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Iliyasu, Zubairu, Hadiza S. Galadanci, Ahmad A. Zubairu, Taiwo G. Amole, Nadia A. Sam-Agudu, and Muktar H. Aliyu. "Health workers’ knowledge of safer conception and attitudes toward reproductive rights of HIV-infected couples in Kano, Nigeria." International Health 11, no. 6 (April 27, 2019): 536–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihz016.
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Abstract Background The restriction of reproductive rights of HIV-positive couples in low-resource settings could be related to the attitudes and skills of health workers. We assessed health workers’ knowledge of safer conception and their attitudes toward the reproductive rights of HIV-positive couples in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Methods A cross-section of health workers (n=294) was interviewed using structured questionnaires. Knowledge and attitude scores were analyzed. Logistic regression was employed to generate adjusted odds ratios (AORs) for predictors of attitude. Results Safer conception methods mentioned by respondents included timed unprotected intercourse with (27.9%) and without antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (37.4%), in vitro fertilization plus intracytoplasmic sperm injection (26.5%), and sperm washing and intrauterine insemination (24.8%). The majority (94.2%) of health workers acknowledged the reproductive rights of HIV-infected persons, although (64.6%) strongly felt that HIV-infected couples should have fewer children. Health workers reported always/nearly always counseling their patients on HIV transmission risks (64.1%) and safer conception (59.2% and 48.3% for females and males, respectively) (p<0.05). Among health workers, being older (30–39 vs <30 y) (AOR=1.33, 95% CI=1.13–2.47), married (AOR=2.15, 95% CI=1.17–5.58) and having a larger HIV-positive daily caseload (20–49 vs <20) (AOR=1.98, 95% CI=1.07–3.64) predicted positive attitude towards reproductive rights of HIV-affected couples. Conclusions Health workers had limited knowledge of safer conception methods, but were supportive of the reproductive rights of HIV-positive couples. Health workers in Nigeria require training to effectively counsel couples on their reproductive rights, risks and options.
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Ajuwon, Ademola J., Musibau Titiloye, Frederick Oshiname, and Oyediran Oyewole. "Knowledge and Use of HIV Counseling and Testing Services among Young Persons in Ibadan, Nigeria." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 31, no. 1 (January 2011): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/iq.31.1.d.
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Okpokoro, Evaezi, Sophia Osawe, Ruth Daitiri, Grace Choji, Stephen Umaru, Felicia Okolo, Pam Datong, and Alash'le Abimiku. "Repetitive Risk Reduction Counseling on Condom Use among HIV Exposed Sero-negative (HESN) Persons in Jos, Nigeria." AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 30, S1 (October 2014): A200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aid.2014.5431.abstract.
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Iliyasu, Zubairu, Hadiza S. Galadanci, Alfa I. Oladimeji, Musa Babashani, Auwalu U. Gajida, and Muktar H. Aliyu. "Predictors of Safer Conception Practices Among HIV-Infected Women in Northern Nigeria." International Journal of Health Policy and Management 8, no. 8 (May 18, 2019): 480–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2019.27.
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Background: Persons living with HIV often face discrimination in safe sex and reproductive choices, especially in lowresource settings. This study assessed fertility desires and intentions, risk perception and correlates of ever use of at least one safer conception method among HIV-infected women attending a tertiary health facility in Kano, Nigeria. Methods: Structured questionnaires were administered to a cross section of 328 of 427 eligible HIV-infected women. Fertility desires and intentions, risk perception and safer conception practice were analyzed. Logistic regression was employed to assess for predictors. Results: Of the 328 respondents, 150 respondents (45.7%) wanted more children. The proportions of respondents aware of their transmission risk during pregnancy, delivery, and breastfeeding were 69.5%, 75.3%, and 78.9%, respectively. Further, 68.9% of respondents were aware of the prospects of bearing HIV-negative children without infecting their partners. About 64.8% of women were aware of at least one safer conception method. Safer conception methods everused by the participants include: antiretroviral therapy (ART) (36.7%), timed unprotected intercourse with (10.9%), and without pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) (17.2%), intravaginal insemination (7.3%) and intrauterine insemination (4.7%). Safer conception practice was predicted by marital status (married versus single, adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=1.50, 95% CI =1.10-3.55), parity (2-4 versus 0, AOR=12.1, 95% CI=3.7-39.8), occupation (civil servants versus traders, AOR=0.37, 95% CI=0.16-0.86), husband’s serostatus (seroconcordant versus serodiscordant) (AOR=1.51, 95% CI=1.13-4.64), couple contraceptive use (users versus non-users) (AOR=1.62, 95% CI=1.16-5.83) and transmission risk perception (high risk versus low/no risk) (AOR=2.14, 95% CI=1.18-3.90). Conclusion: We found high levels of fertility desires and intentions and moderate risk perception among a cohort of HIV-infected women in urban Kano, Nigeria. The use of safer conception practices was not common. Our findings underscore the need for healthcare provider capacity building to enhance safer conception counseling and service delivery.
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., D. C. Opara, I. B. Umoh ., and M. John . "Effects of Nutritional Counseling and Micronutrient Supplementation on Some Biochemical Parameters of Persons Living with HIV and AIDS in Uyo, Nigeria." Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 6, no. 3 (April 15, 2007): 220–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2007.220.227.
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Adekanle, Olusegun, Akinwumi Oluwole Komolafe, Samuel A. Olowookere, Oluwasegun Ijarotimi, and Dennis Amajuoyi Ndububa. "Hepatitis B Infection: A Mixed Methods of Disclosure Pattern and Social Problems in the Nigerian Family." Journal of Patient Experience 7, no. 2 (March 7, 2019): 208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2374373519827965.
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Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has a high prevalence rate in Nigeria. Disclosure of infection status to close partner and the public attracts support for infected people. This study looks at disclosure and social challenges of infected persons. Methods: Mixed methods of patients’ administered questionnaire and an in-depth interview conducted on HBV-infected respondents in a hospital in Nigeria were used. The study recruited all participants who satisfied the inclusion criteria. Data were entered into SPSS version 20 and analyzed using simple and inferential statistics and content analysis for the in-depth interview. Results: A total of 205 participants completed the questionnaire study. Mean (standard deviation) age was 35.3 (±11.0) years. There were 121 married, 37 singles with noncohabiting partners and 47 singles without partners with disclosure rates being 96.7% versus 97.9% versus 89.2%, respectively. Singles disclosed infection more to their parents while married respondents disclosed infection more to their spouses. Singles had high rate of denial of sexual relationship (22.6%), emotional trauma (34.5%), broken relationships (11.4%), and surreptitious use of contraception for protection (67.6%). Married respondents had the highest rate of HBV vaccination of their family members (40.1%). Infection prevention and allaying fears of family members were their counseling needs. In-depth interview revealed that infected respondents usually expressed shock and depression at a positive test leading to fear and deception that put close associates at risk. Conclusion: Hepatitis B virus–infected respondents have high rate of disclosure. Family problems of these people can therefore be solved through public enlightenment and individual counseling.
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Akinwande, Oluyemisi A., Prince U. Ele, Usman I. Gebi, Donald O. Igboelina, Patrick S. Dakum, and Michael L. Alkan. "Demographic Predictors of HIV Serostatus among HIV Counseling and Testing Clients in Rural Nigeria." Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care 11, no. 6 (August 8, 2012): 366–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545109712454193.
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Nnewi is a rural Nigerian town with a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) counseling and testing center which tests about 120 clients/d. The objective of this study is to determine the factors predicting positive HIV status at Nnewi. Review of records was done with age, gender, marital status, and occupation as variables. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors linked to a positive HIV test. Overall HIV prevalence was 31.14%. Drivers and married clients had a high risk of being HIV+ (odds ratio [OR], 3.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.17-5.96 and OR, 2.78; 95% CI, 2.42-3.19). Housewives were 2 times more likely to be positive (OR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.35-3.29). After adjustment, females had 22% higher risk (OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.03-1.45) with the highest chance found in married females (OR, 6.70; 95% CI, 4.45-10.09). The study succeeded in panning out an unexpected risk group: married women. Drivers have been known to be a risk group. Preventive methods must be tailored to and acceptable by each risk group.
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Lo, B. "Ethical dilemmas in HIV infection." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 80, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-80-1-26.
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As the AIDS epidemic continues to claim lives, the issues of testing, confidentiality, and refusal to care for seropositive patients generate increasing debate and concern among health care workers, legislators, and the general public. Protecting the uninfected from exposure to HIV, providing adequate medical care and counseling to HIV-positive persons, and preventing discrimination are necessary and immediate goals. Adherence by practitioners to both the current legislation on AIDS and the ethical imperatives of the health professions will facilitate adequate access to health care for all persons with AIDS. It will also provide necessary guidelines for issues of confidentiality.
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Onyemelukwe, Cheluchi. "Discrimination on the basis of HIV status." International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 17, no. 3 (August 21, 2017): 160–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1358229117727415.
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HIV/AIDS remains a significant public health challenge in Nigeria, with over three million persons living with the condition. Throughout the history of HIV/AIDS in Nigeria, persons living with the condition have faced stigma and discrimination in various areas including access to health services, access to education, access to employment, among others. In the past, because of lacunae in Nigerian law and jurisprudence, it has been the subject of debate whether Nigerians living with HIV/AIDS are adequately protected by law. Recent developments in legislation such as the federal HIV/AIDS Anti-Discrimination Act, 2014 and judicial decisions in 2012 and 2016 on discrimination on the basis of HIV status suggest a positive shift of the law to full protection of the rights of persons living with HIV/AIDS in Nigeria, particularly in the area of employment. This article provides an analysis of these recent developments in the law and argues that the time has come to amend the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria to include health status as a ground upon which one cannot be unduly discriminated against.
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Rutledge, Scott Edward. "Single-Session Motivational Enhancement Counseling to Support Change Toward Reduction of HIV Transmission by HIV Positive Persons." Archives of Sexual Behavior 36, no. 2 (November 16, 2006): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-006-9077-8.
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Bukenya, Dominic, Janet Seeley, Grace Tumwekwase, Elizabeth Kabunga, and Eugene Ruzagira. "How Follow-Up Counselling Increases Linkage to Care Among HIV-Positive Persons Identified Through Home-Based HIV Counselling and Testing: A Qualitative Study in Uganda." SAGE Open 10, no. 1 (January 2020): 215824401990016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244019900166.
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We investigated how follow-up counselling had increased linkage to HIV care in a trial of referral to care and follow-up counseling, compared to referral to care only, for participants diagnosed as HIV-positive through home-based HIV counseling and testing. We carried out a cross-sectional qualitative study. Using random stratified sampling, we selected 43 trial participants (26 [60%] in the intervention arm). Sample stratification was by sex, distance to an ART facility, linkage, and nonlinkage to HIV care. Twenty-six in-depth interviews were conducted with participants in the intervention arm: 17 people who had linked to HIV care and 9 who had not linked after 6 months of follow-up. Home-based follow-up counseling helped to overcome worries resulting from an HIV-positive test result. In addition, the counseling offered an opportunity to address questions on HIV treatment side effects, share experiences of intimate partner violence or threats, and general problems linking to care. The counselling encouraged early linkage to HIV care and use of biomedical medicines, discouraging alternative medicine usage. Home-based follow-up counseling also helped to promote HIV sero-status disclosure, facilitating linkage to, retention in and adherence to HIV care and treatment. This study successfully demonstrated that home-based follow-up counselling increased linkage to care through encouragement to seek care, provision of accurate information about HIV care services and supporting the person living with HIV to disclose and manage stigma.
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Chariyeva, Zulfiya, Carol E. Golin, Jo Anne Earp, and Chirayath Suchindran. "Does motivational interviewing counseling time influence HIV-positive persons’ self-efficacy to practice safer sex?" Patient Education and Counseling 87, no. 1 (April 2012): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2011.07.021.
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Wandera, Bonnie, Nazarius Mbona Tumwesigye, Joaniter Immaculate Nankabirwa, David Kaawa Mafigiri, Rosalind M. Parkes-Ratanshi, Saidi Kapiga, Judith Hahn, and Ajay K. Sethi. "Efficacy of a Single, Brief Alcohol Reduction Intervention among Men and Women Living with HIV/AIDS and Using Alcohol in Kampala, Uganda: A Randomized Trial." Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 16, no. 3 (May 23, 2016): 276–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325957416649669.
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We evaluated the efficacy of a brief motivational intervention (MI) counseling in reducing alcohol consumption among persons living with HIV/AIDS in Kampala, Uganda. Persons living with HIV/AIDS with Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Tool (AUDIT) score ≥3 points were randomized to either standardized positive prevention counseling alone or in combination with alcohol brief MI counseling. The mean change in AUDIT-C scores over 6 months was compared by treatment arm. The mean (standard deviation [SD]) AUDIT-C scores were 6.3 (2.3) and 6.8 (2.3) for control and MI arms ( P = .1) at baseline, respectively, and change in mean AUDIT-C score was not statistically different between arms over the 6 months ( P = .8). However, there was a statistically significant decrease in mean AUDIT-C score (−1.10; 95% confidence interval: −2.19 to −0.02, P = .046) among women in the MI arm. There was a nondifferential reduction in alcohol consumption overall, but MI appeared effective among women only. Studies with more than 1 counseling session and evaluation of gender differences in treatment response are needed.
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Iliyasu, Zubairu, Hadiza S. Galadanci, Miyassaratu L. Iliyasu, Musa Babashani, Auwalu U. Gajida, Nafisa S. Nass, and Muktar H. Aliyu. "Determinants of Infant Feeding Practices Among HIV-Infected Mothers in Urban Kano, Nigeria." Journal of Human Lactation 35, no. 3 (April 19, 2019): 592–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334419835171.
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Background:Despite advances in prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission, infants in Africa remain at risk of HIV acquisition from inappropriate feeding practices.Research aims:To assess maternal knowledge and predictors of appropriate infant feeding practices among HIV-infected mothers attending a tertiary facility in Kano, Nigeria.Method:A cross section of 203 HIV-positive mothers were interviewed using structured, pretested survey questionnaires. Knowledge scores and infant feeding practices were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to ascertain independent correlates of infant feeding practices in the study sample.Results:Over a third (37.4%) of the participants were aware of the risk of HIV transmission through breastfeeding. The proportion of participants with good, fair, and poor knowledge of recommended feeding options for HIV-exposed infants was 4.4%, 73.4%, and 22.2%, respectively. About three in four participants (73.9%) breastfed their index infants exclusively for the first six months. Approximately 7.4% of respondents practiced mixed feeding (breastfeeding plus infant formula). Counseling on infant feeding (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 2.16, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = [1.58, 4.15]) and hospital delivery (AOR = 3.02, 95% CI = [2.67, 7.84]) predicted appropriate infant feeding practice.Conclusion:Appropriate infant feeding practices were significantly associated with prior infant feeding counseling and delivery in a hospital setting. HIV-infected mothers in this setting should receive counseling on infant feeding early in their pregnancy and be educated on the importance of hospital delivery.
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Ogunyemi, Doyin, Oluwatoyin Theresa OGUNMEFUN, Esther 3. OLUWOLE, and Adeola Ekundayo. "Knowledge, attitude, and utilization of HIV counseling and testing by female sex workers in Lagos State, Nigeria." Babcock University Medical Journal (BUMJ) 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.38029/bumj.v3i2.45.
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Objectives: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) epidemic continues to expand among female sex workers (FSWs) who have limited access to and utilization of HIV counseling and testing services (HCT). HCT plays a pivotal role in increasing knowledge and awareness to prevent, treat, and control HIV/AIDS. The study objective was to determine the knowledge, attitude, utilization of HCT among brothel-based FSWs (BBFSWs). Method: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study among 300 BBFSWs in Lagos State. The respondents were recruited by snowballing after a multistage sampling method was used in the selection of the brothels. The data was collected using an adapted interviewer-administered questionnaire and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 23. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: Majority (63.0%) of the respondents were between the ages of 21-30 years and 67.4% had good knowledge of HIV and HCT. About 75.0% had a positive attitude towards HCT and 55.6% of FSWs in this study had utilized an HCT center in the past. The main reason for not taking HIV test was the fear of a positive result (90.6%) while the main reasons given for not visiting any HCT center were lack of confidentiality (13.3%), stigmatization (14.8%), and distance to the HCT center (67.2%). Conclusion: There was a good knowledge of HCT and a positive attitude towards HCT services by the respondents. The main reasons for not taking the HIV test as indicated by respondents were fear of a positive result. HIV-stigma related issues should be adequately addressed.
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Kurth, Ann, Irene Kuo, James Peterson, Nkiru Azikiwe, Lauri Bazerman, Alice Cates, and Curt G. Beckwith. "Information and Communication Technology to Link Criminal Justice Reentrants to HIV Care in the Community." AIDS Research and Treatment 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/547381.
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The United States has the world’s highest prison population, and an estimated one in seven HIV-positive persons in the USA passes through a correctional facility annually. Given this, it is critical to develop innovative and effective approaches to support HIV treatment and retention in care among HIV-positive individuals involved in the criminal justice (CJ) system. Information and communication technologies (ICTs), including mobile health (mHealth) interventions, may offer one component of a successful strategy for linkage/retention in care. We describe CARE+ Corrections, a randomized controlled trial (RCT) study now underway in Washington, that will evaluate the combined effect of computerized motivational interview counseling and postrelease short message service (SMS) text message reminders to increase antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence and linkage and retention in care among HIV-infected persons involved in the criminal justice system. In this report, we describe the development of this ICT/mHealth intervention, outline the study procedures used to evaluate this intervention, and summarize the implications for the mHealth knowledge base.
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Abdullahi, Idris Nasir, Anthony Uchenna Emeribe, Hafeez Aderinsayo Adekola, Habiba Yahaya Muhammad, Abdurrahman El-fulaty Ahmad, Abubakar Umar Anka, Yusuf Mohammed, Shamsuddeen Haruna, Halima Ali Shuwa, and Adamu Babayo. "Leucocytes and Th-associated cytokine profile of HIV-leishmaniasis coinfected patients attending the Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria." Journal of Medical Science 89, no. 1 (January 30, 2020): e408. http://dx.doi.org/10.20883/medical.408.
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Introduction. T helper cells (Th)-1 and -2 cytokines homeostasis control or predict clinical outcome of infected persons, especially those with HIV/AIDS. This case-control study evaluated the leucocyte differentials, TNF-α, IL-2 and -10 levels, among HIV-infected persons with serological evidence of leishmaniasis attending the University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. Material and Methods. This study involved blood samples from 28 HIV-infectedwith Leishmania donovani rK39 and IgG positive (group 1), 30 age- and sex-matched HIV-infected individuals without Leishmania antibodies (group 2) and 30 apparently healthy persons without HIV and Leishmania antibodies (group 3). Full blood counts, TNF-α, IL-2 and IL-10 levels were analysed using an automated haematology analyser and ELISA, respectively. Structured questionnaires were used to collate biochemical and clinical data from participants. Results. Ten (35.7%) participants in group 1 were on ART, 15 (50%) in group 2 were on ART, while group 3 were ART naïve. There were significantly higher values in basophil (4.4 ± 2.5%) and eosinophil counts (12.9 ± 3.8%) in HIV/Leishmania coinfected persons (p˂0.005), whereas other white cell subpopulations were significantly lower in the HIV/Leishmania coinfected participants (p˂0.05). There were significantly reduced CD4+ T cell counts (119 ± 26 vs 348 ± 63 vs 605 ± 116 cells/mm3), TNF-α (36.82 ± 8.21 vs 64.67 ± 12.54 vs 254.98 ± 65.59 pg/mL) and IL-2 levels (142.14 ± 20.91 vs 507.6 ± 84.42 vs 486.62 ± 167.87 pg/mL) among HIV/Leishmania coinfected participants compared to group 2 and group 3 participants, respectively. However, higher IL-10 levels (80.35 ± 14.57 pg/mL) were detected in HIV/Leishmania coinfected participants compared to the HIV mono-infected (62.2 ± 10.43 pg/mL) and apparently healthy persons (23.97 ± 4.88 pg/mL; p˂0.001). Conclusion. Eosinophil and basophil counts, and serum IL-10 level were high in HIV/Leishmania coinfected patients demonstrating parasite-induced hypersensitivity and immunosuppression.
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Stijović, Vesna, Pavle Piperac, Biljana Begović, and Sandra Grujičić. "Differences in demographic characteristics, risky behavior and HIV status of men and women who were voluntarily and confidentially counseled and tested at the Counseling Center for HIV/AIDS of the Institute of Public Health in Belgrade." Zdravstvena zastita 50, no. 2 (2021): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zdravzast50-32921.
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Introduction/Aim: Voluntary and confidential counseling and testing (VCCT) means getting information about HIV, ways of transmission, recognizing, reducing or avoiding risks for HIV infection, about safe sexual relations, the place where people can be tested, and what they should do depending on the test results in order to protect themselves and other people. The aim of this study was to examine differences in demographic characteristics, risky behavior and HIV status between men and women who were voluntarily and confidentially counseled and tested at the Counseling Center for HIV/AIDS of the Institute of Public Health in Belgrade. Methods: This research was conducted as a cross-sectional study and it included 3,480 persons (43.2% of women and 56.8% of men), who were counseled and tested at the Counseling Center for HIV/AIDS of the Institute of Public Health in Belgrade from 2017 to 2019. ch2 or Fisher's test was used for the statistical analysis of data. Results: The majority of women (42.1%) and men (42.5%) who were counseled and tested were in the age group 21-30 years. Men used DPST services significantly more often than women. HIV positive status was significantly more frequent in men (2.5%) than in women (0.3%). Women came significantly more often to voluntary counseling and testing due to the possible exposure to HIV infection by heterosexual contact (84.9%), accident (11.1%) and raping (1.0%), while men were counseled and tested due to heterosexual contact (59.3%), homosexual and bisexual contact (33.6%) and intravenous drug abuse (1.1%). Men used condoms always or often (40.1%) and had two or more partners (53.2%) more frequently during the last 12 months in comparison to women (24.2% and 20.6%). Conclusion: Voluntary and confidential counseling and testing is necessary in the fight against HIV infection, especially from the perspective of early discovering of people with this infection and education of HIV negative persons about risky sexual behavior and possible prevention measures.
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Adeneye, A. K., T. A. Adewole, A. Z. Musa, D. Onwujekwe, N. N. Odunukwe, I. D. Araoyinbo, T. A. Gbajabiamila, P. M. Ezeobi, and E. O. Idigbe. "Limitations to Access and Use of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Among HIV Positive Persons in Lagos, Nigeria." World Health & Population 8, no. 2 (April 15, 2006): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.12927/whp.2006.18134.
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Iliyasu, Zubairu, Hadiza S. Galadanci, Fatima Hassan-Hanga, Zainab Abdulrahman, Fatima Ismail Tsiga, Salisha E. Marryshow, and Muktar H. Aliyu. "Healthcare Workers’ Knowledge of HIV-Exposed Infant Feeding Options and Infant Feeding Counseling Practice in Northern Nigeria." Current HIV Research 18, no. 1 (February 17, 2020): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570162x18666191223114657.
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Background: Despite the existence of evidence-based HIV-exposed infant feeding guidelines, infants in Africa still acquire HIV through inappropriate feeding practices. Objective: To identify predictors of HIV-exposed infant feeding knowledge and counseling practice among health care workers (HCW) in Nigeria. Methods: Structured, pretested questionnaires were administered to HCW (n=262) in a tertiary health facility in Kano, Nigeria. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine predictors of HIV-exposed infant feeding knowledge and counseling practice. Results: Of 262 respondents, (58.0%, n=152) had good knowledge of recommended feeding options. Respondents listed exclusive breastfeeding (57.6%, n=151), human milk substitutes (45.4%, n=119), HIV-negative wet-nursing (37.0%, n=97), heated expressed human milk (20.6%, n=54) and mixed feeding (13.4%, n=35) as appropriate feeding choices. Over half (57.3%, n=150) of the respondents have ever counseled a HIV-positive mother on infant feeding. Knowledge was predicted by female sex (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR)=2.47, 95% Confidence Interval (CI):1.35-4.52), profession (physician vs. laboratory scientist, AOR=4.00, 95%CI:1.25-12.87; nurse/midwife vs. laboratory scientist, AOR=2.75, 95%CI:1.17-9.28), infant feeding counseling training (AOR=3.27, 95%CI:1.87-5.71), and number of children (2-4 vs. 0, AOR=1.75, 95%CI:1.23-3.92). Infant feeding counseling was predicted by female sex (AOR=2.85, 95%CI:1.39-5.85), age (>40 vs. <30 years, AOR=3.87, 95%CI:1.27-15.65), knowledge of infant feeding options (good vs. fair/poor, AOR=3.96, 95%CI:2.07-7.59), training (AOR=2.60, 95%CI:1.42-5.32), and profession (physician vs. laboratory scientist, AOR=10.7, 95%CI:2.85-40.54; nurse/midwife vs. laboratory scientist, AOR=4.8, 95%CI:1.26-18.02). Conclusion: The practice of infant feeding counseling among HCW in Nigeria is associated with sex, knowledge, and profession. Our findings may inform the development of targeted training programs for HCW in similar settings.
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Sammons, Mary Katherine, Matthew Gaskins, Frank Kutscha, Alexander Nast, and Ricardo Niklas Werner. "HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): Knowledge, attitudes and counseling practices among physicians in Germany – A cross-sectional survey." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 29, 2021): e0250895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250895.
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Background German statutory health insurance began covering the costs associated with HIV PrEP in September 2019; however, to bill for PrEP services, physicians in Germany must either be certified as HIV-specialists according to a nationwide quality assurance agreement, or, if they are non-HIV-specialists, have completed substantial further training in HIV/PrEP care. Given the insufficient implementation of PrEP, the aim of our study was to explore the potential to increase the number of non-HIV-specialists providing PrEP-related services. Methods We conducted an anonymous survey among a random sample of internists, general practitioners, dermatologists and urologists throughout Germany using a self-developed questionnaire. We calculated a knowledge score and an attitudes score from individual items in these two domains. Both scores ranged from 0–20, with high values representing good knowledge or positive attitudes. We also asked participants about the proportion of PrEP advice they provided proactively to men who have sex with men (MSM) and trans-persons who met the criteria to be offered PrEP. Results 154 physicians completed the questionnaire. Self-assessed knowledge among HIV-specialists was greater than among non-HIV-specialists [Median knowledge score: 20.0 (IQR = 0.0) vs. 4.0 (IQR = 11.0), p<0.001]. Likewise, attitudes towards PrEP were more positive among HIV-specialists than non-HIV-specialists [Median attitudes score: 18.0 (IQR = 3.0) vs. 13.0 (IQR = 5.25), p<0.001]. The proportion of proactive advice on PrEP provided to at-risk MSM and trans-persons by HIV-specialists [Median: 30.0% (IQR = 63.5%)] was higher than that provided by non-HIV-specialists [Median: 0.0% (IQR = 11.3%), p<0.001]. However, the results of our multiple regression suggest the only independent predictor of proactive PrEP advice was the knowledge score, and not whether physicians were HIV-specialists or non-HIV-specialists. Conclusions These findings point to opportunities to improve PrEP implementation in individuals at risk of acquiring HIV. Targeted training, particularly for non-HIV-specialists, and the provision of patient-centered information material could help improve care, especially in rural areas.
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Okpala, Pat U., Rebecca Uwak, Ada C. Nwaneri, Jane-lovena Onyiapat, Anthonia Emesowum, Eunice O. Osuala, and Florence O. Adeyemo. "Nurses’ knowledge and attitude to the care of HIV/AIDS patients in South East, Nigeria." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 2 (January 25, 2017): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20170289.
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Background: HIV/AIDS pandemic has brought huge demands on the healthcare workforce worldwide. Nurses play a critical role in caring for persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Inadequate care and discrimination due to negative attitudes of nurses caring for persons living with HIV/AIDS will not only affect the patients, but will adversely affect the fight to halt the pandemic. The objective of this study was to determine nurses’ knowledge and attitude to the care of HIV/AIDS patients in South East, Nigeria.Methods:Descriptive survey design, with the aid of five-point Likert questionnaire administered on 240 nurses caring for PLWHA in University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu, Nigeria was used.Results: Majority of the respondents had good knowledge of HIV/AIDS. There were significant relationships between the age (P<0.05), marital status (P<0.05), professional cadre of the respondents (P<0.05) and their level of knowledge. 227 (94.6%) of the respondents had positive attitude towards the care of PLWHA. Factors that negatively influenced nurses’ attitude in caring for PLWHA include fear of contagion 56 (82.4%), social stigma 10 (14.7%), culture/religion 6 (8.8%). There were significant relationships between the professional cadre of nurses (P<0.05), knowledge about HIV/AIDS (P<0.05) and their attitude towards the care of HIV/AIDS patients.However, there were no significant relationships between the nurses' marital status (P>0.05), religion, (P>0.05) and their attitude towards the care of HIV/AIDS patients.Conclusions:The study suggested the need for more in-service trainings on HIV/AIDS for nurses to improve nurses’ knowledge and positive attitude towards the care of PLWHA.
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John, C., SN Okolo, and C. Isichei. "Sexual risk behavior and HIV infection among adolescents in secondary schools in Jos, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Paediatrics 41, no. 2 (February 17, 2014): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njp.v41i2.1.
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Background: In adolescents sexual risk behaviours are believed to enhance the transmission of HIV infection. This study, therefore aims to examine prevalent sexual risk behaviours of adolescents in secondary schools in a town in northern Nigeria and its relation to HIV infection.Method: A total of 883 subjects drawn from 10 schools out of 37, were recruited for the study. Structured self administered questionnaire was given to each subject. Consenting subjects received group pretest counseling and had HIV screening using Determine HIV test kits. HIV positive subjects had confirmatory test using Unigold test kit.Result: Males accounted for 42.5% (374) out of the 883 students studied. Of this, 169 (19.2%) were sexually active. Mean age at sexual debut was 13.8±2.9 years; 13.3±2.7 years for males and 14.6±3.2 years for females, p=0.006. Males 101 (27%) were more sexually experienced as against 13.4% of the females, p<0.0001. Among the sexually active37.6% had two or more sex partners, and 63.9% of them never used condoms. In the sexually active, 54 (42.5%) had nonconsensual sex (NCS), with more of NCS occurring in younger subjects p<0.0001, more females p<0.0001, associated with less condom use (p=0.02). Nine (eight females and one male) of the 883 subjects tested HIV positive. among the sexually active subjects, only four tested HIV positive. Condom use among the sexually active, HIV positive subjects was 25%.Conclusion: Prevalent sexual risk behaviors noted were early sexual debut, nonconsensual sex, unprotected sex and multiple sex partners.Key words: Adolescents, Sexual risk behavior, HIV infection, Jos
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Odaibo, Georgina N., Isaac F. Adewole, and David O. Olaleye. "High Rate of Non-detectable HIV-1 RNA among Antiretroviral Drug Naive HIV Positive Individuals in Nigeria." Virology: Research and Treatment 4 (January 2013): VRT.S12677. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/vrt.s12677.
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Plasma HIV-1 RNA concentration, or viral load, is an indication of the magnitude of virus replication and largely correlates with disease progression in an infected person. It is a very useful guide for initiation of therapy and monitoring of response to antiretroviral drugs. Although the majority of patients who are not on antiretroviral therapy (ART) have a high viral load, a small proportion of ART naive patients are known to maintain low levels or even undetectable viral load levels. In this study, we determined the rate of undetectable HIV-1 RNA among ART naive HIV positive patients who presented for treatment at the University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan, Nigeria from 2005 to 2011. Baseline viral load and CD4 lymphocyte cell counts of 14,662 HIV positive drug naive individuals were determined using the Roche Amplicor version 1.5 and Partec easy count kit, respectively. The detection limits of the viral load assay are 400 copies/mL and 750,000 copies/mL for lower and upper levels, respectively. A total of 1,399 of the 14,662 (9.5%) HIV-1 positive drug naive individuals had undetectable viral load during the study period. In addition, the rate of non-detectable viral load increased over the years. The mean CD4 counts among HIV-1 infected individuals with detectable viral load (266 cells/μL; range = 1 to 2,699 cells/μL) was lower than in patients with undetectable viral load (557 cells/μL; range = 1 to 3,102 cells/μL). About 10% of HIV-1 infected persons in our study population had undetectable viral load using the Roche Amplicor version 1.5.
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Subulade, Adetumi Adetunji. "Role of Counseling in the Disclosure of HIV Status to Sexual Partners among HIV Positive Women Accessing PMTCT Services in South Nigeria." TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 4, no. 4 (December 31, 2016): 272–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijph.2013.04.04.art026.
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Dhungana, GP, P. Ghimire, S. Sharma, and BP Rijal. "Bacteriological Status of Tuberculosis Cases and Tuberculosis Symptoms in HIV Infected Persons in Kathmandu." SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and HIV/AIDS 5, no. 1 (May 7, 2010): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v5i1.3077.
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Background: Clinical presentations of Tuberculosis (TB) vary with in HIV positive and HIV negative individuals. Smear negative tuberculosis is the leading cause of death of HIV patients. Objective: To examine the relationship between bacteriological status of TB cases and TB symptoms in HIV patients. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted during January 2004 and August 2005 in a representative sample of 100 HIV infected persons visiting different Voluntary Counseling and Testing Centers (VCT) and HIV/AIDS care centers located in Kathmandu. Laboratory investigation of Tuberculosis was done by AFB staining and culture in ogawa medium. Data obtained through pre structured questionnaire and laboratory investigation were entered into SPSS 11.5 and analyzed. Results: Twenty three percent prevalence of TB is observed in HIV patients. Eighty one percent of the total TB cases were smear negative cases. Significant relationship was observed between the TB symptoms and Smear positive TB cases (χ2 =4.01, p<0.05, at 1 degree of freedom) but no significant relationship could be established between TB symptoms and smear negative cases (χ2 =0.82, p>0.05, at 1 degree of freedom). Mycobacterium avium complex (40.9%) was predominant followed by M. tuberculosis (27.3%) Conclusion: In HIV patients, the utility of direct microscopy of AFB stained smear is limited because most of these patients were smear negative and are asymptomatic. So, direct microscopy in combination with Culture is recommended for higher case finding of TB in HIV patients. Key words: Asymptomatic; smear negative TB; HIV/AIDS; Kathmandu DOI: 10.3126/saarctb.v5i1.3077 SAARC J. Tuber. Lung Dis. HIV/AIDS 2008 Vol.5(1) 7-12
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Alhassan, M. B., P. Unung, and GO Adejor. "HIV and HBsAg Seropositivity Amongst Patients Presenting for Ocular Surgery at a Tertiary Eye Care Hospital in Nigeria." Open Ophthalmology Journal 7, no. 1 (March 22, 2013): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874364101307010018.
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Background: The prevalence of HIV/AIDS and HBsAg sero-positivity is very high in sub-Saharan African. There is a risk of horizontal transmission of these diseases amongst ophthalmic patients. Aim: To determine the proportion patients for eye surgery who are HIV/AIDS and HBsAg sero-positive at the National Eye Centre, Kaduna, Nigeria. Methods: Patients selected for eye surgery during a surgical camp at the National Eye Centre, Kaduna were counseled for Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) and HBsAg to determine their viral status. Results: A total of 650 patients who were selected were screened. The distributions of the indications for selection were as follows: cataract 483 (74.3%); glaucoma 44 (6.8%) and pterygium 123 (18.9%). Two patients (0.2%) were found to be HIV seropositive while 11 (1.5%) were HbsAg positive. Conclusion: Pre-operative screening of all patients going for ophthalmic surgery for HIV and HbsAg may be desirable in our environment.
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Fallon, Stephen J., Kimberly Molnar, Ekaterina S. Taneva, Laura Simone, Jeffrey Carter, and Tamar Sapir. "626. Tackling the HIV Epidemic in South Florida: Patient Insights on Approaches for HIV Counseling, Testing, and Access to Prevention or Treatment." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S372—S373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.820.
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Abstract Background The South Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area has for several years recorded the highest HIV incidence in the nation, and prevalence in the top three of all counties. To address the alarming disparity in HIV impact, we developed a survey study to learn about the beliefs, attitudes, and perspectives of persons who accessed services at an HIV community-based organization in South Florida. Methods Surveys were administered in English and Spanish to 109 persons who visited a community-based HIV service provider (Latinos Salud) at any of its three South Florida sites in April 2019. The survey evaluated the participants’ perspectives on different avenues for HIV counseling, screening, and accessing HIV medications for prevention or treatment. Results The majority of survey participants were male (90%), homosexual/gay/queer (75%), and Hispanic/Latino (56%; Table 1). Participants’ self-reported their HIV status as negative (64%), positive (30%), or unknown (6%; Table 1). Of those not currently living with HIV, 77% reported having been tested within the past 6 months, and 81% reported recent engagement in high-risk activities (Table 1). Most participants considered using social media to promote awareness of HIV and related services a good idea (Table 2). Large proportions of participants endorsed receiving HIV counseling through in-person conversations with clinicians (91%), staff at community-based organizations (83%), friends (83%), telehealth visits (69%), conversations with teachers (63%), or church members (56%; Table 2). Most participants endorsed a range of both clinical (e.g. local health clinic) and non-clinical (e.g. mobile van) locations as acceptable settings for HIV testing (Table 2). Large proportions of participants endorsed receiving medications to prevent or treat HIV immediately after testing (82%), by home delivery (78%), or through telehealth (60%; Table 2). Meaningful associations were found between certain patient demographics (race/ethnicity, testing history, or insurance status) and the participants’ perspectives on specific strategies (Table 3). Table 1. Participant Characteristics Table 2. Participants’ Views on Strategies for HIV Counseling, Testing, and Access to Medications Table 3. Participants’ Views on Strategies for HIV Counseling, Testing, and Access to Medications Stratified by Patient Characteristics Conclusion These real-world findings can be used to inform clinic- and community-based interventions tailored to individual patient characteristics. Disclosures Tamar Sapir, PhD, Gilead Sciences, Inc. (Other Financial or Material Support, Independent medical education grant)
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Nduka, Ijeoma, Ezinna Ezinne Enwereji, Enyinnaya C. Nduka, and Reginald Ahuizi Eke. "Reproductive Intentions of HIV-Positive Women on ARV Treatment in Abia State, Southeast Nigeria." ISRN Public Health 2014 (February 20, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/593067.
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Introduction. In the African culture, the primary reason for marriage is procreation. Every female strives to perform this role irrespective of her health status so as to fulfill part of the conditions for maintaining the marriage. The question is, to what extent are HIV-positive women aware of the risks of fulfilling this role? The study aimed to determine the reproductive intentions of HIV-positive women in Abia State. Materials and Methods. This was a longitudinal cross-sectional descriptive study conducted among married HIV-positive women attending the Heart to Heart treatment centre in Abia State University Teaching Hospital from February to October 2013. Systematic sampling was used to select 250 married women between the ages of 15–49 years who are on antiretroviral therapy. Interviewer administered questionnaire and focus group discussion were used to obtain relevant information from the participants. Data were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively. SPSS version 17 software was also used in the analyses. Results. The mean number of living children of the respondents was 2.3 ± 4.7. A good proportion of the respondents, 158 (63.7%) the desired to have more children. The younger the age group of the respondents (OR = 7.33), the lower their parity (OR = 3.69) and more regular they attended ARV clinic (OR = 47.76) the more they desired to have more children. The main reason for desiring more children was the quest to have male children. In the words of one respondent, “without a male child, the marriage is not secure. The woman can be chased out at any time.” Conclusion. The fact that a large proportion of HIV-positive women, irrespective of the mean number of living children and their gender, still desired to have more children shows poor knowledge of the risk they are exposed to by having large number of children. Family counseling/education on the benefits of using family planning devices especially condom is necessary for HIV-positive women and their male partners.
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Sedowhe Ashaka, Oluwaseyi, Olumuyiwa Babalola Salu, Ayorinde Babatunde James, Akeeb Oriowo Bola Oyefolu, AbdulAzeez Adeyemi Anjorin, Bamidele Oludare Oke, Mercy Remilekun Orenolu, and Sunday Aremu Omilabu. "Parvovirus B19 DNA detection in treatment-naïve HIV anemic patients in Lagos, Nigeria: a case control study." African Health Sciences 20, no. 1 (April 20, 2020): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v20i1.27.
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Background: Parvovirus B19 (B19) has tropism for cells of the erythroid lineage, which may lead to transient inhibition of erythropoiesis. Several studies and case reports suggested that B19 infection may contribute significantly to severe chronic ane- mia in HIV infected persons.
Objective: To detect parvovirus B19 DNA in treatment-naïve HIV patients.
Methods: This was a case control retrospective study. One hundred nineteen anemic and 81 non-anemic treatment-naïve HIV infected patients participated in the study at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria. Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect B19 DNA.
Results: Out of 200 patients analysed, 13(6.5%) had parvovirus B19 DNA. Eight HIV patients with anemia had B19 DNA while five non-anemic HIV patients had B19 DNA. This suggests that the presence of B19 DNA in the blood of HIV positive individuals may contribute to anemia because the majority (61.5%) who were positive for B19 DNA had anemia as compared to the non-anemic control group (38.5%).
Conclusion: This study shows that the presence of B19 DNA in anemic HIV infected patients is not associated with chronic anaemia in HIV infection because no significant association exist.
Keywords: Parvovirus B19; anemia; human immunodeficiency virus; polymerase chain reaction.
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Jones, Milissa, Habib Omari, Sylvia Adebajo, Charlotte Gaydos, Afoke Kokogho, Stefan Baral, Rebecca Nowak, et al. "1287. Seizing Opportunities for Intervention: Changing HIV Knowledge Among Men Who Have Sex With Men and Transgender Women Attending Trusted Community Centers in Nigeria." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, suppl_1 (November 2018): S393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy210.1120.
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Abstract Background Knowledge of HIV risk factors and risk reduction strategies is essential for HIV prevention in key populations, including men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW). We described factors associated with HIV-related knowledge and evaluated the impact of counseling and care at trusted community health centers serving Nigerian MSM and TGW. Methods The TRUST/RV368 cohort recruits MSM and TGW via respondent driven sampling in Abuja and Lagos, Nigeria. Participants undergo a structured interview with five knowledge-testing questions at enrollment and after 9 and 15 months. Routine HIV/STI screening, free condoms/lubricants, and counseling about safer sex practice is provided. Multivariable Poisson regression with generalized estimating equations was used to calculate risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for factors associated with answering more knowledge questions correctly. Pearson’s chi-squared test was used to compare the proportion of participants answering each question correctly at enrollment and subsequent visits. Results From March 2013 to December 2017, 2,090 biological males were enrolled with median age 23 [interquartile range 20–27] years, including 234 (11.2%) with female gender identity. Of 1691 participants with known HIV status, 836 (49.4%) were positive. The mean number of HIV knowledge questions correctly answered was 2.37, 2.98, and 3.09 at enrollment, 9, and 15 months, respectively. Participants demonstrated increased HIV knowledge after 9 (RR 1.15 [95% CI 1.03–1.28]) and 15 months (1.18 [1.05–1.32]). Factors associated with increased knowledge included HIV positivity (1.17 [1.11–1.23]), higher than senior secondary education when compared with less than senior secondary (1.24 [1.12–1.37]), and almost daily internet use when compared with never (1.17 [1.08–1.27]). Knowledge gains were driven primarily by improved understanding of condom and lubricant use (figure). Conclusion While HIV knowledge improved during enrollment in the cohort, it remained suboptimal. Multiple modalities may be needed to fully inform Nigerian MSM and TGW of risk reduction strategies. Interventions that involve internet access to deliver educational materials may be a useful adjunct to direct counseling at healthcare centers. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Diallo, Abdoulaye, Chia Vang, Belinda Rivas, Antonio Aguirre, Carl Flowers, and Ngai Kwan. "The Use of Employment/Vocational Rehabilitation Services for Persons with HIV/AIDS and Substance Abuse: A potential Health Benefit." Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 48, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.48.4.28.
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This study investigates Vocational Rehabilitation (VR) services related to competitive employment closure among non-Hispanic Blacks (NHB), non-Hispanic Whites (NHW), and Hispanics with HIV/AIDS and substance use disorder (SUD). Data of 4150 was extracted from the Rehabilitation Services Administration (RSA-911) database. Descriptive statistics and multi-variate analysis showed consumers who received SSI and Medicare were less likely to be employed than those who did not, and, NHW who received rehabilitation counseling and guidance benefited the most compared to NHB who did not. Rehabilitation counselors can assist minorities with HIV/AIDS and SUD secure employment given the positive effects of employment for this population. Health professionals should consider incorporating employment, using VR services in their treatment strategies, while making sure clients with different racial ethnicity background benefit equally from all VR services.
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Yusuf, Aminu Abba, Baba Maiyaki Musa, Najibah Aliyu Galadanci, Musa Babashani, Aminu Zakari Mohammed, Donna J. Ingles, Agnes B. Fogo, C. William Wester, and Muktar Hassan Aliyu. "HIV-associated nephropathy: Protocol and rationale for an exploratory genotype-phenotype study in a sub-Saharan African population." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 6, 2021): e0249567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249567.
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Background HIV-positive persons of African descent are disproportionately affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD). Deterioration to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) also occurs in this population at a higher frequency. There remains a lot to learn about the genetic susceptibility to CKD in HIV positive patients, and the pathophysiology of progression to ESKD. Objectives We will conduct an exploratory genotype-phenotype study in HIV-positive persons with CKD in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria, to determine blood-based differential gene expression biomarkers in different kidney risk groups according to the KDIGO 2012 criteria. Methods We will consecutively screen 150 HIV-positive adults (≥18 years of age) attending the HIV clinic of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria, for CKD based on proteinuria and elevation of estimated glomerular filtration rate. Among these, two separate groups of 16 eligible participants each (n = 32) will be selected in the four (4) KDIGO 2012 kidney risk categories. The groups will be matched for age, sex, viral suppression level and antiretroviral (ARV) regimen. In the first group (n = 16), we will determine differential gene expression markers in peripheral blood mononuclear cells using mRNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq). We will validate the differential expression markers in the second group (n = 16) using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Using a systems-based approach, we will construct, visualize and analyze gene-gene interaction networks to determine the potential biological roles of identified differential expression markers based on published literature and publicly available databases. Results Our exploratory study will provide valuable information on the potential roles of differential expression biomarkers in the pathophysiology of HIV-associated kidney disease by identifying novel biomarkers in different risk categories of CKD in a sub-Saharan African population. The results of this study will provide the basis for population-based genome-wide association studies to guide future personalized medicine approaches. Conclusion Validated biomarkers can be potential targets for the development of stage-specific therapeutic interventions, an essential paradigm in precision medicine.
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Lazarus, Kelechi Uchemadu, and David Adebayo Oluwole. "Demographic factors, attitude and knowledge of persons with special needs towards COVID-19 in Nigeria: Implications for counselling and social policy." Emerald Open Research 2 (August 20, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.13800.1.
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This study investigated demographic factors, attitude and knowledge of persons with special needs towards COVID-19 in Nigeria between 12th and 25th May, 2020. This cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 72 persons with special needs purposively selected from the six geo-political zones in Nigeria. A questionnaire comprising questions on demographic information (three), knowledge (24) and attitude (28) towards COVID-19 was completed via Google forms by the participants (r = 0.78). There were more males (51, 70.8%) than females (21, 29.2%) and the most common age group was 34-44 years (37.5%). The number of participants with a hearing impairment was 34 (47.2%) and the number with a visual impairment was 26 (36.1%). The results indicate adequate knowledge about the characteristics of COVID-19. It was found that 98.6% of the participants had heard about COVID-19; 94.4% were aware that COVID-19 is a contagious disease, 91.7% stated that COVID-19 is a virus and 88.9% reported correctly that the incubation period is 3-14 days. The knowledge about symptoms of COVID-19 among participants was high (x = 2.63; participants obtained 87.8% of the total achievable score for these questions). The knowledge about prevention and control of COVID 19 among participants needs was very high (x = 2.77; participants obtained 92.3% of the total achievable score for these questions). Attitude of participants towards the COVID-19 outbreak was positive and above average (x = 2.84). However, participants reported that it is hard to get palliatives or financial and material support from others during COVID-19 lockdown (52.8%) and that they feel frustrated by the uncaring attitude of the government towards them during COVID-19 lockdown (55.6%). On this basis, counselling and social policy implications were suggested including the need for widespread enlightenment on how to reduce hearing and vision impairments in the country.
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Lazarus, Kelechi Uchemadu, and David Adebayo Oluwole. "Demographic factors, attitude and knowledge of persons with special needs towards COVID-19 in Nigeria: Implications for counselling and social policy." Emerald Open Research 2 (September 30, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.13800.2.
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This study investigated demographic factors, attitude and knowledge of persons with special needs towards COVID-19 in Nigeria between 12 th and 25 th May, 2020. This cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 72 persons with special needs purposively selected from the six geo-political zones in Nigeria. A questionnaire comprising questions on demographic information (three), knowledge (24) and attitude (28) towards COVID-19 was completed via Google forms by the participants (r = 0.78). There were more males (51, 70.8%) than females (21, 29.2%) and the most common age group was 34-44 years (37.5%). The number of participants with a hearing impairment was 34 (47.2%) and the number with a visual impairment was 26 (36.1%). The results indicate adequate knowledge about the characteristics of COVID-19. It was found that 98.6% of the participants had heard about COVID-19; 94.4% were aware that COVID-19 is a contagious disease, 91.7% stated that COVID-19 is a virus and 88.9% reported correctly that the incubation period is 3-14 days. The knowledge about symptoms of COVID-19 among participants was high (x = 2.63; participants obtained 87.8% of the total achievable score for these questions). The knowledge about prevention and control of COVID-19 among participants needs was very high (x = 2.77; participants obtained 92.3% of the total achievable score for these questions). Attitude of participants towards the COVID-19 outbreak was positive and above average (x = 2.84). However, participants reported that it is hard to get palliatives or financial support from others during COVID-19 lockdown (52.8%) and that they feel frustrated by the uncaring attitude of the government towards them during COVID-19 lockdown (55.6%). On this basis, counselling and social policy implications were suggested including the provision of palliatives by the government and the need for widespread enlightenment among individuals with special needs on prevention of COVID-19.
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Ogunro, Paul S., Adeniyi K. Adeneye, Titus O. Ogungbamigbe, Taiwo A. Adewole, Adesola Z. Musa, and Joy I. Isikwei. "Perceptions of the benefits and affordability of antiretrovirals among HIV-positive persons in a rural area of South-West Nigeria." African Journal of AIDS Research 5, no. 3 (November 2006): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16085900609490384.
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Simon, K. R., M. Hartig, E. J. Abrams, E. Wetzel, S. Ahmed, E. Chester, C. Chembezi, et al. "The Tingathe Surge: a multi-strategy approach to accelerate HIV case finding in Malawi." Public Health Action 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/pha.18.0099.
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Setting: Nineteen health facilities in rural, southeastern Malawi.Objective: To describe the implementation and results of a 6-week intervention to accelerate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) case finding.Design: Six HIV testing strategies were simultaneously implemented. Routinely collected data from Ministry of Health registers were used to determine the number of HIV tests performed and of new cases identified. The weekly averages of the total number of tests and new cases before and during the intervention were compared. Testing by age group and sex was described. The percentage yield of new cases was compared by testing strategy.Results: Of 29 703 HIV tests conducted, 1106 (3.7%) were positive. Of the total number of persons tested, 69.5% were women and 75.5% were aged >15 years. The yield of positive test results was 3.5% among women, 4.3% among men, 4.4% among those aged >15 years and 1.5% among those aged 15 years. The average weekly number of tests increased 106.7% from 3337 to 6896 (P = 0.002). The average weekly number of positive cases identified increased 51.9% from 158 to 240 (P = 0.017). The testing strategy with the highest yield resulted in a 6.0% yield; the lowest was 1.3%. The yield for all strategies, except one, was highest in adult men.Conclusion: A multi-strategy approach to HIV testing and counseling can be an effective means of accelerating HIV case finding.
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Dahiya, Neha, D. Bachani, R. Das, and SK Rasania. "SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC AND CLINICAL PROFILE OF HIV POSITIVE PATIENTS ATTENDING INTEGRATED COUNSELING & TESTING CENTRE OF A PRIMARY HEALTH CENTRE IN DELHI." SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and HIV/AIDS 14, no. 1 (July 12, 2017): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v14i1.17725.
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Introduction: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is a global pandemic affecting principally the sexually active and economically productive population of any country. Additionally the dual epidemic of HIV and TB infection is of growing concern in Asia, where nearly two-third of TB-infected individuals live and where tuberculosis now accounts for 40 percent of HIV/AIDS deaths. Keeping this in mind, a study was conducted to understand the profile of HIV/AIDS patients attending Integrated Counseling and Testing Center (ICTC) located at Primary Health Centre, Palam in Delhi.Methodology: This was a descriptive record based study undertaken at ICTC, PHC PALAM, New Delhi. Records of all HIV seropositive patients identified in reference period (January 2010 to December 2014) were analyzed retrospectively to assess the socio-demographic and clinical profile including possible route of transmission, CD4 counts at the time of first reporting to the Anti Retroviral Treatment (ART) centre and the presence of co-infections including tuberculosis were recorded. Total 77 HIV seropositive patients were identified.Results: Mean Age of presentation of male was 31.18 ± 8.85 years (12-60 years) and female 30.30 ± 10.07 years (7-53 years). Majority of HIV+ persons were married (16% of males and 6% females were unmarried).24% of women were widows. Majority of HIV+ males and females had only primary schooling. 11% males and 21% females were illiterate. Main occupations of HIV+ males were daily wages labor and salaried service or other unspecified four out of 5 HIV+ women were housewives 70% of subjects were either referred from RNTCP or were self reporting. Heterosexual route was the most common route of transmission. Mean CD4 counts Males: 190.48 ± 180.52, Females: 286.21 ± 220.25 (t=2.09; p=0.039, significant).At the time of first reporting to ART centers, mean CD4 count was significantly higher in HIV+ females as compared to males. More than 50% of HIV+ males and 30% of females had co-infection of HIV & TB. CD4 count was associated with gender and co-infection with TB. Significantly higher odds of HIV-TB co-infection among male as compared to females (chi-square=4.49, p=0.034) and odds Ratio=2.76(1.07 – 7.14)Conclusions: Low literacy and some occupations carry higher risk of HIV. CD4 count was associated with gender and co-infection with TB. Odds of co-infection with TB were higher in males. Analysis of information at ICTC & ART centre should be used to monitor and plan HIV prevention and control in the area.SAARC J TUBER LUNG DIS HIV/AIDS, 2017; XIV(1), page: 22-26
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Ochalefu, DO, GI Adoga, EI Alonyenu, and SA Agada. "Derangement in Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Markers of Liver Function in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infected Patients in Makurdi, North Central Nigeria." NIGERIAN ANNALS OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES 4 (January 28, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.46912/napas.195.
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Liver disease has emerged as a critical issue in the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) victims. This study was carried out to investigate the derangement in indices of liver function in HIV-infected patients in Makurdi, North Central Nigeria. One hundred and fifty males and females adults within the age range of 21- 50 years were enrolled for this study. One hundred of these participants were confirmed HIV positive, out of which fifty were on various antiretroviral drugs including the nucleoside / nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors and the non-nucleoside transcriptase inhibitors classes of antiretroviral drugs. The remaining fifty persons who were HIV- negative served as the control group. Blood samples from the studied persons were analysed for alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, albumin, total bilirubin and conjugated bilirubin using automated clinical chemistry analyser, Hitachi 902 (Roche Diagnostic GMBH, Germany). The HIV- patients with or without antiretroviral drugs had their serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase significantly raised (p< 0.05) compared with the control subjects. A significant rise (p< 0.05) was observed in serum level of total protein in the HIV patients who were yet to commence antiretroviral drugs when compared to the control subjects. However, the albumin levels of the HIV patients on the antiretroviral drugs and those who were yet to commence the antiretroviral drugs decreased significantly (p< 0.05) when compared with that of the control. The total bilirubin level of the HIV patients on antiretroviral drugs showed significant increase (p< 0.05) compared with the control subjects and the HIV patients who were not on antiretroviral drugs. This study reveals that both HIV infection itself and the antiretroviral drugs cause hepatic malfunction
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Bandres, Maria V., and Daniel Mueller. "1061. False Positive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Testing Due to Acute Hepatitis A Infection: A Case Series." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1247.
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Abstract Background In our urban, underserved patient population, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is hyper-endemic, and HIV screening is frequently performed. Although HIV screening tests have high specificity, false positives can occur. Numerous reasons for false positive testing have been cited, including vaccinations, autoimmune diseases, and viral infections. In 2019, Philadelphia experienced a large Hepatitis A outbreak, during which time false positive HIV screening tests were discovered. Our aim was to further describe these patients who had been diagnosed with acute Hepatitis A infection and in whom false positive HIV testing had occurred. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of adult patients admitted to our hospital between January 2017 and December 2019 who had a positive Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) IgM. Demographics, HIV tests, viral hepatitis tests, and liver tests were recorded. False positive HIV was defined as a positive HIV screen (p24 antigen and HIV-1 and 2 antibody combo), followed by a negative differentiation assay for HIV-1 and 2 antibodies, combined with a negative HIV PCR. Results A total of 156 unique patients were found to have acute HAV, with 138 cases identified in 2019. Of these, 3 patients had confirmed false positive HIV testing, and 1 patient had suspected false positive HIV testing (HIV-2 differentiation assay indeterminate, with very low local prevalence of HIV-2), for a false positive test rate of 2.6% (4/156). Ages ranged from 36-47 years, 3 were male, and 2 were persons who injected drugs (PWID). Three patients had prior negative HIV testing. Two patients had fevers during admission, but none of the four were febrile at the time of HIV test collection. Three patients had elevated transaminases, and two had abnormal coagulation testing. Coinfection with Hepatitis C was found in three patients. One patient had follow-up HIV testing performed, which was negative. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first report of false positive HIV testing related to acute HAV. Prevalence of false positives was low, but awareness can facilitate patient counseling. With low sample size, conclusions cannot be drawn about risk factors related to false positive testing. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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Fadul, Nada, Ciarra Dortche, Richard Baltaro, and Tim Reeder. "1273. Routine Opt-out HIV Screening and Detection of HIV Infection Among Emergency Department Patients." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, suppl_1 (November 2018): S388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy210.1106.
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Abstract Background The Southeastern United States bears a disproportionate burden of HIV infection, accounting for nearly half of all new cases. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released routine opt-out testing recommendations in 2006. Our emergency department collaborated with our infectious diseases clinic (ECU-ID) to implement suggested guidelines among adults since March 2017. Methods Our primary aim was to implement routine, opt-out HIV testing in the Vidant Medical Center Emergency Department (ED) for patients between 18 and 65 years of age who have blood work completed, and have not had a test documented in the electronic medical record (EMR) in the last year. A secondary aim was to successfully link HIV-positive patients to care at ECU-ID or preferred clinic. Methods defining programmatic success included developing nurse directed opt-out ordering protocol, integrating testing into normal ED workflow, utilizing the existing EMR to prompt testing, and hiring a linkage coordinator to initiate post-test counseling and linkage-to-care. Results Since March 2, 2017, a total of 7,109 HIV tests were performed; an average of 592 monthly tests conducted compared with a previous average of 10 stat tests. Testing increased 5,820% compared with 2015. Of the 21 HIV-positive patients found, 16 were newly diagnosed. Among those newly diagnosed, 14 (87.5%) were linked to care; and among the five known positives, two (40%) were linked to care. Reasons why patients could not be linked included incarceration, refusal to link to care, and re-location. Conclusion Joined with the implementation of a routinized ED HIV testing program, a seamless process was developed to link persons found to be positive in the ED to HIV care services; therefore, establishing a systems-level prevention model. Future plans include expanding testing to adolescents and utilizing similar methods to integrate Hepatitis C testing. Disclosures All Authors. Gilead Sciences, Inc.: Grant Investigator, Grant recipient and Salary.
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Gachanja, Grace, and Gary J. Burkholder. "A model for HIV disclosure of a parent’s and/or a child’s illness." PeerJ 4 (February 4, 2016): e1662. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1662.
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HIV prevalence in Kenya remains steady at 5.6% for adults 15 years and older, and 0.9% among children aged below 14 years. Parents and children are known to practice unprotected sex, which has implications for continued HIV spread within the country. Additionally, due to increased accessibility of antiretroviral therapy, more HIV-positive persons are living longer. Therefore, the need for HIV disclosure of a parent’s and/or a child’s HIV status within the country will continue for years to come. We conducted a qualitative phenomenological study to understand the entire process of disclosure from the time of initial HIV diagnosis of an index person within an HIV-affected family, to the time of full disclosure of a parent’s and/or a child’s HIV status to one or more HIV-positive, negative, or untested children within these households. Participants were purposively selected and included 16 HIV-positive parents, seven HIV-positive children, six healthcare professionals (physician, clinical officer, psychologist, registered nurse, social worker, and a peer educator), and five HIV-negative children. All participants underwent an in-depth individualized semistructured interview that was digitally recorded. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed in NVivo 8 using the modified Van Kaam method. Six themes emerged from the data indicating that factors such as HIV testing, living with HIV, evolution of disclosure, questions, emotions, benefits, and consequences of disclosure interact with each other and either impede or facilitate the HIV disclosure process. Kenya currently does not have guidelines for HIV disclosure of a parent’s and/or a child’s HIV status. HIV disclosure is a process that may result in poor outcomes in both parents and children. Therefore, understanding how these factors affect the disclosure process is key to achieving optimal disclosure outcomes in both parents and children. To this end, we propose an HIV disclosure model incorporating these six themes that is geared at helping healthcare professionals provide routine, clinic-based, targeted, disclosure-related counseling/advice and services to HIV-positive parents and their HIV-positive, HIV-negative, and untested children during the HIV disclosure process. The model should help improve HIV disclosure levels within HIV-affected households. Future researchers should test the utility and viability of our HIV disclosure model in different settings and cultures.
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James, Bawo Onesirosan, Joyce Ohiole Omoaregba, and Esther Osemudiamen Okogbenin. "Stigmatising attitudes towards persons with mental illness: a survey of medical students and interns from Southern Nigeria." Mental Illness 4, no. 1 (January 30, 2012): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/mi.2012.e8.
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Stigmatising attitudes towards persons with mental illness are commonly reported among health professionals. Familiarity with mental illness has been reported to improve these attitudes. Very few studies have compared future medical doctors' attitudes toward types of mental illness, substance use disorders and physical illness. A cross-sectional survey of 5th and 6th year medical students as well as recently graduated medical doctors was conducted in April 2011. The 12-item level of contact report and the Attitude towards Mental Illness Questionnaire were administered. Partici -pants endorsed stigmatising attitudes towards mental illness; with attitudes more adverse for schizophrenia compared to depression. Stigmatising attitudes were similarly endorsed for substance use disorders. Paradoxically, attitudes towards HIV/AIDS were positive and similar to diabetes mellitus. Increasing familiarity with mental illness was weakly associated with better attitudes towards depression and schizophrenia. Stigmatising attitudes towards depression and schizophrenia are common among future doctors. Efforts to combat stigma are urgently needed and should be promoted among medical students and recent medical graduates.
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Lederman, Edith, Andria Blackwell, Gina Tomkus, Misty Rios, Brent Stephen, Ada Rivera, and Philip Farabaugh. "Opt-out Testing Pilot for Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Immigrant Detainees at 2 Immigration and Customs Enforcement Health Service Corps–Staffed Detention Facilities, 2018." Public Health Reports 135, no. 1_suppl (July 2020): 82S—89S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354920928491.
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Objectives Correctional settings (prisons, jails, detention facilities) provide a unique opportunity to screen for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among correctional populations with a high prevalence of infection. Immigrant detainees are a distinct and poorly described correctional population. The main objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of a national STI screening program for immigrant detainees. Methods and Materials We developed an opt-out STI testing program that included electronic health record integration, patient education, and staff member training. We piloted this program from June 22 through August 19, 2018, at 2 detention facilities with different operational requirements and detainee demographic characteristics. We assessed STI test positivity rates, treatment outcomes, estimated cost to conduct testing and counseling, and staff member perceptions of program value and challenges to implementation. Results Of 1041 immigrant detainees approached for testing, 526 (50.5%) declined. Of 494 detainees who were tested, 42 (8.5%) tested positive for at least 1 STI; the percentage positivity rates were 6.7% (n = 33) for chlamydia, 0.8% (n = 4) for syphilis, 0.8% (n = 4) for gonorrhea, 0.6% (n = 3) for hepatitis B, and 0.2% (n = 1) for HIV. The estimated cost to detect any STI ranged from $500 to $961; the estimated cost to identify 1 person infected with HIV ranged from $22 497 to $43 244. Forty of 42 persons who tested positive began treatment before release from custody. Medical staff members had positive views of the program but had concerns about workload. Practice Implications STIs are prevalent among immigrant detainees. A routine screening program is feasible if operational aspects are carefully considered and would provide counseling, education, and treatment for this vulnerable population.
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Eyongndi, David Tarh-Akong. "An appraisal of HIV and Aids (Anti-Discrimination) Act, 2014 and the tide of employment discrimination in Nigeria." Africa Nazarene University Law Journal 8, no. 1 (2020): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/anulj/v8/i1a5.
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Subjecting employees or applicants to a medical test to determine whether they are fit for employment and so pre-empt any liability that the employer may suffer owing to the unfitness of the employer has become a prevalent practice. However, a trend has developed in terms of which employers subject employees to medical tests to use the outcome as a reason to discriminate against them and terminate their employment. Testing positive for HIV/AIDS is one such outcome where the status of the employee, despite their right to be free from discrimination, has been used to terminate their employment. This is the plight that persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLW HIV/AIDS) must suffer at the hands of employers as they were being discriminated against based on their health status even though it did not affect their ability to discharge their duties. This situation led to discontentment which developed into serious pressure to protect PLW HIV/AIDS. To address the phenomenon, the legislature enacted the HIV and AIDS (Anti-Discrimination) Act 2014. This article adopts the desk-based methodology in appraising the provisions of the Anti-Discrimination Act to determine the extent to which the Act has dealt with the quagmire of employment discrimination against PLW HIV/AIDS in Nigeria. It also considers the challenges confronting the implementation of the Act. The Anti-Discrimination Act has criminalised termination of employment on account of the HIV/AIDS status of an employee and prohibits other forms of discrimination sequel to the status. The article concludes by making vital recommendations on how to implement the Act in a way that strikes a balance between curbing discrimination while promoting the employer’s business.
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Slinkard, BA, Samantha A., Jennifer R. Pharr, PhD, Tamara Bruno, MPH, Dina Patel, MSN, Amaka Ogidi, MEd, Michael Obiefune, MBBS, and Echezona E. Ezeanolue, MD, MPH. "Determinants of Infant Mortality in Southeast Nigeria: Results from the Healthy Beginning Initiative, 2013-2014." International Journal of MCH and AIDS (IJMA) 7, no. 1 (May 3, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21106/ijma.229.
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Background: Neonatal mortality due to preventable factors occurs at high rates throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Community-based interventions increase opportunities for prenatal screening and access to antenatal care services (ANC) services. The Healthy Beginning Initiative (HBI) provided congregation-based prenatal screening and health counseling for 3,047 women in Enugu State. The purpose of this study was to identify determinants for infant mortality among this cohort.Methods: This was a prospective cohort study of post-delivery outcomes at 40 churches in Enugu State, Nigeria between 2013 and 2014. Risk factors for infant mortality were assessed using chi square, odds ratios, and multiple logistic regression.Results: There were 2,436 live births from the 2,379 women who delivered (55 sets of twins and one set of triplets), and 99 cases of neonatal/early postneonatal mortality. The neonatal mortality rate was 40.6 per 1,000 live births. Risk factors associated with neonatal mortality were lack of access to ANC services [OR= 8.81], maternal mortality [OR= 15.28], caesarian section [OR= 2.47], syphilis infection [OR= 6.46], HIV-positive status [OR= 3.87], and preterm birth [OR= 14.14].Conclusions and Global Health Implications: These results signify that culturally-acceptable community-based interventions targeted to increase access to ANC services, post-delivery services for preterm births, and HIV and syphilis screening for expectant mothers are needed to reduce infant mortality in resource-limited settings.Key words: Infant Mortality • Neonatal Mortality • HIV, Antenatal Care • Nigeria • Healthy Beginning InitiativeCopyright © 2018 Slinkard et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Asuquo, Ekaete F., Regina E. Ella, Paulina A. Akpan-Idiok, and Easter E. Osuchkwu. "The Synergy between Burden and Anticipatory Grief among Caregivers of People Living with HIV/AIDS in Calabar Municipality, Nigeria." Evidence-Based Nursing Research 2, no. 4 (October 9, 2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.47104/ebnrojs3.v2i4.162.
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Contents: Caregiving remains the crux of management in terminal diseases, but little attention is given to the effects of terminal illnesses on the caregivers and the associated anticipatory grief that aggravates caregivers' burden.
Aim: This study assesses the correlations between burden and anticipatory grief experienced among caregivers of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Calabar Municipality, Cross River State, Nigeria.
Methods: Correlations and descriptive cross-sessional design were utilized to assess and purposefully recruit 231 eligible caregivers of PLWHA, respectively. Validated revised Zarit Burden Interview scale (ZBI) and Anticipatory Grief Scale were the primary data collection instruments. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21.0.
Results: Study findings revealed that the highest percentage, 36.4% (84) participants experienced a moderate burden, while 22.1% (51) experienced a severe burden. Similarly, the highest percentage, 33.3% (77) of the participants experienced moderate anticipatory grief at the range of 57-76, while 30.7% (71) participants experienced severe anticipatory grief within 77- 135. Positive and significant correlations (r = 0.61, P < 0.05; r = 0.53, P < 0.05; r = 0.66, P < 0.05) were obtained for the relationship between no anticipatory grief/burden; mild anticipatory grief/ burden and severe anticipatory grief/ burden respectively) during the study. These positive correlations revealed a strong synergy between the two variables, caregiver’s burden and anticipatory grief.
Conclusion: As sub-Saharan African disproportionately bears the burden of HIV, more persons will have to take up family caregivers' roles despite the high level of burden and associated anticipatory grief. The need for educational intervention backed by the policy cannot be over-emphasized and should be implemented to enhance and acquaint caregivers on the nature of anticipatory grief and its connection with a terminal disease like HIV/AIDS.
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Scheer, Susan, Alison J. Hughes, Judith Tejero, Mark A. Damesyn, Karen E. Mark, Tyler M. Arguello, and Amy R. Wohl. "Regional Differences Among HIV Patients in Care: California Medical Monitoring Project Sites, 2007-2008." Open AIDS Journal 6, no. 1 (September 7, 2012): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874613601206010188.
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Introduction: The Medical Monitoring Project (MMP) is a national, multi-site population-based supplemental HIV/AIDS surveillance project of persons receiving HIV/AIDS care. We compared California MMP data by region. Demographic characteristics, medical care experiences, HIV treatment, clinical care outcomes, and need for support services are described. Methods: HIV-infected patients 18 years or older were randomly selected from medical care facilities. In person structured interviews from 2007 - 2008 were used to assess sociodemographic characteristics, self-reported clinical outcomes, and need for supportive services. Pearson chi-squared, Fisher’s exact and Kruskal-Wallis p-values were calculated to compare regional differences. Results: Between 2007 and 2008, 899 people were interviewed: 329 (37%) in San Francisco (SF), 333 (37%) in Los Angeles (LA) and 237 (26%) in other California counties. Significant regional sociodemographic differences were found. Care received and clinical outcomes for patients in MMP were positive and few regional differences were identified. HIV case management (36%), mental health counseling (35%), and dental services (29%) were the supportive services patients most frequently needed. Unmet needs for supportive services were low overall. Significant differences by region in needed and unmet need services were identified. Discussion: The majority of MMP respondents reported standard of care CD4 and viral load monitoring, high treatment use, undetectable HIV viral loads and CD4 counts indicative of good immune function and treatment efficacy. Information from MMP can be used by planning councils, policymakers, and HIV care providers to improve access to care and prevention. Identifying regional differences can facilitate sharing of best practices among health jurisdictions.
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Aminat Omope Yusuf, Timothy Olugbenga Ogundeko, MamzhiSeljul Crown Ramyil, Catherine Nadabo, and Nkiru Philomena Okoye. "Early infant diagnosis of HIV-I infection using dried blood spots among children born to seropositive mothers in Federal Medical Centre (FMC) Lokoja." GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 8, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2021.8.2.0161.
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Early diagnosis of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in infants provides a critical opportunity to strengthen follow-up of HIV- exposed children using dried blood spots and assure early access to antiretroviral treatment for infected children. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of HVI-1 infection in infants born to HIV-seropositive mothers. Early infant diagnosis of HIV sub-type I was carried out using on dried blood spots of 286 babies born to HIV-I seropositive mothers attending the Federal Medical Centre, Lokoja - Kogi State, Nigeria, between the months of July to December, 2013. Data obtained was analyzed using Gene Amp PCR System 9700. The overall rate of HIV-I vertical transmission from infected mothers to their babies was 14.5%. High transmission rates 63.5%was seen in babies whose mothers could not get any form of interventions with the least transmission rates seen in babies whose mothers either took HAART or were one form of ARV or the other (0 – 1.0%). Babies who took nevirapine as prophylaxis after delivery had lower rate (1%) of transmission. From the 30 women that mix-fed their babies, 6.7% transmission rate was recorded.Lack of antiretroviral drugs by HIV-I positive pregnant women was found to be associated with high rate of HIV-I transmission (p<0.05). Early intervention of mother to child transmission of HIV-1 infection using Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy, exclusive breastfeeding practice as well as constant visit to Tertiary Hospitals for counseling and management of HIV infection reduced the rate of infection among the infants born to seropositive mothers.
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Bako, Babagana, Bala Mohammed Audu, Mohammed Bello Kawuwa, Asta Mana, and Anna Peter. "KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION AMONGST HEALTHCARE WORKERS IN IDP CAMPS AND HOST COMMUNITY CLINICS IN JERE AND MAIDUGURI METROPOLITAN LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS, BORNO STATE." Kanem Journal Medical Sciences 15, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.36020/kjms.2021.1504.
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Background: Emergency contraception (EC) offers women a second chance to avoid unintended pregnancy after unprotected sexual intercourse. Besides its availability, requisite knowledge and positive attitude of the healthcare works will encourage its utilization by the Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) and host community. Objectives To determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of EC by healthcare workers (HCWs) in IDP camps and host community clinics in Jere and Maiduguri metropolitan local government areas (LGAs) of Borno state, Nigeria. Methodology: Self-administered questionnaires were issued to HCWs attending a workshop on child spacing counselling and service organized by the Society of Gynaecology and Obstetrics of Nigeria, North-East sector (SOGON-NE). The questionnaire inquired about knowledge, attitudes and practice of emergency contraception. Results: Eighty-nine (89.0%) of the respondents were aware of EC and 88.0% have approved of its provision. The most common indication for the EC was unprotected sexual intercourse (91.0%), followed by rape, failed contraception and missed pills. Sixty-five (84.4%) of Nurse/Midwives and CHEWs were willing to provide EC for prospective clients and 59(76.6%) of them had provided EC in the past. The commonest form of EC known to the respondents was Levonorgestrel (Postinor 2), followed by oral contraceptive pills (OCP) and intrauterine device (IUCD). Mifepristone and ulipristal were known to only 23.6% and 11.2% of the respondents respectively. Majority (79.6%) will give EC immediately after intercourse. Only 46.1% of the respondent would institute EC within 7 days of unprotected intercourse and among them, 50% were Nurse/Midwives and 46.4% were CHEWs. Conclusion: Both the knowledge and approval of EC among the HCWs in the IDP camps and host community clinics in Jere and Maiduguri metropolitan LGAs of Borno state are high. This can be harnessed to encourage the wide utilization of the EC by adolescents and other vulnerable womenin the IDP camps and Host communities.