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Journal articles on the topic 'HIV-positive childrenr'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Patil, Arundhati, and Keerti Deep. "Opportunistic Infections among HIV Positive Children." Indian Journal of Trauma and Emergency Pediatrics 8, no. 2 (2016): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijtep.2348.9987.8216.6.

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2

&NA;. "IMMUNIZING HIV-POSITIVE CHILDREN." AJN, American Journal of Nursing 88, no. 10 (October 1988): 1322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-198810000-00005.

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3

Dias, Bina F., and Aparna Dilip Nimkar. "Effect of medical nutrition therapy on vitamin C and malondialdehyde in HIV positive malnourished children." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 11 (October 27, 2017): 4822. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20174927.

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Background: The objective is to assess the effect of medical nutrition therapy on biochemical parameters like Vitamin C and Malondialdehyde by estimating oxidative stress in HIV positive malnourished childrens’ sample. Any alteration in the antioxidant markers can help to assess the effectiveness of MNT as a therapeutic agent. There is limited data on the use of Ready to Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF) in India. Therefore, the study was conducted to determine the effect of prepared Ready to Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF) also termed as Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) in HIV positive malnourished children.Methods: In this prospective comparative study, pre MNT and post MNT sample as well as the parameters-Malondialdehyde and Vitamin C were analyzed in 19 HIV positive malnourished children in the age group of 6-12 years at L.T.M.M. College. HIV positive malnourished children showed adverse effects on nutrition as well as immune system. Thus, to supply adequate micronutrients and macronutrients, the subjects were treated with Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT).Results: The post MNT HIV positive malnourished childrens’ samples revealed significant results than pre MNT HIV positive malnourished childrens’ samples.Conclusions: The level of antioxidant marker (vitamin C) increased and peroxidation marker (MDA) decreased post medical nutrition therapy. The increased post levels of vitamin C activity helped in the eradication of excess free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress and hence the oxidative damage to cells as well as inhibiting lipid peroxidation (which is indicated by decreased post level MDA).

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4

Makworo, Drusilla, and Theresa Odero. "Caring for HIV-positive children: healthcare providers' pre-and post-disclosure experiences in Nairobi, Kenya." African Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health 13, no. 3 (July 2, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ajmw.2018.0022.

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Background The number of children living with HIV has increased worldwide, largely due to improvements in antiretroviral therapy. Most of these children are living in sub-Saharan Africa. The rate of disclosure to children of their HIV-positive status is low in low-resource countries compared to high-resource countries. Aim To explore health professionals' experiences of caring for HIV-positive children before and after their HIV-positive status was disclosed to them. The health professionals included nurses, counsellors, nutritionists, social workers, pharmacists and clinicians with at least 1 year of experience at the paediatric section of the comprehensive care centre. Methods Nine health professionals were interviewed. Findings Results revealed that there were more challenges before disclosure than after. The main challenge was communicating with the children. The children's main concerns before disclosures included the reason for treatment and its duration, and clinic follow-up. Conclusions Health professionals should be trained on the benefits of HIV disclosure to children, in order to allow for open and direct communication between healthcare providers, parents/carers and children.

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5

Srinivas, Aruna, and Bina F. Dias. "Antioxidants in HIV positive children." Indian Journal of Pediatrics 75, no. 4 (April 2008): 347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12098-008-0036-3.

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6

Fraga-Sousa, Grazielle Aurelina, Maria Clara Rangel Rodrigues, Marjorie Graziolli Pereira, Tatiana Santos Arruda, and Regina Célia Turolla de Souza. "Motor performance of HIV-positive children." Fisioterapia em Movimento 29, no. 1 (March 2016): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-5150.029.001.ao06.

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Abstract Introduction: Evidence indicates that HIV-positive children have a lower motor performance compared to uninfected children. The analysis of the factors that determine these changes is very important for the implementation of rehabilitation strategies. Objective: To analyze the motor development of seropositive children and compare it to the performance of healthy children with normal neuropsycomotor development. Materials and Methods: Eight children were evaluated, aged between four and six years, divided into two groups: Group I (n = 4) composed of HIV-positive children without any secondary disease and Group II (n = 4) composed of healthy children, matched to Group I by sex and age. The Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (PDMS-2) for gross motor function and fine motor function were used to evaluate motor performance. Results: In both groups, most of the children presented an average or above average motor performance, according to normal data of PDMS-2. The analysis indicated no inter-group differences in the gross scores (p > 0,05, Mann-Whitney test) or motor quotients (p> 0.05, Mann-Whitney test). However, intra-group analysis indicated a marginally significant difference between motor quotients (p = 0,07, Wilcoxon test), with higher fine motor quotient in both groups. Conclusion: The data suggest no significant difference between the motor performance of HIV-positive children and healthy children. These results contribute to the analysis of motor development of HIV-positive children, raising questions about factors that may influence the motor development of these children.

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7

Dias, Bina F., and Aruna Srinivas. "Oxidative stress in HIV positive children." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 4 (March 28, 2017): 1578. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20171268.

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Background: The objective is to assess oxidative stress by measuring the concentration of malondialdehyde in HIV positive children and compare it with normal children (not suffering from any disease) of the same age group.Methods: In this prospective comparative study, we analysed malondialdehyde in 80 HIV positive children in the age group of 6-12 yrs from lower socio-economic strata and compared the values with 85 normal children not infected by any disease, of the same age group and similar socio-economic strata at L.T.M.M. College. Estimation of Malondialdehyde was carried out by using the method of SADASIVUDU by thiobarbituric acid reaction.Results: The level of Malondialdehyde was significantly higher in HIV positive children than in controls.Conclusions: The increased levels of Malondialdehyde confirm the involvement of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of this infection in children

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8

Bapat, Swati M. "Clinical profile of HIV positive children." International Journal of Biomedical Research 9, no. 3 (April 1, 2018): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.7439/ijbr.v9i3.4723.

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Backgrounds: HIV infection has become a pandemic affecting both industrialized and developing countries. The increase in pediatric HIV infection has had a substantial impact on childhood mortality both in industrialized countries and developing countries. The present research was carried out to study the clinical profile of pediatric patients admitted with HIV infection.Method: Total 55 cases of aged 1 month to 12 years, detected to be HIV-positive (on triple ELISA test) were enrolled in the study. HIV status of patients 18 months of age was confirmed by DNA-PCR testing. The demographic data of the patients, clinical features, investigations and outcome were recorded.Results: The majority [34 (61.81%)] of cases were in below 5 years of age with male predominant 38 (69.09%). The predominant route of transmission of HIV to the child was by perinatal transmission [51 (92.72%)] while four cases (7.27%) were infected via blood transfusion. Clinical features at presentation in 49 symptomatic cases included protein-energy malnutrition (89.79%), fever ˃1 month (55.10%), weight loss ˃1 month (51.02%), persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (22.44%) and skin manifestations (75.51%). The gastrointestinal (61.22%) and respiratory (57.14%) were the most commonly involved organ systems. Opportunistic infections were tuberculosis (21 cases), candidiasis (8 cases), Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (3 cases), herpes zoster (4 cases) and giardiasis (1case). The mortality of the study was 9.09%.Conclusions: Perinatal transmission is the most common mode of acquiring HIV in the pediatric age group. Most patients have protein-energy malnutrition. Tuberculosis should be regarded as the indicator disease for HIV infection in children.

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9

Gallottini Magalhães, Marina, Daniela Franco Bueno, Edna Serra, and Rhoner Gonçalves. "Oral manifestations of HIV positive children." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 25, no. 2 (January 1, 2002): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.25.2.f01k062j7315660v.

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Oral manifestations in HIV positive children were observed in thirty-eight HIV infected children that have received care at the Special Care Dentistry Center (SCDC) of the School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo. Results have shown that 52.63% of the children presented at least one oral manifestation related with HIV/AIDS. Angular cheilitis occurred in 28.94%, parotid gland bilateral enlargement, pseudomembranous candidiasis and erythematous candidiais in 18.42%, conventional gingivitis in 13.15%, herpes simplex in 5.26%, hairy leukoplakia, recurrent aphtous ulcer and condyloma acuminatum in 2.63%. Although enamel hypoplasia occurred in 23.68%, this could not be attributed specifically to HIV infection.

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10

McCulloch, Mignon I., and Patricio E. Ray. "Kidney Disease in HIV-Positive Children." Seminars in Nephrology 28, no. 6 (November 2008): 585–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semnephrol.2008.09.001.

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11

Goldman, E., C. Lee, R. Miller, P. Kernoff, J. Morris-Smith, and B. Taylor. "Children of HIV positive haemophilic men." Archives of Disease in Childhood 68, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 133–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.68.1.133.

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12

Persson, Asha, and Christy Newman. "When HIV-Positive Children Grow Up." Qualitative Health Research 22, no. 5 (January 4, 2012): 656–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049732311431445.

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13

George, Reena, Savvas Andronikou, Salomine Theron, Jaco du Plessis, Murray Hayes, Pierre Goussard, Ayanda Mapukata, and Robert Gie. "Pulmonary infections in HIV-positive children." Pediatric Radiology 39, no. 6 (March 14, 2009): 545–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00247-009-1194-9.

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14

Giovannini, M., G. V. Zuccotti, M. C. Bossi, and E. Riva. "Transfontanellar ultrasonography in HIV-positive children." European Journal of Pediatrics 149, no. 11 (August 1990): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01957290.

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15

Negese, Digsu, Kefyalew Addis, Akilew Awoke, Zelalem Birhanu, Dagnachew Muluye, Sisay Yifru, and Berihun Megabiaw. "HIV-Positive Status Disclosure and Associated Factors among Children in North Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia." ISRN AIDS 2012 (December 13, 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/485720.

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Introduction. Clinical reports have indicated positive outcomes associated with disclosure of HIV-positive status in children. This study assessed the level and associated factors of HIV-positive status disclosure to HIV-infected children in northwest Ethiopia. Methods. Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among HIV-positive children from March to April 2012. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire by face-to-face interview technique. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Results. Of the 428 children, 169 (39.5%) were disclosed their HIV-positive status. The mean age of HIV-positive status disclosure was at 10.7 (±2.3) years. Having a nonbiological parent (, 95% CI: 1.22, 14.04), child’s age older than 10 years (, 95% CI: 4.5, 15.53), and death of a family member (, 95% CI: 1.16, 3.6) were significantly and independently associated with disclosure of HIV-positive status to infected children. Conclusions. The rate of disclosure of HIV-positive status to infected children still remains low in North Gondar. Hence, it is important to target children living with their biological parents and having young parents and children younger than 10 years. The guideline for disclosure of children with HIV/AIDS should be established in an Ethiopian context.

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16

Saunders, Christopher. "Disclosing HIV status to HIV positive children before adolescence." British Journal of Nursing 21, no. 11 (June 12, 2012): 663–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2012.21.11.663.

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17

Zorkaltseva, E. Yu, L. V. Zaritskaya, and S. V. Pugacheva. "SYMPTOMS OF TUBERCULOSIS IN HIV POSITIVE CHILDREN AND THE IMPACT OF PREVENTION ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND COURSE OF THE DISEASE." Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases 97, no. 3 (April 3, 2019): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21292/2075-1230-2019-97-3-35-39.

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The objective of the study: to compare the clinical and X-ray signs of tuberculosis in HIV positive and HIV negative children, to identify factors that are more common in HIV infected children in the region with a high prevalence of both infections. Subjects and methods. 264 children with tuberculosis, and 41 children with HIV infection and tuberculosis undergoing inpatient treatment were enrolled in the study, which was the retrospective study of medical records. The patients underwent standard clinical and X-ray examinations, and microbiological tests. Results. Disseminated forms of tuberculosis (39.1%), tuberculous meningoencephalitis (4.9%) were more frequent in the HIV positive children, while in HIV negative children, it made 1.9 and 0.4% respectively. Among HIV positive children, 34% had several sites of tuberculosis, and 19.5% suffered from generalized forms. In HIV positive children, tuberculosis was more often detected in the infiltration phase, it was accompanied by severe intoxication symptoms, while when taking anti-tuberculosis therapy in combination with ART, they had more rapid positive changes.

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18

Ng, Lauren C., Catherine M. Kirk, Frederick Kanyanganzi, Mary C. Smith Fawzi, Vincent Sezibera, Evelyne Shema, Justin I. Bizimana, Felix R. Cyamatare, and Theresa S. Betancourt. "Risk and protective factors for suicidal ideation and behaviour in Rwandan children." British Journal of Psychiatry 207, no. 3 (September 2015): 262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.154591.

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BackgroundSuicide is a leading cause of death for young people. Children living in sub-Saharan Africa, where HIV rates are disproportionately high, may be at increased risk.AimsTo identify predictors, including HIV status, of suicidal ideation and behaviour in Rwandan children aged 10–17.MethodMatched case–control study of 683 HIV-positive, HIV-affected (seronegative children with an HIV-positive caregiver), and unaffected children and their caregivers.ResultsOver 20% of HIV-positive and affected children engaged in suicidal behaviour in the previous 6 months, compared with 13% of unaffected children. Children were at increased risk if they met criteria for depression, were at high-risk for conduct disorder, reported poor parenting or had caregivers with mental health problems.ConclusionsPolicies and programmes that address mental health concerns and support positive parenting may prevent suicidal ideation and behaviour in children at increased risk related to HIV.

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19

Surti, Shaily B. "Correlation between Stigma and Adherence to ART among HIV-Positive Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study." Indian Journal of Youth & Adolescent Health 08, no. 01 (March 29, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2349.2880.202101.

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Despite the prominence of youth on the global agenda, young people are often left behind in national HIV responses. UNAIDS estimates indicate that AIDS-related deaths among young people are increasing. One of the reasons for this is poor prioritization of adolescents in national plans for scale-up of HIV testing, treatment and counseling services. The objectives of the current study was to: (1) To understand the social issues such as stigma and disclosure faced by them (2) To document the adherence to ART among them and study the effect of stigma on it. The cross-sectional study was conducted at HIV clinic, at ART Centre, Surat (Tertiary Care Level Institute) among adolescents between age-group 13-19 years during December-2015 to February-2016. By purposive sampling following desk review of Hospital data, 105 participants were enrolled. Frequency distribution, Factor analysis and Correlation were utilized for analysis. Around 80% feared that they will lose their friends if they came to know about their serostatus. Factor analysis yielded 2 factors- Blaming and Distancing. These two factor scores were found significantly correlated to adherence to ART. Only 7% chose to share about the status with friends outside the family. The study findings suggest that there is a need for prioritizing adolescent health among seropositives as their difficulties are different than children and adults in handling social issues like stigma due to their age and peer pressure. The lack of knowledge and fear of stigma among them if not addressed may lead to poor adherence to treatment and therefore, clinical complications.

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20

Frolova, Tatyana, Igor Titarenko, and Lyudmila Zakharova. "Peculiarities of Childrencare and Psycho-Pedagogical Rehabilitation of Children Born from HIV-Positive Parents." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 69 (May 2016): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.69.79.

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This article analyzes the experience in psychological and educational rehabilitation of children born from HIV-positive parents in the age from 2 months to 7 years. Working with children in this category is held in the Regional Specialized Children's Home “Zelenyy Нay”, Ukraine, Kharkov.The article describes the features of the rehabilitation and education of such children. In the literature, this problem is almost not covered. Therefore, the work was carried out individually with each child and the methods of pedagogical activity and social adaptation of children have been improved. It has been revealed that the children who had the coefficient of intellectual development close to normal children had undue fatiguability associated with a primary diagnosis. Taking into account this feature of children born from HIV-positive parents, changes were made in the structure of employment, the schedule of the day and individual approaches to each child.

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21

Manoj, Jyothi. "Growth and Development of HIV Positive Children." Mapana - Journal of Sciences 9, no. 1 (May 31, 2010): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12723/mjs.16.6.

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The threat of HIV/AJDS is one of the major menace that mankind is facing today, with HIV/AIDS having mode a huge global impact permeate the social, cultural and economic fabric of all nations of the world. Antiretroviral treatment (ART) reduces both mortality and morbidity of HIV infection. The current study focuses on the analysis of the growth pattern of a control group of 35 HIV infected children. Semi longitudinal data on height and weight for a period of 96 weeks of 35 HIV infected children of the age group 4 to 17 years for 96 weeks was collected. A control group of 20 children were also brought under study. Among boys 2.9% has BMI between 12-14 indicating starvation and 2. 9% between 18-20 which is normal while 22.9% has BMI in the range 15-17 indicating underweight whereas among girls 8.5% has BMI between 12-14 indicating starvation and 14.3% between 18-20 which is normal while 42.9% has BMI in the range 15-17 indicating underweight. Clinical data and laboratory results show that 68.5% of them are healthy while the remaining suffers from problems like anemia, enlarged liver, bronchitis, scabies, skin fungus and TB. Z test elucidates that average BMI of the non infected children is significantly greater than that of infected children though both the groups are from the some socio-economic background. Children treated with ART shows significant improvement in their CD4 count. Analyzing the anthropometric data and clinical reports it is clear that the infection plays a crucial role in decelerating the growth the infected children. However treatment with ART gives them a better immunity than otherwise.

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22

Pratiwi, Nastiti Bandari, Zahroh Shaluhiyah, and Antono Suryoputro. "Perencanaan Memiliki Anak pada Wanita dengan HIV Positif di Kota Semarang." Jurnal Promosi Kesehatan Indonesia 14, no. 2 (September 10, 2019): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jpki.14.2.108-121.

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Background: Pregnant women with HIV positive is potential risk to transmit the virus to their infants. Prevention Mother to Child Transmittion (PMTCT) program is a solution for HIV women if they want to have children. However, most pregnant women detected HIV positive when they have been pregnant for more than 6 months through Provider initiated test and counselling (PITC). On the other hand, the data shows that the increasing number of HIV positive women who have been willing to have children. This research aims to identify and examine the factors influence the plan of having children among HIV-positive women who access HIV treatment in Kariadi Hospital Semarang. Method: This study employs a quantitative research design with cross sectional approach, followed by qualitative study to explore the feeling and attitudes of women with HIV positive to plan of having children. There were 31 women involved in this study, selected with the criteria of fertile women HIV positive who have been taking antiretroviral therapy in Kariadi Hospital and willing to participate in this study. Qualitative data collected from two women who has been planning to have children. Quantitative data were analyzed by univariate, Chi-Square and multiple logistic regression. Whilst, qualitative data employ content analysis.Results: There were 16% of women with HIV positive who have been intending to have children in this study. The rest have not planned it because they worried if their pregnancy and delivery could transmit HIV to their infants. CD4 cell count, ARV access and women’s attitudes have significant correlation to the intention of having children among women with HIV positive. Comprehensive information about PMTCT and ARV were needed to deliver to fertile women with HIV positive.

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23

Gachanja, Grace, and Gary J. Burkholder. "A model for HIV disclosure of a parent’s and/or a child’s illness." PeerJ 4 (February 4, 2016): e1662. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1662.

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HIV prevalence in Kenya remains steady at 5.6% for adults 15 years and older, and 0.9% among children aged below 14 years. Parents and children are known to practice unprotected sex, which has implications for continued HIV spread within the country. Additionally, due to increased accessibility of antiretroviral therapy, more HIV-positive persons are living longer. Therefore, the need for HIV disclosure of a parent’s and/or a child’s HIV status within the country will continue for years to come. We conducted a qualitative phenomenological study to understand the entire process of disclosure from the time of initial HIV diagnosis of an index person within an HIV-affected family, to the time of full disclosure of a parent’s and/or a child’s HIV status to one or more HIV-positive, negative, or untested children within these households. Participants were purposively selected and included 16 HIV-positive parents, seven HIV-positive children, six healthcare professionals (physician, clinical officer, psychologist, registered nurse, social worker, and a peer educator), and five HIV-negative children. All participants underwent an in-depth individualized semistructured interview that was digitally recorded. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed in NVivo 8 using the modified Van Kaam method. Six themes emerged from the data indicating that factors such as HIV testing, living with HIV, evolution of disclosure, questions, emotions, benefits, and consequences of disclosure interact with each other and either impede or facilitate the HIV disclosure process. Kenya currently does not have guidelines for HIV disclosure of a parent’s and/or a child’s HIV status. HIV disclosure is a process that may result in poor outcomes in both parents and children. Therefore, understanding how these factors affect the disclosure process is key to achieving optimal disclosure outcomes in both parents and children. To this end, we propose an HIV disclosure model incorporating these six themes that is geared at helping healthcare professionals provide routine, clinic-based, targeted, disclosure-related counseling/advice and services to HIV-positive parents and their HIV-positive, HIV-negative, and untested children during the HIV disclosure process. The model should help improve HIV disclosure levels within HIV-affected households. Future researchers should test the utility and viability of our HIV disclosure model in different settings and cultures.

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Kulířová, Veronika, Lukáš Fleischhans, and Hanuš Rozsypal. "Care for children of HIV positive mothers." Pediatrie pro praxi 19, no. 6 (December 15, 2018): 360–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36290/ped.2018.073.

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Blakey, Rachel, Stevie Miller, and Sian Nicholls. "Romania: Time spent with HIV positive children." Paediatric Nursing 11, no. 10 (December 1, 1999): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/paed.11.10.33.s24.

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Pegurri, Elisabetta, Elke Konings, Bud Crandall, Hiwot Haile-Selassie, Nelia Matinhure, Warren Naamara, and Yibeltal Assefa. "The Missed HIV-Positive Children of Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 10, no. 4 (April 16, 2015): e0124041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124041.

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PILOWSKY, DANIEL J., PATRICIA A. ZYBERT, PEI-WEN HSIEH, DAVID VLAHOV, and EZRA SUSSER. "Children of HIV-Positive Drug-Using Parents." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 42, no. 8 (August 2003): 950–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000046888.27264.17.

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Masini, Tina, Daniela Chinaglia, Palmira Ghidoni, and F. Gullotta. "Autoptic findings in HIV-1 positive children." Klinische Pädiatrie 206, no. 01 (January 1994): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1046580.

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Bailey, A., and S. Bandi. "G136(P) Immunisation of HIV Positive Children." Archives of Disease in Childhood 98, Suppl 1 (June 1, 2013): A63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2013-304107.148.

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Wiersma, R. "HIV-positive African children with rectal fistulae." Journal of Pediatric Surgery 38, no. 1 (January 2003): 62–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jpsu.2003.50011.

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&NA;, &NA;. "IV GAMMA GLOBULIN FOR HIV–POSITIVE CHILDREN." AJN, American Journal of Nursing 89, no. 7 (July 1989): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-198907000-00007.

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32

Briggs, A., K. Bond, and K. E. Rogstad. "Testing the children of HIV-positive mothers." International Journal of STD & AIDS 22, no. 6 (June 2011): 348–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2011.010415.

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Duncan, S., A. L. Koh, R. Jones, and N. Desmond. "Testing the children of HIV-positive mothers." International Journal of STD & AIDS 23, no. 3 (March 2012): 224–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2011.011303.

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Liste, Mary B., Ivelisse Natera, José A. Suarez, Flor H. Pujol, Ferdinando Liprandi, and Juan E. Ludert. "Enteric Virus Infections and Diarrhea in Healthy and Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 8 (2000): 2873–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.8.2873-2877.2000.

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Forty-three stool samples from 27 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive children and 38 samples from 38 HIV-negative children, collected during a 15-month period, were examined for enteric viruses. Diagnostic assays included enzyme immunoassays for rotavirus, adenovirus, and Norwalk virus; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for picobirnavirus and atypical rotavirus; and PCR for astrovirus and enterovirus. Specimens from HIV-positive children were more likely than those of HIV-negative children to have enterovirus (56 versus 21%;P < 0.0002) and astrovirus (12 versus 0%;P < 0.02), but not rotavirus (5 versus 8%;P > 0.5). No adenoviruses, picobirnaviruses, or Norwalk viruses were found. The rates of virus-associated diarrhea were similar among HIV-positive and HIV-negative children. Enteroviruses were excreted for up to 6 months in HIV-positive children; however, no evidence for prolonged excretion of poliovirus vaccine was observed. These results suggest that although infection with enterovirus and astrovirus may be frequent in HIV-infected children, enteric viruses are not associated with the diarrhea frequently suffered by these children.

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Kikuchi, Kimiyo, Siyan Yi, Junko Yasuoka, Sovannary Tuot, Sumiyo Okawa, Makoto Murayama, Sokunthea Yem, et al. "Oral health among HIV-positive and HIV-negative children in Phnom Penh, Cambodia: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Paediatrics Open 5, no. 1 (March 2021): e000992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000992.

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BackgroundHIV-positive children are at high risk for oral mucosal disorders. Additionally, their low immune status is associated with dental caries. However, little is known about how their dental caries and related risk factors, such as salivary flow, salivary pH level and oral health-related quality of life, differ from those of HIV-negative children. The study aimed to assess (1) dental caries and related risk factors in HIV-positive compared with HIV-negative children and (2) the association between these factors and HIV seropositive status in Phnom Penh, Cambodia.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study conducted as a baseline survey of a randomised controlled trial. The study setting was the National Pediatric Hospital’s catchment area. The study population comprised 328 HIV-positive and 154 HIV-negative children aged 3–15 years and their caregivers. We collected clinical oral health data, questionnaire data to assess oral health-related quality of life and growth data.ResultsThe mean number of decayed, missing or filled permanent teeth (DMFT) and deciduous teeth (dmft) among HIV-positive children was 4.0 (SD 3.6) and 7.0 (SD 4.9), respectively. Among HIV-negative children, the respective values were 3.3 (SD 3.7) and 7.1 (SD 4.6). Living with HIV was positively associated with DMFT (adjusted OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.14 to 3.01) and salivary flow (β=0.72, 95% CI 0.44 to 1.00) and negatively associated with salivary pH (β=−0.13, 95% CI −0.24 to –0.02). However, HIV-positive status was not significantly associated with dmft or oral health-related quality of life.ConclusionsHIV-positive children had poorer oral health status regarding DMFT and salivary pH level. Specific strategies and further efforts are required to align their oral health status with that of HIV-negative children.

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Williams, Margaret, Dalena R. M. Van Rooyen, and Esmeralda J. Ricks. "Accessing antiretroviral therapy for children: Caregivers' voices." Health SA Gesondheid 21 (October 11, 2016): 331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v21i0.987.

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Despite efforts to scale up access to antiretroviral therapy (ART), particularly at primary health care (PHC) facilities, antiretroviral therapy (ART) continues to be out of reach formany human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive children in sub-Saharan Africa. In resource limited settings decentralisation of ART is required to scale up access to essential medication. Traditionally, paediatric HIV care has been provided in tertiary care facilities which have better human and material resources, but limited accessibility in terms of distance for caregivers of HIV-positive children. The focus of this article is on the experiences of caregivers whilst accessing ART for HIV-positive children at PHC (decentralised care) facilities in Nelson Mandela Bay (NMB) in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. A qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual research design was used. The target population comprised caregivers of HIV-positive children. Data were collected by means of indepth individual interviews, which were thematically analysed. Guba's model was usedto ensure trustworthiness. Barriers to accessing ART at PHC clinics for HIV-positive children included personal issues, negative experiences, lack of support and finance, stigma and discrimination. The researchers recommend standardised programmes be developed and implemented in PHC clinics to assist in providing treatment, care and support for HIV positive children.

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Holderbaum, Rejane Maria, Elaine Bauer Veeck, Helena Willhelm Oliveira, Carmem Lúcia Silva, and Ângela Fernandes. "Comparison among dental, skeletal and chronological development in HIV-positive children: a radiographic study." Brazilian Oral Research 19, no. 3 (September 2005): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-83242005000300010.

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The goal of this study was to evaluate skeletal, dental and chronological development in an HIV-positive group of children, as compared with a control group, during a four-year period. Panoramic radiographs and hand and wrist radiographs of 60 children were taken. The children, of both sexes, aged 5 years and 2 months to 15 years and 5 months, were selected as follows: 30 HIV-positive volunteers who had acquired the disease vertically, and 30 volunteers who did not present the HIV infection or any other systemic disease. All radiographs were technically standardized and analyzed according to criteria established by Nolla (dental age), Greulich and Pyle (bone age), and Eklöf and Ringertz (bone age). The results were submitted to Student's t-test at a 5% level of significance. Based on the comparison between the chronological age and the dental or the skeletal age, significant differences were observed between HIV-positive and HIV-negative children, both in 1999 and in 2003 (p < 0.05). Considering the results obtained with the methodology used, it was concluded that HIV-positive children of both sexes presented delayed bone development despite the administration of antiretroviral drugs, and that HIV-positive female children presented younger dental ages compared with their chronological ages in 1999 and in 2003; and HIV-positive males, in 1999.

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Anyanwu, Onyinye Uchenna, Benson Nnamdi Onyire, and Faith W. Daniyan. "Prevalence of Wasting, Thinness, Stunting and Under-weight among Paediatric AIDS Patients in a Tertiary Centre." Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society 36, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v36i2.14904.

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Introduction: Malnutrition is a common occurrence in HIV positive children. Its presence reflects the level of care the child receives as well as affects the outcome of their infection. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of various forms of malnutrition among HIV positive children. This was a Hospital based Cross-sectional study in HIV-positive children receiving care in FETHA.Material and Methods: using the WHO reference standards, we determined the prevalence of wasting, thinness, stunting and underweight in HIV-positive children receiving care in FETHA. Height and weight measurements of 89 HIV-positive children aged 0-18year old were taken. Socioeconomic stratification was done by Olusanya’s criteria.Results: The prevalence of wasting, thinness, stunting and underweight in HIV- positive children were 31(34.8%), 22(24.7%), 30(33.7%), and 33(37.1%) respectively. Age group and socioeconomic status were significantly associated with the various forms of malnutrition while gender and clinical stage of disease were not.Conclusion: There is still a high prevalence of acute and chronic malnutrition amongst paediatric-AIDS patients which is significantly more amongst adolescents and the lower socioeconomic class.J Nepal Paediatr Soc 2016;36(2):156-159.

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McGuire, J. K., J. J. Fagan, M. Wojno, K. Manning, and T. Harris. "Radiological differences between HIV-positive and HIV-negative children with cholesteatoma." International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 110 (July 2018): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2018.04.011.

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Dikobe, Wame, Mooketsi Molefi, Bornapate Nkomo, Botshelo Kgwaadira, Boingotlo Gasenelwe, Esther Seloilwe, Yohanna Mashalla, and Tonya-Ascortt Mills. "The utility of a modified W.H.O. TB screening tool among children at a Botswana child welfare clinic." African Health Sciences 21, no. 1 (May 23, 2021): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v21i1.11s.

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Background: In high TB/HIV settings, the increased risk for TB amongst children exposed to HIV has been established through biomedical tests. Screening HIV exposed children for TB can improve early childhood TB detection and treatment. Objective: This study assessed the utility of a modified World Health Organization (WHO) tool by including HIV variables, to determine TB exposure amongst HIV exposed children presenting to a “Well Child” Clinic (CWC). Methods: Clinical data were obtained from medical records and/or from the caregivers of children presenting to CWC. Data was analyzed to explore factors associated with positive screening for TB, including being exposed to HIV and current HIV status. Results: Five percent (55/1100) screened reported a close TB contact and 21% (n=231) had positive TB symptom screen. History of close TB contact was a risk factor for positive screening for TB symptoms (OR 1.89 CI 1.05-3.4) while being HIV negative was protective (OR 0.3, Cl 0.19-0.62). HIV exposure was associated with increased risk of TB exposure (OR 2.9 CI 1.61-5.19). Conclusion: Integrating HIV variables in the existing WHO screening tool for childhood TB can be useful in early detec- tion and treatment of TB in HIV exposed children in resource limited settings. Keywords: Childhood TB screening; HIV Exposure screening; TB/HIV integration.

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Dikobe, Wame, Mooketsi Molefi, Bornapate Nkomo, Botshelo Kgwaadira, Boingotlo Gasenelwe, Esther Seloilwe, Yohanna Mashalla, and Tonya-Ascortt Mills. "The utility of a modified W.H.O. TB screening tool among children at a Botswana child welfare clinic." African Health Sciences 21 (May 23, 2021): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v21i.11s.

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Background: In high TB/HIV settings, the increased risk for TB amongst children exposed to HIV has been established through biomedical tests. Screening HIV exposed children for TB can improve early childhood TB detection and treatment. Objective: This study assessed the utility of a modified World Health Organization (WHO) tool by including HIV variables, to determine TB exposure amongst HIV exposed children presenting to a “Well Child” Clinic (CWC). Methods: Clinical data were obtained from medical records and/or from the caregivers of children presenting to CWC. Data was analyzed to explore factors associated with positive screening for TB, including being exposed to HIV and current HIV status. Results: Five percent (55/1100) screened reported a close TB contact and 21% (n=231) had positive TB symptom screen. History of close TB contact was a risk factor for positive screening for TB symptoms (OR 1.89 CI 1.05-3.4) while being HIV negative was protective (OR 0.3, Cl 0.19-0.62). HIV exposure was associated with increased risk of TB exposure (OR 2.9 CI 1.61-5.19). Conclusion: Integrating HIV variables in the existing WHO screening tool for childhood TB can be useful in early detec- tion and treatment of TB in HIV exposed children in resource limited settings. Keywords: Childhood TB screening; HIV Exposure screening; TB/HIV integration.

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Masiga, MA, and JM M'Imunya. "Prevalence of Dental Caries and its Impact on Quality of Life (QoL) among HIV-infected Children in Kenya." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 38, no. 1 (September 1, 2013): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.38.1.62l1q94650j5l815.

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Aim: To determine the prevalence of dental caries and its impact on QoL among HIV-infected children in Kenya. Study design: Cross-sectional survey of HIV-positive children aged 3-15 years. Method: Two hundred and twenty participants were selected by consecutive sampling. Dental examination was undertaken to determine the presence of dental caries among the children using the dmft/DMFT indices. The children's perceived QoL in the domains of oral symptoms, functional limitations, emotional and social wellbeing was assessed using the WHO Simplified Oral Health Questionnaires for children. Results: The overall prevalence of dental caries was 65% whence the prevalence in the deciduous dentition was 50% while that of the permanent dentition was 30.9%. The mean dmft and DMFT scores were 1.75 and 1.08 respectively. Children with high dmft manifested negative impacts on appearance, chewing, biting hard foods and missing school on account of toothache and discomfort, while in the permanent dentition children with high DMFT had a negative impact on biting hard foods. Conclusion: A high caries experience had significant negative impacts on the children's QoL, especially in the primary dentition.

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Tartakovsky, E., and L. Hamama. "Cognitive coping strategies in mothers of HIV-infected children and their connection to the mother's psychological distress, parenting, and spousal relations." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73306-5.

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ObjectiveThe main goal of the present study was to investigate the coping strategies of mothers of HIV-infected children and their relation to the mothers’ psychological distress, parenting, and spousal relations.MethodsThe study was conducted in Southern Kazakhstan in the wake of a children's HIV-epidemic caused by the use of unsterile instruments and infusions of infected blood in State hospitals. Mothers of HIV-infected children undergoing testing and treatment in the municipal HIV Center participated in the study (n = 63).ResultsThe most frequently used strategies were focusing on planning and catastrophizing; the least common strategies they employed were putting into perspective and self-blame. Focusing on planning and rumination were associated with a high level of acceptance of the child, while self-blame was associated with a low level of acceptance. Positive refocusing was associated with a low level of psychological distress, and catastrophizing was associated with a high level of psychological distress. Self-blame was associated with a low level of spousal relations, while positive refocusing and focusing on planning were associated with high levels of spousal relations.ConclusionsThe results obtained are discussed in light of stress-coping theory (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984), the positive psychology paradigm (Seligman et al., 2005), and the two-track model of grieving (Rubin, 1996).

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MACNEIL, JANE SALODOF. "Trial Deems FluMist Safe for HIV-Positive Children." Pediatric News 40, no. 8 (August 2006): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-398x(06)71210-3.

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Kaswandani, N., and N. Kurniati. "Risk factors of tuberculosis in HIV-positive children." Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 13 (June 2012): S78—S79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1526-0542(12)70143-4.

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Brazdziunas, Dana M., Nancy J. M. Roizen, Arthur F. Kohrman, and Dawn K. Smith. "Children of HIV-positive parents: Implications for intervention." Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal 17, no. 4 (April 1994): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0095548.

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Campa, Adriana, Gail Shor-Posner, Fernando Indacochea, Guoyan Zhang, Hong Lai, Deshratn Asthana, Gwendolyn B. Scott, and Marianna K. Baum. "Mortality Risk in Selenium-Deficient HIV-Positive Children." Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology 20, no. 5 (April 1999): 508–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042560-199904150-00015.

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AGUILA, CARMEN DEL, RAQUEL NAVAJAS, DOLORES GURBINDO, JOSE TOMAS RAMOS, M. JOSE MELLADO, SOLEDAD FENOY, M. ANGELES MUÑOZ FERNANDEZ, MERCEDES SUBIRATS, JESUS RUIZ, and NORMAN J. PLENIAZEK. "Microsporidiosis in HIV-Positive Children in Madrid (Spain)." Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 44, s6 (November 1997): 84s—85s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1997.tb05798.x.

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Theron, Salomine, Savvas Andronikou, Reena George, Jaco du Plessis, Pierre Goussard, Murray Hayes, Ayanda Mapukata, and Robert Gie. "Non-infective pulmonary disease in HIV-positive children." Pediatric Radiology 39, no. 6 (March 20, 2009): 555–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00247-009-1156-2.

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Kulkarni, Rajesh, Aarti Kinikar, and Chhaya Valvi. "Clinical profile of H1N1 positive HIV-infected children." Indian Pediatrics 48, no. 2 (February 2011): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13312-011-0037-6.

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