Academic literature on the topic 'HIV infections AIDS (Disease) Namibia'
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Journal articles on the topic "HIV infections AIDS (Disease) Namibia"
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Dunaiski and Denning. "Estimated Burden of Fungal Infections in Namibia." Journal of Fungi 5, no. 3 (August 16, 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof5030075.
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Namibia is a sub-Saharan country with one of the highest HIV infection rates in the world. Although care and support services are available that cater for opportunistic infections related to HIV, the main focus is narrow and predominantly aimed at tuberculosis. We aimed to estimate the burden of serious fungal infections in Namibia, currently unknown, based on the size of the population at risk and available epidemiological data. Data were obtained from the World Health Organization (WHO), Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), and published reports. When no data existed, risk populations were used to estimate the frequencies of fungal infections, using the previously described methodology. The population of Namibia in 2011 was estimated at 2,459,000 and 37% were children. Among approximately 516,390 adult women, recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (≥4 episodes /year) is estimated to occur in 37,390 (3003/100,000 females). Using a low international average rate of 5/100,000, we estimated 125 cases of candidemia, and 19 patients with intra-abdominal candidiasis. Among survivors of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in Namibia 2017, 112 new cases of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) are likely, a prevalence of 354 post-TB and a total prevalence estimate of 453 CPA patients in all. Asthma affects 11.2% of adults, 178,483 people, and so allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and severe asthma with fungal sensitization (SAFS) were estimated in approximately 179/100,000 and 237/100,000 people, respectively. Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is estimated to affect 15 patients following leukaemia therapy, and an estimated 0.13% patients admitted to hospital with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (259) and 4% of HIV-related deaths (108) — a total of 383 people. The total HIV-infected population is estimated at 200,000, with 32,371 not on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Among HIV-infected patients, 543 cases of cryptococcal meningitis and 836 cases of Pneumocystis pneumonia are estimated each year. Tinea capitis infections were estimated at 53,784 cases, and mucormycosis at five cases. Data were missing for fungal keratitis and skin neglected fungal tropical diseases such as mycetoma. The present study indicates that approximately 5% of the Namibian population is affected by fungal infections. This study is not an epidemiological study—it illustrates estimates based on assumptions derived from similar studies. The estimates are incomplete and need further epidemiological and diagnostic studies to corroborate, amend them, and improve the diagnosis and management of these diseases.
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Kloppers, J. M., L. N. Nelumbu, T. Nauiseb, P. Angula M. B. Tibinyane, and N. G. Sumpi. "Experience of a health day at the university of Namibia: A community service." International Journal of Medicine 3, no. 2 (October 14, 2015): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijm.v3i2.5098.
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<p>The School of Nursing and Public Health conducted an annual health day at the main campus in Windhoek. The clinic on campus was not operational, at this time. This service is much appreciated by students and staff. The Community Health Nursing lecturers and second year diploma students participated in the Health day. The services that were rendered included blood pressure; weight and height and body mass index; blood-glucose test; eye test; neck massage. Health education on HIV/AIDS and cancer prevention was given to those who took part. The health day targeted non-communicable diseases (NCD) in order to promote prevention strategies. NCD is a medical condition or disease that can be defined as non-infectious and non-transmissible among people. It is further described as chronic diseases which last for long periods of time and progress slowly. Sometimes, NCDs result in rapid deaths as seen in certain types of diseases such as autoimmune diseases, heart diseases, stroke, most cancers, asthma, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, cataracts, and many more (World Health Organization (WHO).</p><p><strong>Aim:</strong> The health day was done to promote and to provide necessary information and to raise awareness to students and staff on their health and on how to prevent non –communicable diseases.</p><p><strong>Method:</strong> No actual research was done.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Data analysis was done based on the findings from the users of the service. The total number of the people who used the blood pressure service were 161. Of which 38 were found to have high blood pressure while 10 were found with low blood pressure and were advised to visit the hospital or clinic and 113 had normal blood pressure. Many people, who were detected with high blood pressure, or hypertension, had no idea of having it. The people who came for weight were 130 out of which 63 had normal weight, 32 were overweight, 16 were obese, and 15 were underweight. Health education was given on nutrition, specifically on balance diet. 20 people were found with high blood-glucose level ranging between 7-21.8 mml. Total number of people who attend eye test were 63 of which 4 had poor vision and were referred to eye clinic. Neck massage attracted many people, and they enjoyed it.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The results of health day indicated the need of such services in order to detect abnormalities and to improve the knowledge and understanding of the community members on non-communicable diseases and how to prevent them.</p>
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Namhindo, Eben-Eser Ndaamenwa, Fanghua Mei, Rui Cao, Shenghai Lai, Yufan Dai, Hong Lai, Meng Zhu, Huimin Fu, Huang Huang, and Jun Wang. "PrEP: AIDS-Free Hope in Namibia?" International Journal of Biology 10, no. 1 (December 21, 2017): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijb.v10n1p13.
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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus that causes infections and over time leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV causes a loss of immune function in human and subsequent development of opportunistic infections. Namibia, one important country in West Africa, has been suffering HIV/AIDS incidence over years. Among people between 15 to 49 years old, the national HIV prevalence rate is more than 10%, which causes huge health and economic loss. Recently, Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been approved in Namibia for better prevention of HIV/AIDS. In this paper, we will review the current epidemic condition of HIV and the role played by PrEP in Namibia.
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Duffalo, Melody L. "Fungal Opportunistic Infections in HIV Disease." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 19, no. 1 (February 2006): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190005284095.
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Fungal pathogens can lead to many of the complications seen in advanced HIV disease and are commonly identified in HIV-infected populations with decreased immune function. Common fungal organisms affecting individuals with AIDS include Cryptococcus neoformans, various Candida species, and Histoplasma capsulatum. While infection with these organisms can be fatal, appropriate identification and management of the condition can result in reduced mortality and the opportunity for effectivemanagement of HIV disease with highly active antiretroviral therapy. This article describes the clinical presentation and treatment of 3 fungal infections common in the immunocompromised individual with AIDS. Current antifungal therapy for themanagement of these infections is discussed. In addition, the role of newer antifungal agents in the setting of these conditions is reviewed.
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Balatif, Ridwan. "HIV Infection: What Should We Know?" Journal of Endocrinology, Tropical Medicine, and Infectiouse Disease (JETROMI) 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 01–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jetromi.v2i1.2038.
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was first known in 1981 in homosexual groups who had opportunistic infections and malignancies. In Indonesia the first AIDS case was reported in 1987 to a Dutch citizen living in the province of Bali. Cases of HIV infection in Indonesia are reported to increase every year and most occur at the age of 25-49 years. HIV transmission is not easily transmitted, even when an HIV-infected person takes antiretroviral drugs can reduce the risk of transmission by up to 96%. But one of the biggest challenges in managing HIV infection is facing stigma and discrimination. As many as 1 in 5 people living with HIV are afraid to come to the clinic because they will experience discrimination and stigma from the community if this condition occurs will cause treatment delay until PLWHA (People living with HIV/AIDS) will fall to the AIDS stage and PLWHA will be susceptible to opportunistic infections. A clinic in Namibia, when stigma and discrimination were successfully overcome, there was a 20% reduction in mortality in PLWHA
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Kennedy, D. H. "Clinical Manifestations of HIV Infections." Scottish Medical Journal 32, no. 4 (August 1987): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003693308703200402.
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The wide clinical spectrum of HIV infection is reflected in the new CDC classification. Presentations range from acute infection, asymptomatic carriage and persistent lymphadenopathy through constitutional upset and neurological disease to the opportunistic infections and cancers of AIDS. AIDS is an enigmatic disease which presents special clinical diagnostic and management problems. Although any system may be affected the lungs and the brain are the most important target organs. Though the underlying disease is currently untreatable, many of the complications of AIDS are amenable to prompt therapy. Seropositive patients should be monitored to detect early signs of significant HIV disease. Skilled counselling about the avoidance of co-factors which may potentiate HIV infection, is important.
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Hill, A. Ross. "Mycobacterial Infections in AIDS." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 2, no. 1 (1991): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1991/476503.
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Tuberculosis (TB) remains uniquely important among acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-associated opportunistic infections: it presents the greatest public health hazard worldwide, is the most readily curable, and is largely preventable with existing means. Given the expanding pool of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive persons, particularly in developing nations whereMycobacterium tuberculosisremains a leading health problem, one can expect a continued rise in TB cases during the 1990s. Global efforts to eliminate TB are now inextricably entwined with the effectiveness of measures to curtail the HIV epidemic.Mycobacterium aviumcomplex infection, currently an intractable late complication ofaids, may increase in clinical importance as success in managing other opportunistic infections and HIV disease itself improves. Understanding of the pathogenesis and management of mycobacterial diseases should increase rapidly given the renewed research spurred on by the advent of HIV.
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Miller, Sara E. "Aids-Associated Viral Infections." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 1098–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760001881x.
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Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) eventually causes a profound decrease in the body's ability to eradicate or control infections with microorganisms, including viruses. Some infections in AIDS patients are due to common organisms which are of little significance in immunocompetent individuals. Other organisms can be harbored continuously, occasionally causing disease, but normally being suppressed after a heightened immune defense; in AIDS patients, these infections can be life-threatening. Further, practices that predispose to HIV infection also permit entry of other organisms, such as hepatitis and herpesviruses. Electron microscopy is beneficial as an adjunct to other modalities for viral detection. Methods for identifying viruses, both in fluids by negative staining and in tissues by thin sectioning, have been published. Some viral pathogens, including HIV itself, are best documented by other means.HIV has been demonstrated by EM in infected individuals, but because it destroys and makes scarce the cells for which it has an affinity, it is difficult to find them.
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Ashipala, Daniel Opotamutale, Esther Kamenye, Frans Muronga, and Len Tooley. "HIV Voluntary Counselling and Testing in Namibia: Status, Successes, and Barriers." Global Journal of Health Science 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v11n1p162.
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Voluntary Counselling and Testing is one of the strategies to respond to the increasing number of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) new infections. The purpose of this study was to assess the current status of HIV Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) in Rundu urban and identify the barriers to fully effective service.The objectives of the study was to identify the barriers that prevents effective HIV Voluntary Counselling and testing services; asses its success and determine its status in urban, Namibia. A qualitative explorative and descriptive design was employed in this study where all health care and HIV/AIDS professionals including hospital nurses, employees and New Start VCT Centres, and representatives from relevant NGOs, Community-Based Organizations (CBOs), and the Ministry of Health and Social Services (MoHSS)providing Voluntary Counselling services in Rundu urban in Namibia were interviewed. In this study, in depth individual interview structured in accordance with interview guide was used. Content analysis method was employed to analyze the data. Themes that emerged from this study includes: Fear of a positive results (stigma that accompanies seropositivity) and lacks of perceived benefit to getting tested. In addition, financial barriers affecting the poorest populations in Rundu. To increase access and relevance of VCT services, it is recommended that the Ministry of Health and Social Services should develop more detailed counselling guidelines and increase the scope of counselling by addressing the inadequacies of current risk reduction. Despite these hopeful possibilities a number of barriers remains before VCT can be fully effective.
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Navarro, Willis H., and Lawrence D. Kaplan. "AIDS-related lymphoproliferative disease." Blood 107, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2004-11-4278.
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Abstract Not long after the recognition of HIV as the causative agent of AIDS, it was evident that individuals infected with HIV developed lymphoma at a greater rate than the population at large. Approximately two thirds of AIDS-related lymphoma (ARL) cases are categorized as diffuse large B-cell type, with Burkitt lymphomas comprising 25% and other histologies a much smaller proportion. Typically, these individuals have presented with advanced extranodal disease and CD4+ lymphocyte counts of less than 200/mm3. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated a better outcome with chemotherapy for ARL since the introduction of combination antiretroviral treatment, termed highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). For patients with relapses, solid evidence points to the safety and utility of hematopoietic-cell transplantation as a salvage modality. Coinfection with other viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus have led to the genesis of previously rare or unrecognized lymphoma subtypes such as plasmablastic and primary effusion lymphomas. The immunosuppressive impact of treatment for patients with ARL receiving chemotherapy with HAART appears transient and opportunistic infections have become less problematic than prior to HAART. Significant progress has been made in the understanding and management of ARL but outcomes still remain inferior compared to those achieved in HIV- individuals.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "HIV infections AIDS (Disease) Namibia"
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Barstow, Alan P. "Amen denying and defying HIV/AIDS in a Namibian village /." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1594487771&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Nashandi, Johanna Christa Ndilimeke. "Experiences and coping strategies of women living with HIV/AIDS: case study of Khomas region, Namibia." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2002. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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This study focuses on the impact of HIV/AIDS on women in Namibia. Namibia, with a population of only 1.7 million people, is ranked as the seventh highest country in the world in terms of HIV/AIDS infections. The percentage of women living with HIV/AIDS in Namibia accounts for 54% of the total of 68 196 people in the country living with the virus. Women are also diagnosed with the disease at a younger age (30) in comparison to their male counterparts (35 years). Desoite their needs, women living with HIV/AIDS bear a triple burden of caring for those living with HIV/AIDS, caring for themselves and coping with the responses to their infection. There are few focused intervention strategies to support and care for women living with HIV/AIDS in Namibia.
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Liswaniso, Christine Mulemwa. "The effect of corruption on HIV/AIDS donor funds a case study of Namibia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/98121.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study is qualitative research that aims to identify the effect of corruption on HIV/AIDS donor funds in Namibia in order to provide guidelines to policy makers in relations to the regulation of HIV/IDS donor funding. Henceforth, in–depth interviews with open ended questions were used with Government, civil society and donor agencies’ senior officials to obtain data. Additionally, institutional permission was granted from the identified institutions who participated in the research. An inductive analysis was used which required data to be categorised and developing themes from the data. Respondents reported lack of national donor specifications in the field of HIV/AIDS as a serious problem to donor funds in Namibia. However, respondents indicated their organisations had proper management systems in place which included, annual audits, sufficient personnel and monitoring and evaluation. Withdrawal of donor funding has been on the increase due to corrupt practices in some funded organisation and this is mostly affecting people living with HIV/AIDS. Respondent reported there is a need to strengthen the existing umbrella body and improve accountability. The findings of the study show the effect of corruption on HIV/AIDS donor funds in Namibia is the withdrawal of HIV/AIDS donor supports by several donor agencies which has led to numerous donor funded institutions closing down and a number of employee losing their employment. Lack of national HIV/AIDS donor specifications is viewed as a loophole for corruption for many funded organisations as there are no national accountability systems in place in relation to HIV/AIDS donor funds in Namibia.
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Mtombeni, Sifelani. "Community perceptions, attitudes and knowledge regarding mother to child transmission of HIV: a baseline evaluation before the implementation of the Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV Program using a short course of Nevirapine at Onandjokwe Hospital, Namibia." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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Each year approximately 600 000 infants, most of them in Sub-Saharan Africa are born with HIV infection as a result of mother to child transmission of HIV. Whereas significant progress has been made in reduction of mother to child transmission of HIV in developed countries, the situation remains desperate in developing countries. Progress has been hampered by shortage of staff, facilities, limited access to voluntary counselling and testing and lack of support for women by their partners and communities. The challenge is to increase voluntary counselling and testing uptake during antenatal care. Onandjokwe district in Northern Namibia is currently introducing the Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission Program (PMTCT). It has been found the previous PMTCT programs have failed because they adopted a top down approach where there was no community consultation. This study was conducted to explore the community perceptions, knowledge and attitudes regarding mother to child transmission of HIV through focus group discussions and in-depth interviews of key community members.
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Pendukeni, Monika. "The impact of HIV/AIDS on health care provision: Perceptions on nurses currently working in one regional hospital in Namibia." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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Studies on the impact of HIV/AIDS on health workers conducted in the health sector in different countries in Southern Africa have shown that health workers are affected and infected by HIV/AIDS. This has affected the provision of care rendered by nurses negatively. The high workload emanating from increased numbers of patients contributed to the situation. As a result, a number of nurses suffer from stress related illnesses caused by many factors such as fear of contracting the HIV virus. Low staff morale has also been observed among nurses. The aim of this study was to study nurses perceptions, views and suggestions on the impacts of HIV/AIDS on the provision of health care in terms of increased workload, stress, low morale and fear of contracting HIV/AIDS in two medical wards and a TB ward in one regional hospital in Namibia.
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Mbuche, Joseph Kasu. "The perceptions of community members regarding reasons why HIV prevalence rate is high in Zambezi Region than in the other thirteen regions of Namibia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97922.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Republic of Namibia situated at the South West of Africa near Atlantic Ocean is a country in Sub-Saharan Africa region. It was divided into fourteen political administrative regions during the delimitation committee of 2013. Namibia has a population of 3 million according to the census report of 2011 (Census report 2011). The prevalence rate of HIV in Zambezi Region is higher than in other thirteen regions of Namibia. Zambezi Region is geographically located between the four SADC countries such as Zambia, Angola, Botswana and Zimbabwe. Trans–Caprivi high way is believed to contribute to the high prevalence rate of 37.7 % according to the sentinel survey report of pregnant women of 2012.The traditional beliefs and customs are affecting HIV/AIDS programmes that are implemented in the region by stakeholders and the Ministry of Health and Social Services. Namibia as a country since 1992 to 2014 has conducted sentinel surveys among pregnant women and National testing days from 2008 to find out how to address HIV and AIDS epidemic in the country. Zambezi Region according to the sentinel survey reports has the highest HIV prevalence rate among pregnant women than the other thirteen regions. The reasons that are causing the high prevalence rate of HIV in this part of the country are not yet know to the citizens. The researcher in this research has used the qualitative approach method, to investigate the perceptions of community members regarding reasons of higher HIV prevalence rate in Zambezi Region. Sampling was conducted using purposive sampling in all six constituencies of the region in which 30 participants of 15 females and 15 males were interviewed. The semi - structured interview qualitative method was used to collect data from respondents. This study is the eye opener as the reasons that are contributing to the high HIV prevalence rate in Zambezi Region have been discovered.
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Toivo, Aini-Kaarin. "Perceptions and experiences of pregnant women towards HIV voluntary antenatal counselling and testing in Oshakati Hospital, Namibia." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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This study focused on perceptions and experiences of pregnant women who opted in against those who opted out of voluntary antenatal HIV counseling and testing. The pregnant women's perceptions and experiences were assessed in order to gain insight into their views towards voluntary antenatal counseling and testing.
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Tjiveze, Wakaa. "An investigation of socio-ecological issues and risks and capabilities in the 'my future is my choice' HIV and AIDS programme : a case in northern Namibia." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017769.
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The HIV and AIDS crisis can be presented as a socio-ecological issue, with an ever-increasing impact on both human beings and the environment. Teaching about socio-ecological issues and the consideration of individual capabilities has become crucial within HIV and AIDS education programmes. Issues of deforestation, land degradation and other environmental problems have worsened since the advent of HIV and AIDS, especially in developing countries. The My Future is My Choice (MFMC) programme has been identified as an important HIV and AIDS education initiative that caters for young people in Namibian secondary schools (Grades 8-12). One of the themes within the programme (Facing HIV and AIDS) is highlighted in this study. This study was constituted as a case study of one school in rural Omuthiya, in the Oshikoto region. The study investigated the opportunities for the integration of a focus on socio-ecological issues and risks, within the MFMC education programme. The study also investigated the way in which the program develops learners‟ capabilities to respond to HIV and AIDS related socio-ecological issues and risks/vulnerabilities. The study also presents the constraints and enabling factors influencing the implementation of the programme. This study used a qualitative, interpretive case study methodology. The research methods included the analysis of eight documents and nineteen semi-structured interviews, with the Programme Coordinator, the Programme Facilitator, the School Principal and with the programme participants. The analysis also included two focus group discussions with a group of learners; and two classroom observations; and the learners' submissions (reflection sheets). Convenience sampling was used, and ethical issues were taken into consideration throughout the study. The study revealed the following as key findings: The aims and objectives of the HIV and AIDS education programme can enhance and constrain the development of capabilities, as well as opportunities and challenges for the integration of a focus on socio-environmental issues and risks as additional learning content. Teaching and learning methods that are participatory and rooted within the learner centered approach can make the integration of HIV and AIDS inherent socio-environmental issues and risks into the MFMC education programme possible. The values and beliefs inherent within the MFMC education programme stand as opportunities for the successful development of capabilities in the education programme. The study concluded by recommending that capabilities within the MFMC programme be developed through teaching learners about their rights, respect for human dignity, and the right to health and to living the life free from discriminatory practices, as a moral entitlement of each and every individual. While teaching learners about their right to health and the importance of healthy diets, this study found that the programme could include learning about food production and handling practices for the benefit of those living with HIV and AIDS, while caring for the environment. Another recommendation was that future research should consider actively involving young people in decision-making with regard to the programme, as this will allow them to choose and decide on what knowledge and skills they need and want to acquire. The study further explained that this will promote the programme participants‟ sense of agency, and their freedom to choose what they value being and doing as an important element in enhancing learner capabilities. Ultimately, this will also enable the learners to acquire the necessary skills and knowledge they need in order to respond to the socio-ecological problems they face in their communities.
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Grötzinger, Elsabé. "Employee knowledge, attitude and practices relating to HIV/AIDS at [a] mining company in Namibia." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2284.
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Magister Artium (Social Work) - MA(SW)A global prospecting and mining leader recognizes HIV/AIDS as a threat to the company and its employees. The management has committed them to have a proactive approach trying to minimize the impact of this killing disease by putting in place effective workplace programmes. However, programmes can only be successful if the employees’ needs regarding knowledge, attitudes and sexual practices have been thoroughly researched identified. The aim of this study was to do an explorative descriptive study of the knowledge, attitudes, perceptions and behaviours of the employees of a mining company in Namibia on HIV/AIDS. The objectives were: diams; To measure the overall knowledge levels as well as attitudes and sexual practices of DBMN employees on HIV and STD's. diams; To determine whether there was a difference in the knowledge levels, attitudes and sexual practices of employees in different job categories, age groups, marital status, religion and education level. diams; To measure risky sexual behaviours of participants. All employees (550) of this mining company were invited to participate in the survey and 226 employees responded. A self-constructed questionnaire was used to collect data administered in a group setting. The questionnaire was regarded as having content validity and the SPSS program was be utilized for descriptive statistics. Utilizing the ratio data developed through the indexes, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to determine significant difference between the means of the groups in comparison. Because multiple comparisons were done, a post hoc test (Fisher LSD) was used to determine significant differences between group means.
South Africa
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Nghaamwa, Twahafifwa Ndahekelekwa Tupavali. "The perceptions of students about risky behaviour that could make them vulnerable to HIV infection." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85861.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The existing studies have shown that HIV is highly prevalent among the students at the institutions of higher learning. However, none of the studies has established the perceptions of risky behaviour that could lead to HIV infections among students. The chief aim of this study was is to establish the perceptions of the students at the Polytechnic of Namibia towards the risky behaviour which could make them vulnerable to HIV and ADIS in order to improve the life skill programmes and HIV and AIDS awareness programme. The objectives of the study were to establish the knowledge of the students about HIV infection, to evaluate what the students perceive as risky behaviour and identify risks that expose students to contracting HIV, to determine the perceptions of the students about risky behaviour that makes them vulnerable to HIV and AIDS, to identify the students’ attitudes towards a person living with HIV and AIDS, and to suggest strategies that can be implemented to improve HIV and AIDS awareness among the students and enhance life skills programme, and HIV and AIDS education. The objectives were met through a quantitative approach conducted to gather data from 500 full time students at PoN, the second largest institution of higher learning in Windhoek, the capital city of Namibia, in July 2013. The data was collected by using a self-administered questionnaire which exclusively consisted of close-ended questions. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Stellenbosch University. The permission to conduct the study was requested and given from the registrar at the PoN. The participants were given a consent form to sign as an indication that they consent to take part in the study. Data collected was analysed using Epi-Info software and presented by means of pie charts, frequency tables, and bar graphs. It was found the students have efficient general knowledge on HIV and AIDS. The perceptions of risky behaviour were generally acceptable, however some students lack information on the epidemic. It was recommended that HIV and AIDS education and awareness programmes be expanded. Elimination of perceptions, and negative beliefs and reduction of alcohol and drug abuse among students are further recommended.
Books on the topic "HIV infections AIDS (Disease) Namibia"
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Hopwood, Graham. The impact of HIV/AIDS on the electoral process in Namibia. [South Africa]: IDASA, 2007.
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Hopwood, Graham. The impact of HIV/AIDS on the electoral process in Namibia. [South Africa]: IDASA, 2007.
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Justine, Hunter, and Kellner Doris, eds. The impact of HIV/AIDS on the electoral process in Namibia. [South Africa]: IDASA, 2007.
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Hopwood, Graham. The impact of HIV/AIDS on the electoral process in Namibia. [South Africa]: IDASA, 2007.
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HIV Drug Resistance Technical Working Group (Namibia). Report on early warning indicators of HIV drug resistance in Namibia, 2014. Windhoek: Republic of Namibia, Ministry of Health and Social Services, 2014.
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Namibia. Division: Expanded National HIV/AIDS Coordination. Subdivision: Response Monitoring and Evaluation. Report of Namibia triangulation project: Synthesis of data on the national HIV prevention effort and trends in the epidermic. Windhoek, Namibia: Directorate of Special Programmes, Division Expanded National HIV/AIDS Coordination, Subdivision: Response Monitoring and Evaluation, 2009.
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Namibia. Ministry of Health and Social Services, ed. HIV/AIDS in Namibia: Behavioral and contextual factors driving the epidemic. Windhoek]: Republic of Namibia, Ministry of Health and Social Services, 2009.
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Keulder, Christiaan. HIV/AIDS and stigma in Namibia: Results of a qualitative study among support group members. Windhoek: [publisher not identified], 2007.
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Kathe, Hofnie, and Friedman Steve, eds. The relationship between gender roles and HIV infection in Namibia. [Windhoek, Namibia]: University of Namibia Press, 2004.
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Sililo, Alpha. Our dreams, our hope: The experiences of the Braunfels AIDS Awareness Club in Namibia. Windhoek, Namibia: Gamsberg Macmillan Publishers, 2005.
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Alegana, Victor A., and Peter M. Atkinson. "Geography of Disease Burden: Case Studies in Namibia and Eritrea." In Practicing Health Geography, 29–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63471-1_3.
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AbstractAfrica continues to experience the highest infectious disease burden despite an increase in investments. These include investments in malaria, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, as well as in communicable diseases. The global targets are to reduce the burden of these diseases through improved surveillance, prevention of outbreaks, effective case management, elimination and eventually, eradication. Achieving these targets, however, is limited by the poor geographic descriptions of the disease burden. Of the big five infectious disease burdens, malaria is the most advanced in terms of mapping its distribution. Malaria cartography has since formed the evidence-base for the design of many national malaria control programmes. This chapter focuses on malaria as an example, demonstrating its geographical descriptions. The availability of georeferenced malaria case data whether based on prevalence or incidence indicators has been used extensively in the mapping of geographical extents at national and sub-national scales. However, routine surveillance data is emerging as a valuable methodology of tracking burden in sub-Saharan Africa. A particular focus of this chapter is the use of routine national health systems surveillance data to describe, at a fine-scale, the distribution of malaria. However, routine data can be applied to the cartographic description of other diseases beyond malaria. The methodological aspects of burden estimation from routine surveillance platforms and cartography are highlighted.
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Essex, M., and Yichen Lu. "HIV/AIDS: Lessons from a New Disease Pandemic." In Emerging Infections in Asia, 133–42. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-75722-3_8.
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Burns, Molly V., and Clay J. Cockerell. "Cutaneous Manifestations of Parasitic Infections in HIV/AIDS." In Cutaneous Manifestations of HIV Disease, 73–83. CRC Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15910-5.
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Pahuja, Meera, and Peter Selwyn. "HIV/AIDS." In Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine, edited by Nathan I. Cherny, Marie T. Fallon, Stein Kaasa, Russell K. Portenoy, and David C. Currow, 949–63. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198821328.003.0089.
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AIDS has been transformed from a rapidly fatal, untreatable illness to a manageable chronic disease. Early in the AIDS epidemic, HIV care and palliative care were inseparable; over time, these two treatment paradigms diverged. Whereas palliative care for AIDS once focused primarily on end of life care and pain and symptom management related to the manifestations of AIDS-specific opportunistic infections and malignancies, it now addresses the needs of a growing number of HIV-infected patients living for years with the disease and an expanding range of comorbidities, as well as a process that has been described as ‘accelerated ageing’. Comorbid chronic diseases which commonly occur in HIV-infected patients may affect cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal, hepatic, metabolic, and neurocognitive function. Attention to the symptoms that result, and to quality of life issues and psychosocial problems in long-surviving patients, will be increasingly important to support engagement with care and effective adherence with antiretroviral therapy over time. End of life care also remains important, as patients may still die from AIDS, or even more commonly, from end-organ failure, non-AIDS defining malignancies, and/or other complications of ageing and chronic comorbid disease. All these converging factors have now resulted in a new need for the reintegration of HIV care and palliative care, both to help HIV-infected patients live better and longer, as well as to manage late-stage and end of life issues when they emerge.
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Wayne, Marta L., and Benjamin M. Bolker. "4. HIV." In Infectious Disease: A Very Short Introduction, 41–53. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199688937.003.0004.
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HIV is the human immunodeficiency virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or AIDS. Its transmission is by exchange of bodily fluids. HIV can only enter immune cells with the surface protein gp120. The virus can hide in these cells for many years before it is activated, although it can be transmitted throughout this period. Once activated, the virus begins to replicate, ultimately causing the immune system of the infected person to collapse making them vulnerable to opportunistic infections. ‘HIV’ describes how evolutionary biology has been used to clarify the origins of the epidemic. The rapid mutation rates and recombination that make HIV very hard to treat are also explained. Despite these challenges, a regimen of highly active anti-retroviral therapies (HAART), developed in the mid 1990s, is extraordinarily effective against HIV.
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"Staging, classification, and natural history of HIV disease." In Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health, edited by Laura Mitchell, Bridie Howe, D. Ashley Price, Babiker Elawad, and K. Nathan Sankar, 465–68. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0039.
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This chapter provides some historical background to the development of HIV disease-staging and classification systems. The illness (AIDS) was described before the discovery of HIV, the causative agent. The Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) devised a classification system, revised in 1993, based on clinical features, AIDS-defining illnesses, and CD4 counts. The revised WHO Clinical Staging of HIV/AIDS for Adults and Adolescents is based on clinical progression, and is used in 3rd world countries and as a research tool. This chapter provides description of the natural history of untreated HIV infection. Without treatment, HIV is invariably fatal, but the course is variable depending on CD4 count, host factors, and the development of conditions such as opportunistic infections and malignancies.
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Younai, Fariba. "“My gums are really red”." In HIV, 259–70. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190088316.003.0028.
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Oral manifestations are among the earliest presentations of HIV infection. They appear during the course of HIV disease progression and immune deterioration and also in association with many sexually transmitted infections. In the era of effective retroviral therapies, HIV-related oral soft tissue lesions are seen in less frequently, and their presence may indicate undiagnosed HIV infection or treatment failure. Patients living with HIV and AIDS continue to experience salivary gland abnormalities, such as xerostomia, periodontal disease, and sexually transmitted human papilloma virus infection, which can increase their risk of developing oropharyngeal cancer. In addition to conventional adult gingivitis and periodontitis in persons living with HIV with immune recovery, unique features of severe periodontal disease can be associated with poorly controlled HIV.
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Netto, Juliana, and Monica Merçon. "“Is the bright red patch on the roof of my mouth related to the purple splotches on my back?”." In HIV, 177–88. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190088316.003.0020.
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Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is an important differential diagnosis for skin lesions in individuals living with HIV/AIDS that may also present systemic manifestations. KS is the most common AIDS-associated cancer (ADC) worldwide. KS was initially described in 1981 among young men wo have sex with men in USA. Since then, we have learned that Kaposi Sarcoma Herpes Virus (KSHV), also called Human Herpes Virus 8 (HHV8) is necessary but not sufficient factor to develop KS. Replication of each virus, HIV and KSHV/HHV8, can be enhanced in the presence of the other while adaptive immune response plays an important role to control KS. KSHV/HHV8 is the causative agent of a spectrum of diseases Kaposi Sarcoma (KS), Multicenter Cattleman's Disease (MCD), Pleural Effusion Lymphoma (PEL). Late presentation to care at the time of HIV diagnosis is still a significant risk for opportunistic infections and ADCs.
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Williams, Elizabeth. "Opportunistic Infections in HIV Infection." In Tutorial Topics in Infection for the Combined Infection Training Programme. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801740.003.0069.
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An infection is defined as opportunistic when it affects those with severe immunosuppression, i.e. takes a n opportunity to cause disease in a host with a weakened immune system. In people living with HIV it mainly affects those with a CD4 count < 200 although it is not impossible in those with CD4 count > 200. The CD4 percentage is also important as those with a CD4% < 14 are also more likely to have an OI. The lower the CD4 count the higher the risk of OIs, and some OIs are seen much more commonly with very low CD4 counts, e.g. cryptococcal meningitis in those with CD4 count of < 100. Before the introduction of antiretroviral therapy OIs were much more common than they are now, with previously up to 80% of those with AIDS having pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). Since the introduction of antiretrovirals (ARVs) the rates of OIs has reduced greatly but unfortunately there are people who are still diagnosed late with an OI at diagnosis. Those with poor adherence or difficulty accessing ARVs are also more likely to be affected. In the UK in 2014, 40% of people diagnosed with HIV had a CD4 count of <350 which is defined as a late diagnosis (and 22% had a CD4 count of <200 which is defined as a very late diagnosis). In comparison to someone diagnosed with HIV early, those who are diagnosed late have a 10 times higher risk of dying in the year after they are diagnosed. This highlights the need for routine HIV testing so that people are diagnosed early to reduce the incidence of OIs further. The most common OIs seen in the UK are pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), central nervous system (CNS) toxoplasmosis, cryptococcal meningitis, cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis, Mycobacterium avium intracellulare (MAI) infection and candidiasis. All those with HIV and a CD4 count ≤ 200, or with a CD4% < 14 should be given prophylaxis against PCP. Prophylaxis should also be recommended for those with oral candidiasis or a previous AIDs – defining illness. The options are co-trimoxazole 480mg od or 960mg 3x/week (960mg once daily can be given although does not confer any greater protection and has increased risk of side effects), dapsone 50mg once daily, or pentamidine nebulisers 300mg once every 4 weeks.
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Goforth, Harold W., and Mary Ann Cohen. "Symptoms Associated with HIV and AIDS." In Handbook of AIDS Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195372571.003.0013.
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Many persons with HIV and AIDS have symptoms that are unrelated to underlying psychiatric disorders but may masquerade as such. These symptoms may include insomnia, fatigue, nausea, or other troubling symptoms, and often result in suffering for patients, their families, and loved ones. The symptoms are common throughout the course of HIV and AIDS, from onset of infection to late-stage and end-stage AIDS. They need to be addressed whenever they occur and not only as part of end-of-life care. We present protocols to ameliorate or eliminate these symptoms and alleviate suffering. Fatigue is one of the most prevalent but underreported and undertreated aspects of HIV disease. The prevalence of fatigue in an HIV population has been estimated to affect at least 50% of seropositive individuals (Breitbart et al., 1998) and may affect up to 80% of the population. Darko and colleagues (1992) found that HIV-seropositive individuals were more fatigued, required more sleep and daytime naps, and showed less alert morning functioning than did persons who are HIV-seronegative. While the symptom of fatigue may fluctuate with increasing viral loads, there is no evidence base for a consistent correlation between fatigue and viral load. Fatigue is a pseudo-specific symptom common to a variety of disabilities found in an HIV population, and it has been linked to a variety of other AIDS-related disabilities including pain, anemia, impaired physical function, psychological distress, and depression. Hormonal alterations, such as those in testosterone and thyroxin, that occur in the context of HIV infection are also common in this group. While these findings are further discussed in Chapter 10, it is worth noting here that they can contribute substantially to tiredness and fatigue in this population. Other sources of fatigue include multimorbid chronic illnesses (opportunistic infections and cancers, chronic renal insufficiency, hepatitis C and other hepatic illnesses, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]) and some of their treatments (notably interferon/ribavirin for hepatitis C and cancer chemotherapy). Substances such as recreational drugs, nicotine, and caffeine are also factors in HIV-related fatigue.
Conference papers on the topic "HIV infections AIDS (Disease) Namibia"
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Desmyter, J. "AIDS 1987." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644751.
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AIDS virus (HIV) transmission by transfusions and blood products has been essentially halted in industrialized countries which haye introduced systematic anti-HIV screening of donations in 1985. New anti-HIV screening assays, based in part on the replacement of disrupted HIV virions by defined DNA recombinant HIV antigens, have improved specificity; sensitivity has been improved as to dectect seroconversion at an earlier stage. Confirmatory assays and (self-)exclusion of risk groups from blood donation do remain mandatory. HIVAg can be detected in some infections before antibody conversion, and HIVAg is more likely to be found in those anti-HIV positives who proceed to disease. However, there is no justification so far for routine parallel HIVAg and anti-HIV screening. There is continued uncertainty how many HIV carriers have not (yet) developed antibody, but their numbers may have been overestimated. Studies to determine how many HIV transmitters have escaped blood bank detection, and why, need to be undertaken in spite of formidable logistic difficulties.The risk of developing AIDS is now estimated at 25-50 % within 10 years after the infectious contact. It is not clear whether the risk should be estimated differently in different groups or persons. In cities in Central Africa, 5-20 % of men and women are confirmed anti-HIV positives. At least 75 % of this HIV carrier rate is due to heterosexual transmission. Heterosexual transmission has been slower in Western countries, but factors precluding slow evolution to high figures by the same route outside Africa have not been identified. Therefore, countries have no choice in advocating behaviour changes in the general population, and not only in the classical risk groups. Initial hesitations toward extended voluntary and confidential screening are dwindling. Well-conceived confidential screening may be the only way to avoid strong-armed government intervention. The latter is certain to be divisive, and is likely to be counterproductive on balance.An efficacious vaccine remains remote, but an antiviral which prolongs life by at least several months in AIDS patients, but not all of them, is now available. Zidovudine (AZT), however, is toxic and mere prolongation of life without cure will impose an additional burden on AIDS economics.A novel virus (HIV-2) has been identified and is already widespread in West-Africans. It causes AIDS, but the present ratio of AIDS cases in those infected seems lower than with HIV(-l); this feature may be transient. HIV-2 antibodies are either detected or missed by anti-HIV-1 screens; if found, they can be distinguished from anti-HIV-1 only by special confirmatory technique. New screening assays showing equal sensitivity for HIV-1 and HIV-2 in a single test should be devised. At present, HIV-2 is very rare in Western countries compared to HIV-1.