order to address the abovementioned questions the researcher made use of scenario planning supported by the biomatrix theory approach and causal layered analysis. Firstly, through input from the literature review and scenario team interviews, analysis of drivers of change was conducted. This reviewed secondary literature that was sourced from reports, case studies, publications and others. The focus of this paper was based on older people, HIV/AIDS and the future. Factors including change in family structure, care and respect for older people, government social grant, participation in policy formulation, education levels, employment and poverty were identified as driving forces that have an impact on older people in HIV/AIDS prevalent South Africa. Secondly, Biomatrix theory was used to map the problems associated with the driving forces mentioned above. This mapping was also used to prioritise the level of impact on problems associated with the driving forces. Two driving forces with the highest impact and uncertainties were identified as care and respect for older people as well as participation in policy formulation. A scenario quadrant was also mapped. The latter lead to four scenarios: The silver queen bee, the red queen bee, the black queen bee, and lastly the golden queen bee. Possible ideals and strategies were discussed as findings with a focus on the two key drivers of change that lead to the four alternative futures. Lastly, summary and recommendations are discussed in the final chapter.
28
Asafu-Agyei, Nana Akua. "Stigma Perceived by Persons With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Attending the Infectious Diseases Clinic of Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Fann in Dakar, Senegal." Yale University, 2008. http://ymtdl.med.yale.edu/theses/available/etd-08062007-113316/.
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-associated stigma is pervasive throughout the world. This stigma affects the ability of HIV-positive individuals to cope with their illness and it also affects behaviors around sexual practices, disclosure to others and the use of healthcare. The purpose of the research project was to examine the experience of internalized stigma among HIV-positive persons and their perceptions of stigmatizing attitudes in the community. The study also examined disclosure of HIV serostatus and identified factors contributing to disclosure and stigma in Senegal, a low prevalence Muslim country in West Africa. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Fann in the form of a structured interview using a newly developed stigma instrument. The interviews were carried out in French and/or Wolof and the participants were interviewed during a routine visit to Fann Hospital. 15 men and 28 women aged between 19 and 55 years participated in the study. The mean period of time since diagnosis was 3.6 years (+/- 2.5 years). The stigma instrument showed a mean internalized stigma score of 5.4 +/- 3.5 (maximum score: 15) and an even higher level of perceived stigmatizing attitudes in the community of 7.9 +/- 4.8. Males had greater stigma scores than females. Almost 80 percent of the people interviewed had received some counseling, yet less than two-thirds of the study participants had disclosed their HIV status to others. People who had disclosed their HIV status used counseling less. The majority of subjects reported positive experiences with healthcare personnel in the Infectious Diseases Clinic of Fann Hospital. The level of internalized stigma and the perception of stigmatizing attitudes in the community are high with males experiencing more guilt. About three-fifths of the participants in the study had not disclosed their HIV status to even one other person; men disclosed their serostatus more frequently than women. Women were more likely to use counseling services compared to their male counterparts, and individuals who had disclosed their serostatus attended counseling less. Finally, despite the level of stigma perceived, the majority of people interviewed reported positive experiences with healthcare workers.
29
Ahmed, Abdul Kayum. "Positive Muslims: a critical analysis of Muslim AIDS activism in relation to women living with HIV/AIDS in Cape Town." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2003. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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This research critically analysed Muslim approaches to five women with HIV/AIDS in Cape Town focussing particularly on the approach of 'Positive Muslims' - an awareness-raising and support group for Muslims living with HIV/AIDS. The central question of this thesis dealt with the impact of the norms, values and practices of Cape Muslims on the approach of Positive Muslims to women living with HIV/AIDS. It is suggested that while norms and values articulated in religious texts inform the ideological approach of the organisation's AIDS prevention model. This is due to the pragmatic approach adopted by Postive Muslims which recognises that the articulated norms and values do not always conform to the practices of Cape Muslims.
30
Moqasa, Nketsi Abel. "Investigation into HIV/AIDS coverage in selected South African newspapers." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1006285.
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This study investigates HIV/AIDS coverage in selected South African newspapers. The rationale for the study hinges on the fact that the media’s role in informing society about social issues, such as HIV/AIDS, is of paramount importance. The study adopted, principally, the content analysis method and, as a supplement, discourse analysis. Four daily newspapers were content-analysed, namely: Daily Dispatch, Daily Sun, Sowetan and The Star. A total of 288 editions of newspapers, spanning a period of twelve months (January to December 2010) were sampled. This study is informed by agenda setting theory. Discourse analysis was used to determine the compliance of these newspapers to media guides on the use of appropriate language or terminologies. The tone, sentence structures used when disseminating HIV/AIDS stories were also examined. The results revealed that HIV/AIDS coverage by these newspapers is reasonable even though the prominence given to HIV/AIDS issues is dissatisfactory in terms of placement on the page, headline font-size and number of paragraphs devoted to HIV/AIDS stories. 5.0% of HIV/AIDS-oriented stories were placed on the front page; 93.8% on the inside pages while 1.3% were placed on the back pages. It was also found that news and feature were used equally to disseminate HIV/AIDS issues. These genres constituted 50% each. On the other hand, the results revealed a statistically non-significant relationship between the newspapers and categories; that is: (25.09 2 , p 0.122 0.05 ). Results further revealed that these newspapers used appropriate terminology and value-neutral language in their stories. The tone of the messages was found to be positive and encouraging.
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Steenveld, Clint Michael. "An interpretive use of drawings to explore the lived experiences of orphaned children living with HIV/AIDS in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004374.
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Against the backdrop of the growing problem of AIDS orphans in South Africa and greater sub-Saharan Africa, this qualitative enquiry examines the lives of three South African orphaned children living with HIV / AIDS in a children's home in Cape Town. It aims to generate rich, child-centred descriptions of some of the significant experiences of the children's lives. Drawings, dialogue and narrative were employed to generate the primary data. This was supplemented by collateral interviews and other relevant records, e.g. medical and biographical. Existential-phenomenological theory informed the approach to data collection and analysis. Each child produced a series often to twelve impromptu drawings over a period often weeks. These drawings and transcripts of the children's verbal descriptions of their drawings were extensively analysed. Significant themes for each participant as well as themes common to all three were identified. Some of the central themes emerging include loss, abandonment, death, disease awareness and coping. The children's ability to develop adaptive coping mechanisms and resilience in the face of traumatic loss and terminal illness was a particularly outstanding feature of the findings. Recommendations are made regarding future research to address the lack of qualitative, child-focused investigations as well as appropriate interventions for addressing the psychosocial needs of orphaned children living with HIV/AIDS.
32
Judge, Melanie. "The contemporary construction of the causality of HIV/AIDS :a discourse analysis and its implications for understanding national policy statements on the epidemic in South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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This study was concerned with the social construction of HIV/AIDS at the policy level in contemporary South Africa, and how such constructions shape the manner in which the epidemic is understood in popular discourse.
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Ndoro, Tinashe T. R. "Attitudes and perceptions towards TB in Grahamstown East in a time of HIV/AIDS." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002539.
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Tuberculosis (TB) has become a serious South African health problem because it is the most common opportunistic disease that leads to death in people with HIV/AIDS. Due to the airborne nature of the disease it can easily be spread to anyone including healthy people. A lack of compliance to treatment by TB patients explains why prevalence rates of the disease are high and why there is an emergence of drug resistant strains such as XDR-TB and MDR-TB. Information on existing knowledge, attitudes and perceptions regarding TB can provide a crucial foundation for the development of educational programmes and interventions aimed at reducing the further spread of the disease. This study aimed at understanding the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards TB and relating these to the current prevalence of HIV/AIDS. A face-to-face interview survey was conducted among adult Grahamstown East residents (n=1020). The Health Belief Model (Rosenstock et al., 1994) and Bandura’s (1986) Social Cognitive Theory formed the theoretical framework of the data collection and analysis. The data generated from the field work was first descriptively analysed providing frequency tables. Thereafter cross tabulations were calculated for relevant items using independent variables, namely gender, level of education, and experience of dealing with TB. The results of the study show that, in general, knowledge concerning TB was sufficient to provide a foundation for the adoption of healthier behaviours in the female respondents. Few of the respondents reported feeling personally susceptible although the majority of the respondents acknowledged the severity of the disease. The cues to action lacked the influence to persuade people to adopt positive health related behaviours. The perceived benefits of adopting preventative behaviour were not very influential in the adoption of healthier behavioural changes in the respondents. Disease stigma regarding the dual association of TB and HIV/AIDS was the main barrier for the adoption of healthier behavioural attitudes. Perceived self-efficacy in preventative behaviours was generally low in the less educated respondents. Recommendations regarding areas for future research and change interventions are provided.
34
Abrahams, Shahieda. "Perceptions of HIV/AIDS-related stigma among Muslims in a Cape Town community." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5105_1181886620.
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South Africa has the largest percentage of people living with HIV/AIDS in the world. However, the response against the further spread of HIV/AIDS in the country is being hindered by stigma and discrimination. In order to develop effective intervention programmes to control and reduce the further spread of the disease, it is first important to understand the nature of HIV/AIDS-related stigma and especially how people construct it. In the present study, the social construction of HIV/AIDS-related stigma among Muslims was investigated because high levels of stigma were found in this group. This was fuelled partly by the belief that HIV/AIDS was not a serious problem amongst Muslims. Two focus groups were conducted, one among Muslim women only and the second among Muslim men only. The main aim of the study was to examine the perceptions of HIV/AIDS-related stigma among Muslims. The transcripts were analyzed using thematic content analysis to determine the themes that emerged from the research material. The main findings of the study included that Muslims&rsquo
religious identity/positioning was the most salient discourse that informed how they understood, made meaning of, and responded to HIV/AIDS. They engaged in various forms of stigma such as &lsquo
othering&rsquo
, and mediating factors of stigma included religious positioning. Stigma also served as a social barrier to VCT and disclosure of HIV status. However, supportive attitudes and behaviours were also evident. The findings yielded useful insights into possible elements of intervention programmes, both to reduce HIV/AIDS-related stigma, and also to encourage behavioural change in order to control and reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS in this community.
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Kaschula, S. A. H. "The impact of HIV and AIDS on household food security and food acquisition strategies in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007137.
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How should the impact of HIV and AIDS on rural livelihoods be factored into efforts to monitor and stabilise household food security? With both HIV and AIDS and food security at the top of the global development agenda, this is a question posed by many scholars, practitioners, donor agencies and government departments. However, while there is an excess of discourse outlining the theoretical bases for how HIV and AIDS can, and is, radically transforming household food acquisition; there is a lack of empirical evidence from the South African context that demonstrates if, and how, HIV and AIDS changes household-level strategies of food acquisition and intake. This thesis explores the association of household-level mortality, chronic illness and additional child-dependent fostering with household experience of food security and food acquisition strategies, in three rural villages in the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal Provinces of South Africa. Qualitative and quantitative methods of data-collection were applied to 307 households in the three sites. For twelve months, both HIV and AIDS-afflicted and non-afflicted households were repeatedly visited at 3-month intervals, in order to be assessed for levels of food security, dietary intake and method of food procurement (purchased, cultivated, wild or donated). Overall, HIV and AIDS-afflicted households showed a significantly higher experience of food insecurity, probably attributable to shortages in food quantity. Dietary composition and overall diversity, however, was not significantly different. Although households with chronic illness and recent mortality showed a heightened investment in cultivation sources, the success of these strategies were to a great extent mediated by household income, and the level of medical treatment received by those who were chronically ill. Chronic illness was also associated with more donations, but these required considerable investments in social capital networks. Finally, use of wild leafy vegetables was not associated with household HIV and AIDS status, despite the financial, nutritional and labour-saving properties of these foods. Overall, the study suggests that there was little evidence of long-term planning and strategy in household food security responses. There was no evidence for shifts to labour-saving crops or foods and, in some instances, child labour was being used to ameliorate prime-adult labour deficits. Moreover, given that the vast majority (89.2%) of food groups were sourced through purchase, it is questionable whether investing in diverse food acquisition strategies would be advisable. Unless supported by medical treatment and steady earned household income, policies to promote intensified household agricultural subsistence production in the wake of HIV and AIDS are unlikely to provide households with anything more than short-term safety-nets, rather than long-term, sustainable food security solutions.
36
Hodes, Rebecca. "Siyayinqoba/Beat it! : HIV/AIDS on South African television c. 1999-2006." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670010.
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Gitonga, Priscilla Nyawira. "Music as social discourse : the contribution of popular music to the awareness and prevention of HIV/AIDS in Nairobi, Kenya." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/962.
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This dissertation is a critical, theoretical study focussing is on the contribution that popular music makes towards raising awareness and promoting the prevention of HIV/Aids in Nairobi, Kenya. Towards this end, an analysis of the lyrics and musical gestures of four Kenyan pop music songs is undertaken in order to highlight their communicative capabilities in this regard. These songs, namely, are Lulumbe by Wasike wa Musungu, Juala by Circute and Jo-el, Vuta Pumz by The Longombas, and Dunia Mbaya Chunguze by Princess Jully. The context in which these musical analyses occur is provided in: - An overview of the Kenya of today, in particular that of the diverse and hybrid ethnic, linguistic, musical and cultural practices of Nairobi, and of the various youth cultures in that city, as well as in an overview of the extent of the HIV/Aids pandemic in Kenya, especially amongst the youth of Nairobi, with some reflection on existing interventions. - An overview of current trends in popular music analysis and an explanation of the author’s own eclectic semiotic analytical methodology within this context. The study concludes that a repeating strategy may be discerned on the part of the composers and performers in question, namely, to first engage audiences through language and music with which they are familiar, and then to encourage audiences to confront the unknown and unfamiliar in music and language, but also ultimately in terms of their social practices. The known and the familiar is highlighted both in the lyrics and in the music itself. It includes use of commonlyspoken languages and dialects, popular musical styles typical of the particular sub-culture, and references to the day-to-day experiences of the ordinary person.
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Hoffmann, Toinette. "The right of the HIV/AIDS patient to treatment." Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/277.
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The objective of this treatise is to establish whether a right to social security exists in South Africa, which would entitle HIV positive persons in South Africa citizens to medical care. A study was made of various articles in journals and on the Internet to determine the South African government's policy on a right to social security and to providing medical treatment. It was found that South Africa lacks an integrated, holistic approach to social security and does not guarantee the right to social security, merely the right to have access to social security. The same was found with the right to medical care. Although there seems to be a general right to medical care which extends to and includes HIV-positive patients, the state merely guarantees the right to apply for medical treatment but does not guarantee the granting thereof. It is submitted that the Department of Health's refusal to implement a vertical transmission prevention programme and the failure to offer treatment as an alternative, for whatever reason, is "penny wise and pound foolish". In the long run more money is spent dealing with pediatric AIDS. It was further found that although the government attempted to lay a groundwork with the formulation and acceptance of the national AIDS plan, the successful implementation thereof is seriously hindered due to the lack of inter- and intra-departmental collaboration, essential health services and funding.
39
Chinyama, Ephraim. "Living with HIV/AIDS in King Williams Town, Eastern Cape." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1005964.
Full textAbstract:
This study examines the lifestyle decisions of people who are diagnosed with HIV/AIDS in King Williams Town, Eastern Cape. The study was motivated by the ever growing number of people who are now living with HIV/AIDS. Therefore the researcher intended to examine their decisions regarding sexual choices, reproductive health, diet, physical fitness and their coping strategies. The study found that there is very low uptake of Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT). Most people only get tested if they are compelled by other factors, like illness and pregnancy. It also found that HIV positive people continue to engage in risky sexual behaviour regardless of their positive status. In addition it also found that HIV positive status does not affect sexual activity and social support from family and friends is a very important factor that is helping the respondents to cope with HIV diagnosis.
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Thiboutot, Monika. "The Combined Effects of HIV/AIDS and Structural Adjustment Programs on Ugandan Underdevelopment." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2004. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/730.
Full textAbstract:
This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucfBachelors
Arts and Sciences
Political Science
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Mberengo, Sarah. "The relationship between socio-economic status and the practice of HIV self-protective/preventive behaviours among the residents of Maruapula, Gaborone." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79948.
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Thesis (MPhil--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The incidence of HIV/AIDS in Botswana is one of the largest in the world taking its toll on many lives and posing developmental challenges to the nation. Nearly 25% of the population is living with HIV and 14% are newly infected; AIDS is acknowledged as the major cause of death. Most HIV and AIDS studies have been dominated by surveillance, biomedical and ethical methodologies. These approaches failed to stem the tide of HIV infection because they did not follow-up with the tracking of risky behaviours and the underlying causes of the behaviours. This research scrutinized socio-economic factors in relation to the spread of the epidemic. Available literature showed that little or no attention has been paid to the socio-economic backgrounds in which individuals exist in connection with understanding HIV and AIDS. This study used an economic model of risky sexual behaviour to explore the link between socio-economic status and the practice of HIV self-protective/preventive behaviours in Maruapula, Gaborone, Botswana. The research is vital as it goes beyond surveillance in an effort to establish why the community of the study is susceptible to HIV infection. This research l used both collected data and that from BAIS II.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die navorsing is oor die verhouding tussen sosio-ekonomiese status en die praktyk van MIV self-protective/preventive gedrag binne Maruapula distrik. Die doel van die studie is om vas te stel of daar 'n verband tussen sosio-ekonomiese status en die praktyk van MIV-voorkomende gedrag onder die inwoners, van Maruapula, Gaborone, Botswana. Data is ingesamel deur die gebruik van vraelyste en die ontleding van die statistiek het getoon dat die is geen verwantskap tussen sosio-ekonomiese status en die praktyk van MIV self-protective/preventive gedrag onder die inwoners. Aanbevelings gebaseer op die bevindinge is gemaak met betrekking tot MIV-voorkoming in die woongebied in die besonder en in die land in die algemeen.
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Okoli, Emmanuel Ikechukwu. "Psychosocial characteristics of AIDS patients with unsuppressed viral load after six months of antiretroviral therapy." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79983.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: STUDY AIM The aim of the study is to explore the psychosocial characteristics of HIV positive clients who are yet to achieve viral load suppression after six months of commencing ARV at Sundumbili CHC in order to plan positive intervention strategies. RESEARCH DESIGN Non-experimental quantitative design was used in carrying out the study. The data was collected through retrieval of information from clinic records and completion of questionnaires to clients on ARV who met the inclusion criteria and consented to participating in the study. A total of 51 adults aged more than 18 years that were initiated in 2010/2011 and still access their treatment at Sundumbili CHC were enrolled into the study. They were selected through convenience sampling. FINDINGS Psychosocial challenges still exist among research participants whose viral load results were not suppressed after six months on ARV. This affected the adherence of some of them to their antiretroviral treatment. CONCLUSION Given the rural nature of Sundumbili and surroundings where the bulk of the patients reside, there are several psychosocial challenges affecting the patients. No known previous study has been undertaken to ascertain the psychosocial characteristics of this group of patients and the impact they may have on viral load suppression after six months of treatment. The study is therefore significant as the findings have provided more insight into the plight of the patients. It is envisaged that the recommendations from the study will assist the relevant management staff in the department in planning and subsequently implementing more positive intervention strategies. The strategies should be targeted at improving the quality of care of the HIV positive clients and attending to their psychosocial needs.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: STUDIEDOELWIT Die doel van die studie was om ondersoek in te stel na die psigososiale kenmerke van MIV-positiewe kliënte wie se virustellings ná ses maande van antiretrovirale (ARV) behandeling by die gemeenskapsgesondheidsentrum op Sundumbili steeds nie onder beheer was nie, ten einde positiewe intervensiestrategieë te beplan. NAVORSINGSONTWERP ’n Nie-eksperimentele kwantitatiewe ontwerp is gebruik om die studie te onderneem. Die data is ingesamel deur die herwinning van inligting uit klinieklêers sowel as die afneem van vraelyste onder kliënte op ARV’s wat aan die insluitingsmaatstawwe voldoen en tot deelname aan die studie toegestem het. Altesaam 51 volwassenes bo die ouderdom van 18 wat in 2010/2011 met ARV behandeling begin het en dit steeds by Sundumbili-gemeenskapsgesondheidsentrum ontvang, is in die studie opgeneem. Dié groep is deur middel van geriefsteekproefneming gekies. BEVINDINGE Psigososiale uitdagings was steeds te bespeur by navorsingsdeelnemers wie se virustellings nog nie ná ses maande op ARV’s onder beheer was nie. Dit het sommige se behandelingsgetrouheid beïnvloed. GEVOLGTREKKING In die lig van die landelike aard van Sundumbili en omgewing, waar die meeste van die pasiënte woon, kom pasiënte voor verskeie psigososiale uitdagings te staan. Daar is klaarblyklik nog nooit vantevore ’n studie onderneem om die psigososiale kenmerke van hierdie groep pasiënte, en die moontlike impak daarvan op die onderdrukking van virustellings ná ses maande van behandeling, te bepaal nie. Hierdie studie is dus waardevol, aangesien die bevindinge groter insig in die lot van die pasiënte bied. Daar word beoog dat die aanbevelings uit die studie tersaaklike bestuurspersoneel in die Departement van Gesondheid sal help om meer positiewe intervensiestrategieë te beplan en gevolglik in werking te stel. Die strategieë behoort daarop afgestem te wees om die gehalte van sorglewering aan MIV-positiewe kliënte te verbeter en in hul psigososiale behoeftes te voorsien.
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"Social workers' involvement in HIV/AIDS education." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/5601.
Full textAbstract:
M.A.This study was aimed at analyzing the involvement of social workers in AIDS/HIV education, by analyzing their knowledge about AIDS/HT V infection, attitude towards the disease and their level of participation in AIDS/HIV educational activities. The results of this survey indicate that although some social workers are relatively knowledgeable about AIDSTHIV infection and have positive attitudes towards the disease, they are not fully and actively involved in educational activities to prevent the spread of this disease. Very few social workers indicated that they are involved.
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More, Penelope Sekgametsi. "The well-being of HIV/AIDS employees." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/7658.
Full textAbstract:
M.A.Virtually unheard of two decades ago, AIDS is, at the turn of the century, one of the best known and most talked about disease on the globe. A decade ago, HIV was regarded primarily as a serious health crisis. What had first appeared to be a disease confined to certain well-defined populations such as gay men and haemophiliacs became a disease that threatened everyone, everywhere. AIDS has become a fullblown threat to development and its social and economic consequences are felt widely not only in the workplace but also in the human resource field and the economy in general. The HIV epidemic is the most important challenge facing South Africa since the birth of democracy. The implications of HIV in the workplace are scary. Even though HIV affects all of us, it has become a workplace issue that must be addressed simply because work is one of the most important dimensions in the life of the individual. The workplace can be a scene of prejudice, discrimination, rejection and harassment, for people affected by HIV, and those feelings are fuelled by ignorance and fear of infection. HIV-positive employees suffer high levels of depression, anxiety, fear and a great degree of uncertainty associated with the diagnosis. Instead of rejecting, stigmatising and isolating positive employees, a collective commitment is needed by the workplace to treat positive employees with dignity and respect. Because the workplace is such an important element in the individual's life, it has been demonstrated to be life lengthening and fulfilling for employees to remain in familiar, supportive and productive surroundings even after being diagnosed HIV-positive (Masi, 1993). The researcher examined how HIV affects employee functioning in the work environment. A qualitative research design is followed using a framework based on Straus and Corbin (1990). Purposive, non-probability sampling is used. Data is captured by using an unstructured, open-ended interview schedule. In this study data analysis is completed manually. Literature is reviewed to validate the findings and lastly conclusions and recommendations are presented.
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Oosthuizen, A. H. J. "Male prostitution and HIV/AIDS in Durban." Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5466.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis sets out to describe and discuss male street prostitution as it occurs in
Durban. The aim is to examine to what degree male street prostitutes are at risk of HIV
infection, and make appropriate recommendations for HIV intervention.
The field data, gathered through participant observation, revealed significant differences
between the two research sites, refiecting broader race and class divisions in the South
African society. At the same time, the in-depth case studies of the individual participants
suggest that they share similar socio-economic life histories characterised by poverty
and dysfunctional families, and hold similar world-views.
The research was conducted within a social constructionist framework, guided by
theories of human sexuality. Yet, sexuality was not the framework within which the male
street prostitutes in Durban attached meaning to their profession. Professing to be
largely heterosexual, the respondents engaged in homosexual sexual acts without
considering themselves to be homosexual, reflecting and amplifying the fluid nature of
human sexuality. It was, however, within an economic framework that the male street
prostitutes who participated in this study understood and interpreted their profession.
The sexual aspect of their activities was far less important than the economic gain to
them, and prostitution was interpreted as a survival strategy,
A significant finding of this research is that male street prostitutes in Durban face a
considerably higher risk of exposure to HIV from their non-paying sexual partners
(lovers) than from their paying sex partners (clients). The research participants all had a
good knowledge of HIV and the potential danger of transmission whilst engaging in
unsafe commercial sex. In their private love lives, the participants were less cautious
about exposing themselves and their partners to HIV infection, hence the conclusion
that the respondents face a greater threat of HIV infection from their lovers than from
their clients.
Finally, male street prostitutes, like female street prostitutes, do however face some risk
of HIV infection as a result of their involvement with commercial sex. The illegal nature
of their activities is considered to contribute to an environment conducive to the
transmission of HIV, and this thesis argues for a change in the legal status of
commercial sex work as a primary component of HIV intervention in this vulnerable
group of men and women.Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2000.
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Atujuna, Millicent. "Church-based social spaces and HIV/AIDS in rural South Africa." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/9643.
Full textAbstract:
Primarily, this dissertation examined the extent to which churches have potential in preventing HIV/AIDS. Set in rural KwaZulu-Natal an area marked with both high levels of HIV prevalence and high religious participation, the study used the concept of social space as a framework within which the contribution of churches towards the prevention of further spread of the HIV infection can be understood. Unlike recent studies which have consistently shown that the contribution of churches in the prevention of further spread of HIV infection is likely to emanate from the churches‘ teaching on morality, this study has argued that the contribution of churches in minimizing risky sexual behaviours is likely to emanate from how churches balance their teachings on moral issues and the subsequent practice of social control on the one hand and the provision of social support on the other. This is particularly so because in African settings where behaviour is largely influenced by the prevailing circumstances within society, and where churches are significantly entrenched in the lives of individuals providing a variety of social support services, there is a strong likelihood that churches will have an impact on their adherents‘ behaviour as well. The social space concept, therefore, defines churches not only as institutions enforcing the moral code which churches emphasise but also as caring and integrating forces, providing social support for their members in time of need.
The study investigated four churches representing three Christian religious denominations: the Mainline, the Pentecostal and the African Independent churches. In investigating these churches, it used two types of data: The Africa Centre Demographic surveillance Systems (ACDIS) data collected between 2002 and 2004 and the Ethnographic data collected in 2006 consisting of a total of 96 in-depth interviews, 11-13 services of each church type selected, 6-8 church- related activities (or groups in each church), 3 informal discussions with community members and a set of 2 conversational data from each church. The analysis is done in two parts. The first part of the analysis (Chapter Five) focuses on the existing quantitative ACDIS data, examining whether there exists a relationship between church affiliation, participation in church activities and sexual behaviours. The second part uses ethnographic data in order to provide explanations of the observed relationship. Overall, the study found that unlike church affiliation which had no influence on individual sexual behaviour, individuals who participated regularly in church activities were less likely to
engage in behaviour that would put them at risk of acquiring the HIV infection. The study found, however, that there existed denominational differences and that churches where participation was high were the same churches likely to influence protective behaviour. The explanation provided from qualitative findings suggested that the ability of these churches to minimise risky sexual behaviour was found in the Intensive Social Spaces that churches and their members constructed. The study concluded that the ability of churches to minimise risky sexual behaviours resulted from an individual negotiating losing the benefits provided by fellow members of the church when she/he ceases to be a member.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulul-Natal, Durban, 2013.
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Karim, Anisa. "HIV/AIDS : a risk management perspective." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/1708.
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The emergence of renewed emphasis on risk and risk management has opened a huge portal in attempting to deal with the negative impacts of mv/AIDS in the workplace. The study recognises the importance of risk management in achieving optimal benefits within any organisation. Furthermore it examines the devastating effect of mv/AIDS on the social and economic structure of South Africa and provides a benchmark programme in addressing this Issue. A case study is presented (Care for the Caregivers Programme, at McCord Hospital), which provides the framework of a programme in operation. The dissertation dissects the programme and evaluates the outcomes against a set of developed criteria. In maximising the benefits of such programmes, emphasis on proper implementation and monitoring is essential. The study proceeds to provide suggestions to harness the full potential ofthe programme. vThesis (MBA)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2004.
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Williams, Joanne Tracey. "A yoga intervention program for HIV/AIDS caregivers." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10530/1022.
Full textAbstract:
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Clinical Psychology) in the Department of Psychology University of Zululand, South Africa, 2005.HIV/AIDS has reached alarming proportions in South Africa, with many people's lives being affected. This research project looked more closely at caregivers involved in HIV/AIDS work, examining their stress levels and their psychological well-being. A yoga intervention program was implemented with a sample of caregivers at the Holy Cross Hospice, Emoyeni, in Zululand. The effectiveness of the program was evaluated using both qualitative and quantitative measures. Overall, this yoga intervention program was effective with many of the caregivers reporting noted improvements in their stress levels and psychological well-being.
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Yeatman, Sara Elizabeth 1979. "Childbearing in an AIDS epidemic." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/17970.
Full textAbstract:
The consequences of the African AIDS epidemic are growing--not just in size--but in complexity. These consequences are no longer just biological; increasingly, they are also social, cultural, economic, and psychological. In this dissertation, I consider one overlooked consequence of the epidemic by asking how HIV infection affects the desire to have children in a context where reproduction is so highly valued. Taking advantage of a unique situation in rural Malawi, where no one knew their HIV status prior to testing being introduced as part of an ongoing longitudinal survey, I use a quasiexperimental design and in‐depth interviews to examine the evidence for an intentional relationship between HIV/AIDS and fertility. Rural Malawians adjust their childbearing desires in response to information about their HIV status. The relationship--both in magnitude and in motivation--is highly gendered. HIV positive women fear that a pregnancy will worsen their disease. Despite this widely shared belief, there remains a lot of ambivalence: women who are positive, or who fear they are positive, want to live normal lives. For some, that means avoiding childbearing as a strategy to delay the symptoms of HIV. For others, it means having children as they would have had despite what they think it might mean for their health. Male fertility preferences are more volatile to information about HIV status. Men see childbearing as futile if they are HIV positive because they anticipate their own death and the death of their future offspring. However, men may be less likely to translate their preferences into action because--after learning they are infected--they are less motivated to stop having children than they are unmotivated to have children. This dissertation shows that rural Malawians adapt their childbearing preferences to information about their HIV status. There are strategies in these adaptations, as well as hope for a future where the conditions of childbearing in an AIDS epidemic might have changed. I conclude by discussing what the findings mean for fertility, fertility theory, and policy.text
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Breslow, Aaron Samuel. "HIV is not a Crime: Exploring Criminalization and Discrimination in a Dual Model of HIV/AIDS Minority Stress." Thesis, 2018. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8FF591M.
Full textAbstract:
Although scholars have written extensively about the effects of interpersonal HIV stigma on people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), there is a dearth of information about the psychological and behavioral impact of structural HIV stigma. The current study builds on previous work investigating the dual roles of structural and interpersonal minority stressors with a national sample of 234 PLWHA by testing an HIV/AIDS-specific expansion of minority stress theory grounded in the psychological mediation framework. Through bivariate correlations and structural equation modeling, the study examined relations between four sets of variables: (1) distal stigma-related stressors (i.e., HIV criminalization by state, HIV-related discrimination), (2) general psychological processes (i.e., social support, cognitive reappraisal), (3) group-specific processes (i.e., HIV criminalization belief, HIV stigma), and (4) mental/behavioral health outcomes (i.e., psychological distress, health-related quality of life). Results provide mixed support for a dual, mediated model of HIV/AIDS minority stress. Findings indicate mixed support for hypothesized associations. HIV criminalization by state yielded a significant negative direct and significant positive indirect association with psychological distress. HIV-related discrimination yielded direct and indirect associations with both health outcomes. With the exception of cognitive reappraisal, mediators demonstrated support for the psychological mediation framework among PLWHA. Implications are discussed in support of future HIV/AIDS minority stress research, as well as clinical and policy interventions.