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Journal articles on the topic 'HIV - infected childrens'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Lawal, Mary Adetola, Oluwafunmilayo Funke Adeniyi, Patricia Eyanya Akintan, Abideen Olurotimi Salako, Olorunfemi Sunday Omotosho, and Edamisan Olusoji Temiye. "Prevalence of and risk factors for hepatitis B and C viral co-infections in HIV infected children in Lagos, Nigeria." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 10, 2020): e0243656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243656.

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Introduction The study was carried out to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for hepatitis B and C viral co-infections in HIV infected children in Lagos. Method A cross-sectional study conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors for hepatitis B and C viral co-infection in children aged 2 months to 13 years. There were 187 HIV infected and 187 HIV naïve age, sex-matched controls. Blood samples of participants were assayed for the serologic markers [HBsAg, anti-HBc, and anti-HCV)] of HBV and HCV viral infections using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Result The prevalence of HBV infection using HBsAg was 5.3% and 4.8% (p = 0.814), among HIV-infected and HIV naïve children respectively, while using anti-HBc the prevalence was 7.0% and 7.5% (p = 0.842) among HIV- infected and HIV naïve children respectively. The prevalence of HCV infection among HIV- infected and HIV naive children were equal to 0.5% (p = 1.000). There was also no significant association with the identifiable risk factors (sharing of a toothbrush, sharing of needles, incision marks/tattoo, hepatitis B immunization status, history of blood transfusion, previous surgical operation, sexual exposure/abuse, history of jaundice, and genital circumcision) and the HBV and or HCV status among both groups of children. History of sexual exposure/abuse and history of jaundice were however found to be predictors of the presence of HBsAg among HIV infected children only, using a binary logistic regression model. Conclusion The prevalence of HBV and or HCV infection among HIV-infected children is similar to the prevalence among HIV naïve children, suggesting that HIV-infected children are not more predisposed to viral hepatitis than healthy children. Also, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of HBV infection irrespective of the use of HBsAg or anti-HBc.
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2

Anigilaje, Emmanuel Ademola, and Ayodotun Olutola. "Prevalence and Clinical and Immunoviralogical Profile of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Hepatitis B Coinfection among Children in an Antiretroviral Therapy Programme in Benue State, Nigeria." ISRN Pediatrics 2013 (April 3, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/932697.

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Background. Nigeria has the world largest burden of paediatric HIV and is also highly endemic for Hepatitis B virus (HBV). However, relatively little is known regarding the prevalence of HBV-HIV coinfections among Nigerian children. Methods. A retrospective study among treatment naive HIV-infected children attending the pediatric clinic of the APIN Plus/Harvard PEPFAR program of the Federal Medical Centre, Makurdi, between June 2008 and June 2012. Results. The mean age of the 395 subjects studied was 7.53±4.23 years. Thirty-one subjects (7.8%) were positive for HBV. No subject was HIV-HBV-HCV triply infected. Significantly higher HIV-HBC coinfections were found, in older subjects (11–15 years), subjects that did not receive nor complete Hepatitis B vaccinations, and subjects that had a severe immunosuppression of < 15% with respective P values of 0.00, 0.01, and 0.00. HIV-HBV co-infection did not significantly impact on other baseline characteristics including, gender, WHO clinical stage, median absolute CD4 count, mean viral load, median ALT, and hepatotoxicity. Conclusion. A high seroprevalence of HBV among this cohort of HIV-infected children contributes to the calls for pre-ART screening for HBV and the necessary paradigm shift in the ART nucleoside backbone to include agent(s) more dually effective against HIV and HBV.
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G. Kalaivani, G. Kalaivani, and Dr Sundara Raj T. Dr. Sundara Raj. T. "Social Stigma of Hiv/Aids Parents: Infected and Affected Children." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 2 (October 1, 2011): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/feb2014/175.

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4

Mani Pandey, Chandra, and Anubha Shrivastava. "Clinical Profile of HIV Infected Children 18 months – 15 years of Age." Pediatric Education and Research 4, no. 3 (2016): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/per.2321.1644.4316.1.

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5

OTERO, Renata A., Flávia N. N. NASCIMENTO, Ivete P. R. SOUZA, Raquel C. SILVA, Rodrigo S. LIMA, Tatiana F. ROBAINA, Fernando P. CÂMARA, Norma SANTOS, and Gloria F. CASTRO. "LACK OF ASSOCIATION BETWEEN HERPESVIRUS DETECTION IN SALIVA AND GINGIVITIS IN HIV‑INFECTED CHILDREN." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 57, no. 3 (June 2015): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652015000300007.

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The aims of this study were to compare the detection of human herpesviruses (HHVs) in the saliva of HIV-infected and healthy control children, and to evaluate associations between viral infection and gingivitis and immunodeficiency. Saliva samples were collected from 48 HIV-infected and 48 healthy control children. Clinical and laboratory data were collected during dental visits and from medical records. A trained dentist determined gingival indices and extension of gingivitis. Saliva samples were tested for herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), varicella zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) by nested polymerase chain reaction assays. Thirty-five HIV-infected and 16 control children had gingivitis. Seventeen (35.4%) HIV-infected children and 13 (27%) control children were positive for HHVs. CMV was the most commonly detected HHV in both groups (HIV-infected, 25%; control, 12.5%), followed by HSV-1 (6.2% in both groups) and HSV-2 (HIV-infected, 4.2%; control, 8.3%). The presence of HHVs in saliva was not associated with the presence of gingivitis in HIV-1-infected children (p = 0.104) or healthy control children (p = 0.251), or with immunosuppression in HIV-infected individuals (p = 0.447). Gingivitis was correlated with HIV infection (p = 0.0001). These results suggest that asymptomatic salivary detection of HHVs is common in HIV-infected and healthy children, and that it is not associated with gingivitis.
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Ziegner, Ulrike, Donald Campbell, Kent Weinhold, Ian Frank, Richard Rutstein, and Stuart E. Starr. "Deficient Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity against Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Expressing Target Cells in Perinatal HIV Infection." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 6, no. 5 (September 1, 1999): 718–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.6.5.718-724.1999.

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ABSTRACT Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children, age-matched HIV-seronegative controls, and HIV-infected asymptomatic and symptomatic adults were compared for their ability to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity against target cells expressing HIV or herpes simplex virus (HSV) antigens. Target cells consisted of CD4 lymphocytes purified from PBMC of HIV-seronegative adults and incubated with the IIIB strain of HIV, HUT78 cells chronically infected with IIIB, and HSV-infected human fibroblasts. PBMC of asymptomatic HIV-infected adults were generally able to lyse CD4 cells expressing HIV antigens. Direct correlation was found between the magnitude of lysis and absolute CD4 cell counts in these individuals. In contrast to these results, PBMC from HIV-infected children were generally unable to lyse IIIB-expressing CD4 cells, regardless of the children’s clinical status, age, or absolute CD4 cell counts. Cells from HIV-seronegative adults and children did not directly lyse these target cells either but, in contrast to cells of HIV-seropositive children, were able to mediate cell lysis when serum from an HIV-seropositive adult was added. However, effector cells from these HIV-infected children were able to mediate both ADCC against HSV-infected fibroblasts and NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against IIIB-infected HUT78 cells. Reduced ability of PBMC from vertically HIV-infected children to mediate ADCC against HIV antigen-expressing CD4 cells may contribute to rapid progression to AIDS.
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Karim, AKM Rezaul, Afiqul Islam, Choudhury Yakub Jamal, Abdul Matin, Md Monir Hossain, Mohammad Shafiullah, and Rehnuma Urmi. "Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Among Multitransfused Thalassaemic Children in Dhaka, Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Child Health 37, no. 3 (April 18, 2014): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v37i3.18618.

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Background: Thalassaemia is a congenital hemolytic disease caused by defective globin chain synthesis of haemoglobin and largely treated by repeated blood transfusions. Transfusion-transmitted infections still make a great challenge in the management of patients with thalassaemia major. The most important worldwide transfusion transmitted infections (TTI) are hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Despite concern about a possible increase in the incidence of these infections there are no recent data about the prevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV from Bangladesh. Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus in multi-transfused thalassaemia patients (MTP), to identify the possible risk factors and to evaluate the effect of compulsory screening of blood to prevent these infections. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted during 2011 to 2012 on 100 consecutive multi-transfused thalassaemic patients who were interviewed using a structured questionnaire and tested for serological markers of hepatitis B virus (HBsAg), hepatitis C virus (Anti-HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (Anti-HIV 1+2). Results: The overall prevalence of HCV, HBV, HIV and co-infection among (MTP) were 31%, 3%, 0% and 1%, respectively. Children who developed infection had a higher incidence of receiving transfusion from professional donors or unknown donors than the non-infected ones. Infected children had a higher frequency of receiving transfusions without screening and receiving more number of transfusions than their counterpart. Other non-transfusion related (NTR) risk factors such as surgical operation, dental procedures, needle stick injury were significantly higher in patients who acquired transfusion transmitted infections (TTI). Conclusions: HCV infection was the most prevalent transfusion transmitted infection (TTI) among multi-transfused thalassaemia patients (MTP) and remains a major health problem for these patients. Children who received transfusion from professional donors and received unscreened blood had more chance of getting infection with transfusion transmitted infection. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v37i3.18618 Bangladesh J Child Health 2013; Vol.37(3): 146-153
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8

Savinkov, P. A., T. N. Rybalkina, N. V. Karazhas, R. E. Boshyan, M. Yu Kalugina, M. N. Kornienko, E. V. Rusakova, E. M. Burmistrov, and I. A. Soldatova. "DETECTION OF MARKERS OF HERPES VIRUS INFECTION AND PNEUMOCYSTOSIS IN CHILDREN FROM HIV-INFECTED MOTHERS." Journal of microbiology epidemiology immunobiology, no. 4 (August 28, 2017): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2017-4-67-74.

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Aim. Study the role of herpes viruses and pneumocystis in infectious complications in children from HIV-infected mothers. Materials and methods. Sera and blood cells from 59 children from HIV-infected mothers were studied for the presence of various markers of herpes virus infections and pneumocystosis by a complex of methods of modem laboratory diagnostics. Results. Frequency of detection of markers of herpes virus infection was from 10% for chicken pox in children with non-final HIV test to 93% for herpes simplex virus in HIV-infected children from closed organized groups. Signs of active infection in children with laboratory confirmed HIV infection were diagnosed 2.5 times more frequently for HSV infection and chicken pox and 1.8 times more frequently for HHV-6 and pneumocystis than in children with non-final HIV test. Markers of various disease stages with opportunistic infections (01) were detected in children with confirmed HIV-infection: primary acute and latent forms of the infection, reactivation, reconvalescence, whereas in children with non-final HIV test maternal antibodies against herpes virus and pneumocystis predominated. Markers of active infections excluding HSV and HHV-6 were more frequently detected in children from families than in children from closed organized groups. Conclusion. The feature detected - a lower percentage of detection of markers of active forms of 01 in HI V-infected children from social institutions - is determined by the fact that observation of these children is carried out by medical personnel that have the knowledge and experience of prophylaxis of infectious complications in HIV-infected children, whereas quality anti-epidemic regimen is frequently not maintained regarding home children with HIV infection. Another factor facilitating spread of opportunistic infections is the asocial lifestyle of most of the examined families. These data dictate the necessity of enhancement of anti-epidemic regimen and prophylaxis of opportunistic infections in family loci. Not only HIV-infected children, but also all the family members should be examined for markers of herpes virus infection and pneumocystosis in order to detect sources of the infection and timely execution of the prophylaxis measures.
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McNutt, Briar. "The Under-Enrollment of HIV-infected Foster Children in Clinical Trials and Protocols and the Need for Corrective State Action." American Journal of Law & Medicine 20, no. 3 (1994): 231–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800007164.

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The incidence of HIV infection and AIDS in children has grown at an alarming rate. Approximately one million children worldwide have HIV infection. By the year 2000, an estimated ten million children will suffer from the disease. Currently, the United States has a population of an estimated 10,000 to 20,000 HIV-infected children. As of June 30, 1993, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported 4,710 known AIDS cases in children twelve years-old and younger. At that point, New York City reported 1,124 pediatric AIDS cases which represented twenty-four percent of all cases in the United States.With the rising number of HIV-infected children, the medical community in the United States has begun to search for HIV-and AIDS-related treatments particularized for children. In addition to establishing guidelines for HIV-infected children's frequent check-ups and timely immunizations, the medical community has initiated research studies involving HIV-infected children.
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10

Ba, Abou, Fatou K. Ndiaye, Yaay J. Djeng, Cecile Cames, Aminata Diack, and Ousmane Ndiaye. "Impact of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy on Chronic Hepatitis B Serological Markers among Senegalese HIV Co-infected Children." International Journal of Maternal and Child Health and AIDS (IJMA) 8, no. 2 (November 27, 2019): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21106/ijma.321.

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Background: Coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes complex interactions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence and HBV evolution among HIV coinfected children receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 252 HIV infected children enrolled in the H
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Kajubi, P., Anne R. Katahoire, David Kyaddondo, and Susan R. Whyte. "COMMUNICATION IN THE CONTEXT OF FAMILY CAREGIVING: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF UGANDAN CHILDREN ON ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY." Journal of Biosocial Science 48, no. 5 (October 28, 2015): 672–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932015000371.

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SummaryIt is important to consider the complexities of family dynamics when deciding when and how to communicate with HIV-infected children about their illness and treatment. Previous research has focused on providers’ and caregivers’ perspectives on whether, when and how to disclose HIV/AIDS diagnosis and treatment to HIV-infected children. From the perspective of HIV-infected children, communication does not mean just giving information about illness and treatment, but also encompasses emotional and material care. This paper places communication within the broader framework of caregiving in family situations. This exploratory study was conducted in Jinja district, Uganda, between November 2011 and December 2012. Through participant observation and in-depth interviews, communication by, and with, HIV-infected children in the context of family situations was explored from the perspectives of 29 HIV-infected children aged 8–17 years on antiretroviral therapy (ART) using content thematic analysis. Children’s communication with caregivers about their illness and treatment varied depending on whom they were living with and the nature of caregiving. Although a mother’s care was considered best, children described others who cared ‘like a mother’. For some, caregiving was distributed among several relatives and non-relatives, while others felt they had hardly anyone to care for them. Caregiving from the children’s perspective involved emotional support, expressed verbally and explicitly in messages of concern, encouragement conveyed in reminders to take medicines, attention when sick and confidential conversations about the challenges of having HIV and taking ART. Caregiving was also communicated implicitly in acts of provision of food/drinks to take with medicines, counting pills to confirm they had taken the medicines and accompanying children to treatment centres. Children’s communication about their health and medicines and the care they received was to a large extent shaped by the nature of their relatedness to their caregivers, the extent to which caregiving was dispersed among several people and who else in the household was infected with HIV and on medication.
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Chauhan, Priyanka, Sunit Pathak, and N. C. Prajapati. "Health and health related quality of life of children living with HIV infected parents." Annals of Applied Bio-Sciences 4, no. 2 (April 10, 2017): A117—A121. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/aabs.1532.

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Spoulou, Vana, Christina Kanaka-Gantenbein, Irini Bathrellou, Stefano Mora, Glyceria Mostrou, Lambros Sidossis, George Chrousos, and Maria Theodoridou. "Monitoring of lipodystrophic and metabolic abnormalities in HIV-1 infected children on antiretroviral therapy." HORMONES 10, no. 2 (April 15, 2011): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14310/horm.2002.1305.

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Savasi, Valeria, Monica Oneta, Arianna Laoreti, Francesca Parisi, Bina Parrilla, Piergiorgio Duca, and Irene Cetin. "Effects of Antiretroviral Therapy on Sperm DNA Integrity of HIV-1-Infected Men." American Journal of Men's Health 12, no. 6 (August 22, 2018): 1835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988318794282.

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HIV-1-affected couples’ desire to have children and free sexual intercourses with the use of pre-exposure prophylaxis for the negative partner has emerged as an alternative option to assisted reproduction in aviremic patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). It is already known that sperm quality may be impaired in HIV-infected men. The underlying physiopathological mechanism is still debated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of HAART on sperm DNA fragmentation, comparing HIV-1-infected patients taking HAART versus naïve HIV-1-infected patients. This is a prospective case-control study. Sperm nuclear DNA fragmentation rate was evaluated by the sperm chromatin dispersion test in 77 HIV-infected men: 53 HIV-1 patients receiving HAART (Group 1) versus 24 naïve HIV-1 patients not receiving HAART (Group 2). Complete semen analysis was performed according to WHO 2010 recommendations. Patients with HBV infection or HCV infection coinfections and genital tract infections wre excluded. All the patients did not present any clinical signs of their disease. Seminal parameters were examined in the two groups, showing no significant differences. Increased sperm DNA fragmentation > 30% was demonstrated in 67.9% of patients in Group 1 and 37.5% of patients in Group 2, respectively ( p = .02). A positive but nonsignificant trend toward increased fragmentation was reported with advancing patients’ age. In conclusion, sperm nuclear fragmentation rate is increased in HIV-1-infected patients taking HAART compared to HIV-1 patients not receiving HAART.
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Chonco, F. M., and S. Rangiah. "Susceptibility to hepatitis B infection, hepatitis B/HIV co-infections and hepatitis B immunity in HIV-positive patients starting HAART in Durban, South Africa." South African Family Practice 61, no. 2 (April 29, 2019): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/safp.v61i2.5004.

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Background: HIV/HBV co-infection remains a global threat to HIV management despite the available effective hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B covering antiretroviral therapy. Many studies done in South Africa and internationally showed high prevalence of HIV/hepatitis B co-infection, which mandated routine screening for both infections before initiating HAART. Fewer studies have highlighted the prevalence of hepatitis B susceptibility in the general population starting HAART and most of them were limited to children and high-risk groups. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the extent of hepatitis B susceptibility, hepatitis B/HIV co-infections and hepatitis B immunity in general HIV-infected patients.Method: This was a retrospective review of 1 066 randomly sampled files of patients initiated on HAART between January 2012 and December 2014 at two Durban hospitals. Data collection included demographic characteristic, CD4 counts and hepatitis B serology. Data were analysed for the prevalence of hepatitis B susceptibility, HIV/HBV co-infection and hepatitis B immunity, while correlations between age, CD4 count and these three groups were demonstrated. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS version 9.3.Results: Total prevalence of HBV susceptibility was 69.7%, HBV immunity was 26.9% and true chronic HIV/HBV co-infection was 3.4%, while HBVsAg positivity accounted for 8.4% of the participants. Adults were more susceptible to HBV than children, with a median age of 36 years. Stratified for age, children were more immune (90%) to HBV than adults.Conclusion: This study demonstrated a significantly high number of HIV-infected persons who were susceptible to hepatitis B infection in Durban, South Africa, where both HIV and HBV are endemic, co-infection is high, and safe and effective HBV vaccine is available. Hepatitis B vaccination of the hepatitis B susceptible patients initiating HAART in South Africa is recommended to prevent further HIV/HBV co-infection.
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Sainz, Talia, Carolina Fernández McPhee, Sara Domínguez‐Rodríguez, Loreto Hierro, María José Mellado, Claudia Fortuny, María Dolores Falcón, et al. "Longitudinal evolution of vertically HIV/HCV–co‐infected vs HCV–mono‐infected children." Journal of Viral Hepatitis 27, no. 1 (October 30, 2019): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvh.13206.

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Ahmed, Sheikh, Muhammad Ayub, Muhammad Naeem, Faisal Hayat Nazir, Abrar Hussain, Daud Ghilzai, Lars O. Magnius, Ashif Sajjad, and Heléne Norder. "Thalassemia Patients from Baluchistan in Pakistan Are Infected with Multiple Hepatitis B or C Virus Strains." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): 1569–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0740.

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ABSTRACTThere are an estimated 2,000 children with β-thalassemia in the province Baluchistan of Pakistan. These children are at high risk of acquiring transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs) due to their need of regular blood transfusions for survival. Therefore, we investigated the frequencies of TTIs among these multi-transfused patients in a region where the WHO guidelines for blood safety are not always followed. Sera from 400 children (mean age 7.7 ± 4.70 years) treated at two thalassemia centers in Baluchistan were investigated for TTIs. Eleven (2.8%) were hepatitis B surface antigen positive, and 72 (18.3%) had anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV), two of which were infected with both viruses. Only 22% of the children had been reached by the program for universal hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination which started in 2004. Half (51%) of the HCV infected had also been HBV infected. The HBV- and HCV-infected patients were older and had received more blood transfusions than the uninfected patients (P < 0.001). Molecular characterization of the viral strains revealed the presence of several genetically different strains in at least three HBV- and seven HCV-infected children. This is the first study to demonstrate infections with multiple HBV or HCV strains simultaneously infecting thalassemia patients. These may become the source for new emerging recombinant viruses of unknown virulence. The high prevalence of anti–HCV-positive children, and the presence of HBV infections among children who should have been vaccinated, highlights an urgent need for improvements of blood safety in this region of Pakistan.
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Sharma, Dr K. Krishna, Dr Udayakumara K. Dr. Udayakumara. K, Dr Thirumaleshwara Prasada H, and A. Lourdu Mary. "A critical study on the efficacy of Yoga on the HIV infected Children- A Holistic approach." Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 12 (October 1, 2011): 542–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/dec2013/165.

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Tejiokem, Mathurin C., Elisabeth Njamkepo, Ionela Gouandjika, Dominique Rousset, Lydie Béniguel, Catherine Bilong, Gilbert Tene, et al. "Whole-Cell Pertussis Vaccine Induces Low Antibody Levels in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children Living in Sub-Saharan Africa." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 16, no. 4 (February 4, 2009): 479–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00312-08.

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ABSTRACT The WHO recommendations for the immunization of children infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) differ slightly from the guidelines for uninfected children. The introduction of antiretroviral therapy for HIV-infected infants should considerably prolong their life expectancy. The question of the response to the whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccine should now be addressed, particularly in countries in which pertussis remains endemic. To evaluate the persistence of antibodies to the wP vaccine in HIV-infected and uninfected children who had previously received this vaccine in routine clinical practice, we conducted a cross-sectional study of children aged 18 to 36 months, born to HIV-infected mothers and living in Cameroon or the Central African Republic. We tested blood samples for antibodies to the wP vaccine and for antibodies to diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (D and T, respectively) in the context of the use of a combined DTwP vaccine. We enrolled 50 HIV-infected children and 78 uninfected, HIV-exposed children in the study. A lower proportion of HIV-infected children than uninfected children had antibodies against the antigens tested for all valences of the DTwP vaccine. Agglutinin levels were substantially lower in HIV-infected than in HIV-exposed but uninfected children (30.0% versus 55.1%, respectively; P = 0.005). We also observed a high risk of low antibody levels in response to the DTwP vaccine in HIV-infected children with severe immunodeficiency (CD4 T-cell level, <25%). The concentrations of antibodies induced by the DTwP vaccine were lower in HIV-infected children than in uninfected children. This study supports the need for a booster dose of the DTwP vaccine in order to maintain high antibody levels in HIV-infected children.
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Crisinel, Pierre Alex, Klara Maria Posfay-Barbe, Christoph Aebi, Jean-Jacques Cheseaux, Christian Kahlert, Christoph Rudin, David Nadal, and Claire-Anne Siegrist. "Determinants of Hepatitis A Vaccine Immunity in a Cohort of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children Living in Switzerland." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 19, no. 11 (August 29, 2012): 1751–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00264-12.

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ABSTRACTVaccination in HIV-infected children is often less effective than in healthy children. The goal of this study was to assess vaccine responses to hepatitis A virus (HAV) in HIV-infected children. Children of the Swiss Mother and Child HIV Cohort Study (MoCHiV) were enrolled prospectively. Recommendations for initial, catch-up, and additional HAV immunizations were based upon baseline antibody concentrations and vaccine history. HAV IgG was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with a protective cutoff value defined as ≥10 mIU/ml. Eighty-seven patients were included (median age, 11 years; range, 3.4 to 21.2 years). Forty-two patients were seropositive (48.3%) for HAV. Among 45 (51.7%) seronegative patients, 36 had not received any HAV vaccine dose and were considered naïve. Vaccine responses were assessed after the first dose in 29/35 naïve patients and after the second dose in 33/39 children (25 initially naïve patients, 4 seronegative patients, and 4 seropositive patients that had already received 1 dose of vaccine). Seroconversion was 86% after 1 dose and 97% after 2 doses, with a geometric mean concentration of 962 mIU/ml after the second dose. A baseline CD4+T cell count below 750 cells/μl significantly reduced the post-2nd-dose response (P= 0.005). Despite a high rate of seroconversion, patients with CD4+T cell counts of <750/μl had lower anti-HAV antibody concentrations. This may translate into a shorter protection time. Hence, monitoring humoral immunity may be necessary to provide supplementary doses as needed.
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Cotton, Mark, and Leon Levin. "Treating HIV-infected children." Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 10, no. 4 (December 14, 2009): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v10i4.251.

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22

Rossmann, Susan Norton, Patricia H. Wilson, John Hicks, Bruce Carter, Stanley G. Cron, Cara Simon, Catherine M. Flaitz, Gail J. Demmler, William T. Shearer, and Mark W. Kline. "Isolation of Lautropia mirabilis from Oral Cavities of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, no. 6 (1998): 1756–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.36.6.1756-1760.1998.

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Lautropia mirabilis, a pleomorphic, motile, gram-negative coccus, has been isolated from the oral cavities of 32 of 60 (53.3%) children infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and 3 of 25 (12.0%) HIV-uninfected controls; the association ofL. mirabilis isolation with HIV infection is significant (P < 0.001). All children in the study, both HIV-infected children and controls, were born to HIV-infected mothers. The presence of this bacterium was not associated with clinical disease in these children. The HIV-infected children with L. mirabilis did not differ from the HIV-infected children withoutL. mirabilis in immunological status, clinical status, or systemic medications. The role of HIV infection itself or concomitant factors in the establishment of L. mirabilis in the oral cavity remains to be elucidated.
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Lesar, Sharon, Michael M. Gerber, and Melvyn I. Semmel. "HIV Infection in Children: Family Stress, Social Support, and Adaptation." Exceptional Children 62, no. 3 (December 1995): 224–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001440299606200304.

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This study examined the relationships of family functioning, parenting stress, and social support of caregivers who are parenting children with HIV infection. A family adaptational model integrated the concepts of stress, coping, and ecological systems for understanding the impact of an HIV-infected child on family adaptation and functioning. Data were collected from 48 caregivers of HIV-exposed children. Hierarchical multiple-regression analysis showed that a number of factors contributed significantly to the prediction of parenting stress and family functioning. Results showed significant relationships among parenting stress, children's developmental delay status, children and caregivers' HIV status, and caregiving burden.
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Rybalkina, T. N., N. V. Karazhas, P. A. Savinkov, R. E. Boshyan, M. Yu Lysenkova, M. N. Kornienko, E. M. Burmistrov, P. A. Veselovsky, and I. A. Soldatova. "DEPENDENCE OF DETECTION OF MARKERS OF OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS FROM ADHERENCE TO ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY IN CHILDREN BORN BY HIV-INFECTED MATTERS." Journal of microbiology epidemiology immunobiology, no. 4 (August 28, 2018): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2018-4-76-81.

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Aim. To study the dependence of detection of markers of opportunistic infections from afherence to antiretroviral therapy in children born to HIV-infected mothers on the example of herpesvirus infectionsand pneumocystis. Materials and methods. Samples of biological materials (blood serum and blood cells) of 66 children with HIV infection aged 1 month to 15 years old were treated in Children’s Boxed Department of Children’s Hospital No. 2 with diagnoses «incomplete HIV test» (children from the age of one month to one and a half years) and «HIV infection». To determine IgM and IgG to herpesviruses and pneumocyst, the method of enzyme immunoassay was used; indirect immunofluorescence reaction for the detection of herpesviruses and their antigens in the blood, early antigens and virus reproduction were determined using a rapid culture method. Results. 56.0% of the surveyed children received complete antiretroviral therapy, in 16,7% of cases they were not complete, and 27,3% of children did not fully adhere to ARVT. Despite the fact that 100% of children with an incomplete diagnosis of HIV infection were covered by ARVT due to the use of chemotherapy drugs by their mothers during pregnancy, they still had markers of both active and latent forms of herpesvirus infections and pneumocystis. In children with confirmed HIV infection living both in social institutions and in families, the markers of opportunistic infections were more often diagnosed in patients receiving ARVT in full and not in full volume than in children who did not have it. Conclusion. Identification of markers of active forms of herpesvirus infections and pneumocystis in HIV-positive children not receiving ARV is the basis for its immediate appointment.
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Ferreira, Dennis de Carvalho, Mauro Romero Leal Passos, Norma de Paula Motta Rubini, Rosiangela Ramalho de Souza Knupp, José Alexandre da Rocha Curvelo, Helena Lucia Barroso dos Reis, and Gesmar Volga Haddad Herdy. "Validation study of a scale of life quality evaluation in a group of pediatric patients infected by HIV." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 16, no. 5 (May 2011): 2643–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-81232011000500034.

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With the advent of potent antiretroviral therapy and the increase in life expectancy of pediatric patients infected with HIV, the quest for the promotion of enhanced quality of life should currently be the main focus in care of children with HIV/Aids. The scope of this study was to validate the Scale of Children's Quality of Life in a group of children infected with HIV receiving clinical care in Aids Service Units in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This scale consists of 26 questions and was tested on 100 children, with ages varying between 4 and 12, and their respective parents or guardians. Statistical analysis was conducted using canonical correlation and confidence interval analysis and the c² test. The results showed that the cut-off point obtained was 49; the internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha was 0.73 for the children and 0.67 for parents or guardians. The response profile revealed marked satisfaction with aspects such as vacations and birthdays, though less satisfaction with items including hospitalization and playing alone. The conclusion was that the scale revealed satisfactory psychometric measurements, proving to be a reliable, consistent, valid and recommended instrument for measuring the quality of life of children infected with HIV.
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Vasilieva, E. B., M. E. Lozovskaya, L. V. Klochkova, Yu A. Yarovaya, and O. M. Noskova. "Epidemiological aspects of tuberculosis in HIV infected children." Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases 98, no. 9 (October 26, 2020): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21292/2075-1230-2020-98-9-33-37.

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The objective: to assess the methods and time of detection of tuberculosis and HIV infection in children with the co-infection, epidemiological risk factors to develop tuberculosis and effectiveness of preventive measures.Subjects and methods. 75 children in the age from 0 to 14 years old were enrolled in the study. The TB/HIV Group included 25 children with TB/HIV co-infection. The TB Group included 50 HIV negative children with tuberculosis, they made a comparison group.Results: out of 25 children with TB/HIV, only 18 (72%) were aware of perinatal exposure to HIV. HIV infection was confirmed in 11/25 (44%) children during the first months of life, in the remaining 14/25 (56%) it was confirmed later, the latest at 13 years old. In 4 children, HIV infection was detected during examination for tuberculosis. In the TB/HIV Group, in 14/25 (56%) children were exposed to tuberculosis in their families as well as 35/50 (70%) in the TB Group. The positive result of a sputum test of the index case was registered in 7/14 (50%) children of the TB/HIV Group and 19/35 (54.2%) children of the TB Group. Of 25 children of the TB/HIV Group, 17 children (68%) were vaccinated with BCG, and in 9 of them the vaccination was not done properly.
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Ansari, Imran. "Hepatitis B and HIV in Children and Pregnant Ladies at Patan Hospital." Journal of Patan Academy of Health Sciences 1, no. 1 (July 20, 2015): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpahs.v1i1.13012.

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Introductions: The primary objective of this study was to find the prevalence of Hepatitis B and HIV infections in children and pregnant ladies visiting Patan Hospital. The secondary objective wasto investigate how these individuals may have got infected, the clinical presentation and outcome. Methods: Laboratory records of all individuals tested for Hepatitis B and HIV between 2006 July to 2011 Aug were included. The charts were reviewed for history and clinical findings Results: Out of 44,958 individuals who were tested, 229 were positive. The prevalence of HIV was 0.2% and HBV 0.3% and both was 0.01% (5). The numbers of children under age of 15 and of pregnant ladies were 13 and 32 respectively. Risk factors identified in 40 adult patients were: intravenous drug use, multiple sex partners, working abroad and long distance drivers. Twenty-seven patients died, all with HIV. Of the 32 pregnant ladies 31 were discovered by routine testing. All the babies born were healthy. Fever, cough and breathing difficulty were the most common presenting features. Ten were treated for pneumonia and 3 for TB. Parents of 5 HIV-infected infants also had the same infection themselves. There was no death among children. Conclusions: The prevalence of HBV and HIV was low. HBV was a ‘hidden’ infection, discovered on routine testing of asymptomatic pregnant ladies. Almost all children got these infections through vertical transmission. Plain Language Summary: This study was conducted to see prevalence of Hepatitis B and HIV in pregnant ladies and children at Patan Hospital, Nepal. Charts were reviewed. Prevalence of both was found to be very low. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpahs.v1i1.13012 Journal of Patan Academy of Health Sciences. 2014 Jun;1(1):26-29
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Babatunde, Oluwabusayo, Adebolajo Adeyemo, and Regina Oladokun. "Otolaryngologic Lesions among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected Children." Annals of Otology and Neurotology 01, no. 02 (September 2018): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1675661.

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Abstract Background Otolaryngologic (ORL) lesions are common in children. ORL lesions occur even more commonly and more severely in HIV-infected children. The few available literature has reported a high prevalence in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected children; however, there are inadequate data on the impact of HIV infection on hearing and the pattern of manifestations of ORL lesions among African children. Objectives This study was conducted to describe the prevalence and manifestations of ORL lesions among HIV-infected children and controls in Nigeria. Materials and Methods A prospective comparative cross-sectional study design was adopted. Clinical evaluation was done, and hearing assessment was done using otoacoustic emission for all participants and pure tone audiometry for participants aged ≥ 5 years. Hearing thresholds were defined according to the World Health Organization classification. Results One hundred children were studied: 50 HIV-infected and 50 HIV-negative children. The prevalence of ORL lesions among HIV-infected children was 66%, whereas it was 46% (p = 0.044) among HIV-negative children. ORL lesions were more prevalent among children between the 18-month and 5-year age group (p = 0.003) irrespective of HIV status. The lesions that were associated with HIV infection were cervical adenopathy (44%, p = 0.010) and hearing loss (36%, p = 0.023). Conclusion The frequency of ORL lesions is high in HIV-infected children, but improved outcomes following use of medications may be responsible for the slight disparity in prevalence when compared with HIV-negative children.
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Maulani, Intan, Risti Saptarini Primarti, Irna Sufiawati, Ratna Indriyanti, and Niekla Survia Andiesta. "Correlation between mandibular bone density, CD4 T-cells, and duration of HAART in HIV-infected children." Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry 33, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/pjd.vol33no1.15894.

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Introduction: Perinatal HIV infection has decreased adverse bone health effects and mineral accrual. HIV-infected patients have a multifactorial origin, including HIV bone cell infections, inflammatory cytokine effects on osteoblast and osteoclast activity, and HAART. The research objective was to examine the correlation between the mandibular bone density and CD4 T-cells with HAART duration in HIV-infected children. Methods: The mandibular bone density in the HIV-infected pediatric population was evaluated using a panoramic radiograph. The research design was a cross-sectional and univariate regression analysis for the sampling method. Mandibular density analysis using Spearman and Pearson correlation and HAART duration using Kendall correlation. Thirty-five HIV-infected children and seventeen non-HIV-infected children were recruited. Results: This study showed the correlation between HIV and non-HIV infected children (p<0.05). The correlation between CD4 T-cells and mandibular bone density was significant (p<0.05). Long term HAART and mandibular bone density have a significant correlation (p<0.001). This research showed correlations between mandibular bone density CD4 T-cells and duration of HAART in HIV-infected children. Conclusion: HIV-infected children require a regular mandibular cortical bone examination to detect the onset of osteopenia and osteoporosis to obtain appropriate therapy.
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Moraleda, Cinta, Ruth Aguilar, Llorenç Quintó, Tacilta Nhampossa, Montserrat Renom, Augusto Nhabomba, María Ruperez, et al. "Pathophysiology of Anemia in HIV-Infected Children Exposed to Malaria." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104, no. 3 (March 3, 2021): 1003–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.19-0783.

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ABSTRACTAnemia is a common condition in HIV-infected children; however, its pathophysiology and the contribution of frequent causes of anemia such as iron deficiency (ID) and malaria are poorly understood. We carried out an ancillary study on the effect of HIV on anemia as part of a case–control study on risk factors of anemia among Mozambican children aged 1–59 months with documented HIV status. Of them, 390 children were admitted to the hospital with anemia (hemoglobin [Hb] < 11 g/dL), whereas 272 children without anemia (Hb ≥ 11 g/dL) were recruited in the community. We assessed differences by HIV status in the presentation of anemia etiological factors and the effect of HIV infection on the association of each factor with anemia. Among the 99 HIV-infected and 563 uninfected children included, HIV-infected anemic children had an increased risk of undernutrition (P < 0.0001), Epstein–Barr virus infection (P < 0.0001), bacteremia (P = 0.0060), a decreased risk of malaria (P < 0.0001), and a similar risk of ID (P = 0.7371) compared with anemic-uninfected children. HIV-infected children were significantly less likely to have anemia associated with Plasmodium falciparum hyperparasitemia (P = 0.0444) and had a lower prevalence of parasitemia in the bone marrow (BM) (P < 0.0001) than anemic-uninfected children. Levels of BM erythropoiesis and dyserythropoiesis were comparable between groups. These findings suggest that the pathophysiology of anemia among HIV-infected malaria-exposed children is not related to HIV-specific effects. For unclear reasons, HIV-infected children had reduced risk of malaria infection, whereas ID prevalence was comparable in HIV-infected and uninfected children, suggesting that iron supplementation recommendations should not be different in HIV-infected children.
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Nuttall, James J. C., and Brian S. Eley. "BCG Vaccination in HIV-Infected Children." Tuberculosis Research and Treatment 2011 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/712736.

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Despite the use of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination for many years, infants and young children exposed to adults with infectious forms of tuberculosis (TB) are at high risk of developing complicated TB disease. This risk is much higher among HIV-infected children, and data on BCG protective efficacy in HIV-infected children is lacking. Recent research on BCG safety in HIV-infected infants has resulted in policy shifts, but implementation is challenging. New approaches to preventing TB among infants and children, particularly HIV-infected infants, are needed. This paper briefly reviews BCG safety and efficacy considerations in HIV-infected infants and discusses other approaches to preventing TB, including new TB vaccines and vaccination strategies.
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Muhammad, YA. "Prevalence and Pattern of Skin Disorders among Human Immuno Deficiency Virus (HIV) Infected Children in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH) Kano, Nigeria." Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences 2, no. 3 (March 23, 2021): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.37871/jbres1211.

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Introduction: In HIV infected children, skin disorders are important as they serve as clue to diagnosis of the HIV disease. The Skin is one of the early systems affected by HIV/AIDS, which can affect almost all organs and systems in the body. Prevalence of skin disorders among HIV infected children is up to 90% in some studies. Objective: To determine the prevalence of skin disorders among HIV infected children attending paediatric infectious disease clinic in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital Kano, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of skin manifestations among HIV infected children attending paediatric infectious disease clinic of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria. A total of 223 HIV infected participants aged 6weeks to14 years were recruited for this study. Results: The prevalence of skin disorders among HIV infected children was 78.0%. The leading categories were infections and infestations accounting for 55.1% then inflammatory skin disorders (20.6%) Dermatophytoses were the commonest specific skin disorders observed. Conclusion: Therefore, the prevalence of skin disorder among HIV infected children in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital is high (78%). Infections and infestations were the commonest category found followed by inflammatory skin disorders.
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Jarchi, Maryam, Farah Bokharaei-Salim, Maryam Esghaei, Seyed Jalal Kiani, Fatemeh Jahanbakhsh, Seyed Hamidreza Monavari, Angila Ataei-Pirkooh, Arezoo Marjani, and Hossein Keyvani. "The Frequency of HIV-1 Infection in Iranian Children and Determination of the Transmitted Drug Resistance in Treatment-Naïve Children." Current HIV Research 17, no. 6 (January 3, 2020): 397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570162x17666191106111211.

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Background: The advent of resistance-associated mutations in HIV-1 is a barrier to the success of the ARTs. Objective: In this study, the abundance of HIV-1 infection in Iranian children, and also detection of the TDR in naïve HIV-1 infected pediatric (under 12 years old) were evaluated. Materials: From June 2014 to January 2019, a total of 544 consecutive treatment-naïve HIV-1- infected individuals enrolled in this study. After RNA extraction, amplification, and sequencing of the HIV-1 pol gene, the DRM and phylogenetic analysis were successfully performed on the plasma specimens of the ART-naïve HIV-1-infected-children under 12 years old. The DRMs were recognized using the Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database. Results: Out of the 544 evaluated treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected individuals, 15 (2.8%) cases were children under 12 years old. The phylogenetic analyses of the amplified region of pol gene indicated that all of the 15 HIV-1-infected pediatric patients were infected by CRF35_AD, and a total of 13.3% (2/15) of these children were infected with HIV-1 variants with SDRMs (one child harbored two related SDRMs [D67N, V179F], and another child had three related SDRMs [M184V, T215F, and K103N]), according to the last algorithm of the WHO. No PIs-related SDRMs were observed in HIV-1-infected children. Conclusion: The current study demonstrated that a total of 13.3% of treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected Iranian pediatrics (under 12 years old) were infected with HIV-1 variants with SDRMs. Therefore, it seems that screening to recognize resistance-associated mutations before the initiation of ARTs among Iranian children is essential for favorable medication efficacy and dependable prognosis.
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Tregubenko, I. A., S. V. Vykhodtcev, A. I. Fedorova, and A. A. Lukyanova. "Maternity Experience of HIV-infected Women." V.M. BEKHTEREV REVIEW OF PSYCHIATRY AND MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY, no. 4 (February 24, 2019): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31363/2313-7053-2018-4-117-123.

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Te results of the study of the main models of parental attitudes and vital values of 58 HIVinfected mothers having children aged 1-3 years were considered in the article.Structured interview, PARI technique were applied. Cluster analysis was performed for assessment of value and implication system of the women under study. Two leading polar nonconstructive models of parental attitudes were found: excessive emotional distancing (43%) and excessive concentration on child(42%). Correlation analysis revealed that excessive emotional distancing strategy has positive correlation with such vital values as “work” and “individual liberty” whereas excessive concentration on child strategy has positive correlation with maternity values and negative correlation with work values. Te results made it possible to determine the main tasks and targets of psychotherapeutic assistance for HIV-infected mothers with a view of protecting children’s mental health.
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Donkor, Eric, Fleischer Kotey, Nicholas Dayie, Samuel Duodu, Patience Tetteh-Quarcoo, Mary-Magdalene Osei, and Edem Tette. "Colonization of HIV-Infected Children with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus." Pathogens 8, no. 1 (March 17, 2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8010035.

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Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses a public health threat owing to its extensive resistance to antibiotics, association with persistent outbreaks, and markedly increased healthcare costs. Moreover, HIV-infected individuals are at a greater risk for colonization with MRSA, and may act as reservoirs for subsequent transmission to other individuals. In Ghana, little is known about MRSA in relation to at-risk populations, such as HIV-infected children. The aim of this study was to investigate nasal carriage of S. aureus and MRSA among HIV-infected children in Accra, including the prevalence, risk factors and antibiotic resistance. Methodology: The study was cross-sectional, and involved 107 children with HIV infection and an equal number of sex- and age group- matched apparently healthy controls recruited from the Princess Marie Louis Children’s Hospital in Accra. Nasal swab specimens were collected from the study participants and cultured for bacteria. S. aureus isolates were confirmed by the coagulase test while MRSA was confirmed by PCR of the mecA gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. aureus isolates was done by the Kirby Bauer method. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on demographic, household and clinical features of the study participants. A logistic regression analysis was performed to identify determinants of S. aureus and MRSA carriage among participants of both study groups. Results: The carriage prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA were 44.9% (48) and 5.6% (6), respectively, among the HIV-infected individuals, and the corresponding values within the control group were 23.4% (25) and 0.9% (1). There was a significant association between HIV infection and S. aureus colonization (p < 0.001), but not MRSA colonization (p = 0.055). The main predictor of S. aureus colonization in both study groups was absence of colonization with coagulase negative staphylococcus (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the main predictor of MRSA colonization was regular hand washing with soap (p = 0.043); this was observed among HIV-infected individuals but not the control group. The proportion of S. aureus isolates that were multidrug resistant was 62.3% (33/53) in the HIV-infected group and 80% (20/25) in the control group (p = 0.192). Conclusions: HIV infection is a risk factor for nasal colonization of S. aureus among children in Accra but may not be for MRSA. Both the HIV-infected and uninfected children are reservoirs of multidrug resistant S. aureus. Demographic, household and clinical features appear to have little or no relationship with S. aureus and MRSA colonization in the study children.
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Johanis, Johanis, and Endang Retnowati. "INFEKSI HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) PADA BAYI DAN ANAK." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND MEDICAL LABORATORY 18, no. 1 (October 14, 2016): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24293/ijcpml.v18i1.359.

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HIV is an obligate intracellular RNA virus which fully replicates in the host cells notably express CD4+ receptor, such as CD4+ Tlymphocytes, astrocytes, microglias, monocyte-macrophages, Langerhans cells, dendritic cells. There are two types of HIV: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-2 is less pathogenic and less contribution in children. In the developing countries the total number children with HIV increased higher than in the developed countries. HIV infection in children is more common in children who have HIV infected mothers, they are mostly transmitted during the laboring process. Breast milk from HIV infected mothers is a potential transmission media, there fore HIV infected mothers is not admitted giving breast milk to their babies. The risk factors of mother-child transmissions of HIV infection are: virus, maternal, obstetric, fetal and baby. Maternal HIV antibodies in child’s circulation cause the diagnosis of HIV in children difficult. There fore an accurate and fast diagnosis is needed to decrease the disease progressivity in children as well as by proper antiretroviral treatment. There are suggestion reference for diagnosis tests for HIV infection in babies and children <18 months by virology test using HIV-DNA PCR and HIV-RNA PCR. The diagnosis test for children ≥18 is HIV antibody test the same such as in adult. In HIV infected babies and children is used CD4+ T-lymphocytes percentage to monitor the disease progressivity.
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Meddows-Taylor, Stephen, Louise Kuhn, Tammy M. Meyers, Gayle Sherman, and Caroline T. Tiemessen. "Defective Neutrophil Degranulation Induced by Interleukin-8 and Complement 5a and Down-Regulation of Associated Receptors in Children Vertically Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.8.1.21-30.2001.

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ABSTRACT The polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) show impaired microbicidal responses. The present study assessed the functional integrity of PMN degranulation responses and the expression of specific receptors that mediate these responses in a group of children vertically infected with HIV-1. PMN degranulation in response to interleukin-8 (IL-8) and complement 5a (C5a) was measured in a group of HIV-1-infected children with mild and severe clinical disease and in an uninfected control group. In addition, the expression of CXCR1, CXCR2, and CD88 on whole-blood PMNs was quantified by flow cytometry. Although CXCR1 expression was found to be largely unaltered in the HIV-1-infected children relative to that in the control children, the intensity of CXCR2 expression was significantly reduced in those with severe disease. Furthermore, there was a significant reduction in the percentage of cells expressing CD88 and in the intensity of CD88 fluorescence in the HIV-1-infected children compared to that in control children, with CD88 fluorescence intensity more significantly reduced in the presence of severe disease. PMNs from a large proportion of the HIV-1-infected children either showed reciprocal degranulation responses or were unresponsive to IL-8 and C5a, whereas the PMNs from the uninfected children showed positive responses. Inefficient agonist-induced degranulation may contribute to the increased susceptibility of HIV-1-infected children to secondary microbial infections. Furthermore, reduced expression of CXCR2 and CD88 may be suggestive of defects in other functions of PMNs from HIV-1-infected children.
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Abange, William Baiye, Celine Nguefeu Nkenfou, Hortense Gonsu Kamga, Clement Assob Nguedia, Nelly Kamgaing, Catherine Lozupone, Samuel Martin Sosso, et al. "Intestinal Parasites Infections among HIV Infected Children Under Antiretrovirals Treatment in Yaounde, Cameroon." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 66, no. 2 (July 20, 2019): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmz048.

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Abstract Background Intestinal parasitic infections are among the most common communicable diseases worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes dysregulation of the immune system through the depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes which gives rise to opportunistic infections. Methodology A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to October 2018. Stool and blood samples were collected from participants aged 1 to 19. Stool samples were analyzed for intestinal parasites. Blood samples were analyzed for HIV and CD4 + T cell counts. Results Out of 214 children enrolled, 119 (55.6%) were HIV infected and 95 (44.4%) were HIV non-infected. All infected children were on antiretroviral treatment (ART). The prevalence of intestinal parasites was 20.2% in HIV infected and 15.8% in non-infected children. Among the 119 HIV infected children, 33 (27.7%) of them had a CD4+ T cell count less than 500 cells/mm3, and amongst them 5.9% had CD4+ T cell count less than 200 cells/mm3. Among HIV infected children, Cryptosporidium spp. was frequently detected, 7/119 (5.9%), followed by Giardia lamblia 5/119 (4.2%) then Blastocystis hominis 3/119 (2.5%) and Entamoeba coli 3/119 (2.5%). Participants on ART and prophylactic co-trimoxazole for &gt;10 years had little or no parasite infestation. Conclusions Although ART treatment in combination with prophylactic co-trimoxazole reduces the risk of parasitic infection, 20.2% of HIV infected children harbored intestinal parasites including Cryptosporidium spp. Stool analysis may be routinely carried out in order to treat detected cases of opportunistic parasites and such improve more on the life quality of HIV infected children.
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Gurupriya, M. Monica, Kiran Iyer, and P. D. Madan Kumar. "Prevalence of alexithymia among a cohort of well controlled HIV-infected adolescents and non-HIV-infected adolescents." Journal of Global Oral Health 2 (September 25, 2019): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/jgoh_4_2018.

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Background: With the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in 1996, the quality of life of people living with HIV has improved. Although people diagnosed and living with HIV are overwhelmed by emotions, we found that various emotional manifestations are understudied within this group of patients. One such aspect is alexithymia which is seen at exorbitantly high rates among patients with depression, causing a major public health concern. In our study, we hypothesized that clinically significant changes with HAART would be associated with changes in depression, anxiety, and alexithymia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a convenient sample of 44 HIV-seropositive children and 30 healthy school children of age 12–15 years. We obtained permission from participants to access their medical records to obtain data regarding their CD4 cell counts and viral loads over the entire study period. The enrolled participants were administered a validated 20-item Toronto alexithymia scale (TAS-20) to assess their alexithymic levels. Results: Mean alexithymia score of healthy children was 0.67 ± 1.26 and mean of children living with HIV was 4.48 ± 7.80. When comparing the TAS-20 scores of children living with HIV and healthy children, children living with HIV revealed scores slightly higher than healthy children, but none showed scores equal to 40. There was statistically significant difference between both groups (P = 0.003). Conclusion: Our study revealed that there was a significant difference between the TAS scores of HIV-seropositive children on HAART and healthy children, none of their scores indicated alexithymic condition. In the health sector, alexithymia has been emphasized as barriers to patient-practitioner communication. Clinicians should be aware of the decrease in alexithymic traits among HIV subjects who are under HAART. This study highlights the benefits of the HAART era, namely the chronicity of the infection and the possibility of disease management, thus improving the mental status of such population.
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Madiba, Sphiwe, and Mathildah Mokgatle. "Fear of stigma, beliefs, and knowledge about HIV are barriers to early access to HIV testing and disclosure for perinatally infected children and adolescents in rural communities in South Africa." South African Family Practice 59, no. 3 (October 31, 2017): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/safp.v59i5.4608.

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Background: The majority of HIV-infected children in resource-limited countries are not aware of their HIV status because of the various reasons responsible for the delay in seeking HIV testing for children. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and barriers to testing and disclosing the HIV status of children aged between 5 and 18 years. Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey involving 405 caregivers of HIV perinatally infected children receiving anti-retroviral treatment (ART) in primary health care facilities in a rural district of Mpumalanga province in South Africa. Results: The prevalence of disclosure was 27%, and disclosure was done to promote adherence (26%) or because it was the child’s right to know his/her status (43%). Children’s age was significantly associated with disclosure (AOR = 2.81, p < 0.000, CI 1.64–4.81). Concerns that children were too young and would not understand the implications of HIV diagnosis (74.5%) or would not keep the diagnosis secret (7%) were reasons for non-disclosure. Over half of the caregivers intended to disclose status when the child was aged between 12 and 15 years. In response to children’s questions about medication, caregivers substituted HIV with other less stigmatising conditions (32%). Conclusion: The prevalence of disclosure was low and delayed till the child was above 10 years of age. The main barrier to disclosure was fear of stigma, or fears of the child telling others about their HIV status with consequences of stigma. The need for guidelines to provide caregivers with disclosure skills, to overcome the barriers that prevent disclosure, is crucial. (Full text of the research articles are available online at www.medpharm.tandfonline.com/ojfp) S Afr Fam Pract 2017; DOI: 10.1080/20786190.2017.1329489
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41

Anyabolu, H. C., E. A. Adejuyigbe, and O. O. Adeodu. "Serum Micronutrient Status of Haart-Naïve, HIV Infected Children in South Western Nigeria: A Case Controlled Study." AIDS Research and Treatment 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/351043.

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Background. Though micronutrients are vital in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection, most studies have been conducted in adults. Knowledge of the status of key micronutrients in HIV infected African children will indicate if supplementation may be beneficial to these children living in this resource-poor region.Objectives. We sought to determine the micronutrient status and associated factors of HAART-naïve HIV infected children and compare them with those of the HIV negative controls.Methods. We enrolled 70 apparently stable HAART naïve HIV infected children. Seventy age and sex matched HIV negative children were equally enrolled as the controls. Their social class, anthropometry, clinical stage, CD4 counts, serum zinc, selenium, and vitamin C were determined.Results. The prevalence of zinc, selenium, and vitamin C deficiency in HIV infected subjects was 77.1%, 71.4%, and 70.0%, respectively, as compared to 44.3%, 18.6%, and 15.7% in HIV negative controls. Among the HIV infected subjects, 58.6% were deficient in the three micronutrients. Micronutrient status was related to the weight, clinical, and immunological stages but not BMI or social class.Conclusion. Deficiency of these key micronutrients is widely prevalent in HAART naïve HIV infected children irrespective of social class. This suggests that supplementation trial studies may be indicated in this population.
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Kumar, Sanjeev, Himanshu Batra, Swarandeep Singh, Himanshi Chawla, Ravinder Singh, Sanket Katpara, Abdul Wahid Hussain, et al. "Effect of combination antiretroviral therapy on human immunodeficiency virus 1 specific antibody responses in subtype-C infected children." Journal of General Virology 101, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 1289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001480.

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Protective antibody responses to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection evolve only in a fraction of infected individuals by developing broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) and/or effector functions such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). HIV-1 chronically infected adults and children on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) showed a reduction in ADCC activity and improvement in HIV-1 specific neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses. Early initiation of cART in infected adults is found to be beneficial in reducing the viral load and delaying disease progression. Herein, we longitudinally evaluated the effect of cART on HIV-1 specific plasma ADCC and nAb responses in a cohort of 20 perinatally HIV-1 subtype-C infected infants and children ≤2 years of age, pre-cART and up to 1 year post-cART initiation. Significant reductions in HIV-1 specific plasma ADCC responses to subtype-C and subtype-B viruses and improvement in HIV-1 neutralization were observed in HIV-1 infected children 1 year post-cART initiation. A positive correlation between reduction in viral load and the loss of ADCC response was observed. This study provides information aiding the understanding of the effects of early initiation of cART on antibody effector functions and viral neutralization in HIV-1 infected children, which needs to be further evaluated in large cohorts of HIV-1 infected children on cART to plan future intervention strategies.
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43

Perez-Atayde, A. R., D. I. Kearney, J. T. Bricker, S. D. Colan, K. A. Easley, S. Kaplan, W. W. Lai, et al. "Cardiac, Aortic, and Pulmonary Arteriopathy in HIV-Infected Children: The Prospective P2C2 HIV Multicenter Study." Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 7, no. 1 (January 2004): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10024-003-1001-9.

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Arteriopathy in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients is being increasingly recognized, especially in children. However, few studies have histologically evaluated the coronary arteries in HIV-infected children, and none have systematically assessed the aorta and pulmonary arteries. The coronary arteries, thoracic aorta, and the main and branch pulmonary arteries from the postmortem hearts of 14 HIV-infected children were systematically reviewed for vasculopathic lesions and compared with 14 age-matched controls. Findings from the HIV-infected children were compared with clinical, laboratory, and other postmortem findings. Coronary arteriopathy, seen in seven (50%) of the HIV-infected children, was primarily calcific, and it was associated with decreased CD3 and CD4 peripheral blood counts. Large vessel arteriopathy, seen in 9 (64%) of the 14 HIV-infected children, was primarily centered on the vasa vasorum and consisted mainly of medial hypertrophy and chronic inflammation. Large vessel lesions were associated with increased left ventricular mass z-scores ( P = 0.02), and 78% of patients with large vessel arteriopathy had postmortem cardiomegaly. Coronary and large vessel arteriopathies are common in pediatric HIV-infection and have different clinicopathologic features suggesting different pathogenesis.
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44

Utili, Riccardo, Rosa Zampino, Pasquale Bellopede, Marta Marracino, Enrico Ragone, Luigi Elio Adinolfi, Giuseppe Ruggiero, et al. "Dual or Single Hepatitis B and C Virus Infections in Childhood Cancer Survivors: Long-Term Follow-Up and Effect of Interferon Treatment." Blood 94, no. 12 (December 15, 1999): 4046–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v94.12.4046.

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Abstract We conducted a long-term prospective study of 89 cancer survivor children who had acquired hepatitis B virus (HBV) and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV) during treatment for neoplasia, the aim being to evaluate the natural history of the diseases and the effect of interferon (IFN) treatment. Patients were followed up for a median period of 13 years (range, 8 to 20); 46 were infected by HBV, 11 by HCV, and 32 coinfected by HBV and HCV. A spontaneous clearance of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) occurred more frequently in coinfected patients (19%) than in the HBV-infected (2%; P = .004), with an annual seroconversion rate of 2.1% and 0.2%, respectively (P= .008). Loss of hepatitis Be antigen (HBeAg) occurred in 44% of coinfected and in 28% of HBV-infected patients. Clearance of serum HCV-RNA was observed in 34% and 9%, respectively, of coinfected and HCV-infected patients. Seventeen HBV-infected, 4 HCV-infected, and 16 coinfected patients received -IFN treatment. In the HBV group, 6 patients (35%) cleared serum HBV DNA and seroconverted to anti-HBe; in the HCV-group, none cleared HCV-RNA. In the coinfected group, 1 patient cleared both HBV DNA and HCV-RNA, 6 patients cleared serum HCV-RNA alone, and 1 only HBV DNA and HBeAg. Overall, the diseases showed a mild histological course with no evidence of liver cirrhosis. A reciprocal interference on viral replication between HBV and HCV may occur in coinfected patients. Treatment seems to be effective for selected cases and is justified in view of the uncertain prognosis of the disease in these patients.
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45

Utili, Riccardo, Rosa Zampino, Pasquale Bellopede, Marta Marracino, Enrico Ragone, Luigi Elio Adinolfi, Giuseppe Ruggiero, et al. "Dual or Single Hepatitis B and C Virus Infections in Childhood Cancer Survivors: Long-Term Follow-Up and Effect of Interferon Treatment." Blood 94, no. 12 (December 15, 1999): 4046–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v94.12.4046.424k01_4046_4052.

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We conducted a long-term prospective study of 89 cancer survivor children who had acquired hepatitis B virus (HBV) and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV) during treatment for neoplasia, the aim being to evaluate the natural history of the diseases and the effect of interferon (IFN) treatment. Patients were followed up for a median period of 13 years (range, 8 to 20); 46 were infected by HBV, 11 by HCV, and 32 coinfected by HBV and HCV. A spontaneous clearance of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) occurred more frequently in coinfected patients (19%) than in the HBV-infected (2%; P = .004), with an annual seroconversion rate of 2.1% and 0.2%, respectively (P= .008). Loss of hepatitis Be antigen (HBeAg) occurred in 44% of coinfected and in 28% of HBV-infected patients. Clearance of serum HCV-RNA was observed in 34% and 9%, respectively, of coinfected and HCV-infected patients. Seventeen HBV-infected, 4 HCV-infected, and 16 coinfected patients received -IFN treatment. In the HBV group, 6 patients (35%) cleared serum HBV DNA and seroconverted to anti-HBe; in the HCV-group, none cleared HCV-RNA. In the coinfected group, 1 patient cleared both HBV DNA and HCV-RNA, 6 patients cleared serum HCV-RNA alone, and 1 only HBV DNA and HBeAg. Overall, the diseases showed a mild histological course with no evidence of liver cirrhosis. A reciprocal interference on viral replication between HBV and HCV may occur in coinfected patients. Treatment seems to be effective for selected cases and is justified in view of the uncertain prognosis of the disease in these patients.
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46

Swaminathan, Soumya. "Tuberculosis in HIV-infected children." Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 5, no. 3 (September 2004): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prrv.2004.04.006.

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47

Onorato, IdaM, T. Stephen Jones, and WalterA Orenstein. "IMMUNISING CHILDREN INFECTED WITH HIV." Lancet 331, no. 8581 (February 1988): 354–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(88)91142-7.

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48

Joob, Beuy, and Viroj Wiwanitkit. "Profile of HIV infected children." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 4 (September 2014): S616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2222-1808(14)60689-7.

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49

Zar, H. J. "Pneumonia in HIV-infected children." Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 12 (June 2011): S44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1526-0542(11)70034-3.

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50

Onorato, Ida M., and Walter A. Orenstein. "Immunization of HIV-infected children." Journal of Pediatrics 112, no. 2 (February 1988): 333–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3476(88)80105-7.

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