Academic literature on the topic 'HIV-positive persons – Counseling of – Zimbabwe'

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Journal articles on the topic "HIV-positive persons – Counseling of – Zimbabwe"

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Lo, B. "Ethical dilemmas in HIV infection." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 80, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-80-1-26.

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As the AIDS epidemic continues to claim lives, the issues of testing, confidentiality, and refusal to care for seropositive patients generate increasing debate and concern among health care workers, legislators, and the general public. Protecting the uninfected from exposure to HIV, providing adequate medical care and counseling to HIV-positive persons, and preventing discrimination are necessary and immediate goals. Adherence by practitioners to both the current legislation on AIDS and the ethical imperatives of the health professions will facilitate adequate access to health care for all persons with AIDS. It will also provide necessary guidelines for issues of confidentiality.
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Rutledge, Scott Edward. "Single-Session Motivational Enhancement Counseling to Support Change Toward Reduction of HIV Transmission by HIV Positive Persons." Archives of Sexual Behavior 36, no. 2 (November 16, 2006): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-006-9077-8.

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Bukenya, Dominic, Janet Seeley, Grace Tumwekwase, Elizabeth Kabunga, and Eugene Ruzagira. "How Follow-Up Counselling Increases Linkage to Care Among HIV-Positive Persons Identified Through Home-Based HIV Counselling and Testing: A Qualitative Study in Uganda." SAGE Open 10, no. 1 (January 2020): 215824401990016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244019900166.

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We investigated how follow-up counselling had increased linkage to HIV care in a trial of referral to care and follow-up counseling, compared to referral to care only, for participants diagnosed as HIV-positive through home-based HIV counseling and testing. We carried out a cross-sectional qualitative study. Using random stratified sampling, we selected 43 trial participants (26 [60%] in the intervention arm). Sample stratification was by sex, distance to an ART facility, linkage, and nonlinkage to HIV care. Twenty-six in-depth interviews were conducted with participants in the intervention arm: 17 people who had linked to HIV care and 9 who had not linked after 6 months of follow-up. Home-based follow-up counseling helped to overcome worries resulting from an HIV-positive test result. In addition, the counseling offered an opportunity to address questions on HIV treatment side effects, share experiences of intimate partner violence or threats, and general problems linking to care. The counselling encouraged early linkage to HIV care and use of biomedical medicines, discouraging alternative medicine usage. Home-based follow-up counseling also helped to promote HIV sero-status disclosure, facilitating linkage to, retention in and adherence to HIV care and treatment. This study successfully demonstrated that home-based follow-up counselling increased linkage to care through encouragement to seek care, provision of accurate information about HIV care services and supporting the person living with HIV to disclose and manage stigma.
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Chariyeva, Zulfiya, Carol E. Golin, Jo Anne Earp, and Chirayath Suchindran. "Does motivational interviewing counseling time influence HIV-positive persons’ self-efficacy to practice safer sex?" Patient Education and Counseling 87, no. 1 (April 2012): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2011.07.021.

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Wandera, Bonnie, Nazarius Mbona Tumwesigye, Joaniter Immaculate Nankabirwa, David Kaawa Mafigiri, Rosalind M. Parkes-Ratanshi, Saidi Kapiga, Judith Hahn, and Ajay K. Sethi. "Efficacy of a Single, Brief Alcohol Reduction Intervention among Men and Women Living with HIV/AIDS and Using Alcohol in Kampala, Uganda: A Randomized Trial." Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 16, no. 3 (May 23, 2016): 276–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325957416649669.

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We evaluated the efficacy of a brief motivational intervention (MI) counseling in reducing alcohol consumption among persons living with HIV/AIDS in Kampala, Uganda. Persons living with HIV/AIDS with Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Tool (AUDIT) score ≥3 points were randomized to either standardized positive prevention counseling alone or in combination with alcohol brief MI counseling. The mean change in AUDIT-C scores over 6 months was compared by treatment arm. The mean (standard deviation [SD]) AUDIT-C scores were 6.3 (2.3) and 6.8 (2.3) for control and MI arms ( P = .1) at baseline, respectively, and change in mean AUDIT-C score was not statistically different between arms over the 6 months ( P = .8). However, there was a statistically significant decrease in mean AUDIT-C score (−1.10; 95% confidence interval: −2.19 to −0.02, P = .046) among women in the MI arm. There was a nondifferential reduction in alcohol consumption overall, but MI appeared effective among women only. Studies with more than 1 counseling session and evaluation of gender differences in treatment response are needed.
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Kurth, Ann, Irene Kuo, James Peterson, Nkiru Azikiwe, Lauri Bazerman, Alice Cates, and Curt G. Beckwith. "Information and Communication Technology to Link Criminal Justice Reentrants to HIV Care in the Community." AIDS Research and Treatment 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/547381.

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The United States has the world’s highest prison population, and an estimated one in seven HIV-positive persons in the USA passes through a correctional facility annually. Given this, it is critical to develop innovative and effective approaches to support HIV treatment and retention in care among HIV-positive individuals involved in the criminal justice (CJ) system. Information and communication technologies (ICTs), including mobile health (mHealth) interventions, may offer one component of a successful strategy for linkage/retention in care. We describe CARE+ Corrections, a randomized controlled trial (RCT) study now underway in Washington, that will evaluate the combined effect of computerized motivational interview counseling and postrelease short message service (SMS) text message reminders to increase antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence and linkage and retention in care among HIV-infected persons involved in the criminal justice system. In this report, we describe the development of this ICT/mHealth intervention, outline the study procedures used to evaluate this intervention, and summarize the implications for the mHealth knowledge base.
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Stijović, Vesna, Pavle Piperac, Biljana Begović, and Sandra Grujičić. "Differences in demographic characteristics, risky behavior and HIV status of men and women who were voluntarily and confidentially counseled and tested at the Counseling Center for HIV/AIDS of the Institute of Public Health in Belgrade." Zdravstvena zastita 50, no. 2 (2021): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zdravzast50-32921.

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Introduction/Aim: Voluntary and confidential counseling and testing (VCCT) means getting information about HIV, ways of transmission, recognizing, reducing or avoiding risks for HIV infection, about safe sexual relations, the place where people can be tested, and what they should do depending on the test results in order to protect themselves and other people. The aim of this study was to examine differences in demographic characteristics, risky behavior and HIV status between men and women who were voluntarily and confidentially counseled and tested at the Counseling Center for HIV/AIDS of the Institute of Public Health in Belgrade. Methods: This research was conducted as a cross-sectional study and it included 3,480 persons (43.2% of women and 56.8% of men), who were counseled and tested at the Counseling Center for HIV/AIDS of the Institute of Public Health in Belgrade from 2017 to 2019. ch2 or Fisher's test was used for the statistical analysis of data. Results: The majority of women (42.1%) and men (42.5%) who were counseled and tested were in the age group 21-30 years. Men used DPST services significantly more often than women. HIV positive status was significantly more frequent in men (2.5%) than in women (0.3%). Women came significantly more often to voluntary counseling and testing due to the possible exposure to HIV infection by heterosexual contact (84.9%), accident (11.1%) and raping (1.0%), while men were counseled and tested due to heterosexual contact (59.3%), homosexual and bisexual contact (33.6%) and intravenous drug abuse (1.1%). Men used condoms always or often (40.1%) and had two or more partners (53.2%) more frequently during the last 12 months in comparison to women (24.2% and 20.6%). Conclusion: Voluntary and confidential counseling and testing is necessary in the fight against HIV infection, especially from the perspective of early discovering of people with this infection and education of HIV negative persons about risky sexual behavior and possible prevention measures.
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Sammons, Mary Katherine, Matthew Gaskins, Frank Kutscha, Alexander Nast, and Ricardo Niklas Werner. "HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): Knowledge, attitudes and counseling practices among physicians in Germany – A cross-sectional survey." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 29, 2021): e0250895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250895.

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Background German statutory health insurance began covering the costs associated with HIV PrEP in September 2019; however, to bill for PrEP services, physicians in Germany must either be certified as HIV-specialists according to a nationwide quality assurance agreement, or, if they are non-HIV-specialists, have completed substantial further training in HIV/PrEP care. Given the insufficient implementation of PrEP, the aim of our study was to explore the potential to increase the number of non-HIV-specialists providing PrEP-related services. Methods We conducted an anonymous survey among a random sample of internists, general practitioners, dermatologists and urologists throughout Germany using a self-developed questionnaire. We calculated a knowledge score and an attitudes score from individual items in these two domains. Both scores ranged from 0–20, with high values representing good knowledge or positive attitudes. We also asked participants about the proportion of PrEP advice they provided proactively to men who have sex with men (MSM) and trans-persons who met the criteria to be offered PrEP. Results 154 physicians completed the questionnaire. Self-assessed knowledge among HIV-specialists was greater than among non-HIV-specialists [Median knowledge score: 20.0 (IQR = 0.0) vs. 4.0 (IQR = 11.0), p<0.001]. Likewise, attitudes towards PrEP were more positive among HIV-specialists than non-HIV-specialists [Median attitudes score: 18.0 (IQR = 3.0) vs. 13.0 (IQR = 5.25), p<0.001]. The proportion of proactive advice on PrEP provided to at-risk MSM and trans-persons by HIV-specialists [Median: 30.0% (IQR = 63.5%)] was higher than that provided by non-HIV-specialists [Median: 0.0% (IQR = 11.3%), p<0.001]. However, the results of our multiple regression suggest the only independent predictor of proactive PrEP advice was the knowledge score, and not whether physicians were HIV-specialists or non-HIV-specialists. Conclusions These findings point to opportunities to improve PrEP implementation in individuals at risk of acquiring HIV. Targeted training, particularly for non-HIV-specialists, and the provision of patient-centered information material could help improve care, especially in rural areas.
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Thekkur, Pruthu, Kudakwashe C. Takarinda, Collins Timire, Charles Sandy, Tsitsi Apollo, Ajay M. V. Kumar, Srinath Satyanarayana, et al. "Operational Research to Assess the Real-Time Impact of COVID-19 on TB and HIV Services: The Experience and Response from Health Facilities in Harare, Zimbabwe." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 6, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6020094.

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When COVID-19 was declared a pandemic, there was concern that TB and HIV services in Zimbabwe would be severely affected. We set up real-time monthly surveillance of TB and HIV activities in 10 health facilities in Harare to capture trends in TB case detection, TB treatment outcomes and HIV testing and use these data to facilitate corrective action. Aggregate data were collected monthly during the COVID-19 period (March 2020–February 2021) using EpiCollect5 and compared with monthly data extracted for the pre-COVID-19 period (March 2019–February 2020). Monthly reports were sent to program directors. During the COVID-19 period, there was a decrease in persons with presumptive pulmonary TB (40.6%), in patients registered for TB treatment (33.7%) and in individuals tested for HIV (62.8%). The HIV testing decline improved in the second 6 months of the COVID-19 period. However, TB case finding deteriorated further, associated with expiry of diagnostic reagents. During the COVID-19 period, TB treatment success decreased from 80.9 to 69.3%, and referral of HIV-positive persons to antiretroviral therapy decreased from 95.7 to 91.7%. Declining trends in TB and HIV case detection and TB treatment outcomes were not fully redressed despite real-time monthly surveillance. More support is needed to transform this useful information into action.
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Dhungana, GP, P. Ghimire, S. Sharma, and BP Rijal. "Bacteriological Status of Tuberculosis Cases and Tuberculosis Symptoms in HIV Infected Persons in Kathmandu." SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and HIV/AIDS 5, no. 1 (May 7, 2010): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v5i1.3077.

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Background: Clinical presentations of Tuberculosis (TB) vary with in HIV positive and HIV negative individuals. Smear negative tuberculosis is the leading cause of death of HIV patients. Objective: To examine the relationship between bacteriological status of TB cases and TB symptoms in HIV patients. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted during January 2004 and August 2005 in a representative sample of 100 HIV infected persons visiting different Voluntary Counseling and Testing Centers (VCT) and HIV/AIDS care centers located in Kathmandu. Laboratory investigation of Tuberculosis was done by AFB staining and culture in ogawa medium. Data obtained through pre structured questionnaire and laboratory investigation were entered into SPSS 11.5 and analyzed. Results: Twenty three percent prevalence of TB is observed in HIV patients. Eighty one percent of the total TB cases were smear negative cases. Significant relationship was observed between the TB symptoms and Smear positive TB cases (χ2 =4.01, p<0.05, at 1 degree of freedom) but no significant relationship could be established between TB symptoms and smear negative cases (χ2 =0.82, p>0.05, at 1 degree of freedom). Mycobacterium avium complex (40.9%) was predominant followed by M. tuberculosis (27.3%) Conclusion: In HIV patients, the utility of direct microscopy of AFB stained smear is limited because most of these patients were smear negative and are asymptomatic. So, direct microscopy in combination with Culture is recommended for higher case finding of TB in HIV patients. Key words: Asymptomatic; smear negative TB; HIV/AIDS; Kathmandu DOI: 10.3126/saarctb.v5i1.3077 SAARC J. Tuber. Lung Dis. HIV/AIDS 2008 Vol.5(1) 7-12
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "HIV-positive persons – Counseling of – Zimbabwe"

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Bartholow, Bradford Noyes. "A comparison of consumer-controlled and traditional HIV counseling and testing implications for screening and outreach among injection drug users /." unrestricted, 2004. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-06022005-142542/.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Georgia State University, 2005.
Title from title screen. Roger Bakeman, committee chair; James Emshoff, John Peterson, Gabriel Kuperminc, committee members. Electronic text (100 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Apr. 24, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 90-100).
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Hutchinson, Angela Blair. "A health technology assessment of HIV counseling and testing technologies evidence of effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and the consumer perspective /." Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2003. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-06072004-131203/unrestricted/hutchinson%5Fangela%5Fb%5F200405%5Fphd.pdf.

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Dionne, Gordon R. "Helpful and hindering events in therapy with HIV-positive gay men." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23716.

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A group of five HIV-positive gay men were compared with a group of five HIV-negative gay men. All participants were currently engaged in therapy. Participants completed the Session Evaluation Questionnaire (SEQ) and the Session Impacts Scale (SIS) in order to determine what these different groups of individuals felt was helpful or hindering in therapy. Results indicated that both groups of participants found therapy to be powerful, valuable, and helpful in that they: (a) learned something new about themselves or others, (b) changed their ways of thinking, (c) acquired insight into issues, (d) were more clear about their feelings, (e) were able to define their problems, and (f) were feeling understood, supported, and close to their counsellor. In comparison to the HIV-negative group, the HIV-positive group experienced many hindering aspects to counselling. Seropositive participants felt: (a) less understood, supported, and close to their counsellor, (b) more confused, or distracted in counselling, (c) more bothered by unpleasant thoughts in counselling, (d) more impatient or doubting of the value of therapy, and (e) felt more angry, more afraid, and less confident during and as a result of therapy. Implications for counselling are discussed.
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Hutchinson, Angela Blair. "A health technology assessment of HIV counseling and testing technologies." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/8077.

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Teng, James Wei Jie. "An interpretative phenomenological analysis of the experiences of HIV-positive lay counsellors working in the voluntary counselling and testing settings." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002579.

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The purpose of this study was to present and understand the experiences of HIV-positive lay counsellors working in Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) settings. Specifically exploring and understanding the utilisation of personal experiences within counselling encounters, the practice of peer counselling within VCT, and the challenges experienced by HIV-positive lay counsellors within VCT settings. This study, employing a qualitative interpretative phenomenological methodology required a small sample of practicing HIV-positive lay counsellors, who were selected and interviewed on their experiences utilising semi-structured interviewing. Data was analysed for meaning units, which were interpreted inductively and hermeneutically, and categorised into super-ordinate themes. Three superordinate themes within the participants’ experiences of providing VCT services were determined, namely: ‘diagnosis and disclosure experiences’, ‘peer counselling’, and ‘challenges’. This research found that the experiences of providing peer counselling depended upon identification with their client’s negative appraisal of their diagnosis experiences. Whether through empathic connections generated through the shared experience of discovering a seropositive status, or through countertransferential reactions induced through their client’s yearning for care and support. This required the counsellor to selfdisclose within counselling encounters in order to provide personal experiences of living with HIV/AIDS. Successful implementation of peer counselling provided recently diagnosed individuals with knowledge surrounding HIV/AIDS, coping skills to manage the daily physiological and psychological challenges, facilitation and adherence to treatment, social assistance, ongoing relationships, inspiring hope, and the creation of positive appraisals. However the informal utilisation of task-shifting within lay healthcare cadres, and the lack of governmental recognition for the emotional labour provided within VCT indicated that HIVpositive lay counsellors require ongoing training, support and remuneration to limit potential occupational stress, resignation, and burnout.
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Ndlovu, Richard Vusi. "Physicians' transmission prevention assessment and counselling practices with their HIV-positive patients." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2038.

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Rowe, Christina J. (Christina Jo). "Preparedness to Counsel HIV-Positive Clients: a Survey of Practitioners." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1994. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278290/.

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This purpose of this study was to investigate and examine the attitudes of therapists who treat HIV-positive (HIV+) clients. Specifically, therapists' perceptions of their own preparedness in dealing with specific issues and emotions of HIV+ clients were examined. Also, therapists' evaluation of their own efficacy of specific therapeutic approaches with HIV+ clients was examined. These therapists' perceptions and evaluations of all their clients in general were compared to their HIV+ clients. Comparisons were also made within the two groups.
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Harry, Karuna. "The changing knowledge and expectations of public health nurses in a HIV/AIDS training programme for managers." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002495.

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This research project examined the changing expectations and knowledge of Managers in the Department of Health who attended the Sexual Health Counselling Project offered by Rhodes University, East London, South Africa. These managers came from contexts in which the hierarchical medical model is firmly entrenched. The Sexual Health Counselling Project, drawing on theoretical principles from Narrative and other theories,presented a challenge to the standard management practices used by the managers. It also challenged how they dealt with clients. This research explored changes in expectations and knowledge prior to and during a two- week training course that the managers attended. A personal awareness and shift in knowledge occurred for many managers who examined their current practices. Some managers, who were firmly entrenched in the hierarchical model,found it difficult to change their ways of working.
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Arisunta, Caroline. "Women, land rights and HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe: the case of Zvimba communal area in Mashonaland West Province." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/233.

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This study explores women’s access to land under the customary tenure system. It examines how the changes in land tenure, access and rights to land as a consequence of HIV/AIDS are affecting agricultural productivity, food security and poverty, with a specific focus on women who have lost their husbands to HIV/AIDS in Zvimba. Zvimba is a village community located in Zvimba District in the Mashonaland West Province of Zimbabwe. The study also discusses policy responses designed to cushion the impact of HIV/AIDS on local communities especially women living with HIV/AIDS. The study highlights the vulnerability of widows to land rights violations, mainly inflicted by relatives but sometimes by the wider community. The main form of abuse encountered included the use of abusive language, threats of evictions and at times, beatings. The legal route for seeking redress was rarely used. Fear of witchcraft, low educational levels and fear of causing conflict between children and their paternal relatives also led widows to abandon the fight for their rights. The study further reveals that widows are heavily exposed to dispossession of their land rights. HIV/AIDS has increased the vulnerability of widows and other women to threats and dispossession of their land and other property rights. Dispossession of arable fields was observed in the four wards. The dispossessions and threats to livelihoods were directly related to the HIV positive status of the widows. The findings from this study illustrate the predominant role that male members of the household or family have over land. Thus, culture and traditional practices still affect women in other cases, disadvantaging them in favour of men, as in inheritance of land and property in the household.
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Brink, Nicole. "An interpretative phenomenological analysis of HIV positive individuals’ experiences of being in a support group." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/62988.

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People who have been diagnosed HIV positive often experience distress and anxiety due to uncertainties pertaining to the implications of an HIV positive status. Research has shown that support groups have always been a way for people to cope with the distress and stressful circumstances associated with health conditions such as HIV. This research investigated the role of face to face support groups in the lives of those living with HIV. The primary focus of this research project is to provide an in-depth exploration of HIV positive individuals‟ experiences of being in a support group. The study aims to explore the positive and negative experiences of being in an HIV support group and aims to gain an understanding of the role support plays in the lives of those living with HIV. A qualitative research design was used to explore the above mentioned aim. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with five individuals, (three women and two men) who had experienced HIV support groups. The interviews were transcribed and then analysed according to the principles of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). The findings of this study revealed five super-ordinate themes, which revealed not only the positive and negative experiences of being in a support group, but also the challenges that the participants‟ experienced before joining the group. Getting a sense of the participants‟ experience before joining the group allowed the researcher to get a better understanding of how useful or not the support group has been in helping them deal with the challenges of living with HIV. The themes included: „struggling to survive after diagnosis‟, „struggling to cope: adopting negative coping skills‟, „experiencing a turning-point: a will to survive‟, „attending support group: a sweet experience‟ and lastly, „attending support groups: a bitter experience‟. Findings suggest that for these participants, the advantages outweighed the disadvantages of being in a support group. Therefore this study suggests that face to face support groups are a viable and even necessary option for support. These findings support previous research and literature in regards to the importance of social support in the form of support groups in effectively assisting HIV positive people in their journey to adjust to the consequence of living with HIV.
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Books on the topic "HIV-positive persons – Counseling of – Zimbabwe"

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Positive: HIV affirmative counseling. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association, 1996.

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George, Pereira, ed. HIV and pastoral care. New Delhi: Catholic Bishops' Conference of India, Commission for Health, 1999.

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Zimbabwe Lawyers for Human Rights, ed. Zimbabwe HIV and AIDS human rights charter. Harare?: Zimbabwe Lawyers for Human Rights, 2008.

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(Zimbabwe), National HIV and AIDS Care and Treatment Programme. End-term review of the Zimbabwe HIV Care & Treatment Program: 2008-2012. Harare: Ministry of Health and Child Care, 2013.

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Zimbabwe. Ministry of Health and Child Welfare. AIDS and TB Unit. Outcomes of adults enrolled in the National ART Programme: Zimbabwe 2007-2010. Harare: AIDS and TB Unit, Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, 2012.

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Meursing, Karla. A world of silence: Living with HIV in Matabeleland, Zimbabwe. Amsterdam: Royal Tropical Institute, 1997.

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Moses, Philip F. HIV Testing and Counselling (HTC): The 5 year plan to scale up HIV testing and counselling services in Malawi, 2006-2010. [Lilongwe]: Ministry of Health, 2007.

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Riva, Miller, and Goldman Eleanor, eds. Theory and practice of HIV counselling: A systemic approach. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1993.

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Riva, Miller, and Goldman Eleanor, eds. Theory and practice of HIV counselling: A systemic approach. London: Cassell, 1992.

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Taruberekera, N. Risk-taking behaviors of HIV-positive adults in Zimbabwe: Opportunities for prevention with the positives. United States?: s.n., 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "HIV-positive persons – Counseling of – Zimbabwe"

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Perrez, M. "Counseling and Preventive Intervention for HIV-Positive Persons and AIDS Patients." In Assessing AIDS Prevention, 235–53. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7211-9_19.

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