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1
McDowell, Tiffany Lynne'. "The relationship between social network characteristics and mental health for women living with HIV." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1228197342.
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Wedi, Opope Oyaka. "Perinatal outcomes in HIV-positive women." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6c773313-364a-4044-bb02-c0058392caa7.
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In 2015, the majority (80%) of the 1.2 million HIV-positive pregnant women globally, most of whom reside in sub-Saharan Africa (91%), received antiretroviral treatment (ART) for the prevention-of- mother-to-child-transmission (PMTCT). The use of Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment (HAART) during pregnancy improves maternal health, reduces mother-to-child-transmission to <1%, and reduces horizontal HIV-transmission to serodiscordant couples. Consequently, in 2016, WHO recommended that all HIV-positive women of reproductive age initiate lifelong HAART. Despite the benefits of ART, an increasing body of conflicting evidence continue to report high rates of adverse perinatal outcomes in HIV-positive pregnant women, with no clarity on whether this is attributable to HIV-infection, ART or underlying confounding. This thesis explored the association between maternal HIV-infection, ART and perinatal outcomes, using 3 rigorous methods. A systematic review and pairwise meta-analysis showed that ART-naà ̄ve maternal HIV-infection significantly increased the risk of preterm birth (PTB), low birthweight (LBW), small for gestational age (SGA), and stillbirth. This effect was most prominent in sub-Saharan Africa, it persisted after adjustment for confounders and was directly correlated with the clinical stage of disease. Secondly, a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised control trials showed PI-based HAART and NNRTI-based HAART, both of which are recommended for PMTCT in developed and developing countries, to be the most efficacious ART for PMTCT but also associated with the highest risks of PTB, spontaneous PTB, LBW and very LBW compared to other commonly used ART. Lastly, prospectively collected data on a South African cohort of HIV-negative and HIV- positive women on a predominantly NNRTI-based HAART regimen, with pregnancies dated by early ultrasound (<l14 weeks gestation), was used to determine the association between HIV/ART and perinatal outcomes in a 'real-world' context. The limited power of the study, and high background incidence of adverse perinatal outcomes in HIV-negative women prevented multivariate analyses from detecting an independent association between maternal HIV/ART and PTB, LBW or SGA. The findings of this thesis highlight the importance of recent efforts by national governments and international stakeholders (WHO, USAID, UNAIDS) to accelerate ART coverage in HIV-positive women of reproductive age; however, it also shows that an unintended negative consequence of the current HAART regimens recommended for PMTCT will be a significant increase in the burden of adverse perinatal outcomes that directly contribute to neonatal and under-5 mortality, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Craft, Shonda Marie. "The impact of mental health, sexual desire, and sexual importance on the sexual behavior of women with HIV." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1155698849.
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Mahal, Daljeet Singh. "Profiling the vaginal microbiome in HIV-positive women." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44267.
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Disruptions or imbalances of the vaginal microbiome can lead to negative reproductive health consequences for women, including an increased risk of sexually transmitted infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, and preterm birth. HIV-positive women may be particularly vulnerable to microbiome disruptions due to the immune dysfunction intrinsic to this disease. The objective of this study was to explore the vaginal microbiome in HIV-positive reproductive-aged women utilizing cpn60 metagenomic profiling and to correlate vaginal bacterial profiles with demographic/clinical variables. 54 HIV-positive women were recruited from the Oak Tree Clinic in Vancouver, BC. Demographic/clinical information was collected and vaginal gram-stains were assessed by Nugent’s scoring. Total DNA was extracted from vaginal swabs and PCR amplified using cpn60-specific universal primers. Cpn60-sequence libraries were generated with 454-GS-FLX Titanium pyrosequencing. 64 unique bacterial phylotypes were classified based on sequence similarity to known bacterial organisms and 10 common vaginal community clusters were generated. Fisher’s exact test and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were utilized to conduct statistical analyses. The mean age of enrolled women was 36.6 years (range=22.3–48.8). The mean CD4 count for these women was 484 cells/mm³ (range=90-930 cells/mm³) while the mean viral load was 13,144 copies/mL (range=<40-355,245 copies/mL). 63% of women had suppressed viral loads while 85% of women were on antiretroviral therapy. According to scored vaginal Gram stains, 30% (16/54) of women had bacterial vaginosis and 11% (6/54) had intermediate scores. 12/54 women were categorized as having abnormal vaginal discharge. Abnormal vaginal discharge significantly correlated with Dialister micraerophilus, Gardnerella vaginalis B, Gardnerella vaginalis D, Porphyromonas uenonis, Prevotella amnii, Prevotella buccalis, and Prevotella timonensis (p<0.04 for all). Normal vaginal discharge significantly correlated with Lactobacillus crispatus (p<0.0006). Viral loads <40 copies/mL significantly correlated with Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus gasseri while viral loads >40 copies/mL correlated with Atopobium vaginae, Gardnerella vaginalis D, Prevotella amnii, and 4 other potentially novel bacterial species (P<0.03 for all). CD4 counts <350 cells/mm³ significantly correlated with Gardnerella vaginalis B and Lactobacillus iners (p<0.05 for all). Cpn60-based sequence data demonstrated substantial variation in the vaginal microbiome among HIV-positive women, with species-specific differences dependent on vaginal discharge status, immune status and uncontrolled HIV replication.
5
Doubell, Chantéll. "Antenatal care for HIV positive women / Chantéll Doubell." Thesis, North-West University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/741.
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Approximately 29.1% of South African women of childbearing age tested HIV positive during their first antenatal visit in 2006 (DoH, 2007). This rate of HIV amongst the women of childbearing age reinforces the importance of understanding the management of HIV during pregnancy. During antenatal visits the general health of the woman and her unborn baby is assessed and managed. Management includes antiretroviral therapy to the HIV infected women with a CD4 count below 200 cells/mm3, while women with a CD4 count above 200 cells/mm3 receive a single dose of nevirapine with the onset of labour provided to them by their local clinics. Currently, in Potchefstroom, women receive antenatal care at local primary health-care clinics and antiretroviral drugs at the antiretroviral clinic. There is little or no collaboration between the various clinics and the question arises if the needs of the women are being met.
The aim of the research was to promote the health of HIV positive pregnant women by providing insight into the needs of these women and to formulate recommendations for antenatal care. The specific objective is to explore and describe the needs of HIV positive pregnant women regarding antenatal care.
An explorative, descriptive, contextual design, following a qualitative approach was used during the research. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. Interview questions were compiled from the research problems. Before the commencement of data collection, permission was obtained from the district health manager and Potchefstroom Hospital. A total of sixteen (16) HIV positive women were interviewed after informed consent had been obtained. Data analysis was done after each session and themes were categorised according to the women's needs.
From the interviews it was found that each woman has her own specific needs regarding antenatal care. The needs of the participants followed a similar pattern and for this reason it could be divided into various categories. These categories
include a need for support, a need for education, a need for improved services and a need for a non-judgemental environment. Conclusions were drawn and recommendations were made for nursing practice, nursing education and nursing research.Thesis (M.Cur.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.
6
Onwumere, Juliana. "HIV positive black African women : attitudes to HIV, disclosure and psychological well-being." Thesis, n.p, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/.
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Hines, Dana D. "Social patterns and pathways of HIV care among HIV-positive transgender women." Thesis, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3730539.
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Transgender women have the highest HIV prevalence rates of all gender and sexual minorities, yet are less likely to enter and be retained in HIV care. As a result, they are at high risk for HIV-related morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to describe the illness career of transgender women living with HIV and to describe how interactions with health care providers and important others influenced their illness trajectory. The findings are a theoretical model that includes four stages: Having the world come crashing down, shutting out the world, living in a dark world, and reconstructing the world. Relationships within the social network (family, friends, and romantic partners) and the network of health care providers provided the context of the women’s illness careers. Pivotal moments marked movement from one phase to the next. Having the World Crashing Down was the first stage that occurred when the participants were diagnosed with HIV. They felt that their lives as they knew them had been destroyed. They indicated that the “whole world just shattered” the moment they found out they had HIV. Shutting Out the World occurred next. During this stage, many participants experienced withdrawal, denial, social isolation and loneliness. As they struggled with their diagnosis, they often avoided HIV care and avoided contact with important others. During the third stage, Living in a Dark World, participants descended into a dark phase of self-destructive life and health-threatening behaviors following their diagnosis. During the fourth stage, Reconstructing the World, participants began to reestablish themselves in the world and found new ways to reengage with important others and resume meaningful life activities. Findings confirm that the illness careers of HIV-positive transgender women are influenced by the social context of the health care setting and interactions with health care providers and important others.
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Msengana, Sweetlener Thobeka. "The lived experiences of HIV-positive women in poverty." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013269.
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The focus of this study was on the experiences of a small sample of local women who are HIVpositive and are living in poverty. The researcher was interested in exploring the psychological and social experiences of these women using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis. This research aimed at giving these women a voice to express their first-hand, personal accounts of living with HIV in poverty. Data was analysed for meaningful units, which were interpreted inductively and hermeneutically, and categorised into super-ordinate themes. Six themes within the participants' experiences of living with HIV were determined, namely: (I) experiences of diagnosis, (2) disclosure experiences, (3) stigma, (4) ARV experiences, (5) experiences of social support and (6) poverty. This research found that after an HIV-positive diagnosis, most women experience a variety of emotional reactions. These reactions however seem to change overtime into positive acceptance of the HIV diagnosis. Most of the women in this study preferred to use partial disclosure than to fully disclose their HJV-positive status openly to families, friends and to their community. Reasons for not using full disclosure included fear of discrimination and stigma, which included a fear of being rejected or being blamed for their status and a fear of losing relationships. It was also evident from the findings that most of the women had experienced stigma directly and therefore partial disclosure was used as a coping mechanism to protect the self from further harm. It was also revealed that stigma not only has a negative impact on disclosure but also on social support and ARV experiences. Because ofHIV-related stigma, lack of social support was a struggle that almost all the women in this study had experienced. Lack of understandings about their medication also had a negative impact of the ARV experiences. Stigmas along with poverty are the major struggles that HIV -positive women have to deal with in their day to day living. The findings of this study reveal a need for further research in this experiential area as well as campaigns and education around issues such as stigma, medication, and emotional difficulties associated with HIV.
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Carlsson-Lalloo, Ewa. "HIV-positive women’s sexual health : A meta-synthesis of how HIV-positive women experience and describe sexual health." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen för Vårdvetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-17657.
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There is no consensus of the concept sexual health in the context of being HIV-positive women. Research in the area tends to focus in different measurable parts of sexual health for HIV-positive women. A meta-synthesis on that research issue can develop a deeper understanding and knowledge of how HIV-positive women in qualitative studies describe and experience sexual health. The purpose with this study is to analyze and synthesize the results about how HIV-positive women describe and experience sexual health. The meta-synthesis follows Noblit and Hare´s method of meta-ethnography and additional use of Walsh and Downe´s checklist to appraise qualitative articles. The result shows that HIV involves changes in the body, sexuality and sexual activity and relationships. The changes lead to feelings of responsibility, fear and hopelessness. Combinations of these feelings lead to actions of avoidance of risks that result in feelings of loss. As a nurse you are expected to promote sexual health as a part of holistic care and with this new knowledge health care workers can help these women to better health and feeling of well-being.Program: Fristående kurs
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Ketchen, Bethany R. "HIV infection, negative life events, and intimate relationship power the moderating role of community resources for Black South African women /." unrestricted, 2006. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04172007-225155/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2006.Title from file title page. Lisa Armistead, committee chair; Gregory Jurkovic, Sarah Cook, Marci Culley, committee members. Electronic text (67 p. : col. ill.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Jan. 9, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-67).
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Kalonji, Kabasele Muboyayi Hubert. "Demographic profile of pregnant HIV-positive women in Postmasburg, South Africa." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/449.
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Thesis (MPH)--University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), 2011.Background: South Africa hosts the largest number of pregnant HIV-positive women, accounting for almost 15% of the global total. Many amongst these HIV-positive pregnancies are unplanned and may be related to reproductive unmet needs, sexual risky behaviours, and/or community, contextual and individual factors that may determine and/or make these HIV-infected women to fall pregnant. The occurrence of an HIV-positive pregnancy in our region implies however the practice of unprotected sex, and is associated with the risk of reinfection with a different strain of HIV as well as with the risk of HIV transmission to an uninfected male partner and to the offspring. Knowing the demographic profile of HIV-infected women who become pregnant and experience parenthood as well as the circumstances of occurrence of their pregnancies is necessary for developing policies and interventions aimed at addressing the reproductive needs of this subpopulation, thus preventing HIV-positive unintended pregnancies as well as the horizontal and vertical transmission of HIV. Objectives: This study had three objectives. The first objective was to describe the demographic profile of pregnant HIV-positive women attending antenatal care (ANC) in public sector clinics in Postmasburg, South Africa. The second study objective was to determine the proportion of these pregnant HIV-infected women who were aware of their HIV-positive status prior to the occurrence of their current pregnancy. Lastly, the third objective sought to describe the circumstances of occurrence of their current pregnancy. Methodology: We used a quantitative descriptive design to collect data on 41 consecutive pregnant HIV-positive women who attended ANC at three public sector clinics in Postmasburg, from September to December 2010. Participants were administered a structured pre-tested questionnaire in their home language by trained interviewers. The study instrument was designed to collect data related to participants‘ socio-demographic characteristics, the time-period of HIV- v positive diagnosis relative to their current pregnancy, and the circumstances of occurrence of their current pregnancy. Results: The analyses of the study results showed that pregnant HIV-positive women attending ANC in Postmasburg were likely to be young (mean age, 27.71 ± 5.72 years), never married (56.10%), Afrikans (65.9%) and Setswana speakers (58.52%) of low socioeconomic status, with no or one child (65.85%). The majority of participants (63.4%) were from a predominantly informal settlement; 78% were unemployed while 61% were either devoid of any income or were living with Rands 500 or less. Sex mixing was common in the 15-19 years-old, involving 80% of respondents of this age category. Most of respondents (78.05%) became aware of their HIV-positive diagnosis during their current pregnancy that was unplanned in 73.17%. The study findings also revealed low levels of pregnancy intendedness (31.71%), hormonal contraceptives use (24.9%) and condoms uptake (34.15%), with high rates of condoms failure among users (87.12%). Respondents also reported other circumstances of occurrence of their current pregnancy, including, irregular condoms use (14.29% of condom users), partner refusal to use condom (10%), stopping contraceptives use because of side effects (50% of users), partner‘s pressure (12% of participants), coerced sex (2.4%) and having had sex under the influence of alcohol (2.4%). Conclusion: These results highlight the need for improving the reproductive health services that are offered to HIV-positive individuals. Integrating PMTCT and Family planning services, training health workers in issues related to the reproductive rights and reproductive health of HIV-infected individuals, systematically offering HIV counseling and testing to women of childbearing age who come into contact with health facilities for any reason and adequately informing HIV-positive women of childbearing age about available reproductive options, planned conception and safer motherhood, are necessary for preventing unintended HIV-positive pregnancies as well as the horizontal and vertical transmission of HIV.
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Carr, Jarice N. "Lipodystrophy, Body Image and Depression in Hiv Positive Black Women." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500152/.
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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive men on highly active antiretroviral therapy treatment (HAART) who experience lipodystrophy syndrome (LD), a side effect of HAART, rate themselves as more depressed than those who did not experience LD(Crane et al., 2008). Furthermore, men who rated their LD symptoms as more severe also scored higher on depression measures than men who experienced less severe symptoms. It is unknown these findings can be generalized to other groups of HIV positive individuals. The current study seeks to fill this gap in the literature by exploring the associations between LD, body image, and depressive symptoms in an archival sample of HIV positive Black women. This study aims to describe the body changes associated with HAART in a Black female sample and explore the relationships between LD, body image, depression, and quality of life. Findings supported past research indicating a correlation between depression and poor body image but did not indicate that body image quality of life moderated the relationship between perceived body changes and depression. Results expanded on the literature by indicating that perceived body changes may be more distressing to Black women with HIV than objective changes. Lastly, findings suggested that Black women may have inaccurate perceptions of their own body changes. These findings are particularly informative for healthcare workers who treat HIV+ women. It is imperative that they consider clients’ self-report as well as clinical symptoms.
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Kwanisai, Felistus. "Antiretroviral treatment : challenges experienced by HIV positive women in Zimbabwe." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/43137.
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HIV and AIDS which was discovered in the 1980s is causing havoc in many developing
countries and Sub-Saharan continent is the hardest hit. Pratt (2008:8) highlights that “the
number of people living with the disease is concentrated in the industrially developing world,
mostly in those resource deprived countries least able to afford the care of HIV-infected
people”. Zimbabwe is one of the SADC countries with the highest statistics of HIV and AIDS.
Women account for the largest number of people infected by the pandemic and this could be
as a result of the social and cultural norms which oppress women and their position in society.
Antiretrovirals (ARV’s) are the life-long drugs given to HIV-infected people to slow the
progression of the disease. There are different types of ARV regimens. Zimbabwe introduced
the ART roll-out in 2004, however the ART users face multiple obstacles in accessing ARVs.
The study targets women because they are a vulnerable group in society, specifically in
Zimbabwe. Women have been subjected to stigma, discrimination, violence, humiliation,
degradation and psychological torture when they are identified as being HIV positive. Some
are neglected and deserted by their partners and families after disclosure, as a result many are
too scared to disclose their status to families. The country’s political and economic situation
has a major impact on the HIV positive women’s access to ARV treatment. This is compounded
with the social and cultural norms and values of the people. The focus of this study is on the challenges experienced by HIV positive women with regard
to accessing ARV treatment in Zimbabwe. This study strived to understand the challenges HIV
positive women encounter in adhering and accessing to ARV treatment. The goal was to
explore the challenges experienced by HIV positive women with regard to accessing ARV
treatment in Zimbabwe. The research question of the study was: What are the challenges
experienced by HIV positive women with regard to accessing ARV treatment in Zimbabwe?
This study used a qualitative approach with a collective case study research design. The
population for this study was the African women from Zimbabwe who were infected with HIV
and AIDS. Non-probability purposive sampling was utilised in this study to select the sample
of 10 women who were living with HIV and AIDS in Masvingo District, Zimbabwe and who
were accessing ART. Specific criteria for sampling was used to select clients of two NGO’s in
Masvingo district of Zimbabwe: Batanai HIV and AIDS Service Organisation and the
Reformed Church in Zimbabwe Community Based AIDS Program.
Semi-structured one-to-one interviews were used to collect data. The researcher sought
permission of the participants to voice record their interviews and the researcher transcribed
them personally. The data gathered was analysed and theme and sub-themes were generated
from the data. The research findings were presented thereafter by providing a profile of
research participants followed by thematic analysis of the themes and sub-themes from the
transcriptions. Literature control and verbatim quotes were used to support these themes and
sub-themes. The following are the themes from this study: Theme One- Information regarding
HIV and AIDS, Theme Two- Information on ARV treatment, Theme Three- Societal and HIV
positive women’s views on HIV and AIDS, Theme Four- Experiences of being an HIV positive
woman and Theme Five- Needs identified by HIV positive women.
The conclusions of this study reflect that HIV positive women experience some challenges in
adhering and accessing ARV treatment. Disclosure, stigma and discrimination, traditional and
faith healer’s diagnosis of HIV and AIDS, access to medication for Opportunistic Infections,
food shortage, distance to ARV sites, the availability and change of ARV regimens were
amongst some of the factors which made access to ARV treatment a challenge. Recommendations from this study can be used by HIV and AIDS stakeholders to understand
the challenges and experiences by HIV positive women better. The social workers can also use
the recommendations to find ways to make their services known to the communities and also
improve their intervention and support to these women.Dissertation (MSW (Health Care))--University of Pretoria, 2014.
lk2014
Social Work and Criminology
MSW (Health Care)
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Ndabula, Mandisa. "Therapeutic processes for support groups for pregnant women living with HIV." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27558.
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As part of the Serithi project a longitudinal study of HIV positive women diagnosed during pregnancy, support groups for HIV-positive women were established in Mamelodi and Atteridgeville (Tshwane). Eighty-eight women participated in these groups during 2005, with the groups being facilitated by Masters Psychology students. This study explores therapeutic processes in these support groups. Yalom’s therapeutic factors were used as the underlying theory. These are factors that Yalom advances as therapeutic processes in understanding group psychotherapy. The process notes of the Masters Student facilitators, together with the interviews that were conducted with the women after the support group experience, were analysed to identify therapeutic processes that manifested themselves in the support group experience. Qualitative methods were used to collect data and thematic analysis was utilised to analyse the data. The research results revealed that support groups are therapeutic, in the sense that ten of the twelve therapeutic factors advanced by Yalom proved to have been made manifest, or demonstrated, within these groups. These are: altruism, group cohesion, interpersonal learning input, interpersonal learning output, guidance, identification, family re-enactment, instillation of hope and existential factors. The women reported having felt a sense of relief from being part of a group of people who experienced similar issues. They also reported that they learnt from each other. This gave them hope and an understanding that, even though there may be people going through the same problems as they are, they still need to face life alone. The women reported feeling a sense of self-worth from helping others, which contributed to rebuilding their self-esteem. These results indicate that support groups can be therapeutic for the people involved. They can be used to guide support group facilitators with regards to what to look for when facilitating groups. They can also assist policy makers in developing guidelines for the facilitation of support groups in order for the participants to obtain maximum benefit from their support group experience.Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2009.
Psychology
unrestricted
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Barnard, Jakoba Petronella. "MIV-positiewe huiswerksters se konstruering van hul ervarings van MIV & VIGS binne die werkgewersgesin." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03112005-080007.
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Severe, Marie Sandra. "Association Between Childhood Sexual Abuse and HIV-Related Risk Factors for HIV-Positive Haitian Women." FIU Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2279.
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Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is one of the least studied HIV-related risk factors in Haiti although research in the United States and Europe has clearly established the link between childhood trauma and HIV risk behaviors. Understanding the role and impact of CSA on HIV-positive Haitian women is likely to strengthen future HIV prevention and treatment efforts aimed at this vulnerable group.
The current study was a cross-sectional examination of baseline data collected during a randomized trial of a cognitive-behavioral stress management (CBSM) intervention in Haiti. The purpose of this study was to analyze the association between CSA and sexual risk behaviors, alcohol use, and social support in a group of Haitian women, ages 17-55 (n=229), who are HIV-positive alcohol users living in Haiti. The outcomes investigated were the respondents’ level of exposure to CSA and their current HIV-related risk factors. The Theory of Gender and Power provided the theoretical framework for variable selection and associative exploration. Statistical tests included descriptive analyses, chi-square tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and correlations.
Results showed that women who were exposed to some level of sexual abuse during childhood had less favorable attitudes towards condom use than women who reported no exposure to sexual abuse during childhood [F(2, 217) = 5.10, p = .007]. There were no differences between exposure groups for the remaining sexual risk behaviors: multiple partners, knowledge of HIV, and sexual self-efficacy. Women who were exposed to CSA also reported higher levels of alcohol use than reported by the women in the non-exposure group. Finally, there were no differences between exposure groups for social support.
Group differences in attitudes towards condom use and levels of alcohol use among HIV-positive Haitian women demonstrate that HIV-positive individuals have different past and present experiences that affect their current beliefs and behaviors. Examining women at the beginning of their diagnosis for childhood trauma and providing targeted interventions for coping with that trauma presents a valuable research opportunity. The findings of the current study suggest that more research is required to understand the association between CSA and HIV-related risk factors in this subset of the HIV-positive population.
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Ngugi, Pearl. "Response and adherence of HIV positive women to cervical cancer treatment." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1014129.
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It is estimated that 6742 South African women are diagnosed with cervical cancer and 3681 women die from the disease every year. In 1993, The Centers for Disease Control declared cervical cancer an Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome defining illness. Apart from persistent human papillomavirus infection, HIV infection is the most common co-factor contributing to cervical cancer in South Africa. Studies have noted that in HIV positive women, there has been an occurrence of faster progression to more advanced stages of cervical cancer with high cases of treatment failure and recurrence. There is limited literature available regarding the prognosis of HIV positive women who suffer from cervical cancer. Women who are HIV positive and have cervical cancer have not been evaluated in detail regarding their response and adherence to cervical cancer treatment. Standard treatment protocols for this set of patients have not been defined. The aim of this study was to assess how HIV positive women who have been diagnosed with cervical cancer responded and adhered to cervical cancer therapy which includes: curative radiotherapy; curative chemotherapy; concurrent chemoradiation or palliative radiotherapy. The study also evaluated the effects of the concurrent use of antiretrovirals and cervical cancer treatment. This was done to determine whether invasive cervical cancer in women who were HIV positive could be managed using the same treatment protocols as patients who were HIV negative. A historical cohort design was employed for the study. The study was conducted at the Oncology Department of a tertiary level hospital located in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The total sample consisted of 196 medical records of women diagnosed with cervical cancer between 2005 and 2008. One hundred women were HIV negative, 83 were HIV positive and the HIV status of 13 women could not be determined. The records were audited over a period of two years from the date of diagnosis. The term „complete response‟ referred to patients who had no recurrence of cervical cancer and no evidence of metastases after undergoing treatment. At one month following treatment there was a significant difference in the incidence of complete response between the HIV positive patients and the HIV negative patients (Chi2 = 16.4, d.f. = 1, p = 0.00005, Cramer‟s V = 0.31). The significant difference in response to treatment between the HIV positive patients and the HIV negative patients was maintained at six months after treatment (Chi2 = 15, d.f. = 1, p = 0.00011, Cramer‟s V = 0.34), 12 months after treatment (Chi2 = 20.5, d.f. = 1, p = 0.00001, Cramer‟s V = 0.37), 18 months after treatment (Chi2 = 9.8, d.f. = 1, p = 0.00173, Cramer‟s V = 0.28) and 24 months after treatment (Chi2 = 5.0, d.f. = 1, p = 0.02571, Cramer‟s V = 0.26). At each of these intervals, cases of treatment failure and metastases were significantly higher in the HIV positive women than in the HIV negative women. Although there was no significant difference in the incidence of adherence between the HIV negative women, the HIV positive women who were on HAART and the HIV positive women who were not on HAART, there was a significant difference in the incidence of the various reasons for non adherence between the various groups. These reasons included: missed scheduled appointments (Chi2 = 2.9, d.f. = 2, p = 0.02385, Cramer‟s V = 0.31); low blood count (Chi2 = 4.0, d.f. = 2, p = 0.01327, Cramer‟s V = 0.15); radiotherapy induced skin breakdown (Chi2 = 0.6, d.f. = 2, p = 0.04581, Cramer‟s V = 0.16) and radiotherapy induced diarrhoea (Chi2 = 6.9, d.f. = 2, p = 0.03118, Cramer‟s V = 0.19). According to the 2004 National Antiretroviral Treatment Guidelines, cervical cancer patients would fall into the WHO stage IV category of HIV disease thus all patients with confirmed diagnosis of invasive cervical cancer should be commenced on antiretrovirals as soon as the cancer diagnosis is made regardless of their CD4 count. However, in the current study, 13 percent (n= 83) of the HIV positive women were not on antiretrovirals. The study concluded that HIV positive women had a higher incidence of both treatment failure and metastases to cervical cancer treatment. Standard radiotherapy and concurrent chemoradiation cervical cancer treatment protocols should be still be used in both HIV negative patients and HIV positive patients so as not to compromise tumour control. Furthermore, in accordance with the antiretroviral treatment guidelines, all HIV positive patients with cervical cancer should receive antiretrovirals irrespective of their CD4 count.
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Rohleder, Poul Andrew. "Living with a spoiled identity : HIV positive women talk of stigma." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8001.
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Word processed copy.|Includes bibliographical references.The purpose of this study is to begin to explore how women experience and deal with AIDS stigma under conditions where they have little support. In-depth, narrative interviews were conducted with ten HIV -positive women, living in a poor, black township in Cape Town. The study used both Social Constructionist and Psychoanalytic theory to understand the impact that their """"spoiled identity"""" had on the emotional lives of these women. The study elicited women's narratives as they talked about the circumstances surrounding their diagnosis, their subsequent interaction with their family and community, and their experiences of living with a spoiled identity. The analysis suggested that the women drew on negative social discourses around HIV, which were then internalized, to become part of the self. However, the narratives also indicated the women's resistance to their stigmatised identity.
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Tangenberg, Kathleen M. "Marginalized epistemologies : bodily and spiritual knowing among HIV-positive mothers /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/11170.
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Christianson, Monica. "What's behind sexual risk taking? : exploring the experiences of chlamydia-positive, HIV-positive, and HIV-tested young women and men in Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Umeå univ, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-964.
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Sublette, Nina Katherine. "Predictors of depressive and anxiety symptoms among african american HIV-positive women." View the abstract Download the full-text PDF version, 2008. http://etd.utmem.edu/ABSTRACTS/2008-028-Sublette-index.html.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 2008.Title from title page screen (viewed on July 30, 2008). Research advisor: Mona Newsome Wicks, Ph.D. Document formatted into pages (x, 157 p. : ill.). Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 121-141).
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Mogoba, Pheposadi L. "Smartphone usage and preferences among postpartum HIV-positive women in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29537.
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Introduction.
In South Africa, HIV-positive women receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) often are lost to care postpartum and strategies to support long-term engagement in care are needed. Mobile health (mHealth) interventions are emerging as potential strategies for supporting long-term engagement in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV care continuum. Smartphone technology and mobile data are getting cheaper and more accessible, however little research has been done to explore the potential for smartphone-based interventions in the PMTCT cascade in low-resource settings. This study explored smartphone use and the acceptability and feasibility of mHealth interventions among postpartum women who were attending the Gugulethu Community Health Centre in Cape Town, South Africa.
Methods.
This mini-dissertation is composed of three parts. Part A, the protocol, outlines the study methodology and the ethical considerations of the proposed study. Part B, the structured literature review, synthesises available data on uses of mobile phone-based applications to support the PMTCT continuum as well as end-user perceptions and preference for mHealth interventions for PMTCT. The review considered published quantitative and qualitative studies that were conducted in sub-Saharan Africa, the most comparable settings to the study population. Part C, the journal ready manuscript, presents the results of six focus group discussions (FGDs) conducted with 27 HIV-positive, postpartum women who were using a smartphone. Questions assessed the respondent’s general smartphone use, as well as their exposure to and perceptions of mHealth interventions.
Results.
The review shows that, despite a range of evidence on short message service (SMS) and/or voice call interventions, smartphone-based interventions have not been a focus of prior research to support the PMTCT continuum of care or maternal lifelong ART. Results are promising for SMS and/or voice call to enhance maternal retention, infant HIV testing and infant ART initiation. The review found evidence of acceptability and feasibility of mHealth interventions offered directly to women, or also including their partners and health workers as support systems to address PMTCT challenges. The primary research found little turnover in phones and phone numbers, and about half the women shared their devices with family and friends. Respondents reported high familiarity with smartphone applications such as WhatsApp and Facebook, with WhatsApp cited as the preferred method of smartphone communication. Women had access to reliable data sources such as data bundles, airtime and Wi-Fi, with data bundles perceived as the most cost-effective method to access the internet. Nearly all women were familiar with MomConnect, a national mHealth text support service in South Africa, and most described it positively. Women expressed interest in future HIV mHealth applications including complementary health information on physical activity, nutrition, mental health and basic social services.
Conclusions.
In the context of rapidly increasing access to smartphones, even in low-resource settings, these findings suggest that future smartphone mHealth interventions may be appropriate to support the PMTCT continuum of care in low-income settings of South Africa. These results call for further studies to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of smartphone interventions in similar settings.
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Win, Win Aye Suphot Dendoung. "Illness experience of HIV positive married women in Peri-Urban Yangon, Myanmar /." Abstract, 2006. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2549/cd388/4737923.pdf.
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Calnan, Marianne. "Determinants of Cervical Cancer Screening in HIV-Positive Young Women in Swaziland." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6405.
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In Swaziland, cases of cervical cancer among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-positive adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) are increasing, but there is low uptake of cervical cancer screening. This study was conducted using the systems thinking theory to explore the relationships between the uptake of cervical cancer screening among HIV-positive AGYW in Swaziland and the availability of trained health providers, cervical screening services, and the provision of referrals for cervical screening. The study also investigated any differences in uptake of cervical screening based on age group. For this quantitative cross-sectional study, secondary HIV program data that were collected routinely between January 2016 and March 2018 were accessed. Data were described with univariate analysis while relationships were tested using bivariate analysis and logistic regression. Most facilities (97%) had staff who had been trained; facilities with greater numbers of trained staff were more likely to have a higher uptake (OR: 30.3, p = 0.000). Facilities with cervical screening services were also more likely to have a higher uptake (x2 = 16.94, p = 0.000), and facilities with all the core components for screening had the highest uptake (p = 0.002). AGYW who had a positive screen were referred equally but the referral rate was low (20.45%). There was no difference in uptake by age group. The results of the study can increase knowledge of the institutional factors that contribute to the low uptake of cervical cancer screening among HIV-positive AGYW and has implications for social change by informing interventions for improving cervical cancer screening uptake in HIV-positive AGYW in similar settings, ultimately reducing the high costs, morbidity, and mortality related to cervical cancer in this population.
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Du, Plessis Gretchen Erika. "A critical ethnography of HIV-positive women attending public health care facilities in Gauteng." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/777.
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Women living with HIV have a variety of reproductive health and psychosocial needs. The purpose of this critical ethnographic study was to examine how HIV, empowerment and reproduction are experienced by a volunteer sample of HIVpositive women attending public health care facilities in Gauteng. Feminist and critical approaches were used to guide the methodology of the research and the interpretation of the findings. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and observation. An overview of literature pertaining to the social construction of HIV-AIDS, women’s empowerment and reproductive decision-making is presented. A discourse of “healthy lifestyle” as technologies of the self is considered. Women’s empowerment as an ideal is described and structural barriers to its achievement are discussed. Stigma and discrimination as products of hegemony are discussed as important issues in the disempowerment of women living with HIV. HIV-AIDS as illness experience is reviewed with reference to the social context and to the individual context. Reproductive decision-making models and theories are critically analysed for their applicability to women living with HIV. The need for a conceptual shift in the notion of empowerment in order to understand constrained decision-making for women living with HIV is propagated. The stories of women living with HIV and dependent on public health care services are presented. Through the principles of a critical ethnography the lived experiences of these women are described by means of emerging themes. A historiography of family planning and HIV-AIDS services throws the narrations of the research participants into broader historic relief. Findings revealed that biomedical hegemonic power contoured and marked the lived experiences of women following an HIV-positive diagnosis. Taken-for-granted views of passivity and of own responsibilities regarding reproductive health are challenged. The women in the study were dependent upon public health care personnel for treatment, testing, dietary advice/supplementation and recommendations for a social xii disability grant. ARV-treatment was regarded as a low point in the illness career. All of the participants reported that the overriding problems in their lives were having too few material resources and not having the means to change this. This made them vulnerable to compounded health problems and decreased their ability to voice their own opinions about treatment. They did not regard themselves as having been at risk for contracting HIV and some harboured resentment towards men who were seen as being absolved from testing and responsibilities towards female partners, born and unborn children. Women who were not tested as part of antenatal sentinel groups tended to suffer symptoms of ill health for some time prior to being tested for HIV. Social support systems were either absent or consisted of trusted family members and friends. In many cases, women became the silent care-givers for those affected and infected by HIV. Anticipated stigma permeated the participants’ narrations of living with HIV and disclosure of their statuses was difficult. The use of male condoms, stressed during counselling sessions, was narrated as a difficult burden for women to bear. Although the research participants expressed low fertility preferences, HIV-AIDS was seen as disrupting the link between heterosexual conjugal relations and the taken-for-grantedness of procreation. HIV-AIDS also disrupted norms in infant feeding practices and bottle-feeding was regarded as a sign of possible HIV-infection and hidden. The research participants were not empowered with knowledge about how to deal with side-effects, condom failures and the reluctance of male partners to be tested for HIV. They enacted, resisted and lived with HIV in different ways, incorporating some of the biomedically prescribed posturing as women living positively and blending it with stigma-negating performances and gender-prescribed ways of dressing, walking and acting. Participation in a support group validated their experiences and promoted positive self-perception. The formation of a collective voice in the support group was hampered by irregular attendance, the interference of community leaders and horizontal violence. Power relations, yielded by biomedical hegemony, androcentric sociocultural practices, material deprivation, fear, discrimination and stigma potentially undermined the women’s abilities to become empowered. Expansion of choices in various spheres or fields and collective action xiii are proposed as dimensions to be added to an empowerment-of-women approach to the problems of reproductive health in the age of HIV-AIDS. The contribution of the study as an emancipatory project is evaluated and implications for policy and practice are suggested. On a methodological level, this study is a demonstration of the contribution to be made by a micro-level, critical analysis to the body of knowledge about female reproductive health in the era of HIV-AIDS in South Africa. On a theoretical level, this study contributes to a wider conceptualisation of women’s empowerment by recognising the interplay between micro-level elements of situated experience, knowledge and preferences and the macro-level elements of sociocultural, biomedical and material influences on health and reproductive behavior.
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Thomas, Mary Louise. "An exploratory descriptive study of women at risk for HIV/AIDS: diagnosed HIV positive and non-diagnosed." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1991. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/1300.
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The overall objective of this study was to examine the attitudes and self-esteem of Women At Risk for HIV/AIDS: Diagnosed and Non-Diagnosed. To obtain this objective, attitudes and self-esteem were addressed by the researcher. A comparative research design was used in this study. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to diagnosed and non-diagnosed women. The study was an attempt to provide a better understanding of how the attitudes and self-esteem is impacted by an HIV/AIDS diagnosis on Women At Risk. To achieve this objective, the researcher identified the following variables; stress, stigma, self-esteem, family relation and isolation in effort to determine how social workers can better assist this segment of the HIV/AIDS population.
The findings of this research indicates that there was a significant difference between the attitudes and self-esteem of the diagnosed and non-diagnosed women.
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Mumford, Mia Dashanne. "A comparative analysis: stress level and life satisfaction of women with HIV/AIDS and non HIV-positive women of African American descent." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1994. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/3907.
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The purpose of this comparative/descriptive study was to examine the level of stress and degree of life satisfaction among women with HIV/AIDS and non HIV – positive women of African American descent. The dependent variables were measured through the use of two scales: Index of Clinical Stress (ICS) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). A sample of thirty (30) African American women agreed to participate in the study. Fifteen of the women were HIV-positive. Simple descriptive statistics and t-tests were used to analyze the data. The results indicate that although there was no statistical difference found in the level of stress between women with HIV/AIDS and non HIV-positive women, the non HIV-positive group showed a higher stress score than the HIV-positive group. There was, however, a statistical significant difference in the degree of life satisfaction between the two groups indicating that the HIV-positive women were more satisfied with their lives than the non HIV-positive women.
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Gaskin, Emily Hilyer. "A Prison within a Prison: Segregation of HIV Positive Inmates and Double Stigma." Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia State University, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/anthro_theses/31/.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2009.Title from title page (Digital Archive@GSU, viewed July 21, 2010) Cassandra White, committee chair; Emanuela Guano, Susan McCombie, committee members. Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-109).
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Kham, Le Van Suree Kanjanawong. "The meanings, perceptions and social influences on the utilization of a voluntary HIV testing service during prenatal care among pregnant women in Halong city, Quangninh province, Vietnam /." Abstract, 2005. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2548/cd376/4637977.pdf.
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Nkambule, Jeaniffer Dekeledi. "The Emotional experiences of HIV-positive married women wanting to bear children: An exploratory study." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1083.
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Thesis (MSc (Clinical Psychology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2012.Recent literature on childbearing and HIV has indicated a plethora of evidence suggesting that many women living with HIV continue to desire children, become pregnant and give birth after knowing their HIV status. This desire to have children has been associated with the availability of HAART and PMTC interventions and its improvement in the quality of life for HIV-positive women. This study aimed at exploring the emotional experiences of HIV-positive married women wanting to bear children. A qualitative research design was used to explore the above mentioned aim. Through the use of semi-structured interviews a sample of 12 HIV-positive married women were purposefully selected. The participants were chosen from Tshepang clinic at Dr. George Mukhari Hospital situated in the township of Ga-Rankuwa using a purposive sampling design. Semi-structured interviews using interview guide were conducted to explore their unique and subjective emotional experiences of being HIV, married and in need of a child. The process of data analysis in the current study was guided by phenomenological approach in order to allow the inherent meaning of the data to emerge without being distorted. The findings of these study revealed that the experiences surrounding HIV positive diagnosis, marriage and childbearing proves to be associated with overwhelming emotional experiences for women in the current study. Most of the participants in this study viewed motherhood as a unique, subjective and a personal fulfilment for all women irrespective of their HIV status. Participants felt that children stabilise a marriage by giving it meaning. A decision to conceive for some participants is influenced by pressure as a result of their marital, social and situational context
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Pantalone, David W. "A mixed methods approach to investigate partner violence in HIV-positive outpatients /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9156.
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Chulach, Teresa. "The Lived Experience of Pregancy among HIV-positive Refugee Women: A Qualitative Study." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/33017.
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Previous research has revealed that the experience of HIV-positive refugee women arriving from endemic countries is complicated by social, structural, and cultural issues. If and when they become pregnant, HIV-positive refugee women face a unique situation that is poorly understood by health care providers. The intersecting influences of HIV and refugee status in the context of pregnancy have been essentially unexplored in the Canadian context. The objective of this study was to describe the lived experience of pregnancy among HIV-positive refugee women; to explore the meaning of pregnancy from the perspective of HIV-positive women; and to understand the complexity of issues facing HIV-positive refugee women. An
interpretive qualitative research design viewed through a critical post-colonial lens guided the study. Women were interviewed using a semi-structured in-depth approach. Four core themes emerged from the phenomenological analysis. The findings suggest that the experience of HIV and pregnancy among refugee women in Canada involves both disconnection and restoration. They must manage the dynamics of pregnancy, the impact of HIV and the cultural, political and geographic ‘newness’ of Canada. Noteworthy, are the efforts women take to conceal the HIV
diagnosis. Additional insight was gained through an intersectional analysis of the data. The findings of this analysis suggest that women: 1) experienced alterations in identity 2) faced significant social disruption, and 3) are impacted by macro-level polices that influence both their initiation and access to the health care system. The lived experience of pregnancy among HIV-positive refugee women in Canada is analogous to moving through a liminal reality. HIV-positive refugee women work to restore a disrupted and “Othered” identity. Pregnancy is integral to that restoration. The results of the study have implications for nursing’s ability to support the
transformative aspects of the liminal reality of pregnant HIV-positive refugee women. The potential for these transformations draw attention to nursing at practice, policy, education and research levels.
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Chouraya, Caspian. "Factors Associated with ART Initiation among Eligible HIV Positive Pregnant Women in Swaziland." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/79214.
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Conclusions: ART initiation is very important for HIV positive women both for their own
health and for prevention HIV transmission to their children. This study found that ART
initiation among eligible pregnant women in Swaziland was statistically associated with
the presence of partner support and favourable perceptions of benefits of ART after
multiple logistic regression analysis. Stronger counselling and education for pregnant
women and male involvement strategies need to be implemented as momentum gathers
towards elimination of paediatric HIV by 2015.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
Epidemiology
MSc
Unrestricted
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Lui, Filho Jeffrey Frederico 1979. "Sintomas climatéricos e fatores associados em mulheres HIV soropositivas : Menopausal symptoms and associated factors in HIV-positive women." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/310482.
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Orientador: Lúcia Helena Simões da Costa Paiva, Ana Lúcia Ribeiro ValadaresDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-07T13:43:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LuiFilho_JeffreyFrederico_M.pdf: 816975 bytes, checksum: 95ac59cdec1db48af7e90e9805f09d8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Resumo: Introdução: Com o surgimento da terapia antirretroviral ocorreu significativa queda da mortalidade por doenças relacionadas ao HIV, transformando assim esta infecção em uma doença crônica. Com o envelhecimento, maior sobrevida da população infectada e, também, pelo surgimento de novos casos na faixa etária climatérica, tem havido aumento significativo na prevalência de mulheres portadoras desse vírus em idade mais avançada. Estudos atuais sugerem que estas mulheres experimentam a menopausa e o climatério de forma diferente das mulheres soronegativas, tanto pela idade mais precoce da menopausa, quanto por sintomas mais intensos. Objetivo: Em mulheres HIV soropositivas avaliar os sintomas climatéricos e fatores associados. Sujeitos e métodos: Realizou-se um estudo de corte transversal em 537 mulheres, entre 40 e 60 anos, sendo 273 HIV soropositivas e 264 soronegativas. Todas foram submetidas à entrevista para avaliação das características sociodemográficas e sintomas climatéricos. Resultados: A média etária foi 47,7±5,8 anos nas mulheres HIV soropositivas e 49,8±5,3 anos nas soronegativas (p<0,001). Análise bivariada mostrou menor prevalência de sintomas vasomotores no grupo soropositivo (p=0,009), especificamente fogachos (p<0,002) e sudorese (p=0,049). Ressecamento vaginal também foi menos prevalente no grupo soropositivo (p<0,005). Depressão e insônia não apresentaram diferença estatística. Análise múltipla mostrou que os fogachos estiveram associados a estar na peri ou pós-menopausa (RP=2,12, IC95% 1,52-2,94). Ressecamento vaginal foi menos frequente em mulheres sem companheiro (RP=0,67, IC95% 0,49-0,90), e esteve associado à maior idade (RP=1,03, IC95% 1,01-1,06) e a estar na peri e pós-menopausa (RP=1,69, IC95% 1,10-2,60). Depressão esteve inversamente associada com realizar trabalho (RP=0,74, IC95% 0,58-0,96) e diretamente associada à presença de doenças crônicas (RP=1,30, IC95% 1,01-1,067). Insônia esteve associada ao IMC (RP=0,96, IC95% 0,95-0,97) e à peri ou pós-menopausa (RP=1,48, IC95% 1,11-1,97). O estado sorológico em relação ao HIV não esteve associado a nenhum dos sintomas climatéricos avaliados. Conclusões: A infecção pelo HIV nos grupos estudados não se associou aos sintomas vasomotores, geniturinários, psicológicos e insônia
Abstract: Introduction: The advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART) significantly decreased the mortality caused by HIV-related diseases, transforming this condition into a chronic disease. With the aging of the infected population, the prevalence of HIV in older women increased significantly, a fact that is attributed both to the greater survival of those infected and to the appearance of new cases of the disease in climacteric individuals. Current studies suggest that these women experience menopause differently than seronegative women, trying earlier age of menopause and larger symptomatology. Objective: To evaluate menopausal symptoms and their associated factors in HIV-positive women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 537 women of 40-60 years of age, 273 of whom were HIV-positive and 264 HIV-negative. The women were interviewed to obtain data on their sociodemographic characteristics and menopausal symptoms. Results: The mean age of the seropositive women was 47.7 ± 5.8 years compared to 49.8 ± 5.3 for the seronegative women (p<0.001). Bivariate analysis showed a lower prevalence of vasomotor symptoms in the seropositive group (p=0.009), specifically hot flashes (p<0.002) and sweating (p=0.049). Vaginal dryness was also less prevalent in this group (p<0.005). There were no statistically significant differences between the groups with respect to depression or insomnia. Multiple analyses showed that hot flashes were associated with being peri- or postmenopausal (PR=2.12; 95%CI: 1.52-2.94). Vaginal dryness was less common in women without a partner (PR=0.67; 95%CI: 0.49-0.90) and was associated with older age (PR=1.03; 95%CI: 1.01-1.06) and being in the peri- or post menopause (PR=1.69; 95%CI: 1.10-2.60). Depression was inversely associated with being employed (PR=0.74; 95%CI: 0.58-0.96) and directly associated with the presence of chronic diseases (PR=1.30; 95%CI: 1.01-1.067). Insomnia was associated with a lower body mass index (PR=0.96; 95%CI: 0.95-0.97) and with being peri- or postmenopausal (PR=1.48; 95%CI: 1.11-1.97). No correlation was found between HIV serological status and any of the menopausal symptoms. Conclusions: In this study, after controlling for confounding variables, HIV infection was not found to be associated with vasomotor, genitourinary or psychological symptoms or with insomnia
Mestrado
Fisiopatologia Ginecológica
Mestre em Ciências da Saúde
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Wright, Pamela McMichen. "Perceptions, emotions, and competencies of graduate level counselor trainees working with African American and Caucasian female clients with HIV/AIDS." unrestricted, 2007. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-08112007-153430/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2007.Title from file title page. Gregory Brack,committee chair; Michele Hill, Kenneth B. Matheny, Roger O. Weed, committee members. Electronic text (99 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed June 10, 2008. Includes bibliographical references.
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Powell, Sarah J. "The construction of risk and the 'othering' of HIV positive women in Dublin, Ireland /." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79971.
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Though an industrialized nation characterized by increasing secularization and liberalization, the Republic of Ireland has a long history of religious and morally-driven politics. Much of Ireland's economic success of the last ten years has been noted as a significant motivator for social change. However, a shift in the Irish moral sphere has been underway for at least thirty years. Despite a flourishing self confidence in National identity, already marginalized women---including drug-users, asylum-seekers from sub-Saharan Africa, and those in economically deprived communities of Greater Dublin---have felt increased social polarization. The cultural and epidemiological boundaries created between the 'healthy' Irish self and the 'dangerous' others have contributed to a unique climate regarding HIV/AIDS and cultural constructions of 'risk'. This anthropological analysis utilizes both political-economic and social constructionist frameworks so that both structural and discursive contributions to the spread of HIV/AIDS are examined. Particularly important are the ways competing discourses shape both practices and conceptions of HIV and the 'other'.
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Nkomo, Faith Dineo. "HIV testing barriers pregnant women - a case study /." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09232008-150105.
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Roman, Gail Sandra. "An exploration of the stigma experienced by women who are living with HIV/AIDS." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1255_1210750809.
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The effects of the spread of HIV/AIDS place a great burden on women and children, who will probably suffer most in terms of social and economic deprivation. Since HIV/AIDS is linked to social taboos such as sexuality, drug use and death, there are enormous levels of ignorance, denial, fear and intolerance in most communities. These prejudices lead to the stigmatisation and discrimination of people who are living with HIV/AIDS. Moreover the illness, as it is sexually transmitted, has been conflated with sexual excess, lack of morals, and those already stigmatised such as sex workers with associated discourses of blame, shame and guilt. Generally, responses to HIV and those living with HIV have served to reflect, legitimise and reproduce broader social inequalities on the basis of sexual orientation, gender, race and class. Stigma is the reason why many people who are living with HIV/AIDS, choose not to disclose their status and seek apposite assistance. This study explored the stigma experienced by a group of women who are living with HIV/AIDS and to develop a deeper understanding of whether these experiences are complicated by social responses.
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Ferguson, Laura Elaine. "Linking women who test HIV-positive in pregnancy-related services to HIV care and treatment services in Kenya : missed opportunities." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.549782.
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O'Sullivan, Briana Jean. "Adherence in HIV-positive women entering antenatal care on antiretroviral therapy: A cross-sectional study." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16701.
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Includes bibliographical referencesProper implementation of and adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is significantly associated with better health and longer life in HIV-positive individuals. Consistent, adequate adherence has been shown to lead to a suppressed viral load. A low viral load delays the virus's progression and leads to better health outcomes for the individual. Adequate adherence is especially important among HIV-positive pregnant women. How well a woman adheres to her ART can not only improve her health during pregnancy but can protect the infant from HIV by preventing in utero transmission of the virus. Continuing ART protects against transmission via breastmilk later in the infant's life. While the benefits of good adherence are undeniable, the definition of adequate adherence varies widely in the literature. Taking 80 to 100% of pills as prescribed is commonly used as the threshold for adequate adherence levels. Various methods exist for measuring ART adherence, and while some are more reliable than others, there is no gold standard. This ambiguity in ART research extends to pregnant women, with even less known about HIV infected women established already on ART who then become pregnant. Changes in treatment protocols in the Western Cape and improvement of ART delivery throughout South Africa have resulted in this group of long-term users growing in size. Without more research into the barriers of ART adherence in these women, efforts to scale up treatment programs and to end mother to child transmission of HIV will ultimately fail. This dissertation is an exploration of these ideas. It begins to fill the gap in current knowledge related to ART compliance in pregnant women, and gives new insights into how specific barriers to adherence can adversely affect this specific group of established ART users.
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George, Meg. "Childhood sexual abuse and HIV positive status among South African women : the role of revictimization." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10550.
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Includes bibliographical referencesSouth Africa has a very high rate of HIV infection, particularly among women. This exploratory study investigated the role of revictimization in the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and adult HIV positive status among women being treated at district clinics in Cape Town The present study utilized both psychological and feminist theories to understand internal psychological dynamics and contextual factors that impact on revictimization leading to increased HIV risk. A qualitative feminist methodology with a collective case study design utilizing five in-depth interviews was conducted with HIV positive women who had experienced child sexual abuse. The central findings of the study revealed psychological patterns of negative stigmatization, self-blame, mistrust and isolation which may fuel a dependent need for connection with intimate partners, thereby increasing risk for revictimization. Revictimization was pervasively present in adulthood, with HIV infection being a consequence of ongoing sexual and/or physical assault in long-term intimate relationship. Participants reported not using condoms consistently. For these participants, an incapacity to insist on condom use by partners was understood in the context of ongoing sexual and physical violence and threats by their partners, rather than unassertiveness as has been commonly noted. In essence, it was noted in this study that participants who experienced child sexual abuse were disempowered due to both psychological processes and broader social inequities which made them particularly vulnerable to contracting HIV. However, the findings are provisional due to the methodology utilized. Recommendations for future research and HIV prevention and policy are offered.
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Tait, Emily. "An investigation into the lived experiences of HIV-positive African women living in the UK." Thesis, University of East London, 2013. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/3976/.
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The number of African women living with HIV/AIDS in the UK is increasing. Until recently, research on living with HIV/AIDS has focused on quality of life issues; however, little is known about the experience of African women living as migrants in the UK with this condition. This study aims to contribute to the research literature by gaining an in-depth understanding of the lived experiences of black African HIV-positive women living in the UK and how they make sense of their experiences in relation to their individual sense of identity. Identity is defined by an interaction between the self concept and cognitive, social and biological experience and is re-evaluated and negotiated when faced with an HIV-positive diagnosis. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with five African women and their accounts were transcribed verbatim and analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). All participants had been diagnosed with HIV and had lived in the UK for a minimum of 5 years, spoke fluent English, and were over 18. Five super-ordinate themes were identified: 1) Given life but it’s a struggle, 2) A will to survive, 3) Positive coping, 4) Negotiating a stigmatised identity and 5) Recognising a new me. The results capture the participants’ first hand phenomenological experiences of living with HIV in the UK. Whilst these women acknowledged the negative impact of living with HIV, they also talked about positive experiences and changes in their perceptions of themselves and their situation. They adapted to a life with HIV by adopting effective ways of coping in a country which few regarded as ‘home’. Stigma had a profound impact on the women’s lives, both relating to their ethnic identity and their HIV status and this made issues of disclosure and how health services were accessed a matter of concern. The women however demonstrated positive adjustment by attempting to reconstruct or renegotiate a coherent and culturally situated identity. The resilience of these women in dealing with challenges in their lives was enhanced by their cultural identity and associated perception of strength. In light of the findings, the study proposes that it is crucial to promote positive interactions with support structures and particularly a sense of community and kinship to ensure that HIV-positive black African women view themselves in a positive way. The results of the analysis are considered in light of existing theory and their clinical implications.
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Jones, Deborah (Deborah Lynne) 1958. "Conceptual Structure of HIV+ Women With PTSD: Trauma Construct Elaboration." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1998. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279046/.
Full textAbstract:
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can result in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as events related to illness act as traumatic stressors. This study tested some basic hypotheses of Sewell and Cromwell's personal construct model of PTSD in HIV+ women both with and without diagnoses of PTSD. Trauma-related constructs of HIV+ women with PTSD with HIV+ non-PTSD controls at varying stages of illness were compared. The elaboration, rankings, and valence of trauma-related constructs were examined using the Life Events Repertory Grid (LERG) procedure. Findings provided evidence that a
clinical diagnosis of PTSD in women was not associated with the degree of construct elaboration. These findings may imply a qualitative difference in cognitive processing of social stressors and violent stressors.
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Huang, Jennifer C. "Sociocultural contexts of Asian American/Pacific Islander women's HIV risk enhancing/reducing responses." View online ; access limited to URI, 2004. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/dlnow/3137073.
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Mofokeng, Shoeshoe. "Views of health service providers on the need for support services for HIV-positive mothers in the rural areas of Lesotho : an ecological perspective." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96969.
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Thesis (M Social Work)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: HIV/AIDS is one of the worst pandemics affecting the world today. It cuts across all boundaries and many people are infected as well as affected. The virus has reached all the corners of the globe, but the most hit by it is Africa, especially southern Africa, which carries more than half of the population infected and affected by HIV/AIDS. The top five countries whose populationsare infected with HIV are in southern Africa. Lesotho is amongst the top three on this list and also has problems of poverty and a high unemployment rate. Women and children, who are the target groups that are most affected by poverty, are also those living in rural areas. Thus, being an HIV-positive mother living in the rural areas of Lesotho means one has to deal with poverty, the inaccessibility of services and the psychological impacts of HIV. The aim of the study was to gain a better understanding of the views of health service providers on the need and accessibility of support services for HIV-positive mothers in the rural areas of Lesotho from an ecological perspective. To achieve this aim, the objectives were: to offer an overview of the phenomenon of HIV and describe the psychosocial needs and sociocultural circumstance of HIV-positive mothers in the rural areas of Lesotho, and to discuss the HIV-positive mothers’ need for support services from an ecological perspective. Both quantitative and qualitative research approaches were used. The research utilised exploratory and descriptive design. Purposive sampling was used to select the 30 participants who took part in the study. Data was gathered by means of semi-structured questionnaires that were administered during individual interviews. The questionnaires were formulated on the basis of information retrieved during the literature review. The findings of the study reveal that HIV-positive mothers living in the rural areas of Lesotho have economic, social and cultural circumstance as factors hindering their treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS. They are also faced with the psychological impacts of HIV, and the findings revealed that disclosure was the key to addressing their problems. The findings also show that most mothers receivedemotional, instrumental, informational and appraisal support from their families at the micro-level of the ecological perspective. The other levels – meso, exo and macro – provided only limited support for the mothers. The recommendations are that these mothers need social support at all levels of the ecological perspective to meet their needs
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: MIV/vigs is een van die ergste pandemies in die moderne wêreld. Dit ken geen grense nie, en vele mense ly hetsy daaraan of daaronder. Die virus het reeds alle uithoeke van die aarde bereik. Tog gaan Afrika, veral Suider-Afrika, die swaarste daaronder gebuk, en word meer as die helfte van die totale populasie wat aan of onder MIV/vigs ly hier aangetref. Die vyf lande met die hoogste MIV-infeksiesyfers ter wêreld is almal in die streek geleë. Lesotho is een van die drie lande boaan hierdie lys, en het terselfdertyd te kampe met die probleme van armoede en ’n hoë werkloosheidsyfer. Vroue en kinders, synde die groepe wat die ergste deur armoede geraak word, woon ook meestal in landelike gebiede. ’n MIV-positiewe moeder in die landelike gebiede van Lesotho moet dus armoede, ontoeganklike dienste sowel as die sielkundige uitwerking van MIV trotseer. Die doel van hierdie studie was om vanuit die ekologiese perspektief ’n beter begrip te vorm van gesondheidsdiensverskaffers se sienings oor die behoefte aan en toeganklikheid van steundienste vir MIV-positiewe moeders in die landelike gebiede van Lesotho. Om hierdie doel te bereik, was die oogmerke om ’n oorsig van die MIV-verskynsel te bied, die psigososiale behoeftes en sosiokulturele omstandighede van MIV-positiewe moeders in die landelike gebiede van Lesotho te beskryf, en die moeders se behoefte aan steundienste vanuit die ekologiese perspektief te bespreek. ’n Kwantitatiewe sowel as ’n kwalitatiewe navorsingsmetode is gevolg, en die navorser het van ’n verkennende en beskrywende ontwerp gebruik gemaak. Doelgerigte steekproefneming is gebruik om die 30 studiedeelnemers te kies. Data is met behulp van semigestruktureerde vraelyste gedurende individuele onderhoude ingesamel. Die vraelyste is opgestel op grond van inligting wat in die literatuuroorsig bekom is. Die studie bevind dat ekonomiese, maatskaplike en kulturele omstandighede MIV/vigs-behandeling en -voorkoming vir MIV-positiewe vroue in die landelike gebiede van Lesotho belemmer. Daarbenewens moet hulle die sielkundige uitwerking van MIV die hoof bied, en die studie dui op openbaarmaking as die sleutel om hul probleme te hanteer. Die bevindinge toon ook dat die meeste moeders emosionele, fisiese, inligting- en bevestigende steun van hul families op die mikrovlak van die ekologiese perspektief ontvang. Die ander vlakke – meso, ekso en makro – bied slegs beperkte steun. Die studie kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat hierdie moeders op alle vlakke van die ekologiese perspektief maatskaplike steun moet ontvang om in hul behoeftes te voorsien.
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Dornig, Katrina. ""Being a work in progress on a long, rough road" a grounded theory study of help-seeking for emotional pain among low-income women with HIV/AIDS /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=2023862201&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Jurie, Khuselwa. "Experiences of women recently diagnosed with HIV." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017882.
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The focus of this study is on the experiences of a small sample of local women who have been recently diagnosed with HIV. The aim of the research was to give these women an opportunity to express their first-hand, personal accounts of living with HIV. Five isiXhosa-speaking women were recruited and interviewed. These accounts were collected and analysed within in the methodological framework of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, a qualitative approach that is becoming increasingly popular in the broad fields of health and clinical psychology. Data was analysed for meaningful units, which were interpreted inductively and hermeneutically, and categorised into super-ordinate themes. Five themes within the participants’ experiences of living with HIV were identified: (1) experiences of diagnosis, (2) experiences of stigma, (3) social support, (4) coping strategies, and (5) HIV as one of many assaults to self. Implicated in these experiences are the ways in which these women have appraised themselves and their situation after an HIV-positive diagnosis, appraisals that are shaped by HIV-related stigma. A variety of negative emotional reactions are common following the diagnosis, often compounded by the direct experiences of HIV-related stigma. Women in the study adopted different kinds of coping strategies based on the resources and social support available to them. Also significant is that for these women who had typically endured a variety of traumatic life events, a positive diagnosis was simply one of many life challenges
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Mundell, Jonathan Peter. "The impact of structured support groups for pregnant women living with HIV." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-08042008-182140.
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Mdlalose, Buhle Ndo Nontobeko. "Women's experience of being HIV positive The stigma related to HIV and disclosure of their status /." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04052007-135132.
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Jantjie, Keitumetse Gladys. "Challenges of HIV and AIDS experienced by working women the role and response of employee assistance programme /." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10172009-124412.
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