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Journal articles on the topic 'Hiv and aids in zambia'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Chintu, C., A. Malek, M. Nyumbu, C. Luo, J. Masona, H. L. DuPont, and A. Zumla. "Case Definitions for Paediatric AIDS: The Zambian Experience." International Journal of STD & AIDS 4, no. 2 (March 1993): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095646249300400204.

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For the purpose of surveillance of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in developing countries, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended criteria for the clinical case definition of AIDS in adults and children. In a preliminary examination of children in Zambia a number of patients with obvious AIDS did not fit the published WHO case definition for paediatric AIDS. Based on this the Zambia National AIDS Surveillance Committee designed local criteria for the clinical case definition of paediatric AIDS. We compared the Zambian criteria with the WHO criteria for the diagnosis of paediatric AIDS by studying 134 consecutively admitted children to one of the paediatric wards at the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka. Twenty-nine of the patients were HIV-1 seropositive and 105 were HIV-1 seronegative. Among the 29 HIV-seropositive patients, the Zambian criteria identified 23, and the WHO criteria identified 20 children as having AIDS. The 105 HIV-seronegative children were classified as having AIDS in 9 cases by the Zambian criteria and in 38 cases by the WHO criteria. These results give the Zambian criteria for the diagnosis of AIDS a sensitivity of 79.3%, a specificity of 91.4% and a positive predictive value of 86.8% compared to a sensitivity of 69%, specificity of 64% and a positive predictive value of 38% for the WHO criteria. The current WHO criteria are inadequate for the diagnosis of paediatric AIDS. The need to refine the WHO criteria for the diagnosis of paediatric AIDS is discussed.

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2

Pines, Eula W., Maureen Rauschhuber, and Sarah Williams. "Health Connections." Californian Journal of Health Promotion 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2006): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32398/cjhp.v4i4.1987.

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Nearly half of Zambia's population is under 15 years old, with an estimated 630,000 “AIDS orphans,” children who’s parents have died from HIV/AIDS, and are now left to survive without complete families. Zambian caregivers of these AIDS orphans have been overwhelmed with the task of providing grief counseling services to these children. Nursing professionals at the University of the Incarnate Word responded to the professional development needs of grief counselors in Zambia, and launched Health Connections in 2004-2006. Health Connections is a cross-cultural grief education program designed to educate caregivers in a rural Zambian village on how to help grieving children. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the process of assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation of the Health Connections “train-the-trainers” program.

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3

Byron, Elizabeth, Antony Chapoto, Michael Drinkwater, Stuart Gillespie, Petan Hamazakaza, Thomas Jayne, Suneetha Kadiyala, Margaret McEwan, and Fiona Samuels. "AIDS and Agriculture in Zambia." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 28, no. 2_suppl2 (June 2007): S339—S344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15648265070282s213.

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Background Because agriculture is the livelihood base for the majority of people affected by AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa, the interactions between AIDS and agriculture, and their implications for policy and programming, are of fundamental importance. Objective This paper summarizes evidence from three RENEWAL (Regional Network on AIDS, Livelihoods, and Food Security) research studies and one policy review on the interactions between AIDS and agriculture in Zambia and their implications for future policy and programming. Methods The unit of analysis adopted for each study varies, spanning the individual, household, cluster, and community levels, drawing attention to the wider socioeconomic landscape within which households operate. Results This paper identifies the ways in which livelihood activities, within the prevailing norms of gender, sexuality, and perceptions of risk in rural Zambia, can influence susceptibility to HIV, and how the nature and severity of the subsequent impacts of AIDS are modified by the specific characteristics and initial conditions of households, clusters, and communities. Conclusions The findings demonstrate the importance of studying the risks, vulnerabilities, and impacts of the AIDS epidemic in the context of multiple resource flows and relationships between and within households—and in the context of other drivers of vulnerability, some of which interact with HIV and AIDS. The paper addresses several factors that enable or hinder access to formal support programs, and concludes by highlighting the particular importance of engaging communities proactively in the response to HIV and AIDS, to ensure relevance, sustainability, and scale.

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4

Frank, Emily. "Shifting Paradigms and the Politics of AIDS in Zambia." African Studies Review 52, no. 3 (December 2009): 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/arw.0.0319.

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Abstract:This article explores how international discourses on AIDS prevention have been incorporated into national-level programs that promote particular lifestyle and livelihood strategies in Zambia, particularly within the realms of wife inheritance, widowhood, and marriage. In response, Zambian communities have recast these narratives to inform local political economies, identities, and struggles for power. Often community and national-level efforts work at odds with each other, as each seeks to legitimize various moralities and codes of behavior. At the local level actors choose the strategies that most effectively mitigate the impact of HIV/AIDS and also enhance their overall well-being.

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5

Kalubula, Maybin. "Epidemiology of Kaposi’s sarcoma in Zambia, 2007 - 2014." Malawi Medical Journal 32, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/mmj.v32i2.4.

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BackgroundKaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is the most prevalent HIV and AIDS-associated cancer in the world. Zambia has been considered as part of the “KS belt”, where endemic KS has been prevalent. This study, therefore, aimed to present the descriptive epidemiology of Kaposi’s sarcoma in Zambia from 2007 – 2014.MethodsWe conducted the descriptive epidemiology of Kaposi’s sarcoma in Zambia nested on two data sources; the Zambia National Cancer Registry (ZNCR) Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) data, and population-based HIV data from the Zambia National AIDS Council (NAC). Central Statistics Office (CSO) demographic data were used to determine the prevalence and annual incidence of KS. KS sample was 2521while HIV data from NAC were already population-based (HIV impact assessment survey). We used Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 21 in graphical computation and statistical analyses.ResultsBoth HIV and KS were highly prevalent in Lusaka, Central, and Southern provinces. ART coverage ranged from 40% - 60%; HIV prevalence was 14.9% in females and 9.5% in males while KS prevalence was 13/100,000 in females and 21/100,000 in males. HIV prevalence was associated with KS prevalence with r = 0.827 and a p-value of 0.001 in males, and r = 0.898 with a p-value of 0.000 in females. There were 61% confirmed HIV seropositive KS, 18% confirmed HIV seronegative KS and 21% unknown HIV status KS.ConclusionsThe high prevalence of KS in Zambia is as a result of the high prevalence of HIV. The identified two key interventions for the reduction of KS morbidity are; reducing HIV infection rate and improving ART coverage across the country.

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6

Logie, Dorothy. "Lothian and Zambia join forces to tackle HIV/AIDS." BMJ 328, no. 7451 (May 27, 2004): 1280.4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.328.7451.1280-c.

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7

Hughes-d'Aeth, Armand. "Evaluation of HIV/AIDS peer education projects in Zambia." Evaluation and Program Planning 25, no. 4 (November 2002): 397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0149-7189(02)00051-4.

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8

Mbale, Evaracia, and Mutale Chileshe-Chibangula. "Challenges experienced by home based caregivers of HIV/AIDS patients in chifubukawama community, Ndola, Zambia." Asian Pacific Journal of Health Sciences 4, no. 3 (September 30, 2017): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/apjhs.2017.4.3.29.

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9

Mason, John B., Adam Bailes, Karen E. Mason, Olivia Yambi, Urban Jonsson, Claudia Hudspeth, Peter Hailey, Andrea Kendle, Dominique Brunet, and Pierre Martel. "AIDS, drought, and child malnutrition in southern Africa." Public Health Nutrition 8, no. 6 (September 2005): 551–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2005726.

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AbstractObjectiveTo investigate trends in child malnutrition in six countries in southern Africa, in relation to the HIV epidemic and drought in crop years 2001/2 and 2002/3.DesignEpidemiological analysis of sub-national and national surveys with related data.SettingData from Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe, compiled and analysed under UNICEF auspices.SubjectsSecondary data: children 0–5 years for weight-for-age; HIV prevalence data from various sources especially antenatal clinic surveillance.ResultsChild nutritional status as measured by prevalence of underweight deteriorated from 2001 onwards in all countries except Lesotho, with very substantial increases in some provinces/districts (e.g. from 5 to 20% in Maputo (Mozambique, 1997–2002), 17 to 32% in Copperbelt (Zambia, 1999–2001/2) and 11 to 26% in Midlands province (Zimbabwe, 1999–2002)). Greater deterioration in underweight occurred in better-off areas. Areas with higher HIV/AIDS prevalences had (so far) lower malnutrition rates (and infant mortality rates), presumably because more modern areas – with greater reliance on trade and wage employment – have more HIV/AIDS. Areas with higher HIV/AIDS showed more deterioration in child nutrition. A significant area-level interaction was found of HIV/AIDS with the drought period, associated with particularly rapid deterioration in nutritional status.ConclusionsFirst, the most vulnerable may be households in more modern areas, nearer towns, to whom resources need to be directed. Second, the causes of this vulnerability need to be investigated. Third, HIV/AIDS amplifies the effect of drought on nutrition, so rapid and effective response will be crucial if drought strikes again. Fourth, expanded nutritional surveillance is now needed to monitor and respond to deteriorating trends. Finally, with or without drought, new means are needed of bringing help, comfort and assistance to the child population.

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Garenne, Michel, and Alan Matthews. "Voluntary medical male circumcision and HIV in Zambia: expectations and observations." Journal of Biosocial Science 52, no. 4 (October 14, 2019): 560–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932019000634.

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AbstractThe study analysed the HIV/AIDS situation in Zambia six years after the onset of mass campaigns of Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (VMMC). The analysis was based on data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in 2001, 2007 and 2013. Results show that HIV prevalence among men aged 15–29 (the target group for VMMC) did not decrease over the period, despite a decline in HIV prevalence among women of the same age group (most of their partners). Correlations between male circumcision and HIV prevalence were positive for a variety of socioeconomic groups (urban residence, province of residence, level of education, ethnicity). In a multivariate analysis, based on the 2013 DHS survey, circumcised men were found to have the same level of infection as uncircumcised men, after controlling for age, sexual behaviour and socioeconomic status. Lastly, circumcised men tended to have somewhat riskier sexual behaviour than uncircumcised men. This study, based on large representative samples of the Zambian population, questions the current strategy of mass circumcision campaigns in southern and eastern Africa.

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11

Bwalya, Edgar. "The Political Economy of Antiretroviral Drugs in Zambia." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 5, no. 4 (2006): 385–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156915006779206042.

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AbstractAccording to the 2005 United Nations Programe on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and the World Health Organization (WHO) Report, Zambia has one of the highest rates of HIV/AIDS cases in Southern Africa as well as in the world. However, it is also one of the few countries that have recorded a drop in the infection rates from an estimated 26% of the population in 2000 to just fewer than 16% in 2005. There appears to be a general consensus that the availability and free provision of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) and treatment have raised hope that the recipients will live a longer, improved, and productive life. This paper will attempt to assess the major challenges to scaling-up antiretroviral therapy in Zambia. It argues that, while the government has made some progress in scaling-up access to ARVs, there is still much to be done.

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Nichols, Brooke E., Rob Baltussen, Janneke H. van Dijk, Phil E. Thuma, Jan L. Nouwen, Charles A. B. Boucher, and David A. M. C. van de Vijver. "Cost-Effectiveness of PrEP in HIV/AIDS Control in Zambia." JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 66, no. 2 (June 2014): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qai.0000000000000145.

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13

Shimada, Shuhei. "The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Agricultural Production in Zambia." African Geographical Review 22, no. 1 (September 2003): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19376812.2003.9756172.

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14

Njelesani, Donald. "Preventive HIV/AIDS Education through Physical Education: reflections from Zambia." Third World Quarterly 32, no. 3 (April 2011): 435–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2011.573939.

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15

Yamba, C. Bawa. "Cosmologies in turmoil: witchfinding and AIDS in Chiawa, Zambia." Africa 67, no. 2 (April 1997): 200–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1161442.

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AbstractWritten from the perspective of HIV/AIDS prevention research in Zambia, the article argues that rural Africans now find themselves the target of three competing and contradictory discourses about responsibility, each of which claims to tell them how to lead safe lives free from AIDS. The first, represented by the biomedical paradigm, professes sure knowledge about the aetiology and epidemiology of HIV/AIDS but is unable to cure it; the second, the missionary discourse, preaches abstinence and encourages a revival of traditional beliefs and rules of morality as the only way to manage and survive AIDS; while the third is the traditional discourse—represented by traditional healers and witchfinders—which professes sure knowledge and the ability to eradicate evil. My argument is that the conjunction of these discourses results in a confusion that has led to the ascendancy of what is here termed traditional African discourse, characterised by a resurgence of witchcraft accusations and witchfinding activities; the conjuncture thus provides explanatory models through which rural Africans can make sense of their lives in situations where modern certainties appear to have failed. The traditional African discourse offers an explanation for increasing death rates—presumably from AIDS—and for other contingent disasters which are believed to be caused by witches. These points are brought home in an extended case study of the activities of a witchfinder invited by one rural community to help them ‘defuse’ local witches. The witchfinder not only managed to usurp legitimate authority but succeeded in killing sixteen local people through poison ordeals before national media coverage led to his arrest by the authorities. A further concern of the article is to highlight the importance of envybased notions of disease causality and how these notions relate to efforts at behavioural change in AIDS prevention work and to mechanisms that can lead to the breakdown of legitimate authority in rural Africa today.

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Chirwa, Masauso, and Roy Kalinda. "Challenges of the Elderly In Zambia. A Systematic Review Study." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 2 (January 29, 2016): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n2p351.

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Aging is a phenomenon that is found worldwide. In developed countries, the elderly living conditions are better relative to their counterparts in developing countries. Zambia has a population of slightly over 500,000. A big number of these people reside in rural areas. The aim of this paper was to investigate the challenges experienced by the elderly in Zambia. This was a desk study that used both a quantitative and qualitative methods focusing on the analysis of available literature on aging in Zambia. The results revealed that households with old people are among the poorest in the country. The other challenge faced by the elderly especially in rural areas is social stigma arising from being suspected of practicing witchcraft. They are also left out of the HIV/AIDS statistics and programmes: Currently there seems to be no available HIV/AIDS statistics and programmes for the elderly people aged 65 years and above. Lack of family support and the burden of orphans. Most of the elderly are poor and cannot manage to support their grand children in terms of school, decent shelter, clothing and medical care.

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Frank, Emily, and Jon Unruh. "Demarcating forest, containing disease: land and HIV/AIDS in southern Zambia." Population and Environment 29, no. 3-5 (April 25, 2008): 108–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11111-008-0067-8.

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18

Simpson, Anthony. "Learning Sex and Gender in Zambia: Masculinities and HIV/AIDS Risk." Sexualities 10, no. 2 (April 2007): 173–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363460707075799.

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19

D. Shumba, Chabwela. "Prevalence of HIVInfection inPatients with TBSpine Admitted to the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia." Journal of Preventive and Rehabilitative Medicine 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21617/jprm2021.3211.

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Background: Extra pulmonary TB is an AIDS defining opportunistic infection in patients with HIV infection. TB spine is the commonest form of bone TB and whose clinical picture depends on the site and the presence of HIV infectionMethod: This was a retrospective review of patient records (n=101) over a two-year period (2008-2010) at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia. Clinical and radiological features, laboratory data were analyzed Results: One hundred and one patients (57 male: 44 female) had TB spine in this period. The mean age was 37.22 ± 14.29 years. The main presenting complaint was backache in 71(70.3%) patients and the mean duration of symptoms was 2.68 ± 1.23 months. The Gibbus was present in 77 (76.24%) of the patients while neurological deficit was identified in 32 (31.6%) patients. The lumbar spine the most affected in 64(63.4%) patients. The mean ESR was determined to be 59.43 ± 32.23 mm/hour. The prevalence rate of HIV infection in the patients with TB spine was 24.8 %. The average CD4 count was found to be 262± 121.3 cells/μl.Conclusion: The prevalence rate of HIV infection (24.8%) is higher than that obtaining in the Zambian general population (13.7%) but lower than the general prevalence of HIV infection in patients with TB (68%).

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Chirwa, B. U., and E. Sivile. "Enlisting the Support of Traditional Healers in An AIDS Education Campaign in Zambia." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 9, no. 3 (October 1988): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/deqp-8a5w-alu0-4xv4.

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A nationwide AIDS education campaign in Zambia was constrained by lack of support from traditional healers. First, some of them did not appreciate the nature of the new disease, and second, others hampered the education efforts by publicly claiming that they possessed curative and/or preventive medicines for HIV infection. To overcome communication barriers, the health education unit convened a workshop for traditional medical practitioners and their orthodox counterparts. An important feature of the workshop was interactive participatory small group discussion. At the close of the workshop significantly more healers understood the nature of AIDS and were willing to participate in the national information and education effort against AIDS.

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Homan, Rick, John Bratt, Gregory Marchand, and Henry Kansembe. "Leveraging existing program data for routine efficiency measurement in Zambia." Gates Open Research 2 (August 31, 2018): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12851.1.

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Background: As donor contributions for HIV/AIDS stagnate globally, national governments must seek ways to improve use of existing resources through interventions to drive efficiency at the facility level. But program managers lack routinely available information on unit expenditures at points of care, and higher-level planners are unable to assess how resources are used throughout the health system. Thus, managers cannot measure current levels of technical efficiency, and are unable to evaluate effectiveness of interventions to increase technical efficiency. Methods: FHI 360 developed the Routine Efficiency Monitoring System (REMS), a relational database that leverages existing budget, expenditure and output data to produce quarterly site-level estimates of unit expenditure per service. Along with the Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) and implementation partner Avencion, we configured REMS to measure technical efficiency of Ministry of Health resources used to deliver HIV/AIDS services in 326 facilities in 17 high-priority districts in Copperbelt and Central Provinces. REMS allocation algorithms were developed through facility assessments and key informant interviews with MoH staff. Existing IFMIS and DHIS-2 data streams provide recurring flows of expenditure and output data needed to estimate service-specific unit expenditures. Trained users access REMS output through user-friendly dashboards delivered through a web-based application. Results: District health management teams are using REMS to identify “outlier” facilities to test performance improvement interventions. Provincial and national planners are using REMS to seek savings and ensure that resources are directed to geographic and programmatic areas with highest need. REMS can support reimbursement for social health insurance and provide time-series data on facility-level costs for modeling purposes. Conclusions: REMS gives managers and planners substantially-improved data on how programs transform resources into services. The GRZ is seeking funding to expand REMS nationally, covering all major disease areas. Improved technical efficiency supports the goal of a sustainable HIV/AIDS response.

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Homan, Rick, John Bratt, Gregory Marchand, and Henry Kansembe. "Leveraging existing program data for routine efficiency measurement in Zambia." Gates Open Research 2 (November 26, 2018): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12851.2.

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Rationale: As donor contributions for HIV/AIDS stagnate globally, national governments must seek ways to improve use of existing resources through interventions to drive efficiency at the facility level. But program managers lack routine information on unit expenditures at points of care, and higher-level planners are unable to assess resource use in the health system. Thus, managers cannot measure current levels of technical efficiency, and are unable to evaluate effectiveness of interventions to increase technical efficiency. Phased Implementation of REMS: FHI 360 developed the Routine Efficiency Monitoring System (REMS)-a relational database leveraging existing budget, expenditure and output data to produce quarterly site-level estimates of unit expenditure per service. Along with the Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) and implementation partner Avencion, we configured REMS to measure technical efficiency of Ministry of Health resources used to deliver HIV/AIDS services in 326 facilities in 17 high-priority districts in Copperbelt and Central Provinces. REMS allocation algorithms were developed through facility assessments, and key informant interviews with MoH staff. Existing IFMIS and DHIS-2 data streams provide recurring flows of expenditure and output data needed to estimate service-specific unit expenditures. Trained users access REMS output through user-friendly dashboards delivered through a web-based application. REMS as a Solution: District health managers use REMS to identify “outlier” facilities to test performance improvement interventions. Provincial and national planners are using REMS to seek savings and ensure that resources are directed to geographic and programmatic areas with highest need. REMS can support reimbursement for social health insurance and provide time-series data on facility-level costs for modeling. Conclusions and Next Steps: REMS gives managers and planners substantially-improved data on how programs transform resources into services. The GRZ is seeking funding to expand REMS nationally, covering all major disease areas. Improved technical efficiency supports the goal of a sustainable HIV/AIDS response.

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Carm, Ellen. "Exploring a Third Space for Sustainable Educational Development—HIV/AIDS Prevention, Zambia." Sustainability 10, no. 4 (March 23, 2018): 946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10040946.

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Lindsey, Iain, and Davies Banda. "Sport and the fight against HIV/AIDS in Zambia: A ‘partnership approach’?" International Review for the Sociology of Sport 46, no. 1 (September 10, 2010): 90–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690210376020.

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Nsutebu, E. F. "Scaling-up HIV/AIDS and TB home-based care: lessons from Zambia." Health Policy and Planning 16, no. 3 (September 1, 2001): 240–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/16.3.240.

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Bond, Virginia, Elaine Chase, and Peter Aggleton. "Stigma, HIV/AIDS and prevention of mother-to-child transmission in Zambia." Evaluation and Program Planning 25, no. 4 (November 2002): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0149-7189(02)00046-0.

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Kanyengo, Christine Wamunyima. "Information and communication: a library’s local response to HIV/AIDS in Zambia." Health Information & Libraries Journal 27, no. 1 (March 2010): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00855.x.

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Grassly, Nicholas C., Kamal Desai, Elisabetta Pegurri, Alfred Sikazwe, Irene Malambo, Clement Siamatowe, and Don Bundy. "The economic impact of HIV/AIDS on the education sector in Zambia." AIDS 17, no. 7 (May 2003): 1039–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002030-200305020-00013.

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Shilalukey-Ngoma, M. P., A. Mushanga, X. Wang, and M. Watanabe. "Clinical presentation of HIV/AIDS in the high risk neonate in Zambia." Early Human Development 29, no. 1-3 (June 1992): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3782(92)90155-a.

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Shilalukey-Ngoma, MP, A. Mushanga, X. Wang, and M. Watanabe. "Clinical presentation of HIV/AIDS in the high risk neonate in Zambia." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 40, no. 3 (March 1993): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7292(93)90853-o.

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Sanjobo, Nawa, Matilda Lukwesa, Charity Kaziya, Cornwell Tepa, and Bernard Puta. "Evolution of HIV and AIDS Programmes in an African Institution of Higher Learning: The Case of the Copperbelt University in Zambia." Open AIDS Journal 10, no. 1 (April 8, 2016): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874613601610010024.

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Background: Universities present the foundation for socio-economic and political development. Without structures and processes to fight HIV, there is no prospect of enhancing treatment, prevention, care and support services. Copperbelt University HIV and AIDS response was initiated in 2003 with the aim of building capacity of students and employees in HIV and AIDS. Objectives: The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate how the CBU HIV response has evolved over time and provide a timeline of important milestones in the development process. Method: Peer educators and counsellors conduct sensitization campaigns through one on one discussion, workshops, and drama performances, distribution of Information, Education and Communication (IEC) materials. Results: HIV Programme has been set up with players from policy, programme and community levels. Strategic processes, collaborations, funding, medical insurance schemes, prevention, treatment, care and support services, training of peer educators and counsellors have been established. Conclusion: Copperbelt University HIV initiative has demonstrated potential to reduce new infections in the university, and is currently expanding her programme to encompass wellness and also spearhead the integration of HIV in the university curriculum.

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Clare, Camille A., Lisa Weingrad, and Padmini Murthy. "Impact of HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and HIV/Malarial Coinfection in Pregnant Women in Zambia and Zimbabwe." Ethics in Biology, Engineering and Medicine: An International Journal 5, no. 3 (2014): 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ethicsbiologyengmed.2015012736.

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Moyo, Edwin, James C. Shakalima, Gilbert Chambashi, James Muchinga, and Levy K. Matindih. "Modelling HIV/AIDS Cases in Zambia: A Comparative Study of the Impact of Mandatory HIV Testing." Open Journal of Statistics 11, no. 03 (2021): 409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojs.2021.113025.

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Hindin, Michelle J. "Women's input into household decisions and their nutritional status in three resource-constrained settings." Public Health Nutrition 9, no. 4 (June 2006): 485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2005865.

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AbstractObjectiveTo understand the role of women's input into household decisions as a possible factor contributing to women's undernutrition in settings where HIV/AIDS and drought have constrained household resources.Design and settingThree cross-sectional surveys of non-pregnant women in partnerships without a birth in the last 3 months were analysed. Factors associated with chronic energy deficiency (CED), defined as body mass index of < 18.5 kg m−2, were assessed among 1920 women in Zimbabwe, 2870 women in Zambia and 6219 women in Malawi.ResultsPrevalence of CED was 4.2% in Zimbabwe, 13.5% in Zambia and 6.7% in Malawi. In Malawi, women with less input into decisions were more likely to have CED. After multivariable adjustment, each additional decision made by the partner increased the odds of CED in Malawi by 1.08 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02–1.15); each additional decision made by the woman decreased the odds of CED by 0.90 (95% CI 0.88–0.97). Malawian women with all the final say or with partners with no final say had significantly more CED than expected (odds ratio (OR) = 2.88, 95% CI 1.42–5.83 and OR = 1.64, 95% CI 1.06–2.52, respectively), and removing these points increased the magnitude and significance of the linear trends. In Zambia, the relationship was found for urban women only and no associations were found in Zimbabwe.ConclusionsInput into household decisions may be a key factor in the cycle of drought and CED. Women with both low input and CED may lose productive capacity, putting them at greater risk of food insecurity and potentially HIV/AIDS in high prevalence settings.

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Kim, Y. M., J. Banda, C. Hiner, M. Tholandi, E. Bazant, S. Sarkar, A. S. A. Andrade, and C. Makwala. "Assessing the quality of HIV/AIDS services at military health facilities in Zambia." International Journal of STD & AIDS 24, no. 5 (May 2013): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462412472811.

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Samuels, Fiona, and Michael Drinkwater. "“TWELVE YEARS ON”: THE IMPACTS OF HIV AND AIDS ON LIVELIHOODS IN ZAMBIA." Annals of Anthropological Practice 35, no. 1 (May 2011): 148–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2153-9588.2011.01072.x.

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Simpson, Anthony, and Virginia Bond. "Narratives of Nationhood and HIV/AIDS: Reflections on Multidisciplinary Research on the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Zambia over the Last 30 Years." Journal of Southern African Studies 40, no. 5 (August 26, 2014): 1065–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2014.946222.

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Taghavi, Katayoun, Misinzo Moono, Mulindi Mwanahamuntu, Partha Basu, Andreas Limacher, Taniya Tembo, Herbert Kapesa, et al. "Screening test accuracy to improve detection of precancerous lesions of the cervix in women living with HIV: a study protocol." BMJ Open 10, no. 12 (December 2020): e037955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037955.

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IntroductionThe simplest and cheapest method for cervical cancer screening is visual inspection after application of acetic acid (VIA). However, this method has limitations for correctly identifying precancerous cervical lesions (sensitivity) and women free from these lesions (specificity). We will assess alternative screening methods that could improve sensitivity and specificity in women living with humanimmunodeficiency virus (WLHIV) in Southern Africa.Methods and analysisWe will conduct a paired, prospective, screening test accuracy study among consecutive, eligible women aged 18–65 years receiving treatment for HIV/AIDS at Kanyama Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia. We will assess a portable magnification device (Gynocular, Gynius Plus AB, Sweden) based on the Swede score assessment of the cervix, test for high-risk subtypes of human papillomavirus (HR-HPV, GeneXpert, Cepheid, USA) and VIA. All study participants will receive all three tests and the reference standard at baseline and at six-month follow-up. The reference standard is histological assessment of two to four biopsies of the transformation zone. The primary histological endpoint is cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade two and above (CIN2+). Women who are VIA-positive or have histologically confirmed CIN2+ lesions will be treated as per national guidelines. We plan to enrol 450 women. Primary outcome measures for test accuracy include sensitivity and specificity of each stand-alone test. In the secondary analyses, we will evaluate the combination of tests. Pre-planned additional studies include use of cervigrams to test an automated visual assessment tool using image pattern recognition, cost-analysis and associations with trichomoniasis.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was obtained from the University of Zambia Biomedical Research Ethics Committee, Zambian National Health Regulatory Authority, Zambia Medicines Regulatory Authority, Swissethics and the International Agency for Research on Cancer Ethics Committee. Results of the study will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal.Trial registration numberNCT03931083; Pre-results.

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Mukuka, Lawrence, and Vered Slonim-Nevo. "The role of the Church in the fight against HIV/AIDS infection in Zambia." International Social Work 49, no. 5 (September 2006): 641–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872806066767.

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McKay, Veronica I., and Norma R. A. Romm. "Active research towards the addressal of HIV/AIDS in the informal economy in Zambia." Action Research 6, no. 2 (June 2008): 149–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1476750307087050.

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Saasa, Sherinah K., Y. Joon Choi, and Larry Nackerud. "Barriers to safe-sex behavior change in Zambia: Perspectives from HIV/AIDS psychosocial counselors." Journal of HIV/AIDS & Social Services 17, no. 4 (October 2, 2018): 274–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15381501.2018.1519478.

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Lentz, Corliss. "A Fulbright Experience: Building Relationships with Christians and Muslims with HIV/AIDS in Zambia." Journal of Public Affairs Education 17, no. 3 (September 2011): 407–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15236803.2011.12001652.

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Chapoto, Antony, T. S. Jayne, and Nicole M. Mason. "Widows’ Land Security in the Era of HIV/AIDS: Panel Survey Evidence from Zambia." Economic Development and Cultural Change 59, no. 3 (April 2011): 511–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/658346.

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Lucas, Adrienne M., and Nicholas L. Wilson. "Adult Antiretroviral Therapy and Child Health: Evidence from Scale-up in Zambia." American Economic Review 103, no. 3 (May 1, 2013): 456–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.456.

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One in five Zambian children lives with an HIV/AIDS-infected adult. We estimate the effect that the availability of adult antiretroviral therapy (ART) has on the health of such children. Using a triple difference specification, we find that adult access to ART resulted in increased weight-for-age and decreased incidence of stunting among children younger than 60 months who resided with an infected father or other infected adult in an intact household. Because the increased availability of adult ART in sub-Saharan Africa has multigenerational effects, cost-effectiveness estimates restricted to direct recipients understate the economic benefit of the treatment.

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Chinsembu, Kazhila C. "Ethnobotanical Study of Plants Used in the Management of HIV/AIDS-Related Diseases in Livingstone, Southern Province, Zambia." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4238625.

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Faced with critical shortages of staff, long queues, and stigma at public health facilities in Livingstone, Zambia, persons who suffer from HIV/AIDS-related diseases use medicinal plants to manage skin infections, diarrhoea, sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, cough, malaria, and oral infections. In all, 94 medicinal plant species were used to manage HIV/AIDS-related diseases. Most remedies are prepared from plants of various families such as Combretaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, and Lamiaceae. More than two-thirds of the plants (mostly leaves and roots) are utilized to treat two or more diseases related to HIV infection. Eighteen plants, namely,Achyranthes asperaL.,Lannea discolor(Sond.) Engl.,Hyphaene petersianaKlotzsch ex Mart.,Asparagus racemosusWilld.,Capparis tomentosaLam.,Cleome hirtaOliv.,Garcinia livingstoneiT. Anderson,Euclea divinorumHiern,Bridelia catharticaG. Bertol.,Acacia niloticaDelile,Piliostigma thonningii(Schumach.) Milne-Redh.,Dichrostachys cinerea(L.) Wight and Arn.,Abrus precatoriusL.,Hoslundia oppositaVahl.,Clerodendrum capitatum(Willd.) Schumach.,Ficus sycomorusL.,Ximenia americanaL., andZiziphus mucronataWilld., were used to treat four or more disease conditions. About 31% of the plants in this study were administered as monotherapies. Multiuse medicinal plants may contain broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents. However, since widely used plants easily succumb to the threats of overharvesting, they need special protocols and guidelines for their genetic conservation. There is still need to confirm the antimicrobial efficacies, pharmacological parameters, cytotoxicity, and active chemical ingredients of the discovered plants.

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Banda, Felix, and Kelvin Mambwe. "Fighting HIV/AIDS through popular Zambian music." Muziki 10, sup1 (December 20, 2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18125980.2013.852738.

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Nyirenda, Christopher K., Edmond K. Kabagambe, John R. Koethe, James N. Kiage, Benjamin H. Chi, Patrick Musonda, Meridith Blevins, Claire N. Bosire, Michael Y. Tsai, and Douglas C. Heimburger. "Plasma Fatty Acids in Zambian Adults with HIV/AIDS: Relation to Dietary Intake and Cardiovascular Risk Factors." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/635817.

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Objective. To determine whether 24 hr dietary recalls (DR) are a good measure of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake when compared to plasma levels, and whether plasma PUFA is associated with markers of HIV/AIDS progression and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.Methods. In a cross-sectional study among 210 antiretroviral therapy-naïve HIV-infected adults from Lusaka, Zambia, we collected data on medical history and dietary intake using 24 hr DR. We measured fatty acids and markers of AIDS progression and CVD risk in fasting plasma collected at baseline.Results. PUFA intakes showed modest correlations with corresponding plasma levels; Spearman correlations were 0.36(p<0.01)for eicosapentaenoic acid and 0.21(p=0.005)for docosahexaenoic acid. While there were no significant associations(p>0.05)between total plasma PUFA and C-reactive protein (CRP) or lipid levels, plasma arachidonic acid was inversely associated with CRP and triglycerides and positively associated with HDL-C, CD4+ T-cell count, and plasma albumin(p<0.05). Plasma saturated fatty acids (SFA) were positively associated with CRP (β= 0.24; 95% CI: 0.08 to 0.40,p=0.003) and triglycerides (β= 0.08; 95% CI: 0.03 to 0.12,p<0.01).Conclusions. Our data suggest that a single DR is inadequate for assessing PUFA intake and that plasma arachidonic acid levels may modulate HIV/AIDS progression and CVD risk.

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Maseko, Dalitso. "Gender Disclosure Differences of Sexual Partners among People Living with HIV/AIDS in Chongwe, Zambia." TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 8, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijph.2013.08.02.art012.

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Yamba, C. Bawa. "Loveness and her brothers: trajectories of life for children orphaned by HIV/AIDS in Zambia." African Journal of AIDS Research 4, no. 3 (December 2005): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16085900509490359.

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Chibuye, Denis, and Mwewa Nkhoma Liswaniso. "P17.41 Hiv and AIDS programming for people with disabilities on antiretroviral therapy (art) in Zambia." Sexually Transmitted Infections 91, Suppl 2 (September 2015): A238.3—A239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2015-052270.619.

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