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Journal articles on the topic 'HIV infections – Malawi – Prevention'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Stelzle, Dominik, Peter Godfrey-Faussett, Chuan Jia, et al. "Estimating HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis need and impact in Malawi, Mozambique and Zambia: A geospatial and risk-based analysis." PLOS Medicine 18, no. 1 (2021): e1003482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003482.

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Background Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), a WHO-recommended HIV prevention method for people at high risk for acquiring HIV, is being increasingly implemented in many countries. Setting programmatic targets, particularly in generalised epidemics, could incorporate estimates of the size of the population likely to be eligible for PrEP using incidence-based thresholds. We estimated the proportion of men and women who would be eligible for PrEP and the number of HIV infections that could be averted in Malawi, Mozambique, and Zambia using prioritisation based on age, sex, geography, and markers

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2

Shea, Jaclyn, Agatha Bula, Wezzie Dunda, et al. "“The Drug Will Help Protect My Tomorrow”: Perceptions of Integrating PrEP into HIV Prevention Behaviors Among Female Sex Workers in Lilongwe, Malawi." AIDS Education and Prevention 31, no. 5 (2019): 421–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2019.31.5.421.

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Female sex workers (FSW) are disproportionately at risk for HIV. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective HIV prevention method, yet approaches for incorporating PrEP within prevention strategies used by FSW are lacking. Semistructured focus group discussions were conducted with 44 HIV-negative FSW in Lilongwe, Malawi to explore perceptions of PrEP: acceptability, integration within HIV prevention behaviors, and barriers to use. Acceptability of PrEP was high. Motivation to use PrEP was rooted in love for one's life, anticipated negative economic effects associated with HIV acquisition.

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3

Dennis, Ann M., Myron S. Cohen, Katherine B. Rucinski, et al. "Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Transmission Among Persons With Acute HIV-1 Infection in Malawi: Demographic, Behavioral, and Phylogenetic Relationships." Clinical Infectious Diseases 69, no. 5 (2018): 853–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy1006.

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AbstractBackgroundUnderstanding sexual networks involving acute human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infections (AHI) may lead to prevention opportunities to mitigate high rates of onward transmission. We evaluated HIV-1 phylogenetic and behavioral characteristics among persons with AHI and their referred partners.MethodsBetween 2012 and 2014, 46 persons with AHI in Malawi participated in a combined behavioral and biomedical intervention. Participants referred sexual partners by passive referral. Demographics and sexual behaviors were collected through interviews and HIV-1 genetic relationship

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4

Kachale, Fannie, Imelda Mahaka, Fatima Mhuriro, et al. "Integration of HIV and sexual and reproductive health in the era of anti-retroviral-based prevention: findings from assessments in Kenya, Malawi and Zimbabwe." Gates Open Research 5 (September 15, 2021): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13330.1.

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Background: Though substantial progress has been made to curb the HIV epidemic, high rates of new HIV infections persist among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in sub-Saharan Africa, reflecting critical gaps in reaching them with integrated HIV prevention and sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services. With the scale-up of oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and multiple novel HIV prevention products on the horizon, countries have a unique opportunity to expand innovative approaches to deliver comprehensive, integrated HIV/SRH services. Methods: This article is a comparative analysi

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5

Ngalande, Rebecca C., Judith Levy, Chrissie P. N. Kapondo, and Robert C. Bailey. "Acceptability of Male Circumcision for Prevention of HIV Infection in Malawi." AIDS and Behavior 10, no. 4 (2006): 377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10461-006-9076-8.

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6

Freeman, E., and P. Anglewicz. "HIV prevalence and sexual behaviour at older ages in rural Malawi." International Journal of STD & AIDS 23, no. 7 (2012): 490–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2011.011340.

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Research on HIV infection and sexual behaviour in sub-Saharan Africa typically focuses on individuals aged 15–49 years under the assumption that both become less relevant for older individuals. We test this assumption using data from rural Malawi to compare sexual behaviour and HIV infection for individuals aged 15–49 with individuals aged 50–64 and 65 and over years. Although general declines with age were observed, levels of sexual activity and HIV remained considerable: 26.7% and 73.8% of women and men aged 65+ reported having sex in the last year, respectively; men's average number of sexu

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7

Sandfort, Theodorus G. M., Yamikani Mbilizi, Eduard J. Sanders, et al. "HIV incidence in a multinational cohort of men and transgender women who have sex with men in sub-Saharan Africa: Findings from HPTN 075." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (2021): e0247195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247195.

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Few studies have assessed HIV incidence in men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We assessed HIV incidence and its correlates among MSM and TGW in SSA enrolled in the prospective, multi-country HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 075 study, conducted from 2015 to 2017. Participants were enrolled at four sites in SSA (Kisumu, Kenya; Blantyre, Malawi; Cape Town and Soweto, South Africa). Eligible participants reported male sex assignment at birth, were 18 to 44 years of age, and had engaged in anal intercourse with a man in the preceding three

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8

Lofton, Saria, Kathleen F. Norr, Diana Jere, Crystal Patil, and Chimwemwe Banda. "Developing Action Plans in Youth Photovoice to Address Community-Level HIV Risk in Rural Malawi." International Journal of Qualitative Methods 19 (January 1, 2020): 160940692092013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1609406920920139.

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Youth-driven approaches to HIV prevention can engage youth and improve health outcomes. Photovoice has been used to engage youth in identifying the assets and challenges in their communities. In sub-Saharan Africa, youth remain vulnerable to HIV infection. This article describes a photovoice project, named Youth Photovoice, conducted in rural Malawi, which focused on community places and situations relating to risky sexual behaviors that place youth at risk of HIV infection. Twenty-four youth, ages 13–17 (12 males and 12 females), participated in Youth Photovoice. During the photovoice process

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9

Zachariah, R., M. P. Spielmann, A. D. Harries, L. Buhendwa, and C. Chingi. "Motives, Sexual Behaviour, and Risk Factors Associated with HIV in Individuals Seeking Voluntary Counselling and Testing in a Rural District of Malawi." Tropical Doctor 33, no. 2 (2003): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947550303300211.

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A study was conducted among individuals seeking voluntary HIV counselling and testing (VCT) in order to (a) describe their motives and source(s) of information, (b) describe their sexual behaviour; and (c) identify risk factors associated with HIV infection. Of 723 individuals who sought VCT, the most common reason (50%) was recent knowledge of HIV/AIDS and a desire to know their HIV status. The majority (77%) underwent VCT after being encouraged by others who knew their status. Ninety five per cent reported sexual encounters, with 337 (49%) engaging in unprotected sex. HIV prevalence was 31%

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10

Ruegsegger, Laura M., Melissa Stockton, Vivian F. Go, et al. "Stigma, Social Support, and Sexual Behavior Among Female Sex Workers at Risk for HIV in Malawi." AIDS Education and Prevention 33, no. 4 (2021): 290–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2021.33.4.290.

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Lack of social support and sex work stigma may hinder STI/HIV prevention for female sex workers (FSW). We explored the associations between sex work stigma and social support with sexual behaviors in Malawi. In 2017, 150 HIV-negative, venue-based FSW completed a behavioral survey containing sex work stigma items and social support. Linear binomial regression models were used to estimate prevalence differences of inconsistent condom use and substance use before sex by social support and stigma. A majority (93%) reported sex work–related internalized stigma. About 50% reported family or friend i

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11

Wirtz, Andrea L., Vincent Jumbe, Gift Trapence, et al. "HIV among men who have sex with men in Malawi: elucidating HIV prevalence and correlates of infection to inform HIV prevention." Journal of the International AIDS Society 16 (December 2013): 18742. http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/ias.16.4.18742.

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12

Chiang, Hung Che, Kwong Leung Yu, Shue Fang Yap, et al. "Awareness of HIV/AIDS prevention and acceptance of HIV testing among residents in Likoma Island, northern Malawi." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 103, no. 9 (2009): 885–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2009.04.008.

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13

Mbichila, Tinkhani H., Maganizo Chagomerana, Jennifer H. Tang, et al. "Partnership duration and HIV serodisclosure among people living with HIV/AIDS in Lilongwe, Malawi." International Journal of STD & AIDS 29, no. 10 (2018): 987–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462418769730.

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HIV serodisclosure to sexual partners is an important aspect of HIV prevention, treatment, and care. We investigated the association between partnership duration and serodisclosure among HIV-infected individuals in Lilongwe, Malawi. We analyzed data from a cross-sectional study of individuals attending one of two antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinics in Lilongwe. Clients aged 18–45 years and sexually active within the past six months were eligible. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between partnership duration ≤1 ye

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14

Slaymaker, Emma, Estelle McLean, Alison Wringe, et al. "The Network for Analysing Longitudinal Population-based HIV/AIDS data on Africa (ALPHA): Data on mortality, by HIV status and stage on the HIV care continuum, among the general population in seven longitudinal studies between 1989 and 2014." Gates Open Research 1 (November 6, 2017): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12753.1.

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Timely progression of people living with HIV (PLHIV) from the point of infection through the pathway from diagnosis to treatment is important in ensuring effective care and treatment of HIV and preventing HIV-related deaths and onwards transmission of infection. Reliable, population-based estimates of new infections are difficult to obtain for the generalised epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa. Mortality data indicate disease burden and, if disaggregated along the continuum from diagnosis to treatment, can also reflect the coverage and quality of different HIV services. Neither routine statistics

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15

Thiabaud, Amaury, Isotta Triulzi, Erol Orel, Kali Tal, and Olivia Keiser. "Social, Behavioral, and Cultural factors of HIV in Malawi: Semi-Automated Systematic Review." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 8 (2020): e18747. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/18747.

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Background Demographic and sociobehavioral factors are strong drivers of HIV infection rates in sub-Saharan Africa. These factors are often studied in qualitative research but ignored in quantitative analyses. However, they provide in-depth insight into the local behavior and may help to improve HIV prevention. Objective To obtain a comprehensive overview of the sociobehavioral factors influencing HIV prevalence and incidence in Malawi, we systematically reviewed the literature using a newly programmed tool for automatizing part of the systematic review process. Methods Due to the choice of br

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16

Amuquandoh, Amy, Veronica Escamilla, Innocent Mofolo, and Nora E. Rosenberg. "Exploring the spatial relationship between primary road distance to antenatal clinics and HIV prevalence in pregnant females of Lilongwe, Malawi." International Journal of STD & AIDS 30, no. 7 (2019): 639–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462419830232.

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While urbanization in a sub-Saharan African (SSA) context can lead to greater independence in women, various sociological, biological, and geographical factors in urban areas may keep women at a higher risk for HIV than men. Access to major roads during Malawi’s transition into rapid urbanization may leave women disproportionately vulnerable to HIV infection. It is not well established whether women who report to health clinics closer to major roads have higher or lower levels of HIV. In this study we explored the spatial heterogeneity of HIV prevalence among pregnant females in Lilongwe Distr

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17

Wirtz, Andrea L., Gift Trapence, Vincent Jumbe, et al. "Feasibility of a Combination HIV Prevention Program for Men Who Have Sex With Men in Blantyre, Malawi." JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 70, no. 2 (2015): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qai.0000000000000693.

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18

Norr, Kathleen F., James L. Norr, Chrissie PN Kaponda, Sitingawawo I. Kachingwe, and Ellen MD Mbweza. "Short-term effects of a peer group intervention for HIV prevention among trainee teachers in Malawi." African Journal of AIDS Research 6, no. 3 (2007): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16085900709490420.

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19

Tweya, Hannock, Olivia Keiser, Andreas D. Haas, et al. "Comparative cost-effectiveness of Option B+ for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Malawi." AIDS 30, no. 6 (2016): 953–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qad.0000000000001009.

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20

Buhendwa, L., R. Zachariah, R. Teck, et al. "Cabergoline for suppression of puerperal lactation in a prevention of mother-to-child HIV-transmission programme in rural Malawi." Tropical Doctor 38, no. 1 (2008): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/td.2007.060091.

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This study shows that cabergoline (single oral-dose) is an acceptable, safe and effective drug for suppressing puerperal lactation. It could be of operational benefit not only for artificial feeding, but also for weaning in those that breast-feed within preventive mother-to-child HIV transmission programmes in resource-limited settings.

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21

Haddad, Lisa B., Jennifer H. Tang, Jamie Krashin, et al. "Factors associated with condom use among men and women living with HIV in Lilongwe, Malawi: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health 44, no. 1 (2017): 1.2–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsrh-2017-101825.

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BackgroundUnderstanding the influences on condom use among men and women living with HIV is critical to tailoring sexually transmitted infection/HIV prevention efforts.MethodsThis is a sub-analysis of a cross-sectional survey including 255 women and 220 men who were sexually active, HIV-positive, and attending HIV care visits in Lilongwe, Malawi. We estimated adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) to evaluate for factors associated with consistent condom use (always using condoms in the past month) and use at last coitus for men and women in separate models.ResultsAmong women: 38% and 55% reported

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22

Ntombela, Nonzwakazi P., Tivani P. Mashamba-Thompson, Andile N. Mtshali, Desmond Kuupiel, and Ayesha BM Kharsany. "HIV Risks in Sexual Networks of Heterosexual Men in South Africa." Global Journal of Health Science 11, no. 13 (2019): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v11n13p146.

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BACKGROUND: The interaction of HIV risks in sexual networks remains unclear in South Africa. We provide an overview of the dynamics of HIV risks in South African men through a systematic scoping review.  METHODS &amp; ANALYSIS: Literature searches were conducted on seven online databases. Two reviewers independently screened articles against the inclusion criteria and performed a Kappa coefficient test to evaluate the degree of agreement on article selection. Thematic content analysis and a Mixed Method Appraisal Tool version 2018 were used to present the narrative account of t

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23

Pettifor, Audrey, Catherine MacPhail, Amy Corneli, et al. "Continued High Risk Sexual Behavior Following Diagnosis with Acute HIV Infection in South Africa and Malawi: Implications for Prevention." AIDS and Behavior 15, no. 6 (2010): 1243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10461-010-9839-0.

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24

Powers, Kimberly A., Azra C. Ghani, William C. Miller, et al. "The role of acute and early HIV infection in the spread of HIV and implications for transmission prevention strategies in Lilongwe, Malawi: a modelling study." Lancet 378, no. 9787 (2011): 256–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60842-8.

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25

Harman, Sophie. "Governing Health Risk by Buying Behaviour." Political Studies 59, no. 4 (2011): 867–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2011.00920.x.

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This article considers the role of conditional cash transfers as a mechanism of governing health risk by buying behaviour change in sexual practice. Conditional cash transfers have come to be identified as a potential solution to the problem of HIV prevention, and as such look likely to be applied throughout countries with high prevalence rates in sub-Saharan Africa. The article considers the implications of two pilot studies in Tanzania and Malawi for governing the risk of HIV infection. It outlines the problem of behaviour change and individual rationality, the potential of conditional cash

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26

Kakani, Preeti, Noah Kojima, Ben A. Banda, et al. "Increasing cervical cancer screening at a non-government medical center in Lilongwe, Malawi." International Journal of STD & AIDS 32, no. 10 (2021): 933–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09564624211007260.

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Malawi has the highest incidence of and mortality rate due to cervical cancer in the world. This is largely because of inadequate screening and high rates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, which greatly increases cervical cancer risk. We describe the implementation of a quality improvement program to increase use of cervical cancer screening at a non-government medical center in Lilongwe, Malawi. The intervention, developed and launched from March to August 2017, aimed to promote education among patients and clinicians about the importance of cervical cancer screening and improv

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Awopegba, Oluwafemi Emmanuel, Amarachi Kalu, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, and Anthony Idowu Ajayi. "Prenatal care coverage and correlates of HIV testing in sub-Saharan Africa: Insight from demographic and health surveys of 16 countries." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (2020): e0242001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242001.

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Background Prenatal screening of pregnant women for HIV is central to eliminating mother-to-child-transmission (MTCT) of HIV. While some countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have scaled up their prevention of MTCT programmes, ensuring a near-universal prenatal care HIV testing, and recording a significant reduction in new infection among children, several others have poor outcomes due to inadequate testing. We conducted a multi-country analysis of demographic and health surveys (DHS) to assess the coverage of HIV testing during pregnancy and also examine the factors associated with uptake. Me

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28

Willms, D. G., M. I. Arratia, and P. Makondesa. "Can interfaith research partnerships develop new paradigms for condom use and HIV prevention? The implementation of conceptual events in Malawi results in a 'spiritualised condom'." Sexually Transmitted Infections 87, no. 7 (2011): 611–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2011-050045.

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29

David, C. A. "P6.039 Why Did Plausible Research Evidence Fail to Inform Policy? A Lesson from Male Circumcision Evidence on Efficacy For the Prevention of HIV in Malawi." Sexually Transmitted Infections 89, Suppl 1 (2013): A381.3—A381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.1193.

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30

Duby, Zoe, Ariana W. K. Katz, Erica N. Browne, et al. "Hygiene, Blood Flow, and Vaginal Overload: Why Women Removed an HIV Prevention Vaginal Ring During Menstruation in Malawi, South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe." AIDS and Behavior 24, no. 2 (2019): 617–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02514-8.

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31

Parker, Megan E., Margaret E. Bentley, Charles Chasela, et al. "The Acceptance and Feasibility of Replacement Feeding at 6 Months as an HIV Prevention Method in Lilongwe, Malawi: Results From the BAN Study." AIDS Education and Prevention 23, no. 3 (2011): 281–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2011.23.3.281.

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32

Osorio, Luiz Eduardo, Maria Ines Boechat, Mark Mirochnick, et al. "Bone Age and Mineral Density Assessments Using Plain Roentgenograms in Tenofovir-exposed Infants in Malawi and Brazil Enrolled in HIV Prevention Trials Network 057." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 36, no. 2 (2017): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/inf.0000000000001386.

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33

Edupuganti, Srilatha, Nyaradzo M. Mgodi, Shelly Karuna, et al. "1272. Feasibility and Successful Enrollment in Proof-of-Concept Trials to Assess Safety and Efficacy of a Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody, VRC01, to Prevent HIV-1 Acquisitionin in Uninfected Individuals." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (2019): S457—S458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.1135.

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Abstract Background The Antibody-mediated Prevention (AMP) trials (HVTN 704/HPTN 085 and HVTN 703/HPTN 081) are the first efficacy trials to evaluate whether VRC01, a broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) that targets CD4 binding site of HIV envelope, prevents HIV acquisition in uninfected individuals. In these ongoing trials, 10 intravenous (IV) infusions of VRC01 are given every 8 weeks over a period of 2 years. We report on interim operational feasibility, enrollment and safety. Methods Participant recruitment was enhanced by extensive community engagement and education. Eligible participant

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34

Xue, Jiayin, Zenabu Mhango, Irving F. Hoffman, et al. "Use of nutritional and water hygiene packages for diarrhoeal prevention among HIV-exposed infants in Lilongwe, Malawi: an evaluation of a pilot prevention of mother-to-child transmission post-natal care service." Tropical Medicine & International Health 15, no. 10 (2010): 1156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02595.x.

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35

Manzi, M., R. Zachariah, R. Teck, et al. "High acceptability of voluntary counselling and HIV-testing but unacceptable loss to follow up in a prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission programme in rural Malawi: scaling-up requires a different way of acting." Tropical Medicine & International Health 10, no. 12 (2005): 1242–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01526.x.

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36

Herce, Michael E., William M. Miller, Agatha Bula, et al. "Achieving the first 90 for key populations in sub-Saharan Africa through venue-based outreach: challenges and opportunities for HIV prevention based on PLACE study findings from Malawi and Angola." Journal of the International AIDS Society 21 (July 2018): e25132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25132.

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37

Gerritzen, B. C. "Women's Empowerment And Hiv Prevention In Rural Malawi." Value in Health 16, no. 3 (2013): A98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2013.03.458.

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38

Gerritzen, Berit. "Women's Empowerment and HIV Prevention in Rural Malawi." Feminist Economics 22, no. 3 (2016): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2015.1129067.

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SNELLING, THOMAS, CHRIS OSSOWICZ, and MARK BOYD. "CO-INFECTIONS IN AN HIV-INFECTED MAN FROM MALAWI." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 76, no. 1 (2007): 180–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2007.76.180.

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40

McCreary, Linda L., Chrissie P. N. Kaponda, Kristina Davis, Mary Kalengamaliro, and Kathleen F. Norr. "Empowering Peer Group Leaders for HIV Prevention in Malawi." Journal of Nursing Scholarship 45, no. 3 (2013): 288–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12031.

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41

Chesney, M. A. "Prevention of HIV and STD Infections." Preventive Medicine 23, no. 5 (1994): 655–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pmed.1994.1109.

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42

Laurens, Matthew B., Randy G. Mungwira, Nginache Nampota, et al. "Revisiting Co-trimoxazole Prophylaxis for African Adults in the Era of Antiretroviral Therapy: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial." Clinical Infectious Diseases 73, no. 6 (2021): 1058–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab252.

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Abstract Background Daily co-trimoxazole is recommended for African adults living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) irrespective of antiretroviral treatment, immune status, or disease stage. Benefits of continued prophylaxis and whether co-trimoxazole can be stopped following immune reconstitution are unknown. Methods We conducted a randomized controlled trial at 2 sites in Malawi that enrolled adults with HIV with undetectable viral load and CD4 count of &gt;250/mm3 and randomized them to continue daily co-trimoxazole, discontinue daily co-trimoxazole and begin weekly chloroquine, o

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43

Muula, Adamson S. "Language as Vehicle for Spread and Prevention of HIV in Malawi." Croatian Medical Journal 49, no. 6 (2008): 853–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2008.49.853.

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Lindgren, Teri, Sally H. Rankin, and William W. Rankin. "Malawi Women and HIV: Socio-Cultural Factors and Barriers to Prevention." Women & Health 41, no. 1 (2005): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j013v41n01_05.

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45

Muheriwa, Sadandaula, Angela Chimwaza, Alfred Maluwa, and Martha Kamanga. "Prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV services in Malawi." African Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health 6, no. 3 (2012): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ajmw.2012.6.3.139.

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46

Mfutso-Bengo, Joseph-Matthew, Eva-Maria Mfutso-Bengo, and Francis Masiye. "Ethical aspects of HIV/AIDS prevention strategies and control in Malawi." Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 29, no. 5 (2008): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11017-008-9086-9.

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47

Wilson, Mary E. "Infections in HIV-infected Travelers: Risks and Prevention." Annals of Internal Medicine 114, no. 7 (1991): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-114-7-582.

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48

O'Farrell, Nigel. "Control of sexually transmitted infections for HIV prevention." Lancet 372, no. 9646 (2008): 1297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61540-8.

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49

White, Richard, Connie Celum, Judith Wasserheit, Sevgi Aral, and Richard Hayes. "Control of sexually transmitted infections for HIV prevention." Lancet 372, no. 9646 (2008): 1297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61541-x.

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