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1
Dunaiski and Denning. "Estimated Burden of Fungal Infections in Namibia." Journal of Fungi 5, no. 3 (August 16, 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof5030075.
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Namibia is a sub-Saharan country with one of the highest HIV infection rates in the world. Although care and support services are available that cater for opportunistic infections related to HIV, the main focus is narrow and predominantly aimed at tuberculosis. We aimed to estimate the burden of serious fungal infections in Namibia, currently unknown, based on the size of the population at risk and available epidemiological data. Data were obtained from the World Health Organization (WHO), Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), and published reports. When no data existed, risk populations were used to estimate the frequencies of fungal infections, using the previously described methodology. The population of Namibia in 2011 was estimated at 2,459,000 and 37% were children. Among approximately 516,390 adult women, recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (≥4 episodes /year) is estimated to occur in 37,390 (3003/100,000 females). Using a low international average rate of 5/100,000, we estimated 125 cases of candidemia, and 19 patients with intra-abdominal candidiasis. Among survivors of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in Namibia 2017, 112 new cases of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) are likely, a prevalence of 354 post-TB and a total prevalence estimate of 453 CPA patients in all. Asthma affects 11.2% of adults, 178,483 people, and so allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and severe asthma with fungal sensitization (SAFS) were estimated in approximately 179/100,000 and 237/100,000 people, respectively. Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is estimated to affect 15 patients following leukaemia therapy, and an estimated 0.13% patients admitted to hospital with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (259) and 4% of HIV-related deaths (108) — a total of 383 people. The total HIV-infected population is estimated at 200,000, with 32,371 not on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Among HIV-infected patients, 543 cases of cryptococcal meningitis and 836 cases of Pneumocystis pneumonia are estimated each year. Tinea capitis infections were estimated at 53,784 cases, and mucormycosis at five cases. Data were missing for fungal keratitis and skin neglected fungal tropical diseases such as mycetoma. The present study indicates that approximately 5% of the Namibian population is affected by fungal infections. This study is not an epidemiological study—it illustrates estimates based on assumptions derived from similar studies. The estimates are incomplete and need further epidemiological and diagnostic studies to corroborate, amend them, and improve the diagnosis and management of these diseases.
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Kloppers, J. M., L. N. Nelumbu, T. Nauiseb, P. Angula M. B. Tibinyane, and N. G. Sumpi. "Experience of a health day at the university of Namibia: A community service." International Journal of Medicine 3, no. 2 (October 14, 2015): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijm.v3i2.5098.
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<p>The School of Nursing and Public Health conducted an annual health day at the main campus in Windhoek. The clinic on campus was not operational, at this time. This service is much appreciated by students and staff. The Community Health Nursing lecturers and second year diploma students participated in the Health day. The services that were rendered included blood pressure; weight and height and body mass index; blood-glucose test; eye test; neck massage. Health education on HIV/AIDS and cancer prevention was given to those who took part. The health day targeted non-communicable diseases (NCD) in order to promote prevention strategies. NCD is a medical condition or disease that can be defined as non-infectious and non-transmissible among people. It is further described as chronic diseases which last for long periods of time and progress slowly. Sometimes, NCDs result in rapid deaths as seen in certain types of diseases such as autoimmune diseases, heart diseases, stroke, most cancers, asthma, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, cataracts, and many more (World Health Organization (WHO).</p><p><strong>Aim:</strong> The health day was done to promote and to provide necessary information and to raise awareness to students and staff on their health and on how to prevent non –communicable diseases.</p><p><strong>Method:</strong> No actual research was done.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Data analysis was done based on the findings from the users of the service. The total number of the people who used the blood pressure service were 161. Of which 38 were found to have high blood pressure while 10 were found with low blood pressure and were advised to visit the hospital or clinic and 113 had normal blood pressure. Many people, who were detected with high blood pressure, or hypertension, had no idea of having it. The people who came for weight were 130 out of which 63 had normal weight, 32 were overweight, 16 were obese, and 15 were underweight. Health education was given on nutrition, specifically on balance diet. 20 people were found with high blood-glucose level ranging between 7-21.8 mml. Total number of people who attend eye test were 63 of which 4 had poor vision and were referred to eye clinic. Neck massage attracted many people, and they enjoyed it.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The results of health day indicated the need of such services in order to detect abnormalities and to improve the knowledge and understanding of the community members on non-communicable diseases and how to prevent them.</p>
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Namhindo, Eben-Eser Ndaamenwa, Fanghua Mei, Rui Cao, Shenghai Lai, Yufan Dai, Hong Lai, Meng Zhu, Huimin Fu, Huang Huang, and Jun Wang. "PrEP: AIDS-Free Hope in Namibia?" International Journal of Biology 10, no. 1 (December 21, 2017): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijb.v10n1p13.
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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus that causes infections and over time leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV causes a loss of immune function in human and subsequent development of opportunistic infections. Namibia, one important country in West Africa, has been suffering HIV/AIDS incidence over years. Among people between 15 to 49 years old, the national HIV prevalence rate is more than 10%, which causes huge health and economic loss. Recently, Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been approved in Namibia for better prevention of HIV/AIDS. In this paper, we will review the current epidemic condition of HIV and the role played by PrEP in Namibia.
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Duffalo, Melody L. "Fungal Opportunistic Infections in HIV Disease." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 19, no. 1 (February 2006): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190005284095.
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Fungal pathogens can lead to many of the complications seen in advanced HIV disease and are commonly identified in HIV-infected populations with decreased immune function. Common fungal organisms affecting individuals with AIDS include Cryptococcus neoformans, various Candida species, and Histoplasma capsulatum. While infection with these organisms can be fatal, appropriate identification and management of the condition can result in reduced mortality and the opportunity for effectivemanagement of HIV disease with highly active antiretroviral therapy. This article describes the clinical presentation and treatment of 3 fungal infections common in the immunocompromised individual with AIDS. Current antifungal therapy for themanagement of these infections is discussed. In addition, the role of newer antifungal agents in the setting of these conditions is reviewed.
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Balatif, Ridwan. "HIV Infection: What Should We Know?" Journal of Endocrinology, Tropical Medicine, and Infectiouse Disease (JETROMI) 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 01–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jetromi.v2i1.2038.
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was first known in 1981 in homosexual groups who had opportunistic infections and malignancies. In Indonesia the first AIDS case was reported in 1987 to a Dutch citizen living in the province of Bali. Cases of HIV infection in Indonesia are reported to increase every year and most occur at the age of 25-49 years. HIV transmission is not easily transmitted, even when an HIV-infected person takes antiretroviral drugs can reduce the risk of transmission by up to 96%. But one of the biggest challenges in managing HIV infection is facing stigma and discrimination. As many as 1 in 5 people living with HIV are afraid to come to the clinic because they will experience discrimination and stigma from the community if this condition occurs will cause treatment delay until PLWHA (People living with HIV/AIDS) will fall to the AIDS stage and PLWHA will be susceptible to opportunistic infections. A clinic in Namibia, when stigma and discrimination were successfully overcome, there was a 20% reduction in mortality in PLWHA
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Kennedy, D. H. "Clinical Manifestations of HIV Infections." Scottish Medical Journal 32, no. 4 (August 1987): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003693308703200402.
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The wide clinical spectrum of HIV infection is reflected in the new CDC classification. Presentations range from acute infection, asymptomatic carriage and persistent lymphadenopathy through constitutional upset and neurological disease to the opportunistic infections and cancers of AIDS. AIDS is an enigmatic disease which presents special clinical diagnostic and management problems. Although any system may be affected the lungs and the brain are the most important target organs. Though the underlying disease is currently untreatable, many of the complications of AIDS are amenable to prompt therapy. Seropositive patients should be monitored to detect early signs of significant HIV disease. Skilled counselling about the avoidance of co-factors which may potentiate HIV infection, is important.
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Hill, A. Ross. "Mycobacterial Infections in AIDS." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 2, no. 1 (1991): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1991/476503.
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Tuberculosis (TB) remains uniquely important among acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-associated opportunistic infections: it presents the greatest public health hazard worldwide, is the most readily curable, and is largely preventable with existing means. Given the expanding pool of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive persons, particularly in developing nations whereMycobacterium tuberculosisremains a leading health problem, one can expect a continued rise in TB cases during the 1990s. Global efforts to eliminate TB are now inextricably entwined with the effectiveness of measures to curtail the HIV epidemic.Mycobacterium aviumcomplex infection, currently an intractable late complication ofaids, may increase in clinical importance as success in managing other opportunistic infections and HIV disease itself improves. Understanding of the pathogenesis and management of mycobacterial diseases should increase rapidly given the renewed research spurred on by the advent of HIV.
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Miller, Sara E. "Aids-Associated Viral Infections." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 1098–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760001881x.
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Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) eventually causes a profound decrease in the body's ability to eradicate or control infections with microorganisms, including viruses. Some infections in AIDS patients are due to common organisms which are of little significance in immunocompetent individuals. Other organisms can be harbored continuously, occasionally causing disease, but normally being suppressed after a heightened immune defense; in AIDS patients, these infections can be life-threatening. Further, practices that predispose to HIV infection also permit entry of other organisms, such as hepatitis and herpesviruses. Electron microscopy is beneficial as an adjunct to other modalities for viral detection. Methods for identifying viruses, both in fluids by negative staining and in tissues by thin sectioning, have been published. Some viral pathogens, including HIV itself, are best documented by other means.HIV has been demonstrated by EM in infected individuals, but because it destroys and makes scarce the cells for which it has an affinity, it is difficult to find them.
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Ashipala, Daniel Opotamutale, Esther Kamenye, Frans Muronga, and Len Tooley. "HIV Voluntary Counselling and Testing in Namibia: Status, Successes, and Barriers." Global Journal of Health Science 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v11n1p162.
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Voluntary Counselling and Testing is one of the strategies to respond to the increasing number of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) new infections. The purpose of this study was to assess the current status of HIV Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) in Rundu urban and identify the barriers to fully effective service.The objectives of the study was to identify the barriers that prevents effective HIV Voluntary Counselling and testing services; asses its success and determine its status in urban, Namibia. A qualitative explorative and descriptive design was employed in this study where all health care and HIV/AIDS professionals including hospital nurses, employees and New Start VCT Centres, and representatives from relevant NGOs, Community-Based Organizations (CBOs), and the Ministry of Health and Social Services (MoHSS)providing Voluntary Counselling services in Rundu urban in Namibia were interviewed. In this study, in depth individual interview structured in accordance with interview guide was used. Content analysis method was employed to analyze the data. Themes that emerged from this study includes: Fear of a positive results (stigma that accompanies seropositivity) and lacks of perceived benefit to getting tested. In addition, financial barriers affecting the poorest populations in Rundu. To increase access and relevance of VCT services, it is recommended that the Ministry of Health and Social Services should develop more detailed counselling guidelines and increase the scope of counselling by addressing the inadequacies of current risk reduction. Despite these hopeful possibilities a number of barriers remains before VCT can be fully effective.
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Navarro, Willis H., and Lawrence D. Kaplan. "AIDS-related lymphoproliferative disease." Blood 107, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2004-11-4278.
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Abstract Not long after the recognition of HIV as the causative agent of AIDS, it was evident that individuals infected with HIV developed lymphoma at a greater rate than the population at large. Approximately two thirds of AIDS-related lymphoma (ARL) cases are categorized as diffuse large B-cell type, with Burkitt lymphomas comprising 25% and other histologies a much smaller proportion. Typically, these individuals have presented with advanced extranodal disease and CD4+ lymphocyte counts of less than 200/mm3. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated a better outcome with chemotherapy for ARL since the introduction of combination antiretroviral treatment, termed highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). For patients with relapses, solid evidence points to the safety and utility of hematopoietic-cell transplantation as a salvage modality. Coinfection with other viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus have led to the genesis of previously rare or unrecognized lymphoma subtypes such as plasmablastic and primary effusion lymphomas. The immunosuppressive impact of treatment for patients with ARL receiving chemotherapy with HAART appears transient and opportunistic infections have become less problematic than prior to HAART. Significant progress has been made in the understanding and management of ARL but outcomes still remain inferior compared to those achieved in HIV- individuals.
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Berger, Timothy G., and Ira Greene. "Bacterial, Viral, Fungal, and Parasitic Infections in HIV Disease and AIDS." Dermatologic Clinics 9, no. 3 (July 1991): 465–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8635(18)30396-6.
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Spudich, Serena, and Payal Patel. "Global Health Neurology: HIV/AIDS." Seminars in Neurology 38, no. 02 (April 2018): 238–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1649334.
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AbstractWith the advent of combination antiretroviral therapies, the mortality rate from HIV has declined, while the prevalence of long-term HIV-related neurologic complications continues to rise. Thirty-six million individuals are living with HIV around the world, many of whom reside in resource-limited settings. The majority of studies have focused on individuals residing in the developed world, while the impact of HIV disproportionately affects people living in developing countries. This review focuses on recent domestic and international studies regarding neurologic complications related to HIV, including opportunistic infections, peripheral neuropathy, cerebrovascular disease, and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, in light of the growing population affected by these conditions.
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Chinsembu, Kazhila C., and Marius Hedimbi. "An ethnobotanical survey of plants used to manage HIV/AIDS opportunistic infections in Katima Mulilo, Caprivi region, Namibia." Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 6, no. 1 (2010): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-6-25.
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Sunuwar, Urmila. "Knowledge and Attitude towards Sexually Transmitted Disease and HIV/AIDS among Secondary Level School Students." KMC Research Journal 3, no. 3 (June 13, 2019): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kmcrj.v3i3.35723.
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Adolescent sexuality leads to adolescent pregnancy, unsafe abortion, reproductive tract infections, sexually transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS.The study objective is to assess the knowledge and attitude towards sexually transmitted disease and HIV/AIDs among secondary level school students of Kathmandu metropolitan city. Descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted by using self-administered questionnaires. The study population was school adolescent students. They were selected by using random sampling method. After data collection, descriptive statistics were used to analyse the collected data. Knowledge and attitude towards sexual transmitted disease is significantly varied with student’s background characteristics. Around 95% of study population had heard about sexually transmitted disease and almost 99% heard about HIV/AIDS. Majority 85.6% of students reported that they “agreed” that HIV/AIDS is a major problem in Nepal however 14.4% students were not agreed on it. 73% respondents reported that teachers are the main source of knowledge regarding sexual transmitted disease and HIV/AIDS.It is clear that students need a specific package of education about sexual and reproductive health in school curriculum so that they could gain more information about sexually transmitted disease and HIV/AIDS.
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Orenstein, Jan M. "Ultrastructural Pathology of Aids: an Overview." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 1086–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600018754.
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The ultrastructural pathology of HIV infection is a broad subject, owing to the fact that the transmission electron microscope has played an integral part in our understanding of HIV disease. The subject can be divided into three basic areas: HIV pathogenesis, opportunistic infections (OI), and neoplastic disease. Once HIV was determined to be a retrovirus, TEM confirmed its membership in the Lentivirus family and showed that it has a conical nucleoid. TEM has played a key role in our understanding of: 1) the CNS as a target of HIV, 2) the macrophage as a “trojan horse” for HIV, 3) how lymphocytes and macrophages differ in their HIV expression, 4) attachment of virions to the processes of follicular dendritic cells via complement and Fc receptors, and 5) the formation of multinucleated giant cells.
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Dyachenko, Pavel A. "HIV/AIDS IN THE GUISE OF A DEMYELINATING DISEASE." Wiadomości Lekarskie 72, no. 2 (2019): 291–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek201902128.
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Introduction: A significant part of patients with HIV / AIDS develops damage to the nervous system. There are also cases where opportunistic infections of the nervous system, especially herpes viral origin, can hide the underlying disease, making it difficult diagnosis. The aim: To show the possibility of HIV infection mimicry a neurological pathology. Clinical case: A 41-years-old female presented to The Cеntег of Infectious disorders of the Nervous System (Kyiv, Ukraine) in August, 2018 after developing acute fever following by a left side hemiparesis, violation of coordination. Tuberculosis and HIV denied. Her physical examination showed tremor in her hands during a Barre-probe. She performed the coordination tests with intent, staggering in the Romberg pose. A small brain lesion was revealed at MRI. Antibodies to HSV1/2, CMV, Tox. gondii were found in the CSF and blood. Blood PCR was reported to be positive for EBV DNA, and HCV RNA. A rapid HIV test was negative. A repeated blood test performed 10 days after admission showed low level of CD4+ T cells (36 cells /1 μl), and HIV RNA (850,104 cp / ml). HIV antibodies were also revealed. As a result, patient was transferred to a specialized department for further treatment. Conclusion: Considering high clinical polymorphism of HIV/AIDS, physicians of all specialties should be alert for the possible neurologic manifestations of this disease to timely examine patients.
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Khondker, Lubna. "Dermatological Manifestations of HIV/AIDS Patients." Journal of Enam Medical College 9, no. 3 (September 22, 2019): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v9i3.43249.
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Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/ AIDS) is a global pandemic. According to Global HIV & AIDS statistics 2018, approximately 36.9 million people are living with HIV globally, 77.3 million [59.9 million–100 million] people have become infected with HIV since the start of the epidemic, 35.4 million [25.0–49.9 million] people died from AIDS-related illnesses since the start of the epidemic and 940000 [670000–1.3 million] people died from AIDS-related illnesses in 2017. It weakens a person’s immune system by destroying important cells that fight disease and infection. Dermatologic diseases are common in the HIV-infected population. Skin disease can be uniquely associated with HIV disease and many of the cutaneous diseases are not unique to this group, but the presentation can be more severe and recalcitrant to treatment. The spectrum of skin conditions includes skin findings associated with primary HIV infection and a broad range of skin problems related to the immune deficiency of advanced AIDS. Recognition of characteristic eruptions can facilitate early diagnosis of HIV. A broad variety of neoplastic, infectious and non-infectious diseases can manifest in the skin and may alert the clinician of declining of the immune system. This article reviews the current spectrum of HIV-associated skin conditions, focusing on common complaints, infections, drugassociated toxicity and malignancies based on recently published literature relevant to this area.
J Enam Med Col 2019; 9(3): 185-188
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Astriani, Dwi Yunica, I. Dewa Ayu Rismayanti, I. Made Sundayana, and Putu Indah Sintya Dewi. "The Correlation Between Waitress Attitude About HIV-AIDS and Contracting HIV-AIDS of Anxiety." INDONESIAN NURSING JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND CLINIC (INJEC) 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.24990/injec.v2i2.162.
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Introduction: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that attacks the human immune system and weakens the body’s ability to resist disease and people become susceptible to various infections. This study aims to investigate the correlation between waitress attitude about HIV-AIDS and anxiety contracting HIV-AIDS in Dahlia dan Sahara Bar and Karaoke. Methods: This research uses non-experimental with cross-sectional approach. Collecting data uses the understanding of HIV-AIDS test that consist of 20 items and zung self rating anxiety scale that consist of 20 items. The subjects of this study are 30 people. The subjects of this study are women who worked in nightclubs as waitress in Dahlia and Sahara bar and karaoke in 2017. Results: Data was analyzed by spearman's rho. The hypothesis result showed that correlation coefficient= -.761** with p= 0,000 (p<0,05), it means H0 rejected and Ha accepted. Conclusions: Based on data analysis can be concluded that there is Correlation Between Waitress Attitude about HIV-AIDS and Anxiety Contracting HIV-AIDS in Dahlia dan Sahara Bar and Karaoke. Based on the result of the study It is suggested to provide information about HIV-AIDS through health education and HIV prevention resources.
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Shen, Yun, Ling Shen, Prabhat Sehgal, Dan Huang, Liyou Qiu, George Du, Norman L. Letvin, and Zheng W. Chen. "Clinical Latency and Reactivation of AIDS-Related Mycobacterial Infections." Journal of Virology 78, no. 24 (December 15, 2004): 14023–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.24.14023-14032.2004.
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ABSTRACT The immune mechanisms associated with the evolution from latent to clinically active mycobacterial coinfection in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected humans remain poorly understood. Previous work has demonstrated that macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac) can develop persistent Mycobacterium bovis BCG coinfection and a fatal SIV-related tuberculosis-like disease by 4 months after BCG inoculation. In the present study, SIVmac-infected monkeys that developed clinically quiescent mycobacterial infection after BCG inoculation were followed prospectively for the reactivation of the BCG and the development of SIV-related tuberculosis-like disease. The development of clinically latent BCG coinfection in these SIVmac-infected monkeys was characterized by a change from high to undetectable levels of bacterial organisms, with or without measurable BCG mRNA expression in lymph node cells. The reactivation of clinically latent BCG coinfection and development of SIV-related tuberculosis-like disease were then observed in these SIVmac-BCG-coinfected monkeys during a 21-month period of follow-up. The reactivation of SIV-related tuberculosis-like disease in these animals coincided with a severe depletion of CD4 T cells and a loss of BCG-specific T-cell responses. Interestingly, bacterial superantigen challenge of the SIVmac-BCG-coinfected monkeys resulted in an up-regulation of clinically latent BCG coinfection, suggesting that infection with superantigen-producing microbes may increase the susceptibility of individuals to the reactivation of AIDS-related mycobacterial coinfection. Thus, reactivation of latent mycobacterial infections in HIV-1-infected individuals may result from a loss of T-cell immunity or from a superimposed further compromise of the immune system.
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Kleina, Regina, Olga Fjodorova, Anita Dabužinskienė, Jurijs Nazarovs, and Oksana Mahmajeva. "Multiform spectrum of pulmonary disease in lethal HIV infection cases in Latvia (2012–2016)." Papers on Anthropology 26, no. 2 (September 18, 2017): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/poa.2017.26.2.06.
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In 2016, the proportion of HIV-infected persons in the Baltic countries was as follows: Latvia 18.5, Estonia 17.4, Lithuania 7.4 per 100,000 of population. The aim of our study was to evaluate the spectrum and morphology of combined lung pathologies in fatal HIV/AIDS cases in Latvia from 2010 to 2016. We did a retrospective review of the HIV/AIDS patients’ medical autopsy case files and histological slides at the Pathology Centre of Riga Eastern Clinical University Hospital. All statistical data were processed in IBM SPSS Statistics 23. We analysed 455 cases – 311 (69%) men, 134 (31%) women. The mean age of the analysed patients was 40 years (±9 SD, range 22–68). The conditions leading to death were opportunistic infections (OI) – 28%, tuberculosis (TB) – 23%, wasting syndrome complicated by nonspecific pneumonia and sepsis or HIV/AIDS unrelated conditions – 27%, malignancies – 11% (B large cell lymphoma, primary and secondary cancers of the lung, Kaposi sarcoma), and end stage liver disease – 11%. Lungs were affected in 380 cases (83.5%). We identified 112 cases of tuberculosis (TB). In 21%, it was isolated pulmonary TB, in 79% – disseminated TB. Additionally, OI were proved in 26% of these patients. The prevalence of OI was higher in patients who died from isolated pulmonary TB. We also identified 10 cases of disseminated atypical mycobacteriosis. Opportunistic infections were diagnosed in 126 persons – 77% (n=97) of them had one, but 23% (n=29) had two or more OIs. The most common isolated OI with lung involvement was Pneumocystis jiroveci (PC) pneumonia (n=71, 15.6%); 10% had cryptococcosis, 1% – pulmonary aspergillosis and Candida pneumonia each. 40 patients (9%) had disseminated cytomegalovirus (CMV). Among the various combinations of oppor tunistic infections, the most common was PC+CMV. 81% of HIV patients were unemployed and prisoners with interrupted treatment. We concluded that our study revealed that combined opportunistic infections and TB were the most frequently observed pulmonary infections, followed by primary and secondary lung malignancies and bacterial pneumonia in HIV/AIDS unrelated cases of multiorgan disease. Diagnostic difficulties occurred mainly in disseminated diseases due to nonspecific clinical presentation, similar appearance on imaging studies and limited bacterial diagnostic possibilities after death.
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Mutsindikwa, Tatenda, Daniel Opotamutale Ashipala, Nestor Tomas, and Tuwilika Endjala. "Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Contraception Among Tertiary Students at the University Campus in Namibia." Global Journal of Health Science 11, no. 6 (May 20, 2019): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v11n6p180.
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The purpose of the study was to investigate the knowledge, attitude and practices of female tertiary students at the University of Namibia regarding contraception. The objective of the study was to assess and describe the knowledge, attitudes and practices of University of Namibia Education students at Rundu campus, regarding contraception with a view to make recommendations based on the findings of the study. A quantitative, descriptive cross-sectional design was used and a total of 220 female tertiary students from Rundu Campus were selected using simple random sampling. Data was collected from participants by the use of a self-administered questionnaire. Findings from this study showed amongst other that majority (80%) 166 showed poor practices towards contraception. However, the study showed that (91%) 202 has positive attitude regarding contraceptives and that this greatly contributes to high rate of unintended pregnancies as well as Sexually Transmitted Infections among them. It is recommended that in order to prevent unintended pregnancies as well as high incidences of Sexually Transmitted Infections among tertiary students, the Ministry of Health and Social Services must introduce a regular reproductive health outreach programme on campus, or establish a clinic on campus. Neglecting youth’s contraceptive needs contributes to high rate of unintended pregnancies, Sexually Transmitted Infections, HIV/AIDS and, indirectly; maternal mortality.
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Perdices, Michael, Nicola Dunbar, Anne Grunseit, Wayne Hall, and David A. Cooper. "Anxiety, Depression and HIV Related Symptomatology across the Spectrum of HIV Disease." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 26, no. 4 (December 1992): 560–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679209072089.
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Levels of anxiety and depression were assessed for 207 HIV seropositive homosexual/bisexual men (AIDS = 34, ARC = 72, asymptomatic HIV infection = 101), and 36 seronegative controls. Lymphocyte subset enumeration, history of opportunistic infections, and occurrence of HIV-related symptoms were recorded at the time of assessment. No differences between groups were found on age, educational level, state/trait anxiety or depression scores. Neither the number of symptoms reported, their duration, severity, frequency of occurrence, nor the proportion of patients who reported a specific symptom was different between the three HIV seropositive groups. Severity of anxiety and depression was related to the magnitude of symptomatology, but not associated with either degree of immunodeficiency, number of opportunistic infections or diagnostic group. Principal component analysis extracted five symptom factors (cognitive, affective, psychosocial, neurological and physical), none of which predicted state anxiety scores. However, affective and psychosocial symptom factors predicted trait anxiety and depression scores. The results indicate that ratings of anxiety and depression are independent of stage of HIV infection, may be in part mediated by constitutional and physical symptoms of HIV disease, but are primarily associated with the presence of psychological and psychosocial symptoms.
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Ehrenpreis, Eli D. "Small Intestinal Manifestations of HIV Infection." International Journal of STD & AIDS 6, no. 3 (May 1995): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095646249500600301.
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The small intestine is a common site of involvement in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Although there are numerous mechanisms by which small intestinal disease may occur in HIV infected patients, the resulting clinical manifestations of these disorders are remarkably similar and include the development of diarrhoea, weight loss and nutrient deficiences1. In fact, the original designation of AIDS in African countries as the ‘slim disease’ underlines the importance of small intestinal involvement (most likely secondary to parasitic infections) which commonly occurs in Third World Countries2. The current review will provide a clinically oriented overview of small intestinal disease in patients infected with HIV. Because specific data on treatment of small intestinal diseases in AIDS is often lacking, some presented information is based on the author's experience and opinions.
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Ganesh, Shayhana, Renitha Rampersad, and Nirmala Dorasamy. "A Review of Quality Management Systems in South African HIV-AIDS Programmes: A Pre-Requisite for Sustainable Health Delivery." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 9, no. 1(J) (March 12, 2017): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v9i1(j).1564.
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The global commitment to end HIV-AIDS is a bold one; requiring a multi-sectoral response strongly embedded within effective HIV-AIDS prevention efforts, patient advocacy and effective healthcare programme delivery. UNAIDS estimates that, of the 36.7 million individuals infected with HIV-AIDS globally, 19.1 million reside in South Africa (UNAIDS Gap report, 2016).In addition, approximately 2.1 million new HIV infections occurred in 2015 with almost 960 000 of those occurring in South Africa signalling that the rates of infections are not dropping as expected (UNAIDS Gap report, 2016). Given the unrelenting nature of this disease burden, even greater efforts are now required to turn the tide on HIV-AIDS globally, but more so in South Africa. These efforts entail more effective HIV-AIDS service delivery with combination prevention modalities, access to HIV-AIDS treatment and care, harm reduction of HIV-AIDS stigma and discrimination together with HIV-AIDS education, awareness and advocacy. Enhancing HIV-AIDS service delivery requires strong commitment with implementation of quality management systems in programme service delivery resulting in sustainable, effective and well run HIV-AIDS programmes. Quality management systems in HIV-AIDS programmes allow programmes to successfully meet their objectives thus allowing optimal patient care through effective and efficient means. To date there has been minimal implementation of quality systems in healthcare especially in South Africa. The use of health quality tools and systems in HIV-AIDS programmes locally and globally will allow for efficient and cost effective benefits for the optimal wellbeing of all those affected and infected by HIV-AIDS. This article reviews available data on the prevalence of quality management systems in HIV-AIDS healthcare and identifies gaps and smart practises towards recommendations for comprehensive global HIV-AIDS standards development.
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Ganesh, Shayhana, Renitha Rampersad, and Nirmala Dorasamy. "A Review of Quality Management Systems in South African HIV-AIDS Programmes: A Pre-Requisite for Sustainable Health Delivery." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 9, no. 1 (March 12, 2017): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v9i1.1564.
Full textAbstract:
The global commitment to end HIV-AIDS is a bold one; requiring a multi-sectoral response strongly embedded within effective HIV-AIDS prevention efforts, patient advocacy and effective healthcare programme delivery. UNAIDS estimates that, of the 36.7 million individuals infected with HIV-AIDS globally, 19.1 million reside in South Africa (UNAIDS Gap report, 2016).In addition, approximately 2.1 million new HIV infections occurred in 2015 with almost 960 000 of those occurring in South Africa signalling that the rates of infections are not dropping as expected (UNAIDS Gap report, 2016). Given the unrelenting nature of this disease burden, even greater efforts are now required to turn the tide on HIV-AIDS globally, but more so in South Africa. These efforts entail more effective HIV-AIDS service delivery with combination prevention modalities, access to HIV-AIDS treatment and care, harm reduction of HIV-AIDS stigma and discrimination together with HIV-AIDS education, awareness and advocacy. Enhancing HIV-AIDS service delivery requires strong commitment with implementation of quality management systems in programme service delivery resulting in sustainable, effective and well run HIV-AIDS programmes. Quality management systems in HIV-AIDS programmes allow programmes to successfully meet their objectives thus allowing optimal patient care through effective and efficient means. To date there has been minimal implementation of quality systems in healthcare especially in South Africa. The use of health quality tools and systems in HIV-AIDS programmes locally and globally will allow for efficient and cost effective benefits for the optimal wellbeing of all those affected and infected by HIV-AIDS. This article reviews available data on the prevalence of quality management systems in HIV-AIDS healthcare and identifies gaps and smart practises towards recommendations for comprehensive global HIV-AIDS standards development.
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Manfredi, Roberto, Leonardo Calza, and Francesco Chiodo. "Multiple opportunistic AIDS-associated disorders strictly related to immunodeficiency levels, in a girl with congenital HIV infection." International Journal of STD & AIDS 14, no. 9 (September 1, 2003): 638–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646203322301130.
Full textAbstract:
A 16-year-old girl with vertical HIV disease treated since birth suffered from six different AIDS-defining disorders until now. Even during the highly active antiretroviral therapy, multiple AIDS-related opportunistic infections may complicate the course of long-term congenital HIV disease, showing a strict relationship with immunological deterioration, which occurs shortly after virologic failure, due to an extensive genotypic resistance to all available antiretroviral compounds.
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Griffiths, P. D. "A Proposal that Herpesviruses are Co-Factors of HIV Disease." Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy 6, no. 6_suppl (December 1995): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09563202950060s605.
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There is now extensive evidence that herpesviruses can interact with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vitro. To determine if such interactions could be operative in vivo, evidence from AIDS autopsy series are reviewed. Using basic histopathological techniques, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and HIV coinfection of various individual ceils has been demonstrated. Using cell culture, CMV has been detected in 66% and herpes simplex virus in 11% of patients. Using immunocytochemistry, human herpesvirus type 6 (HHV-6) has been found in virtually all tissue sections. The hypothesis that these viruses contribute to the death of individuals with AIDS is supported by the results of two double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trials of high-dose aciclovir and an observational study of the same drug. All three studies have shown improved survival. Thus, the case is made that herpesviruses act as co-factors of HIV disease, and that inhibition of such infections represents a potential way of reducing mortality in those with AIDS. This paper was presented as the case for in a debate on ‘Herpesviruses as co-factors of HIV disease’. The case against was made by Don Jeffries (see page 22)
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Sargsjane, Jeļena. "PUBLIC AWARENESS ABOUT HIV PREVENTION MEASURES." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 4 (May 25, 2018): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2018vol1.3414.
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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which, when progressing, develops as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), has been known worldwide for over 30 years. It is one of the greatest epidemics that mankind has ever encountered. The number of HIV infections also increases in Latvia each year, as evidenced by official data from the Center for Disease Prevention and Control. In turn, information on infection with AIDS mechanisms, prevention measures is readily available in the mass media, medical institutions, etc. It also determined the purpose of the study - is the public well informed about HIV infection and its preventive measures?
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Fekadu, Sintayehu, Kefyalew Taye, Wondu Teshome, and Solomon Asnake. "Prevalence of parasitic infections in HIV-positive patients in southern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 7, no. 11 (November 15, 2013): 868–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.2906.
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Introduction: Intestinal parasitic infectionsare a major public health burden in tropical countries. Although all HIV/AIDS patients are susceptible to parasitic infections, those having lower immune status are at greater risk. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in patients living with HIV/AIDS. Methodology: This was a facility-based cross-sectional study. A total of 343 consecutively sampled HIV/AIDS patients from the HIV care clinic of Hawassa University Referral Hospital were included. Subjects were interviewed for demographic variables and diarrheal symptoms using structured questionnaires. Stool examinations and CD4 cells counts were also performed. Results: The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection was 47.8% among HIV/AIDS patients; single helminthic infection prevalence (22.7%) was higher than that the prevalence of protozoal infections (14.6%). About 54% of study participants had chronic diarrhea while 3.4% had acute diarrhea. The prevalence of intestinal parasites in patients with chronic diarrhea was significantly higher than in acute diarrhea (p <0.05). Non-opportunistic intestinal parasite infections such as Ascaris lumbricoides, Taenia spp., and hookworm were commonlyfound, regardless of immunestatus or diarrheal symptoms. Opportunistic and non-opportunistic intestinal parasitic infection were more frequent in patients with a CD4 count of <200/mm3 (OR=9.5; 95% CI: 4.64-19.47) when compared with patients with CD4 counts of >=500 cells/mm3. Conclusions: Intestinal parasitic infections should be suspected in HIV/AIDS-infected patients with advanced disease presenting with chronic diarrhea. Patients with low CD4 counts should be examined critically for intestinal parasites, regardless of diarrheal status.
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O.Okongo, Mark. "Modeling HIV/AIDS co infection with malaria and tuberculosis: the role of treatment and counseling." International Journal of Applied Mathematical Research 8, no. 1 (May 5, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijamr.v8i1.5421.
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HIV/AIDS remains one of the leading causes of death in the world with its effects most devastating in Sub Saharan Africa due to its dual infection with opportunistic infections especially malaria and tuberculosis. This study presents a co infection deterministic model defined by a system of ordinary deferential equations for HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis. The HIV/AIDS only model is analyzed to determine the conditions for the stability of the equilibria points and assess the role of treatment and counseling in con-trolling the spread of the infections. This study shows that effective counseling reduces the value of the reproduction number for HIV/AIDS (RH) to less than unity eliminating the HIV/AIDS problem. Numerical simulations show that applying anti-retroviral treatment (ARV’S) without effective counseling increases the value of RH, worsening the HIV/AIDS problem, however ARV treatment coupled with effective counseling reduces the value of RH to a level below one eliminating the disease. The study further shows that when the proportion of those receiving ARV treatment without effective counseling increases, the value of RH also increases to a level above one. However effective counseling maintains the value of RH below unity therefore strategies for the control of HIV/AIDS should emphasize counseling and not only treatment.
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Munawwar, Arshi, and Sarman Singh. "Human Herpesviruses as Copathogens of HIV Infection, Their Role in HIV Transmission, and Disease Progression." Journal of Laboratory Physicians 8, no. 01 (January 2016): 005–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-2727.176228.
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ABSTRACTOf eight human herpesviruses (HHVs), often, only herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) find mention in medical literature as both of these viruses are commonly associated with genital lesions and oral ulcers, commonly known as cold sores. However, role of human herpesviruses as copathogens and in aggravation and in the transmission of other human diseases, especially the Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) has only very recently been recognized. Therefore, screening and treating subclinical HHV infections may offer slowing of HIV infection, disease progression, and its transmission. Beside HSV-1 and HSV-2, HHV-3 a causative agent of herpes zoster remained one of the first manifestations of HIV disease before the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). HHV-5 also known as human Cytomegalovirus infection remains a significant risk factor for HIV-associated mortality and morbidity even in HAART era. It is proposed that Cytomegalovirus viremia could be a better predictor of HIV disease progression than CD4+ T-lymphocyte count. The role of HHV-4 or Epstein–Burr virus and HHV-6, HHV-7, and HHV-8 is still being investigated in HIV disease progression. This review provides insight into the current understanding about these 8 HHVs, their co-pathogenesis, and role in HIV/ AIDS disease progression. The review also covers recent literature in favor and against administering anti-HHV treatment along with HAART for slower AIDS progression and interrupted sexual transmission.
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Cao, YZ, F. Valentine, S. Hojvat, JP Allain, P. Rubinstein, M. Mirabile, S. Czelusniak, M. Leuther, L. Baker, and AE Friedman-Kien. "Detection of HIV antigen and specific antibodies to HIV core and envelope proteins in sera of patients with HIV infection." Blood 70, no. 2 (August 1, 1987): 575–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v70.2.575.575.
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Abstract The sera of well-characterized populations were examined for three markers of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; HIV antigen (HIV Ag), and antibodies to HIV envelope (gp41) and core (p24) proteins. Of 563 serum samples tested, 251 were from HIV-infected patients diagnosed as having AIDS manifested by opportunistic infections (AIDS-OI), AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma (AIDS-KS), or AIDS-related complex (ARC). One hundred seventy-six specimens tested were from asymptomatic high-risk individuals, and 136 were from heterosexual control subjects or patients with non-AIDS-related disease. None of the 136 control individuals tested had HIV Ag or HIV antibodies to either p24 or gp41. Of the 427 HIV-seropositive individuals, 99% to 100% were positive for gp41 antibodies to HIV. In contrast, the seroprevalence of p24 antibodies to HIV varied from 23% to 83% and appeared to be inversely associated with the severity of the patients' clinical symptoms. When specimens were analyzed for the presence of HIV Ag, in seropositive individuals the prevalence rate for this marker was lowest (1.4%) in asymptomatic individuals and highest (50%) in the AIDS-OI diagnosed group. Also, 240 cases with AIDS-KS, AIDS-OI, and ARC and the group of asymptomatic high-risk individuals were analyzed for T helper/T lymphocytes (T4) cell number and T4/T8 ratio; only one (2.0%) HIV Ag-positive case showed a T4 cell number greater than 400 and a normal T4/T8 ratio. These studies appear to demonstrate a direct correlation between the presence of HIV Ag and the severity of clinical complications of HIV infection.
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Cao, YZ, F. Valentine, S. Hojvat, JP Allain, P. Rubinstein, M. Mirabile, S. Czelusniak, M. Leuther, L. Baker, and AE Friedman-Kien. "Detection of HIV antigen and specific antibodies to HIV core and envelope proteins in sera of patients with HIV infection." Blood 70, no. 2 (August 1, 1987): 575–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v70.2.575.bloodjournal702575.
Full textAbstract:
The sera of well-characterized populations were examined for three markers of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; HIV antigen (HIV Ag), and antibodies to HIV envelope (gp41) and core (p24) proteins. Of 563 serum samples tested, 251 were from HIV-infected patients diagnosed as having AIDS manifested by opportunistic infections (AIDS-OI), AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma (AIDS-KS), or AIDS-related complex (ARC). One hundred seventy-six specimens tested were from asymptomatic high-risk individuals, and 136 were from heterosexual control subjects or patients with non-AIDS-related disease. None of the 136 control individuals tested had HIV Ag or HIV antibodies to either p24 or gp41. Of the 427 HIV-seropositive individuals, 99% to 100% were positive for gp41 antibodies to HIV. In contrast, the seroprevalence of p24 antibodies to HIV varied from 23% to 83% and appeared to be inversely associated with the severity of the patients' clinical symptoms. When specimens were analyzed for the presence of HIV Ag, in seropositive individuals the prevalence rate for this marker was lowest (1.4%) in asymptomatic individuals and highest (50%) in the AIDS-OI diagnosed group. Also, 240 cases with AIDS-KS, AIDS-OI, and ARC and the group of asymptomatic high-risk individuals were analyzed for T helper/T lymphocytes (T4) cell number and T4/T8 ratio; only one (2.0%) HIV Ag-positive case showed a T4 cell number greater than 400 and a normal T4/T8 ratio. These studies appear to demonstrate a direct correlation between the presence of HIV Ag and the severity of clinical complications of HIV infection.
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Das, Sarmistha, Pramit Ghosh, Sandip Banerjee, Saumyadipta Pyne, Joydev Chattopadhyay, and Indranil Mukhopadhyay. "Determination of critical community size from an HIV/AIDS model." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): e0244543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244543.
Full textAbstract:
After an epidemic outbreak, the infection persists in a community long enough to engulf the entire susceptible population. Local extinction of the disease could be possible if the susceptible population gets depleted. In large communities, the tendency of eventual damp down of recurrent epidemics is balanced by random variability. But, in small communities, the infection would die out when the number of susceptible falls below a certain threshold. Critical community size (CCS) is considered to be the mentioned threshold, at which the infection is as likely as not to die out after a major epidemic for small communities unless reintroduced from outside. The determination of CCS could aid in devising systematic control strategies to eradicate the infectious disease from small communities. In this article, we have come up with a simplified computation based approach to deduce the CCS of HIV disease dynamics. We consider a deterministic HIV model proposed by Silva and Torres, and following Nåsell, introduce stochasticity in the model through time-varying population sizes of different compartments. Besides, Metcalf’s group observed that the relative risk of extinction of some infections on islands is almost double that in the mainlands i.e. infections cease to exist at a significantly higher rate in islands compared to the mainlands. They attributed this phenomenon to the greater recolonization in the mainlands. Interestingly, the application of our method on demographic facts and figures of countries in the AIDS belt of Africa led us to expect that existing control measures and isolated locations would assist in temporary eradication of HIV infection much faster. For example, our method suggests that through systematic control strategies, after 7.36 years HIV epidemics will temporarily be eradicated from different communes of island nation Madagascar, where the population size falls below its CCS value, unless the disease is reintroduced from outside.
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Koshy, Varghese, George Koshy, and Vandana Gangadharan. "Descriptive study of gastrointestinal manifestations in HIV/AIDS." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 6, no. 4 (March 28, 2018): 1373. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20181299.
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Background: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was first recognized in 1981 as a clinical syndrome consisting of opportunistic infections and /or neoplasia associated with uneplained immunodeficiency. The gastrointestinal tract is one of the most common sites of clinical affection of AIDS and all levels from the oral cavity to the anus are frequently involved.Methods: A cohort of 70 HIV positive patients, admitted in a tertiary level referral hospital, were studied for symptoms of gastrointestinal disease and patients with clinical or investigative findings of gastrointestinal disease were clinically examined and then subjected to further relevant investigations.Results: The prevalence of GI menifestations in this cohort was 71.4%. The mean age of the study population was 36 years. Amongst frequency of GI manifestations, diarrhoea was found in 26 patients (52%), of whom 77% (20 out of 26) had diarrhoea lasting longer than one month and amongst the patients with oral ulcers, oral candidiasis was the most common oral manifestation, present in 87% of them. Cryptosporidium was the most common organism isolated from the stool samples.Conclusions: The most common presenting complaints were oral ulcers and chronic diarrhoea amongst the cohort examined in this study.
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Fenny, Ama P., Aba O. Crentsil, and Derek Asuman. "Determinants and Distribution of Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Knowledge in Ghana." Global Journal of Health Science 9, no. 12 (October 8, 2017): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v9n12p32.
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Globally, nearly 37 million people are living with HIV with about 70 percent of these living in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Stigma and discrimination remain one of the major barriers to preventing new infections in the country. However, misconceptions about HIV/AIDS have been indicated as one of the key drivers of the disease. Efforts to prevent new infections have not been entirely successful. Therefore, this study aims to examine the trends and distribution in comprehensive knowledge of HIV and AIDS and determine the factors associated with comprehensive awareness of HIV and AIDS among adult women and men. The study relies on data from three rounds of Ghana Demographic & Health Surveys conducted in 2003, 2008 and 2014 to show trends. Logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis. The thematic mapping of HI/AIDS comprehensive knowledge was conducted using ArcGIS version 10.4 using GPS coordinates in the 2014 GDHS which contained aggregated individual characteristics and HIV knowledge scores.While comprehensive HIV and AIDS knowledge is above 50% among adult population in Ghana, the results show a significant decrease in comprehensive knowledge from 72% in 2008 to 59% in 2013. The strongest predictors for having comprehensive knowledge were found to be education; gender, marital status, locality, occupation and wealth status. The paper demonstrates that preventive activities leading to improvement in the comprehensive knowledge of HIV and AIDS in Ghana is needed. Sound knowledge about HIV and AIDS is critical for the adoption of behaviours that reduce the risk of HIV transmission. Education on HIV prevention must be expanded to improve the comprehensive knowledge of the disease.
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Reid, S. "Increase in clinical prevalence of AIDS implies increase in unsafe medical injections." International Journal of STD & AIDS 20, no. 5 (May 2009): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2008.008441.
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A mass action model developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that the re-use of contaminated syringes for medical care accounted for 2.5% of HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa in 2000. The WHO's model applies the population prevalence of HIV infection rather than the clinical prevalence to calculate patients' frequency of exposure to contaminated injections. This approach underestimates iatrogenic exposure risks when progression to advanced HIV disease is widespread. This sensitivity analysis applies the clinical prevalence of HIV to the model and re-evaluates the transmission efficiency of HIV in injections. These adjustments show that no less than 12–17%, and up to 34–47%, of new HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa may be attributed to medical injections. The present estimates undermine persistent claims that injection safety improvements would have only a minor impact on HIV incidence in Africa.
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Marchetti, Giulia, Camilla Tincati, and Guido Silvestri. "Microbial Translocation in the Pathogenesis of HIV Infection and AIDS." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 26, no. 1 (January 2013): 2–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00050-12.
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SUMMARYIn pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections, the translocation of microbial products from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to portal and systemic circulation has been proposed as a major driver of the chronic immune activation that is associated with disease progression. Consistently, microbial translocation is not present in nonpathogenic SIV infections of natural host species.In vivostudies demonstrated that HIV/SIV-associated microbial translocation results from a series of immunopathological events occurring at the GI mucosa: (i) early and severe mucosal CD4+depletion, (ii) mucosal immune hyperactivation/persistent inflammation; (iii) damage to the integrity of the intestinal epithelium with enterocyte apoptosis and tight junction disruption; and (iv) subverted the gut microbiome, with a predominance of opportunistic bacteria. Directin situevidence of microbial translocation has been provided for SIV-infected rhesus macaques showing translocated microbial products in the intestinal lamina propria and distant sites. While the mechanisms by which microbial translocation causes immune activation remain controversial, a key pathogenic event appears to be innate immunity activation via Toll-like receptors and other pathogen recognition receptors. Accumulating clinical observations suggest that microbial translocation might affect HIV disease progression, response to therapy, and non-AIDS comorbidities. Given its detrimental effect on overall immunity, several interventions to prevent/block microbial translocation are currently under investigation as novel therapeutic agents for HIV/AIDS.
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Brettle, R. P. "Bacterial infections in HIV: the extent and nature of the problem." International Journal of STD & AIDS 8, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462971918698.
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Leucopenia and neutropenia in HIV appears to be much less common than in the context of haematological malignancies although severe neutropenia 9 (< 0.75 10 /l) occurs in as many as 70% of patients with AIDS often related to concomitant drug therapy. In addition to low numbers of neutrophils there is also some evidence of defective neutrophil function in HIV/AIDS (chemotaxis, bacterial killing, phagocytosis and superoxide production). However the frequency and importance of these defects is as yet not known because simple and reproducible tests of neutrophil function are not yet available to the majority of clinicians. Despite the relative scarcity of severe neutropenia in early HIV, bacterial sepsis is a major clinical problem which usually manifests itself as either pneumonia, bacteraemia or both at a frequency of between 8-20 per 100 person years depending upon location, risk activity etc. Amongst drug users, the inhalation of recreational drugs particularly after Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) has been shown to be a major risk factor for pneumonia. The incidence of bacterial sepsis in patients with AIDS is more difficult to determine since it is often overshadowed by other more dramatic opportunistic infections. However, throughout the course of AIDS, bacterial infections are a common problem particularly in the presence of one or both of concomitant drug therapy and indwelling intravenous lines utilized in late stage disease. Consequently, since bacterial infections are common and cause considerable morbidity and mortality they should be considered in the differential diagnosis of most presentations.
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Tsoukas, C. M., and N. F. Bernard. "Markers predicting progression of human immunodeficiency virus-related disease." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 7, no. 1 (January 1994): 14–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.7.1.14.
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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) interacts with the immune system throughout the course of infection. For most of the disease process, HIV activates the immune system, and the degree of activation can be assessed by measuring serum levels of molecules such as beta 2-microglobulin and neopterin, as well as other serum and cell surface phenotype markers. The levels of some of these markers correlate with clinical progression of HIV disease, and these markers may be useful as surrogate markers for development of clinical AIDS. Because the likelihood and timing of development of clinical AIDS following seroconversion, for any particular individual, are not readily predictable, the use of nonclinical disease markers has become critically important to patient management. Surrogate markers of HIV infection are, by definition, measurable traits that correlate with disease progression. An ideal marker should identify patients at highest risk of disease progression, provide information on how long an individual has been infected, help in staging HIV disease, predict development of opportunistic infections associated with AIDS, monitor the therapeutic efficacy of immunomodulating or antiviral treatments, and the easily quantifiable, reliable, clinically available, and affordable. This review examines the current state of knowledge and the role of surrogate markers in the natural history and treatment of HIV infection. The clinical usefulness of each marker is assessed with respect to the criteria outlined for the ideal surrogate marker for HIV disease progression.
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DeArmond, S. J. "Aids Dementia Complex." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 1090–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600018778.
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The World Health Organization estimates by the year 2000 that the cumulative total of HIV-1 infected adults and children will be about 30 million worldwide. Disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in association with AIDS is common. 20-30% of AIDS patients will develop varying degrees of cognitive and motor deficits designated the “AIDS dementia Complex (ADC)” or “HIV-1-associated cognitive/motor deficit”. Progression of symptoms is usually slow and irregular. In the end-stage, the patient is severely impaired with mutism, incontinence and prominent motor impairment. Neuroradiologic studies show generalized cortical atrophy and diffuse white matter changes. HIV can be cultured from the CSF. Neurologic involvement in pediatric AIDS is very common with CNS complications usually occurring within the first two postnatal years. Given the severeness of the dementia and motor dysfunction in ADC, one is struck by the paucity of neuropathological features. Hematoxylin and eosin stained sections reveal only three neuropathological features. First, there are small numbers of microglial nodules scattered in the white matter and sometimes in grey matter (Fig. 1). However, microglial nodules occur in virtually all viral infections of the CNS, including CMV micronodular encephalitis in AIDS patients.
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Shah, Nita H., Nisha Sheoran, and Yash Shah. "Dynamics of HIV-TB Co-Infection Model." Axioms 9, no. 1 (March 11, 2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms9010029.
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According to World Health Organization (WHO), the population suffering from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection over a period of time may suffer from TB infection which increases the death rate. There is no cure for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) to date but antiretrovirals (ARVs) can slow down the progression of disease as well as prevent secondary infections or complications. This is considered as a medication in this paper. This scenario of HIV-TB co-infection is modeled using a system of non-linear differential equations. This model considers HIV-infected individual as the initial stage. Four equilibrium points are found. Reproduction number R0 is calculated. If R0 >1 disease persists uniformly, with reference to the reproduction number, backward bifurcation is computed for pre-AIDS (latent) stage. Global stability is established for the equilibrium points where there is no Pre-AIDS TB class, point without co-infection and for the endemic point. Numerical simulation is carried out to validate the data. Sensitivity analysis is carried out to determine the importance of model parameters in the disease dynamics.
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Sun, Xiaodan, Yanni Xiao, Zhihang Peng, and Ning Wang. "Modelling HIV/AIDS Epidemic among Men Who Have Sex with Men in China." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/413260.
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A compartmental model with antiviral therapy was proposed to identify the important factors that influence HIV infection among gay men in China and suggest some effective control strategies. We proved that the disease will be eradicated if the reproduction number is less than one. Based on the number of annual reported HIV/AIDS among MSM we used the Markov-Chain Monte-Carlo (MCMC) simulation to estimate the unknown parameters. We estimated a mean reproduction number of 3.88 (95% CI: 3.69–4.07). The estimation results showed that there were a higher transmission rate and a lower diagnose rate among MSM than those for another high-risk population. We compared the current treatment policy and immediate therapy once people are diagnosed with HIV, and numerical studies indicated that immediate antiviral therapy would lead to few HIV new infections conditional upon relatively low infectiousness; otherwise the current treatment policy would result in low HIV new infection. Further, increasing treatment coverage rate may lead to decline in HIV new infections and be beneficial to disease control, depending on the infectiousness of the infected individuals with antiviral therapy. The finding suggested that treatment efficacy (directly affecting infectiousness), behavior changes, and interventions greatly affect HIV new infection; strengthening intensity will contribute to the disease control.
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Boaretto Teixeira Fernandes, Miriã, Pedro Afonso Nogueira Moisés Cardoso, Luiza Bassani Altoé, Izana Junqueira de Castro, Guilherme Almeida Rosa da Silva, Walter de Araújo Eyer-Silva, Marcia Lyrio Sindorf, Rodrigo Panno Basílio de Oliveira, Marcelo Costa Velho Mendes de Azevedo, and Jorge Francisco da Cunha Pinto. "Gastrointestinal CMV Disease and Tuberculosis in an AIDS Patient: Synergistic Interaction between Opportunistic Coinfections." Case Reports in Medicine 2018 (June 11, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8047892.
Full textAbstract:
The AIDS pandemic has made diseases such as tuberculosis, CMV disease, and other opportunistic infections more prevalent; these diseases may even be found to be associated among themselves, and the natural history of each disease may present in an unusual manner. We report the case of a 41-year-old man with HIV (CD4 of 144 cells/dL) and HCV with hematochezia due to tuberculosis in the ileocecal valve and descending colon and CMV tissue invasive disease in the esophagus and descending colon. Coinfection among tuberculosis and cytomegalovirus in the gastrointestinal tract was described only once in a patient with a recent diagnosis of HIV that affected the distal ileum and ascending colon. We will discuss the peculiarities of the case and the behavior of the immune system in the face of simultaneous opportunistic infections. This is a challenging scenario that has scarce publications and is of great clinical importance.
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Pramanik, Dr Soumya Kanti, and Dr Mamata Guha Mallick Sinha. "Manifestations of Bone Marrow Abnormalities of HIV/AIDS Patients." Tropical Journal of Pathology and Microbiology 7, no. 3 (May 31, 2021): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17511/jopm.2021.i03.05.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Human immunodeficiency virus can involve almost any organ system. Anemia is themost common hematological manifestation in HIV/AIDS patients. Bone marrow changes includevarying degrees of dysplasia in one or more cell lines, plasmacytosis, opportunistic infections andhematological malignancies. There are only a few studies where hematological manifestations ofHIV/AIDS patients had been described. Materials and Methods: 100 HIV positive patients, agedbetween 12-65 years were enrolled in this hospital-based cross-sectional study. The study wasconducted from March 2016 to March 2018. A complete blood count, CD4 counts were done, besidesa thorough history and clinical examination. HIV positive patients were classified as those havingAIDS and Non-AIDS, according to NACO criteria. Written informed consent was taken from patientsand bone marrow aspiration was done. Results: Total number of patients included in the study was100. We were able to do a CD4 count of 91 patients. As per criteria, out of 91 patients, 37 cases hadAIDS. The most common hematological abnormality was anemia, seen in 95.45%of patients. Bonemarrow was normocellular in 86.48% of AIDS and 85.18% of non-AIDS, hypocellular in 8.10% ofAIDS and 9.25%o f non- AIDS, hypercellular in 5.40% of AIDS and 5.55% of non-AIDS patients.Dysplasia was statistically and significantly associated with anemia. The commonest dysplasticfeatures are seen in the granulocytic and erythroid series. L.D. bodies were seen in 2 cases andHistoplasma was found in one case. Conclusion: Normocytic normochromic anemia was the mostcommon peripheral smear finding. Hypocellular bone marrow was more common than hypercellularmarrow in an advanced stage of the disease. Dysplastic changes were more common in AIDS thanNon-AIDS. Granulocytic dysplasia was the most common type of dysplasia. There was evidence ofopportunistic infections and gelatinous transformation were detected in our study.
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Chetrit, Sally. "A presentation of aids-related ophthalmic disease in a severely immunocompromised patient." Canadian Journal of Optometry 72, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cjo.72.629.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) retinopathy is the most common ocular manifestation of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), serving as an important marker for patients with significantly compromised immune status who are at risk for developing severe and visionthreatening ocular opportunistic infections. This case report describes a presentation of HIV retinopathy and cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis, and reviews the current management options.
Case Report: A 40-year-old black male presented for a comprehensive eye exam to rule out HIV-related ophthalmic disease. At his initial visit, a dilated fundus examination revealed HIV retinopathy of the left eye. Upon subsequent examinations and as his immune status diminished, the patient developed CMV retinitis of the right eye. The patient was treated successfully with a course of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and oral valgancyclovir.
Conclusion: CMV retinitis is the most common ocular opportunistic infection associated with AIDS. Treatment with systemic HAART and concomitant anti-CMV therapy leads to reconstitution of the immune system and regression of the retinitis.
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Widiyanti, Mirna, and Hotma Hutapea. "Hubungan Jumlah Cluster of Differentiation 4 (CD4) dengan Infeksi Oportunistik Pada Pasien HIV/AIDS di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah (RSUD) DOK II Jayapura." JURNAL BIOLOGI PAPUA 7, no. 1 (July 28, 2018): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31957/jbp.427.
Full textAbstract:
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an infection that attacks and weakens the immune system. HIV infection causes a decrease in the number of Cluster Differentiation 4 (CD4) thereby increasing the progression of the disease and lead to high risk of opportunistic infections (OI). The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between CD4 cell count with opportunistic infections in patients infected with HIV/AIDS. Analytical research methods using cross-sectional design, by taking medical records. The population in this study were 67 patients with HIV/AIDS in the VCT Clinic Dok II Hospital Jayapura 2014. Data were processed with the Chi Square test hypotheses. Based on the results of hypothesis testing of 67 patients, there were 21 people have opportunistic infections. Tuberculosis is an opportunistic infection that is most common (17.9%). Significance of the relationship seen in the low CD4 counts (< 350 cells/mm3) and found value of 0.02 (CI 95%) which indicates that there is a relationship if p<0.05. Conclusion: there is a relationship between CD4 cell count with opportunistic infections.Key words: CD4, opportunistic infection, HIV/AIDS, hospital.
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Mocumbi, Ana Olga. "Cardiac Disease and HIV in Africa: A Case for Physical Exercise." Open AIDS Journal 9, no. 1 (October 20, 2015): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874613601509010062.
Full textAbstract:
AIDS-related deaths and new HIV infections have declined globally, but continue to be a major problem in Africa. Prior to the advent of antiretroviral treatment (ART) HIV patients died of immunodeficiency and associated opportunistic infections; Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) has resulted in increased survival of these patients and has transformed this illness into a chronic condition. Cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological and muscular problems interfere with exercise in HIV-infected patients. Particularly cardiovascular disease may be associated with direct damage by the virus, by antiretroviral therapy and by malnutrition and chronic lung disease, resulting in physical and psychological impairment. Recent studies have shown the benefits of exercise training to improvement of physiologic and functional parameters, with the gains being specific to the type of exercise performed. Exercise should be recommended to all HIV patients as an effective prevention and treatment for metabolic and cardiovascular syndromes associated with HIV and HAART exposure in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Nassoro, David D., Mkhoi L. Mkhoi, Issa Sabi, Alfred J. Meremo, Paul S. Lawala, and Issakwisa Habakkuk Mwakyula. "Adrenal Insufficiency: A Forgotten Diagnosis in HIV/AIDS Patients in Developing Countries." International Journal of Endocrinology 2019 (June 23, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2342857.
Full textAbstract:
Adrenal insufficiency (AI) is one of the most common endocrine disease in patients with HIV/AIDS, leading to high morbidity and mortality in HIV patients who become critically ill. Various etiologies are associated with the condition, including cytomegalovirus (CMV), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, lymphoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma, and drugs such as rifampin, among others. HIV patients with advanced disease develop relative cortisol deficiency largely due to the reduction of cortisol reserve, which predisposes patients to adrenal crisis in periods of stress or critical illness. The prevalence of AI in HIV/AIDS patients during HAART era is higher in developing than developed countries, probably due to limited access to both diagnosis and adequate treatments which increases the risk of opportunistic infections. The clinical features of functional adrenal insufficiency in HIV/AIDS patients can be masked by various infectious, noninfectious, and iatrogenic causes, which reduce clinical recognition of the condition. Development of simple screening algorithms may help clinicians reach the diagnosis when approaching these patients. In many low-income countries, most HIV patients are diagnosed with advanced disease; thus, further research is necessary to elucidate the prevalence of adrenal insufficiency in HIV/AIDS patients and the condition’s impact on mortality in this population.
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Galván-Díaz, Ana Luz, Juan Carlos Alzate, Esteban Villegas, Sofía Giraldo, Jorge Botero, and Gisela García-Montoya. "Chronic Cystoisospora belli infection in a Colombian patient living with HIV and poor adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy." Biomédica 41, Supl. 1 (May 31, 2021): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.5932.
Full textAbstract:
Cystoisospora belli is an intestinal Apicomplexan parasite associated with diarrheal illness and disseminated infections in humans, mainly immunocompromised individuals such as those living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). An irregular administration of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in HIV patients may increase the risk of opportunistic infections like cystoisosporiasis.We describe here a case of C. belli infection in a Colombian HIV patient with chronic gastrointestinal syndrome and poor adherence to HAART. His clinical and parasitological cure was achieved with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole treatment. Although a reduction in the number of C. belli cases has been observed since the use of HAART, this parasite still has to be considered as a differential diagnosis of diarrheal disease in HIV/AIDS patients.Effective interventions enhancing adherence to HAART should be included in HIV patient care programs.