Relevant bibliographies by topics / HIV infections – Botswana – Prevention

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'HIV infections – Botswana – Prevention'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "HIV infections – Botswana – Prevention"

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Novitsky, Vlad, Melissa Zahralban-Steele, Sikhulile Moyo, et al. "Mapping of HIV-1C Transmission Networks Reveals Extensive Spread of Viral Lineages Across Villages in Botswana Treatment-as-Prevention Trial." Journal of Infectious Diseases 222, no. 10 (2020): 1670–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa276.

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Abstract Background Phylogenetic mapping of HIV-1 lineages circulating across defined geographical locations is promising for better understanding HIV transmission networks to design optimal prevention interventions. Methods We obtained near full-length HIV-1 genome sequences from people living with HIV (PLWH), including participants on antiretroviral treatment in the Botswana Combination Prevention Project, conducted in 30 Botswana communities in 2013–2018. Phylogenetic relationships among viral sequences were estimated by maximum likelihood. Results We obtained 6078 near full-length HIV-1C g
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Magowe, Mabel K. M., and Marcia McDonnell Holstad. "Development and Psychometric Evaluation of Health Protective Sexual Communication Content Discussed Scale for Young Women in Gaborone, Botswana." Journal of Nursing Measurement 24, no. 3 (2016): 399–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.24.3.399.

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Health protective sexual communication can reduce HIV transmission, but women in Botswana find it difficult because of cultural barriers, suggesting the need for relevant measures. A Health Protective Sexual Communication Content Discussed Scale was developed and tested among young women aged 21–35 years in Gaborone, Botswana, to guide HIV prevention interventions. The project was conducted from June 2006 to August 2007. Literature review, expert advice, and a qualitative pilot guided the process. The scale had 22 items. The content validity index was 97%. Cronbach’s alpha was .69. Eight extra
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Letamo, Gobopamang. "Misconceptions about HIV prevention and transmission in Botswana." African Journal of AIDS Research 6, no. 2 (2007): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16085900709490414.

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Cornelius, Judith, Anna Kennedy, and Ryan Wesslen. "An Examination of Twitter Data to Identify Risky Sexual Practices Among Youth and Young Adults in Botswana." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 4 (2019): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040656.

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Botswana has the third highest rate of HIV infection, as well as one of the highest mobile phone density rates in the world. The rate of mobile cell phone adoption has increased three-fold over the past 10 years. Due to HIV infection rates, youth and young adults are the primary target for prevention efforts. One way to improve prevention efforts is to examine how risk reduction messages are disseminated on social media platforms such as Twitter. Thus, to identify key words related to safer sex practices and HIV prevention, we examined three months of Twitter data in Botswana. 1 December 2015,
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Sabone, Motshedisi, Mabel Magowe, Lesego Busang, Jonathan Moalosi, Benjamin Binagwa, and Janet Mwambona. "Impediments for the Uptake of the Botswana Government's Male Circumcision Initiative for HIV Prevention." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/387508.

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Botswana remains one of the countries with high prevalence of HIV infection with a population prevalence rate of 17.6 in 2008. In 2009, the Ministry of Health launched male circumcision as an additional strategy to the already existing HIV preventive efforts. The purpose of this paper is to share what the participants of a survey to evaluate a short-term male circumcision communication strategy in seven health districts of Botswana reported as impediments for the program's uptake. Qualitative data were obtained from 32 key informants and 36 focus group discussions in 2011. Content analysis met
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Kebaabetswe, P. "Male circumcision: an acceptable strategy for HIV prevention in Botswana." Sexually Transmitted Infections 79, no. 3 (2003): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.79.3.214.

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Marandu, Edward E., and Mbaki A. Chamme. "ATTITUDES TOWARDS CONDOM USE FOR PREVENTION OF HIV INFECTION IN BOTSWANA." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 32, no. 5 (2004): 491–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2004.32.5.491.

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Attitudes to condom use for prevention of HIV infection in Botswana were examined. Data collection was by personal interview of 1349 respondents throughout the country. Alcohol is believed to be the single main barrier to condom use. Others include: beliefs that condoms are not effective, emotional barriers to condom use, cultural traditions and complacency. Men appear to have a greater tendency to agree with beliefs that encourage nonuse of condoms. There was evidence to suggest that a holder of an attitude in one area such as cultural belief is likely to hold a similar attitude in almost all
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Talbot, Elizabeth A., Thomas A. Kenyon, Themba L. Moeti, et al. "HIV risk factors among patients with tuberculosis — Botswana 1999." International Journal of STD & AIDS 13, no. 5 (2002): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462021925126.

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To identify factors associated with HIV in Botswana, a standardized questionnaire was administered to 135 tuberculosis patients with known HIV status. HIV-positive patients were more likely than HIV-negative patients to: be female (45% vs 26% (adjusted prevalence odds ratio (aPOR)=3.8, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.1-12.7)); be 26-35 years old (50% vs 19% (aPOR=2.7, CI=0.7-10.7)); be unmarried (91% vs 71% (aPOR=13.3, CI=2.5-72.7)); have higher income (24% vs 10% (aPOR=8.2, CI=1.6-42.9)); report separation from spouse/partner for work (63% vs 52% (aPOR=1.8, CI=0.5-6.2)); have 2 sex partners ot
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Ramogola-Masire, Doreen, Ronny de Klerk, Barati Monare, Bakgaki Ratshaa, Harvey M. Friedman, and Nicola M. Zetola. "Cervical Cancer Prevention in HIV-Infected Women Using the “See and Treat” Approach in Botswana." JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 59, no. 3 (2012): 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qai.0b013e3182426227.

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Mulale, Unami Koolebogile, Thanolo Kashamba, Jonathan Strysko, and Lynnette Tumwine Kyokunda. "Fatal SARS-CoV-2 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis coinfection in an infant: insights from Botswana." BMJ Case Reports 14, no. 4 (2021): e239701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-239701.

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We report a fatal case of SARS-CoV-2 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis coinfection in an infant, Botswana’s first paediatric COVID-19-associated fatality. The patient, a 3-month-old HIV-unexposed boy, presented with fever and respiratory distress in the setting of failure to thrive. Both the patient and his mother tested positive for rifampin-sensitive M. tuberculosis (Xpert MTB/Rif) and SARS-CoV-2 (real time-PCR). Initially stable on supplemental oxygen and antitubercular therapy, the patient experienced precipitous clinical decline 5 days after presentation and subsequently died. Autopsy identi
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "HIV infections – Botswana – Prevention"

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Tau, Nontobeko Sylvia. "An analysis of TalkBack, an interactive HIV and AIDS education programme on Botswana Television." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/5043.

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The Republic of Botswana (2011a) recognises behaviour change as the only long term solution to the HIV and AIDS epidemic that has become a leading health and development challenge for the country. The study aimed to examine how Talk Back, an interactive HIV and AIDS educational programme on Botswana television, capacitates the school community to deal with challenges brought about by the HIV and AIDS epidemic. The study was based on recordings of 2014 Term One theme— ‘Paediatric care and support: challenges and implications in the teaching and learning environment. The study conducted a conten
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Lufuluabo, Ngeleka Albert. "Role of contraception in HIV prevention." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79936.

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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Reproductive health of people living with HIV/AIDS is a significant public health issue because of its associated risks of HIV transmission to both, the baby and the sexual partner. Provision of effective contraceptive to HIV-positive women is a proven prevention strategy, and can help prevent unintended pregnancy and other sexually transmitted infections. Unmet need for contraception in developing world and rates of unintended pregnancies among women living with HIV remain highly prevalent. The objectives of this study were t
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Motswaledi, Modisa Sekhamo. "The role of blood groups in preventing or enhancing HIV infection in Botswana." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2813.

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Thesis (DPhil (Biomedical Science))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019.<br>Knowledge of population vulnerabilities to infectious diseases is key in managing many public health problems and for mapping appropriate strategies for prevention or intervention. A number of genes associated with resistance to HIV infection, such as the double deletion of 32 base pairs in the CCR5 gene , have been described and potentially account for lower HIV infections in some populations. The magnitude of the HIV pandemic in Sub-Saharan Africa warrants an investigation of the peculiar genetic factors t
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Mberengo, Sarah. "The relationship between socio-economic status and the practice of HIV self-protective/preventive behaviours among the residents of Maruapula, Gaborone." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79948.

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Thesis (MPhil--Stellenbosch University, 2013.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The incidence of HIV/AIDS in Botswana is one of the largest in the world taking its toll on many lives and posing developmental challenges to the nation. Nearly 25% of the population is living with HIV and 14% are newly infected; AIDS is acknowledged as the major cause of death. Most HIV and AIDS studies have been dominated by surveillance, biomedical and ethical methodologies. These approaches failed to stem the tide of HIV infection because they did not follow-up with the tracking of risky behaviours and the underlying causes
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Ali, Ali Salim. "Male circumcision managers' attitudes toward safe male circumcision program implementation and scale up in Botswana." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79949.

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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background: Safe Male circumcision (SMC) divides people for or against it, depending upon their attitudes. The Ministry of health (MOH) has built capacity in the country for rapid scale up of the program since 2009. However, despite the efforts, the number of men circumcised is lagging behind set targets. We do not know to what extent attitudes of the managers at national and district levels do influence this underperformance? The effectiveness of the managers at workplace at large will depend on their attitudes towards SMC. M
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Rajaraman, Divya. "Strategies for HIV prevention : a multi-level study of HIV testing behaviour in Botswana." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442934.

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Borg, Amanda. "Can Sweden Learn from Botswana with Regard to HIV Prevention Communication? : A Study about Risk Perception, Risk Behaviour and HIV Prevention Communication in Sweden and Botswana." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-27511.

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We know that Sweden's HIV communication strategy does not specifically address young women, while Botswana's HIV communication strategy does. The overarching aim of this study is therefore to investigate whether Sweden should and could learn from Botswana with regard to focus on women in the HIV communication strategy. To do so, the methods used are qualitative interviews and focus groups with young women in Sweden and Botswana, expert interviews with representatives from organizations in Sweden and Botswana as well as textual analysis of different HIV prevention strategies from both countries
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Kesamang, Lefhoko. "Social workers' experiences of HIV and AIDS intervention in Botswana." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/532.

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This study endeavoured to explore and describe the experiences of social workers in their intervention with HIV and AIDS clients within the Department of Clinical Services of the Ministry of Health in Botswana. The researcher undertook a qualitative research study, using an exploratory, descriptive and contextual design to explore these experiences as perceived by the social workers. The method of data collection included semi-structured face-to-face interviews, as this was deemed most appropriate to the nature of the study. Data analysis was undertaken according to the outline of Tesch (1990)
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Mothuba, Bamby G. Amara Soonthorndhada. "Relationship between partners age and HIV status of young women in Botswana /." Abstract, 2007. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2550/cd404/4938530.pdf.

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Hou, Wei Wei. "Effectiveness of HIV preventive intervention programs in China: a systematic review of most recentevidences." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46937183.

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Books on the topic "HIV infections – Botswana – Prevention"

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Marian, Schaan Michelle, National AIDS Co-ordinating Agency (Botswana), and National HIV Prevention Conference (Botswana) (1st : 2005 : Francistown, Botswana), eds. Making prevention work for Botswana: Towards zero new HIV infections : zero transmission : National HIV Prevention Conference report, September 20-22, 2005, Francistown, Botswana. NACA, 2005.

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(Botswana), National AIDS Co-ordinating Agency. Modes of transmission study: Analysis of HIV prevention response & modes of transmission : the Botswana country synthesis report : MOT 2010. National AIDS Coordinating Agency, Ministry of State President, 2010.

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Botswana. The second Botswana national strategic framework for HIV and AIDS, 2010-2016. National AIDS Coordinating Agency, 2009.

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Organisations, Botswana Network of AIDS Service. National capacity building: Strategic framework for Botswana HIV and AIDS Service Organizations, [2010-2016]. Botswana Network of AIDS Service Organisations, 2010.

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The faith sector and HIV/AIDS in Botswana: Responses and challenges. Cambridge Scholars Pub., 2011.

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(Organization), ACHAP, ed. HIV prevention in southern Africa for young people with a focus on young women and girls in Botswana: Literature review and implications for programme planning. ACHAP, 2011.

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Ncgoncgo, N. Proceedings of MTP II Broad Programming Workshop for Women and AIDS in Botswana. The Unit, 1996.

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Botswana Network on Ethics, Law, and HIV/AIDS and Lesbians, Gays, and Bisexuals of Botswana, eds. Needs assessment report for the Prevention and Research Initiative for Sexual Minorities (PRISM) programme. Botswana Network on Ethics, Law and HIV/AIDS, 2008.

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Stang, Lucas. HIV prevention. ETR Associates, 1994.

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Botswana. Botswana national HIV/AIDS policy, 2004. s.n., 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "HIV infections – Botswana – Prevention"

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Ravanfar, Parisa, Natalia Mendoza, Anita K. Shetty, Rosella Creed, and Stephen K. Tyring. "HIV Prevention." In Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14663-3_53.

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Estermann, J. C., H. G. Maxeiner, R. Bunikowski, K. O. Habermehl, and M. A. Koch. "HIV Infections in the Federal Republic of Germany." In Assessing AIDS Prevention. Birkhäuser Basel, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7211-9_12.

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Burnside, Helen, and Cornelis A. Rietmeijer. "Behavioral Interventions for Prevention in HIV Care." In Sexually Transmitted Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Special Populations. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56694-8_2.

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Adimora, Adaora A., and Victor J. Schoenbach. "Social Determinants of Sexual Networks, Partnership Formation, and Sexually Transmitted Infections." In The New Public Health and STD/HIV Prevention. Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4526-5_2.

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Fortenberry, J. Dennis, and Devon J. Hensel. "Adolescent Sexual Health and Sexually Transmitted Infections: A Conceptual and Empirical Demonstration." In The New Public Health and STD/HIV Prevention. Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4526-5_15.

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Caraël, Michel, and Judith R. Glynn. "HIV Infection in Young Adults in Africa: Context, Risks, and Opportunities for Prevention." In HIV, Resurgent Infections and Population Change in Africa. Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6174-5_7.

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Jolly, Ann M., and John L. Wylie. "Sexual Networks and Sexually Transmitted Infections; “The Strength of Weak (Long Distance) Ties”." In The New Public Health and STD/HIV Prevention. Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4526-5_5.

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Underwood, Carol, Jane Brown, and Hilary Schwandt. "Multi-level Responses to Multi-level Vulnerabilities: Creating an Enabling Environment for HIV Prevention for Girls in Botswana, Malawi, and Mozambique." In Social Aspects of HIV. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63522-4_6.

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Brickman, Cristina Elena, and Joel Palefsky. "Prevention of Complications from Human Papillomavirus Infection in the HIV-Infected Individual." In Sexually Transmitted Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Special Populations. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56694-8_8.

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Hart, Mary Kate, Thomas J. Palker, and Barton F. Haynes. "Design of Experimental Synthetic Peptide Immunogens for Prevention of HIV-1 and HTLV-I Retroviral Infections." In Vaccine Design. Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1823-5_37.

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Conference papers on the topic "HIV infections – Botswana – Prevention"

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Naidoo, J., N. Samsunder, K. Govender, et al. "P3.109 Point-of-care testing for sexually transmitted infections in hiv prevention trials." In STI and HIV World Congress Abstracts, July 9–12 2017, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053264.344.

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Bavinton, Benjamin, Stefanie Vaccher, Martin Holt, et al. "P435 Use of condoms for the prevention of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) among HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) users." In Abstracts for the STI & HIV World Congress (Joint Meeting of the 23rd ISSTDR and 20th IUSTI), July 14–17, 2019, Vancouver, Canada. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2019-sti.521.

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Van Den Berg, Jacob, John Barnhart, Benjamin Grin, Don Operario, Philip Chan, and Beth Bock. "Social Media Use and Prevention of HIV and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections among At-Risk College Students in the United States." In Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24251/hicss.2020.468.

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Levine, P. H. "ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME, HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AND HEMOPHILIA." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644752.

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Less than 15 years ago the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute surveyed physicians in the United States in order to characterize the demographics of hemophilia. The average age of persons with hemophilia in the United States was found to be 11.5 years old. By 10 years later, the life expectancy was predicted to be normal, and indeed the average age of persons with hemophilia in the U.S. is now in the early twenties. Early, intensive and predictably efficacious control of hemorrhage has made this result possible, and the therapeutic product which has allowed such control is commercial clot
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Reports on the topic "HIV infections – Botswana – Prevention"

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Erling, Norrby, and Eva M. Fenyo. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infections: Strain and Type Variations; Diagnosis and Prevention. Defense Technical Information Center, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada237815.

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Patterns and implications of male migration for HIV prevention strategies in Maharashtra, India. Population Council, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv16.1003.

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Maharashtra was one of the first states to be affected by HIV in India. Results from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) in 2005–06 indicate that 0.62 percent of men and women aged 15–49 years were infected with HIV, as compared to the national average of 0.28 percent. HIV sentinel surveillance data from sites across Maharashtra indicate that 1.3 percent of pregnant women receiving antenatal care (ANC) and 10.4 percent of patients receiving treatment for sexually transmitted infections in 2005 were infected with HIV. At the same time, Maharashtra ranks first nationally in the proportion
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Hearing from men in Uganda: Experiences with HIV services and prevention programming, and perceptions of DREAMS—Findings from DREAMS implementation science research. Population Council, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv16.1001.

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HIV prevention efforts across sub-Saharan Africa are increasingly focused on engaging men, for their own health and that of their partners and families. We examined experiences with HIV services and prevention programing among men in Uganda whose partners were enrolled in DREAMS, a large-scale initiative to reduce new HIV infections among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW). The study is part of the Population Council’s implementation science research portfolio on the DREAMS Partnership.
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Community approaches and government policy reduce HIV risk in the Dominican Republic. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv15.1003.

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Effective programs that avert new HIV infections among sex workers and their partners, and hence the general population, are critical components of national HIV-prevention strategies. Prevention efforts have frequently relied on interventions that reach members of these vulnerable groups as individuals, such as condom promotion and STI management. Now, many researchers and program implementers are increasingly turning to “environmental-structural” interventions that address the physical, social, and political contexts in which individual behavior takes place. A recent Horizons study conducted
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Hearing from men in Eswatini: Shifts in HIV risk and service uptake—Findings from DREAMS implementation science research. Population Council, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv16.1000.

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HIV prevention efforts across sub-Saharan Africa are increasingly focused on engaging men, for their own health and that of their partners and families. We examined whether and how HIV risk and protective factors are changing among men in Eswatini (formerly Swaziland)—a country with a substantial HIV burden. The study is part of the Population Council’s implementation science research portfolio on the DREAMS Partnership1, a large-scale initiative to reduce new HIV infections among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) and their partners.
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Hearing from men in South Africa: Shifts in HIV risk and service uptake—Findings from DREAMS implementation science research. Population Council, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv16.1002.

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HIV prevention efforts across sub-Saharan Africa are increasingly focused on engaging men, for their own health and that of their partners and families. We examined whether and how HIV risk and protective factors are changing among men in Durban, South Africa—a country with a substantial HIV burden. The study is part of the Population Council’s implementation science research portfolio on the DREAMS Partnership, a large-scale initiative to reduce new HIV infections among adolescent girls and young women and their partners.
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Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men and injecting drug users and validation of audio computer-assisted self interview (ACASI) technique in Abuja, Lagos, and Ibadan, Nigeria: Technical report. Population Council, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv14.1004.

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Most-at-risk populations (MARPS), including men who have sex with men (MSM) and injecting drug users (IDUs), represent 1 percent of Nigeria’s population yet account for 38 percent of new HIV infections. Despite their elevated risk, MSM and IDUs are less likely than the general population to access HIV prevention and sexual health services because of stigmatization. There is a dearth of data on prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among MSM and IDUs because their behaviors make them difficult to be reached programmatically and engaged in research. While the need for HIV
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Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men and injecting drug users and validation of audio computer-assisted self interview (ACASI) technique in Abuja, Lagos, and Ibadan, Nigeria: Report Fact Sheet. Population Council, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv14.1005.

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Most-at-risk populations (MARPS), including men who have sex with men (MSM) and injecting drug users (IDUs), represent only 1 percent of Nigeria’s population yet account for 38 percent of new HIV infections. Despite their elevated risk, MSM and IDUs are less likely than the general population to access HIV prevention and sexual health services because of stigmatization. There is a dearth of data on prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among MSM and IDUs because their behaviors make them difficult to be reached programmatically and engaged in research. While the need for
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