Journal articles: 'HIV-positive youth – Ethiopia – Addis Ababa'

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Abebe, Helina, Shegaye Shumet, Zebiba Nassir, Melkamu Agidew, and Dessie Abebaw. "Prevalence of Depressive Symptoms and Associated Factors among HIV-Positive Youth Attending ART Follow-Up in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." AIDS Research and Treatment 2019 (January 2, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4610458.

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Depression is most frequently and highly occurring common mental disorder in HIV/AIDS patients especially youth living with HIV/AIDS. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of depressive symptoms among youth living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) attending Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) follow-up at public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Objective. To assess the prevalence and associated factors of depressive symptoms among youth living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) attending Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) follow-up at public hospitals Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2016.Method. In a cross sectional study, 507 HIV-positive young people from public health hospitals were recruited by systematic random sampling technique. Beck Depression Inventory-II was used to assess depressive symptoms. Morisky medication adherence rating scale, social support rating scale, and HIV stigma scale were the instruments used to assess the associated factors.Results. Prevalence of depressive symptoms among HIV-positive youth was 35.5% (95% CI:31.3, 39.6). In multivariate analysis, age range between 20 and 24 years with (AOR=2.22, 95% CI: 1.33,3.62), history of opportunistic infection (AOR=1.94, 95% CI:1.15,3.27), poor medication adherence (AOR=1.73, 95%CI:1.13,2.64, low social support (AOR=2.74, 95%CI:1.13,2.64), moderate social support (AOR=1.75 95% CI: 1.03,2.98), and stigma (AOR=2.06, 95% CI: 1.35,3.14) were associated with depressive symptoms. The results suggest that prevalence of depressive symptoms among HIV-positive youth was high. Prevention of opportunistic infection, stigma, and counseling for good medication adherence are necessary among HIV-positive youth.

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Taffa, N., K. I. Klepp, J. Sundby, and G. Bjune. "Psychosocial determinants of sexual activity and condom use intention among youth in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." International Journal of STD & AIDS 13, no. 10 (October 1, 2002): 714–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646202760326480.

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Determinants of sexual activity and intentions for condom use were examined guided by the Attitude, Social influences, and Self-efficacy (ASE) model as a theoretical framework. A total of 561 in and out-of-school youth (15–24 years) in Addis Ababa completed a self-administered questionnaire. A third of them reported sexual intercourse in the past and half of the sexually active used condoms during recent intercourse. Being out-of-school, male, aged 20–24 years, alcohol use and khat (amphetamine-like substance) consumption predicted the likelihood of engagement in sexual activity. Of these variables, however, male sex was more associated with reported condom use during recent sexual intercourse. Self-efficacy, skills, and barriers predicted 23% of the variance in intentions to use condoms. Self-efficacy was also associated with past condom use. Psychosocial constructs predicted more variations in condom use intention for males than for females. In general, self-efficacy was found to be the strongest predictor of the constructs, whereas attitude and social influences were the weakest. The study implies that HIV/AIDS prevention programmes for young people in Ethiopia need to emphasize building assertive communication skills in sexual negotiations and condom use. Minimizing the gender gap in sexual relationships forms the cornerstone for such educational strategies.

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Solomon, Nahom, Mitike Molla, and Bezawit Ketema. "“I want to perform and succeed more than those who are HIV-seronegative” Lived experiences of youth who acquired HIV perinetally and attend Zewditu Memorial Hospital ART clinic, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 27, 2021): e0251848. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251848.

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Background In Ethiopian Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) prevention program one of the focusing areas is prevention of mother-to-child transmission and decreasing morbidity and mortality among those who already acquired it. However, the needs and the sexual behavior of children who acquired HIV perinatally was not given due attention. Therefore, we conducted this study with the aim of exploring the lived experiences of youth who acquired HIV perinatally to contribute to HIV prevention and control program. Methods We conducted a qualitative study using a phenomenological approach from March to May 2018 among 16 purposively selected youth who were infected with HIV vertically and receive ART services at Zewditu Memorial Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. They were recruited based on their willingness after obtaining written informed consent and assent. Data were audio taped, transcribed verbatim in Amharic and later translated to English, and coded using Open Code version 4.02 software. Findings were summarized under four themes by applying interpretative phenomenological analysis. Findings Seven males and nine females, aged 16 to 22 years have participated in the study. These youth reported as they had support from families and ART clinics, while pill-load, and fear of stigma are some of challenges they have faced, especially majorities don’t want to disclose their status because of fear of stigma and discrimination. Half of them have ever had sexual relations usually with a seronegative partner and most of these had their first sex in their17-18 years of age. Unsafe sex was common among them where four girls reported to have had unprotected sex with their seropositive or seronegative sexual partners. Most wish to have purposeful life and love mate of the same serostatus but also fear they may remain alone. Conclusion Youth who had acquired HIV from parents are challenged due to their serostatus and were not sure what type of life they may have in the future. They were also not comfortable in disclosing their serostatus and also engaged in unsafe sexual relation. This calls for an urgent intervention among HIV infected youth and their families; health care providers, and young people in general to halt HIV transmission. Special attention should be given on sexual behavior of all young people (10–24) and in disclosure of HIV status to children and life skills education to cop-up with stigma and discrimination.

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Cherie, Amsale, Getenet Mitkie, Shabbir Ismail, and Yemane Berhane. "Perceived Sufficiency and Usefulness of IEC Materials and Methods Related to HIV/AIDS among High School Youth in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." African Journal of Reproductive Health 9, no. 1 (April 1, 2005): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3583161.

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Wonde, Mesele, Haregewoin Mulat, Addis Birhanu, Aynalem Biru, Tilahun Kassew, and Shegaye Shumet. "The magnitude of suicidal ideation, attempts and associated factors of HIV positive youth attending ART follow ups at St. Paul’s hospital Millennium Medical College and St. Peter’s specialized hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2018." PLOS ONE 14, no. 11 (November 5, 2019): e0224371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224371.

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Abate, Z. M., and W. B. Woldemariam. "Mathiwos Wondu-Yeethiopia Cancer Society Role in Implementation of Community-Based Cervical Cancer Control Projects Across Three Regions in Ethiopia." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 144s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.18600.

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Background and context: Cervical cancer is the world's deadliest but most easily preventable forms of cancer for women. It is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among women in sub-Saharan Africa. In Ethiopia estimates showed there are 20.90 million women ages 15 years and older who are at risk for developing cervical cancer. Current estimates indicate that every year 4648 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer and 3235 die of the disease. Cervical cancer cited as the 2nd most frequent cancer among women in Ethiopia, where 13.4% of women cancer is due to cervical cancer only next to breast cancer (31%). Understanding the burden posed by cervical cancer led to the development of a national strategy for prevention and control of this disease. The government is implementing a single visit, see and treat strategy with visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid (VIA) and cryotherapy treatment. This project plan to raise the awareness of women age 30 to 49 to access these VIA (cryotherapy) providing public health facilities. Aim: To contribute for prevention and control of cervical cancer in three regions in Ethiopia (Oromia, SNNPR and Addis Ababa regions). Strategy/Tactics: - Promote awareness among policy makers, pressure groups and community representatives (women leaders, Iddir leaders1, religious leaders, people living with HIV, youth leaders, school club representatives, health extension workers, health workers etc.). - Referral support for cervical cancer suspected women - Provide support for transportation, diagnostic cost and psycho-social support (accommodation, nutrition and counseling) for care givers and referred women. Program/Policy process: - Engaging the relevant community stakeholders for mobilizing the community to access the VIA/cryotherapy services - Engaging the key government stakeholders in implementation of the project - Working in collaboration with other local and international partners. Outcomes: Between August 2015 to January 2018 a total of 1998 (M=565, F=1433) reached with key cervical cancer awareness messages. Additionally the project sensitized 2874 (M=534, F=2340) workers about the cervical cancer prevention and control strategies. 7689 women get screened and 502 are VIA positive, 156 suspicious cases and VIA positivity rate is 6.5%. 108 women referred for advanced cancer treatment (82 alive and 26 death with cervical cancer). What was learned: Annual project review meeting and joined supervision indicated- - The awareness program for the key pressure community group has an impact and resonance effect on the awareness of the general community to get screened. - Despite the progress made by this project there are a large number of women still do no access screening of cervical cancer. Thus, integration of more effective and affordable interventions such as HPV vaccination is required to drastically eliminate cervical cancer. 1Local Funeral Associations.

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Mihret, Adane, Yonas Bekele, Andre G. Loxton, Annemie M. Jordan, Lawrence Yamuah, Abraham Aseffa, Rawleigh Howe, and Gerhard Walzl. "Diversity ofMycobacterium tuberculosisIsolates from New Pulmonary Tuberculosis Cases in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Tuberculosis Research and Treatment 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/892079.

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Understanding the genetic diversity ofMycobacterium tuberculosisis needed for a better understanding of the epidemiology of TB and could have implications for the development of new diagnostics, drugs, and vaccines.M. tuberculosisisolates were characterized using spoligotyping and were compared with the SpoIDB4 database of the Pasteur Institute of Guadeloupe. A total of 53 different patterns were identified among 192 isolates examined. 169 of the isolates were classified into one of the 33 shared SITs, whereas the remaining 23 corresponded to 20 orphan patterns. 54% of the isolates were ascribed to the T family, a family which has not been well defined to date. Other prominent families were CAS, Haarlem, LAM, Beijing, and Unknown comprising 26%, 13%, 2.6%, 0.5%, and 2.1%, respectively. Among HIV-positive patients, 10 patterns were observed among 25 isolates. The T (38.5%), H (26.9%), and CAS (23.1%) families were the most common among HIV-positive individuals. The diversity of theM. tuberculosisstrains found in this study is very high, and there was no difference in the distribution of families in HIV-positive and HIV-negative TB patients except the H family. Tuberculosis transmission in Addis Ababa is due to only the modernM. tuberculosisfamilies (CAS, LAM, T, Beijing, Haarlem, and U).

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Manyazewal, Tsegahun, Zufan Sisay, Sibhatu Biadgilign, and Woldaregay Erku Abegaz. "Hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections among antiretroviral-naive and -experienced HIV co-infected adults." Journal of Medical Microbiology 63, no. 5 (May 1, 2014): 742–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.063321-0.

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Most HIV positive people have not been tested for viral hepatitis and their treatments have not been optimized for possible co-infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the serological pattern of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among antiretroviral (ARV)-naive and -experienced HIV co-infected adults in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 500 frozen HIV positive serum and plasma samples collected from ARV-naive (n = 250) and -experienced (n = 250) adults were randomly selected and screened for HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg and anti-HCV using rapid two-site sandwich immunochromatographic assay. The test was performed at Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University. Positive specimens for HBsAg and anti-HCV markers were further confirmed using third generation ELISA. Of the 500 specimens tested, 15 (3 %), 58 (11.6 %), 3 (0.6 %), 18 (3.6 %), 3 (0.6 %) and 1 (0.2 %) were positive for HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg, anti-HCV, HBsAg and HBeAg, and HBsAg and anti-HBs markers, respectively. No specimen tested positive for both HBeAg and anti-HBs, and 442 (88.4 %) individuals were non-immune to HBV. Of the 250 ARV-naive individuals, 8 (3.2 %), 33 (13.2 %), 2 (0.8 %), 10 (4 %), 2 (0.8 %), and 1 (0.4 %) were positive for HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg, anti-HCV, HBsAg and HBeAg, and HBsAg and anti-HBs markers, respectively. Of the 250 ARV-experienced individuals, 7 (2.8 %), 25 (10 %), 1 (0.4 %), 8 (3.2 %), 1 (0.4 %), and 0 (0 %) were positive for HBsAg, Anti-HBs, HBeAg, anti-HCV, HBsAg and HBeAg, and HBsAg and anti-HBs markers, respectively. In summary, seroprevalence of HIV/HBV and HIV/HCV co-infections was lower in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, than in Sub-Saharan Africa and globally. HBV and HCV infections were not significantly different between HIV positive subjects who were or who were not on ARV. This suggests that the two groups have equal chance of being infected with these two viruses; despite this, disease progression could be different.

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Emru, Kassahun, Tsega-Ab Abebaw, and Admas Abera. "Role of awareness on cervical cancer screening uptake among HIV positive women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study." Women's Health 17 (January 2021): 174550652110170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17455065211017041.

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Background: Cervical cancer is the second commonest cancer among women living in less developed countries. Although cervical cancer screening for HIV-infected women has been started in different centers in Addis Ababa, there is a paucity of data on the uptake of this service, particularly among HIV-infected women. Objective: This study is aimed to assess the level and determinants of cervical cancer screening uptake among HIV-positive reproductive-age women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a structured questionnaire on 411 HIV-infected women aged 15–49 years in St. Paul’s and Zewditu Hospitals. Data were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire on randomly selected study participants’ proportional allocation in the two hospitals. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess predictors of cervical cancer screening uptake. Results: Only 25.5% of HIV-positive reproductive-age women have been screened for cervical cancer. Respondents who have not heard about cervical cancer and the screening were 75% and 78% less likely to be screened compared to their counterparts, respectively. Conclusion: The uptake of cervical cancer screening was low in the study area. Awareness about cervical cancer screening was positively associated with cervical cancer screening uptake. Specific awareness programs focusing HIV positive women need to be implemented.

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Dessalegn, Noah G., Rahel G. Hailemichael, Aster Shewa-amare, Shailendra Sawleshwarkar, Bereket Lodebo, Alemayehu Amberbir, and Richard J. Hillman. "HIV Disclosure: HIV-positive status disclosure to sexual partners among individuals receiving HIV care in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 14, no. 2 (February 15, 2019): e0211967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211967.

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Berhe, Melaku, Meaza Demissie, and Gezahegn Tesfaye. "Isoniazid Preventive Therapy Adherence and Associated Factors among HIV Positive Patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Advances in Epidemiology 2014 (July 22, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/230587.

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Tuberculosis coinfected with HIV constitutes a large proportion of patients in Ethiopia. Isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) is recommended for the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. However, the level of IPT adherence and associated factors among people living with HIV (PLHIV) have not been well explored. This study aimed to assess adherence to IPT and associated factors among PLHIV in Addis Ababa. Facility based cross-sectional study was conducted. The study was conducted in 10 health centers and 2 hospitals. Patients were consecutively recruited till the required sample size was obtained. From 406 PLHIV approached, a total of 381 patients on IPT were interviewed. Data were entered and analyzed using Epi-Info version 3.5 and SPSS version 16. The level of adherence to IPT was 89.5%. Patients who have taken isoniazid for ≥5 months were more likely to be adherent than those who took it for 1-2 months [AOR (95%CI) = 5.09 (1.41–18.36)]. Patients whose friends decide for them to start IPT were less likely to be adherent than others [AOR (95%CI) = 0.10 (0.01–0.82)]. The level of adherence to IPT in PLHIV was high. Counseling of patients who are in their first two months of therapy should be more strengthened. Strong Information Education Communication is essential to further enhance adherence.

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Ayele, Workenesh, D. James Nokes, Almaz Abebe, Tsehaynesh Messele, Amare Dejene, Fikre Enquselassie, Tobias F. Rinke de Wit, and Arnaud L. Fontanet. "Higher prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies among HIV-positive compared to HIV-negative inhabitants of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Journal of Medical Virology 68, no. 1 (July 24, 2002): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.10164.

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Nugussie, Dinna Abera, Getachew Ali Mohammed, and Anteneh Tesfaye Tefera. "Prevalence of Smear-Positive Tuberculosis among Patients Who Visited Saint Paul’s Specialized Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6325484.

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Background. Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a health problem in both developed and developing countries, including Ethiopia. Objective. In this study, the prevalence of smear-positive tuberculosis among presumptive TB cases who visited the hospital was assessed. Method. Acid fast bacilli (AFB) test was performed on samples collected from 200 presumptive TB cases. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tools. Result. Among 200 presumptive TB cases, 10% (20 individuals) (60% were male and 40% were female) were found to be positive for the AFB. Of these AFB positive subjects, 11.2% and 6.3% were from urban and rural areas, respectively. Among 20 AFB positive cases, 45% (9), 45% (9), and 10% (2) were HIV positive, HIV negative, and with HIV status unknown, respectively. The highest AFB positive cases were found within age group between 25 and 44 years (70%) and followed by age above 40 years (30%). It was found out that 75% (15), 15% (3), 5% (1), and 5% (1) were unemployed, government employed, student, and nongovernment employed, accordingly. Conclusion. This study indicated higher level of AFB positive cases within age groups of 25–44 and 65–74 years and also exhibited higher prevalence of TB cases from urban areas.

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Sisay, S., S. Girma, T. Arega, L. Alamayehu, B. Crandall, and E. L. Konings. "P4.046 Rising Pregnancy Rates Among Known HIV-Positive Women in at Health Centres in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Sexually Transmitted Infections 89, Suppl 1 (July 2013): A302.3—A303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.0944.

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Alemu, Ayinalem, Aman Yesuf, Betselot Zerihun, Melak Getu, Teshager Worku, and Zebenay Workneh Bitew. "Incidence and determinants of tuberculosis among HIV-positive individuals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A retrospective cohort study." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 95 (June 2020): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.02.053.

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Fufa, Habtamu, Melaku Umeta, Samson Taffesse, Najat Mokhtar, and Hassan Aguenaou. "Nutritional and Immunological Status and their Associations among HIV-Infected Adults in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 30, no. 3 (September 2009): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482650903000303.

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Background In the search for cost-effective interventions to reduce morbidity and mortality in HIV disease, the identification of nutritional status and levels of micronutrients is very important. Objective To generate information on the level of energy malnutrition and on vitamin A, zinc, and hemoglobin levels and their relationships with disease status in HIV-infected adults in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out on 153 HIV-positive adults (19% male, 81% female) living in Addis Ababa. The nutritional status and the levels of zinc, retinol, and hemoglobin were determined by anthropometric and biochemical methods. CD4+ counts and C-reactive protein levels were measured by standard methods. Results Of the patients, 18% were chronically energy deficient, 71% were normal, and 11% were overweight. Serum zinc levels were low (< 10.7 μmol/L) in 53% of subjects, and serum retinol levels were low (< 30 μg/dL) in 47% of subjects. Low hemoglobin levels (< 12 g/dL) were observed in only 4.72% of the study population. CD4+ counts under 200/mm3 and elevated C-reactive protein levels were both found in 21% of the subjects. CD4+ counts were positively and significantly correlated with hemoglobin ( r = 0.271, p < .001), zinc ( r = 0.180, p < .033), and body mass index ( r = 0.194, p < .017). There were significant negative associations between levels of C-reactive protein and levels of zinc ( r = −0.178, p < 0.036 and hemoglobin ( r = −0.253, p < .002). Conclusions Our results provide evidence that compromised nutritional and micronutrient status begins early in the course of HIV-1 infection. Low serum zinc and vitamin A levels were observed in almost half of the subjects. The clinical significance of low serum zinc and vitamin A levels is unclear, and more research is required.

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Lulseged, Sileshi, Wudinesh Belete, Jelaludin Ahmed, Terefe Gelibo, Habtamu Teklie, Christine W. West, Zenebe Melaku, et al. "Factors associated with unawareness of HIV-positive status in urban Ethiopia: Evidence from the Ethiopia population-based HIV impact assessment 2017-2018." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): e0255163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255163.

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Background The HIV epidemic in Ethiopia is concentrated in urban areas. Ethiopia conducted a Population-based HIV Impact Assessment (EPHIA) in urban areas between October 2017 and April 2018 to measure the status of the country’s response to the epidemic. Methods We conducted field data collection and HIV testing in randomly selected households using the national, rapid testing algorithm with laboratory confirmation of seropositive samples using a supplemental assay. In addition to self-report on HIV diagnosis and treatment, all HIV-positive participants were screened for a set of HIV antiretroviral (ARV) drugs indicative of the first- and second-line regimens. We calculated weighted frequencies and 95% confidence intervals to assess regional variation in participants’ level of unawareness of their HIV-positive status (adjusted for ARV status). Results We interviewed 20,170 survey participants 15–64 years of age, of which 19,136 (95%) were tested for HIV, 614 (3.2%) tested positive, and 119 (21%) of HIV-positive persons were unaware of their HIV status. Progress towards the UNAIDS first 90 target (90% of people living with HIV would be aware of their HIV status by 2020) substantially differed by administrative region of the country. In the bivariate analysis using log binomial regression, three regions (Oromia, Addis Ababa, and Harari), male gender, and young age (15–24 years) were significantly associated with awareness of HIV positive status. In multivariate analysis, the same variables were associated with awareness of HIV-positive status. Conclusion One-fifth of the HIV-positive urban population were unaware of their HIV-positive status. The number of unaware HIV-positive individuals has a different distribution than the HIV prevalence. National and regional planning and monitoring activities could address this potentially substantial source of undetected HIV infection by increasing HIV testing among young people, men and individuals who do not use condoms.

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Getachew, Konjit, Tamrat Abebe, Abebaw Kebede, Adane Mihret, and Getachew Melkamu. "Performance of LED Fluorescence Microscopy for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in HIV Positive Individuals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Tuberculosis Research and Treatment 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/794064.

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Background. Despite its lower sensitivity, smear microscopy remains the main diagnostic method for pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in resource-limited countries as TB culturing methods like LJ (Lowenstein-Jensen) are expensive to use as a routine base. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of LED-FM for the diagnosis of PTB in HIV positive individuals.Methods. Cross-sectional study was conducted in Zewditu Memorial Hospital and Teklehaimanot Health Center HIV/ART clinics in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Each sample was stained with ZN and Auramine O staining and examined with bright-field microscope and LED-FM microscope, respectively. LJ culture was used as a reference.Results. Out of 178 study participants, twenty-four (13.5%) patients were confirmed as positive for MTB with LJ culture. The yield of ZN microscopy and LED-FM in direct and concentrated sample was 3.9%, 8.4%, 6.2%, and 8.4%, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of direct ZN microscopy were 29.2%, 100%, 100%, and 90.1%, respectively, and of LED-FM microscopy in direct sputum sample were 62.5%, 100%, 100%, and 94.5%, respectively.Conclusion. LED-FM has better sensitivity for the diagnosis of PTB in HIV positive individuals as compared to conventional ZN microscopy. LED-FM can be used as an alternative to conventional ZN microscopy.

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Kiros, Mulugeta, Alene Geteneh, Henok Andualem, Derbie Alemu, Abebech Tesfaye, Dessalegne Abeje Tefera, Adane Mihret, Dawit Hailu Alemayehu, and Andargachew Mulu. "Human cytomegalovirus infection among treatment-naive HIV-1 infected patients in Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): e0247264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247264.

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Subclinical human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication is associated with immune dysfunction in immuno-suppressed antiretroviral therapy (ART) naive HIV infected individuals. No data is documented in Ethiopia so far concerning HCMV co-infection among HIV infected individuals. Hence, this study was aimed at generating data regarding the prevalence of active HCMV infection among treatment-naive HIV-infected individuals from Ethiopia. For this purpose, we enrolled 97 treatment-naive HIV infected study subjects in Addis Ababa from June to December 2018. ELISA and conventional PCR were performed consecutively to detect HCMV specific IgM antibody and HCMV DNA respectively. Of the 97 study subjects, 12 (12.4%) were positive for anti-CMV IgM antibodies but were not confirmed by PCR. With regard to the PCR positivity, 4/97 (4.1%) samples were positive for HCMV DNA. No statically significant associations were found between the dependent and independent variables. The presence of HCMV DNA in the current study highlights the need for a routine laboratory diagnosis for preventing HCMV disease among HIV-infected individuals early. Besides, the use of anti-CMV therapy for these CMV viremic individuals is also recommended as this can reduce the burden of CMV complications and consecutively prolonging the life of HIV infected individuals.

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Bayenes, Habtamu Wondiferaw. "Prevalence and Predictors of Dyslipidemia on HAART and HAART Naive HIV Positive Persons in Defense Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." American Journal of Health Research 2, no. 5 (2014): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20140205.23.

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Tamene, Wossenyelesh, and Mesganaw Fantahun. "Fertility desire and family-planning demand among HIV-positive women and men undergoing antiretroviral treatment in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." African Journal of AIDS Research 6, no. 3 (November 2007): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16085900709490418.

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Rick, Tara, Biruk Habtamu, Wondemagegnhu Tigeneh, Aynalem Abreha, Yvette van Norden, Surbhi Grover, Mathewos Assefa, and Luca Incrocci. "Patterns of Care of Cancers and Radiotherapy in Ethiopia." Journal of Global Oncology, no. 5 (December 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.19.00129.

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PURPOSE Radiotherapy (RT) is an essential component of cancer treatment. There is a lack of RT services in sub-Saharan Africa as well as limited knowledge regarding clinical practices. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the patterns for RT treatment in Ethiopia. METHODS AND MATERIALS We performed a retrospective analysis of 1,823 patients treated with cobalt RT at a large referral hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from May 2015 through January 2018. Paper charts were reviewed for patient and treatment characteristics. Descriptive statistics were computed using SPSS (IBM, Armonk, NY). RESULTS Among patients treated for cancer, 98% (n = 1,784) were adults, 78% (n = 1,426) were female, 5% (n = 85) were HIV positive, 30% (n = 555) were from Addis Ababa, and the median age was 48 years (interquartile range [IQR], 38-58 years). Cervical cancer was the most frequent cancer treated (47%, n = 851), followed by breast cancer (15%, n = 274) and head and neck cancer (10%, n = 184). Seventy-three percent of patients (n = 1,339) presented at a late stage, and 62% (n = 1,138) received palliative RT. The wait times were the shortest for patients receiving palliative treatment (median, 0 days; IQR, 0-15 days; n = 1,138), whereas wait times were longer for patients receiving curative treatment (median, 150 days; IQR, 60-210 days; n = 685). Three percent of patients (n = 56) had documented grade 3 or 4 acute toxicity; of these, 59% (n = 33) were patients with head and neck cancer. CONCLUSION Cervical cancer accounted for half of patients treated; thus, a majority of patients were adult females. Most patients had advanced-stage cancer, and goals of care were palliative. Wait times were long for patients with curative-intent cancer as a result of low capacity for RT services.

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Bantigen, Kerebih, Leul Kitaw, Haweni Negeri, Mekonen Kebede, Addisu Wassie, Keralem Bishaw, and Getaye Tesema. "Rate of HIV Seroconversion Among Seronegative Male Partners Living with HIV Positive Women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2019: A Retrospective Cohort Study." HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care Volume 13 (February 2021): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/hiv.s281281.

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Abubeker, Ferid A., Malede B. Fanta, and Vanessa K. Dalton. "Unmet Need for Contraception among HIV-Positive Women Attending HIV Care and Treatment Service at Saint Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." International Journal of Reproductive Medicine 2019 (August 26, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3276780.

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Background. The emergence of the HIV epidemic is one of the biggest public health challenges the world has ever seen in recent history. Ethiopia is among the countries most affected by the HIV epidemic. The national estimate for the HIV-positive pregnant women was 24,000 for the year 2016, and there were an estimated 3,800 new HIV infections among children. Regardless of their HIV status contraception offers women, their families, and communities a variety of benefits. For HIV-positive women who do not want to become pregnant, contraception has the added benefit of reducing HIV-positive births. Despite its demonstrable contribution, far less attention has been given to prevention of unintended pregnancy as a strategy to PMTCT. Objectives. To determine the level and contributing factors of unmet need for contraception among HIV-positive women in the ART clinic of Saint Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College (SPHMMC). Methods. A facility based cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 September 2016 to 30 November 2016. An exit interview of sampled women enrolled at ART clinic of SPHMMC was done using structured and pretested questionnaire. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate methods were used to analyze the level of unmet need and its contributing factors. Results. The overall unmet need for contraception was 25.1%. The most common reasons for nonuse were related to perceived low risk of pregnancy. Unmet need was more common in unmarried women and those who did not discuss about contraception with HIV care provider. Making joint decision on contraceptive utilization with partner and having serodiscordant partner were associated with decreased odds of unmet need. Conclusion. The ART clinic represented one of the missed opportunities to initiate and promote contraceptive use. The study also shows broader demand for contraception and the need for new strategies to address the contraceptive needs among HIV-positive clients.

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Gebremariam, Etsay Hailu, Mebratu Mitiku Reta, Zebiba Nasir, and Fisseha Zewdu Amdie. "Prevalence and Associated Factors of Suicidal Ideation and Attempt among People Living with HIV/AIDS at Zewditu Memorial Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study." Psychiatry Journal 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2301524.

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Background. Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV/AIDS) continues to be an underrecognized risk for suicidal ideation, suicidal attempt, and completion of suicide. Suicidal ideation and attempt in HIV/AIDS is not only a predictor of future attempted suicide and completed suicide.Methods. An institution based cross-sectional study was conducted among HIV-positive patients attending HIV care at Zewditu Memorial Hospital. Systematic random sampling technique was used to recruit 423 participants from April to May 2014. Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used to collect data. Multivariable logistic regression was computed to assess factors associated with suicidal ideation and attempt.Result. Suicidal ideation and suicidal attempt were found to be 22.5% and 13.9%, respectively. WHO clinical stage of HIV, not being on HAART, depression, family history of suicidal attempt, and perceived stigma were associated with suicidal ideation. WHO clinical stage, being female, not being on HAART, use of substance, and depression were associated with suicidal attempt.Conclusion. Early diagnosis and treatment of opportunistic infections, depression, and early initiation of ART need to be encouraged in HIV-positive adults. Furthermore, counseling on substance use and its consequences and early identification of HIV-positive people with family history of suicidal ideation have to be considered.

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Weldesenbet, Habtamu, Daniel Asrat, and Yimtubezinash Weldeamanuel. "The prevalence and associated factors of Treponema pallidum among HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals who attended voluntary counseling and testing center of St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study design." SAGE Open Medicine 8 (January 2020): 205031212090460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312120904604.

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Background: Treponema pallidum and HIV are among the most common public health problems in Ethiopia. These infections are interrelated. Treponema pallidum causes genital ulcer which enhances HIV transmission and complicates HIV by causing severe ulcer among HIV-positive individuals. Although Treponema pallidum and HIV have a similar route of transmission, screening services for Treponema pallidum are not available in most of the voluntary counseling and testing centers. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of Treponema pallidum and sociodemographic factors among HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals from the voluntary counseling and testing center of St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: In this research, a cross-sectional study was conducted and a total of 292 consecutive samples were collected from the voluntary counseling and testing center of St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. A blood specimen was tested for the presence of Treponema pallidum using rapid plasma reagin and a rapid test kit for HIV. The data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: The overall prevalence of Treponema pallidum was 5/292 (1.7%). All HIV-positive clients were negative for Treponema pallidum. None of the risk factors were significantly associated with Treponema pallidum. Conclusion: In this study, the prevalence of Treponema pallidum was 5/292 (1.7%). None of the study participants were co-infected with Treponema pallidum and HIV. Recommendation: There was a lack of association between syphilis and HIV in this study, but still the prevalence of Treponema pallidum among voluntary counseling and testing center clients is a public health problem. Therefore, Treponema pallidum infection control strategies should be designed in parallel with HIV control strategy and actions should be taken to avert the problem, including the provision of better health education and screening services at voluntary counseling and testing centers parallel with HIV.

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Shiferaw, Saba, Adamu Addissie, Muluken Gizaw, Selamawit Hirpa, Wondimu Ayele, Sefonias Getachew, Eva J. Kantelhardt, Mathewos Assefa, and Ahmedin Jemal. "Knowledge about cervical cancer and barriers toward cervical cancer screening among HIV-positive women attending public health centers in Addis Ababa city, Ethiopia." Cancer Medicine 7, no. 3 (February 14, 2018): 903–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cam4.1334.

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Seyoum, Berhanu, Meaza Demissie, Alemayehu Worku, Shiferaw Bekele, and Abraham Aseffa. "Prevalence and Drug Resistance Patterns ofMycobacterium tuberculosisamong New Smear Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients in Eastern Ethiopia." Tuberculosis Research and Treatment 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/753492.

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The study aimed at determining the prevalence and drug resistance patterns ofMycobacterium tuberculosisamong new smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients visiting TB diagnosis and treatment facilities at selected health facilities in eastern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2011 and May 2013. A total of 408 new adult pulmonary TB patients (≥ 18 years) were enrolled in this study. Three consecutive sputum samples (spot, morning, and spot) were collected from each patient and transported to the Armauer Hansen Research Institute TB laboratory located in Addis Ababa for culture on Lowenstein Jensen slant media. DST was performed on 357 (87.5%) of the patient samples for isoniazid (H), rifampicin (R), ethambutol (E), and streptomycin (S) using the standard proportion method. The rate of resistance to any one drug was 23%. Any resistance to H, S, R, and E was 14%, 11.5%, 2.8%, and 0.3%, respectively. The highest proportion of monoresistance was observed against H (9.5%). MDRTB was detected in 1.1% of the patients. Any drug resistance was associated with HIV infection (COR = 3.7, 95% CI 1.905–7.222) (P= 0.000). Although the prevalence of MDRTB is relatively low in the study area, high prevalence of H resistance is a serious concern demanding close monitoring. Expanding diagnostic capacity for mycobacterial culture and DST is a vital step in this regard.

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Muleta, Birhanu K., Asmare M. Wube, Yeabkal D. Teka, Mistre W. Gebre, and Biruk Z. Zerfu. "Prevalence of intestinal parasites and its association factors, knowledge, attitude and practice about intestinal parasite Saint Peter TB specialized hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." International Journal of Scientific Reports 7, no. 9 (August 21, 2021): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20213259.

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Background: Intestinal parasitic infections and HIV/AIDS have been the leading and persisting public health problems in the world. There vital causes of morbidity and mortality are remarkably high in Sub-Saharan Africa.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among patients attending Saint Peter hospital from December 2019 to May 2020. A total of 328 participants were select by using convenient sampling method. Socio-demographic data and knowledge, attitude and practice were collected using a structured questioner. Stool specimen was collected using clean container and processed and analyzed for parasitological examination using direct wet mount, formal-ether sedimentation and modified Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining techniques. Venous blood was collected and the CD4+ T-lymphocyte and hemoglobin analyzed by Presto instrument. The data were analyzed by using SPSS version 23 and p values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.Results: A total of 328 HIV-positive individuals (59.8% female) of age ranging from 13-72 years (mean=41.8, SD=10.8) participated in this study. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites among the study participants was 26.2% (86/328), from this 88.4% (76/86) was infected by single parasite. IP was significantly associated with CD4 count <200 AOR (4.736 CI: 2.338-9.594; p<0.001) and also anemia AOR (3.271 CI: 1.069-10.010).Conclusions: Intestinal parasitic infections are still common health problems among HIV/ADIS patients in the study area, so the health professionals need to give attention to parasitological examinations in the routine treatment of HIV/AIDS patients and also give education on these three parts knowledge, attitude and practice, but more focus and follow up on the practice of HIV/AIDS patients on transmission, prevention and control mechanisms of intestinal parasitosis.

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Tesfaye, Bereket, Dejene Ermias, Sisay Moges, and Ayalew Astatkie. "Effect of the Test and Treat Strategy on Mortality Among HIV-Positive Adult Clients on Antiretroviral Treatment in Public Hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care Volume 13 (March 2021): 349–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/hiv.s303557.

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Teka, Brhanu. "Sero - Prevalence of Helicobacter Pylori in HIV Positive Patients and HIV Negative Controls in St. Paul’s General Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Science Journal of Public Health 4, no. 5 (2016): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20160405.14.

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Belay, Getaneh Mulualem, and Chalachew Adugna Wubneh. "Infant Feeding Practices of HIV Positive Mothers and Its Association with Counseling and HIV Disclosure Status in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." AIDS Research and Treatment 2019 (August 1, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3862098.

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Introduction. Breastfeeding is the ideal food source for all newborns globally. However, in the era of Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV) infection, feeding practice is a challenge due to mother-to-child HIV transmission. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the national prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding and mixed feeding practices among HIV positive mothers and its association with counseling and HIV disclosure status to the spouse in Ethiopia. Methods. We searched all available articles from the electronic databases including PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and the Web of Science. Moreover, reference lists of the included studies and the Ethiopian institutional research repositories were used. Searching of articles was limited to the studies conducted in Ethiopia and published in English language. We have included observational studies including cohort, cross-sectional, and case-control studies. The weighted inverse variance random effects model was used. The overall variations between studies were checked through heterogeneity test (I2). Subgroup analysis by region was conducted. To assess the quality of the study, the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) quality appraisal criteria were employed. Publication bias was checked with the funnel plot and Egger’s regression test. Result. A total of 18 studies with 4,844 participants were included in this study. The national pooled prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding and mixed feeding practices among HIV positive mothers were 63.43% (95% CI: 48.19, 78.68) and 23.11% (95% CI: 10.10, 36.13), respectively. In the subgroup analysis, the highest prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding practice was observed in Tigray (90.12%) and the lowest in Addis Ababa (41.92%). Counseling on feeding option with an odds ratio of 4.32 (95% CI: 2.75, 6.77) and HIV disclosure status to the spouse with an odds ratio of 6.05 (95% CI: 3.03, 12.06) were significantly associated with exclusive breast feedings practices. Conclusion. Most mothers report exclusive breastfeeding, but there are still almost a quarter of mothers who mix feed. Counseling on feeding options and HIV disclosure status to the spouse should be improved.

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Taddese, Boja D., Daniel M. Desalegn, Abay S. Misganaw, Kumera T. Kitila, Tinsae Kidanemariam Hailu, and Abraham T. Bika. "Diagnostic Performance of Xpert MTB/RIF Assay Versus Ziehl-Neelsen Method for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Open Microbiology Journal 12, no. 1 (November 30, 2018): 390–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874285801812010390.

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Background: Worldwide Tuberculosis (TB) is the ninth leading cause of death from a single infectious agent, positioning on top of Human Immuno Deficiency Virus (HIV) and it is still an eminently serious public health problem. In developing countries, Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN)-stained sputum smear microscopy is the most widely used diagnostic method in diagnosing Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB). This study was aimed to compare the diagnostic performances of ZN-method with Xpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of PTB in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: Facility-based cross-sectional study design was conducted from September 2016 to June 2017 on a total of 244 sputum samples collected from presumptive TB patients. The L-J sputum culture was used as a gold standard to compare the diagnostic performances of Xpert MTB/RIF assay and ZN-methods. Kappa values were analyzed by using statistical package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20 software at 95% Confidence Interval (CI). The Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV) of ZN-stained sputum smear microscopy and Xpert MTB/RIF assay were calculated against the gold standard. Results: The Sensitivity, Specificity, PPV and NPV of ZN-stained sputum smear microscopy were 68.38%, 95.28%, 93.02% and 76.58% respectively, while for Xpert MTB/ RIF assay were 88.89%, 81.89%, 81.89% and 88.89% respectively. The results of the two diagnostic approaches were concordant with the gold standard with a kappa value of ZN 0.650 and 0.743 for Xpert MTB/RIF assay. Conclusion: This study concludes that the sensitivity of Xpert MTB/RIF assay was better than ZN-stained direct sputum smear microscopy for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis.

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Dereje, Nebiyu, Kalkidan Moges, Yemisrach Nigatu, and Roger Holland. "Prevalence And Predictors Of Opportunistic Infections Among HIV Positive Adults On Antiretroviral Therapy (On-ART) Versus Pre-ART In Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study." HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care Volume 11 (October 2019): 229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/hiv.s218213.

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Mehdi, Mohammed, Fisseha Bonja, Meron Yohannes, Mistire Wolde, Fatuma Hassen, and Biniam Taye. "Serum Creatinine, Urea and Their CD4+ T-lymphocyte Count among HIV Positive Patients before and after Initiation of HAART at St. Paul’s General Specialized Hospital In Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research 14, no. 10 (January 10, 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjmmr/2016/19358.

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Edessa, Dumessa, Tolera Woldeyes, and Workineh Shibeshi. "Comparison of effects of isoniazid plus ART and ART only regimen on the incidence of tuberculosis and HIV progression in HIV positive patients: a retrospective cohort study at two hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 3, no. 1 (2014): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/2319-2003.ijbcp20140203.

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Smith, Alison G. C. S., Russell R. Kempker, Liya Wassie, Kidist Bobosha, Azhar Nizam, Neel Gandhi, Matthew J. Magee, and Henry M. Blumberg. "61586 Impact of Diabetes and Pre-diabetes on Prevalence of Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis among Household Contacts of Active Tuberculosis Cases in Ethiopia." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 5, s1 (March 2021): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2021.483.

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ABSTRACT IMPACT: This work examines the association between diabetes mellitus and latent tuberculosis infection among a cohort of household contacts exposed to active tuberculosis in Ethiopia, focusing attention on the need for further translational research to determine the mechanisms of susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among individuals with diabetes and pre-diabetes. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an established risk factor for active TB disease, but there is limited understanding of the relationship of DM and latent tuberculosis (LTBI). We sought to determine the relationship between DM or pre-DM with LTBI among household or close contacts (HHCs) of active TB cases in Ethiopia. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We conducted a cross-sectional study of the HHCs of index active TB cases enrolled in an ongoing TB Research Unit (TBRU) study in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. HHCs of individuals with laboratory-confirmed TB had QuantiFERON ®-TB Gold Plus (QFT) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) tests performed. LTBI was defined as a positive QFT and lack of symptoms. HbA1C results were used to define no DM (HbA1c <5.7), pre-DM (HbA1c 5.7-6.5%), and DM (HbA1c >6.5% or prior history of diabetes). Logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) after adjustment for age, sex and HIV status as potential confounders. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Among 466 HHCs, the median age was 29 years (IQR 23-38), 58.8% were female, 3.4% were HIV-positive, and median BMI was 20.9 kg/m^2 (IQR 18.9-23.8). Overall, 329 HHCs (70.6%) had LTBI, 26 (5.6%) had DM and 73 (15.7%) had pre-DM. Compared to HHC without DM, the prevalence of LTBI was higher in those with pre-DM (68.9% vs. 72.6%; OR 1.19, 95% CI 0.69-2.13) and those with DM (88.5%; OR 3.45, 95% CI 1.17-14.77). In multivariable analysis, there was a trend towards increased LTBI risk among HHCs with DM vs. without DM (OR 2.16, 95% CI 0.67-9.70) but the difference was not statistically significant. Among HHCs with LTBI, the median IFN-? response to TB1 antigen was modestly greater in those with DM (5.3 IU/mL; IQR 3.0-7.8) and pre-DM (5.4 IU/mL; IQR 2.0-8.4) compared to HHCs without DM (4.3 IU/mL; IQR 1.4-7.7). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Our results suggest that DM may increase the risk of LTBI among HHCs recently exposed to active TB. Among those with LTBI, increased IFN-? antigen response in the presence of DM and pre-DM may indicate an exaggerated but ineffectual response to TB. Further investigation is needed to assess how dysglycemia impacts susceptibility to M. tuberculosis.

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Tola, Assefa, Kirubel Minsamo Minshore, Yohanes Ayele, and Abraham Nigussie Mekuria. "Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes and Associated Factors among TB Patients Attending Public Hospitals in Harar Town, Eastern Ethiopia: A Five-Year Retrospective Study." Tuberculosis Research and Treatment 2019 (April 1, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1503219.

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Introduction. Tuberculosis remains a major public health threat throughout the world particularly in developing countries. Evaluating the treatment outcome of tuberculosis and identifying the associated factors should be an integral part of tuberculosis treatment. Objectives. The aim of this study was to assess the treatment outcome of tuberculosis and its associated factors among TB patients in the TB clinics of Harar public hospitals, Eastern Ethiopia, 2017. Methods. A retrospective document review was conducted in two public hospitals of Harar town, located 516 km east of Addis Ababa. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select the document of TB patients who were registered in the hospitals from 1st of January, 2011, to 30th of December, 2015. The data were collected using a pretested structured data extraction format. SPSS Version 21 for window was used for data processing. Bivariate and multivariate analysis with 95% confidence interval was employed in order to infer the associations between TB treatment outcome and potential predictor variables. Results. One thousand two hundred thirty-six registered TB patients’ documents were reviewed. Of these, 59.8% were male, 94.2% were urban dwellers, 97% were new cases, 61.2% were presented with pulmonary TB, and 22.8% were HIV positive. Regarding the treatment outcome, 30.4% were cured, 62.1% completed their treatment, 3.9% died, 2.4% were defaulted, and the remaining 1.2% had failed treatment. The overall rate of the treatment success among the patients was 92.5%. In the present study, being female (AOR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.14 - 3.14), having pretreatment weight of 20 – 29 kg (AOR = 11.03, 95% CI: 1.66 - 73.35), being HIV negative (AOR = 6.50, 95% CI: 3.95 - 10.71), and being new TB patient (AOR = 3.22 95% CI: 1.10 - 9.47) were factors independently associated with successful treatment outcome. On the other hand, being in the age group 54 – 64 years (AOR =10.41, 95% CI: 1.86 - 58.30) and age greater than 65 years (AOR =24.41, 95% CI: 4.19 - 142.33) was associated with unsuccessful TB treatment outcome. Conclusion. In the current study, the rate of successful TB treatment outcome was acceptable. This rate should be maintained and further improved by designing appropriate monitoring strategies.

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Taffa, Negussie, Johanne Sundby, Carol Holm-Hansen, and Gunnar Bjune. "HIV prevalence and socio-cultural contexts of sexuality among youth in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Ethiopian Journal of Health Development 16, no. 2 (February 1, 2002). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejhd.v16i2.9804.

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Gatta, Abraham A., and Gloria Thupayagale-Tshweneagae. "Knowledge of, and attitudes towards, Voluntary HIV Counselling and Testing services amongst adolescent high school students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Curationis 35, no. 1 (May 9, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v35i1.103.

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Voluntary HIV counselling and testing (VHCT) is one of the key strategies in the prevention of HIV in Ethiopia. However, utilisation of the VHCT services amongst adolescents has been reported as low by previous studies. The purpose of this study was to investigate adolescents’ knowledge and attitudes towards VHCT services amongst adolescents attending high school in Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. A cross-sectional school-based design using quantitative methods was employed to attain the objectives of the study. Data collection was done using self-administered structured questionnaires amongst 378 adolescent high school students. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings revealed that 75.7% of students are aware of the voluntary HIV counselling and testing services; 62.2% use the services and suggested that VHCT services should be located in schools and youth clubs for better access by adolescents. Thirty-two percent of respondents rated themselves at risk of HIV infection and 35.2% were not willing to disclose their HIVpositive status to anybody. The findings of the study clearly indicate a need for a more accessible voluntary HIV counselling and testing services for adolescents.

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Abate, Biruk Beletew, Ayelign Mengesha Kassie, Melese Abate Reta, Gillian H. Ice, and Zelalem T. Haile. "Residence and young women’s comprehensive HIV knowledge in Ethiopia." BMC Public Health 20, no. 1 (October 23, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09687-1.

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Abstract Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a global health problem. The epidemic is very serious in sub-Saharan Africa with approximately 70% of the global cases. The disease particularly affects youth, accounting for half of the new HIV infections yearly. Inadequate knowledge may contribute to the high rates among youth. Hence, the main aim of this study was to examine the association between residence and comprehensive HIV knowledge among women aged 15–24 years in Ethiopia. Methods This cross-sectional study used nationally representative data from the 2016 Ethiopian demographic health survey (n = 5926). Chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression modeling were performed. Results Approximately 23.9% of the study participants had a comprehensive HIV knowledge and 74.7% were rural residents. In the multivariable-adjusted model, we found a significant interaction between place of residence and HIV testing on comprehensive HIV knowledge (P for interaction = 0.005). In the subgroup analysis, a statistically significant associations between place of residence and comprehensive HIV knowledge was found only in women who have never been tested for HIV. In this subgroup, rural women had lower odds of having a comprehensive HIV knowledge compared to their urban counterparts (OR 0.42, 95% CI: 0.23–0.74; P = 0.003). Furthermore, in the subgroup of women who have never been tested for HIV, education and region were significantly associated with comprehensive HIV knowledge. Compared to women with no education, the odds of having a comprehensive HIV knowledge were higher in women who had primary (OR 2.86, 95% CI: 1.63–5.02; P < 0.001) and secondary or above education (OR 5.49, 95% CI: 2.92–10.32; P < 0.001), respectively. The odds of having a comprehensive HIV knowledge were lower in women from the Somali region compared to women from Addis Ababa region (OR 0.41, 95% CI: 0.18–0.90; P = 0.027). Conclusions Rural residence was negatively associated with comprehensive HIV knowledge only in women who have never been tested for HIV. These findings suggest that the development and implementation HIV education and awareness programs should target rural areas, especially where there is limited access to HIV testing.

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Menna, Takele, Ahmed Ali, and Alemayehu Worku. "Prevalence of “HIV/AIDS related” parental death and its association with sexual behavior of secondary school youth in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a cross sectional study." BMC Public Health 14, no. 1 (October 30, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-1120.

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Adal, Melaku. "Systematic review on HIV situation in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." BMC Public Health 19, no. 1 (November 21, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7885-8.

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Abstract Background HIV prevalence in the Addis Ababa is still higher in key and priority populations. Therefore, this systematic review was carried out aiming in determining the prevalence of HIV and predisposing risk factors, identification of hotspot areas, key and priority populations, availability and utilization of services, and challenges and gaps to be addressed for prevention and control of HIV epidemic in Addis Ababa. Methods The documents relevant to address the objectives were collected from online databases Google scholar and PubMed for published works. In addition, unpublished survey and surveillance reports, performance reports and project assessment findings, and mapping results were collected from partner organizations working on HIV/AIDS prevention and control. Results It appears that the HIV prevalence stabilizes, but varies along areas and socio-demographic groups. The most common hot spots in Addis Ababa are areas where bars, groceries, pensions, guest houses, hotels, brothels, massage houses, khat houses, shisha houses, night clubs, drinking establishments and tourist frequented settings are concentrated. The recognized key population (KP) is the female sex workers (FSWs). There is sexual mixing of key and priority populations (KPPs) with the general population. There are various behavioural, biological and socio-economic predisposing risk factors that drive HIV epidemic, and respective behavioural, biomedical and structural intervention measures are identified in the presence of gaps and challenges to address the problem. Conclusions HIV prevalence in Addis Ababa seems stabilized. However, it varies along different groups of the population. There are many behavioural, biological and socio-economic factors that predisposed to HIV/AIDS. Weak monitoring of the quality of interventions, limited linkage of positive clients, lost to follow up, financial shortage, limited man-power and coordination, data quality and gaps in use of program data or research findings are some of the gaps and challenges. Therefore, prevention and control measures using behavioural, structural and biomedical interventions through filling of gaps and tackle challenges should be strengthened in order to prevent and control HIV transmission.

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Dirriba, Abdissa Boka. "Prevalence of Anxiety Disorder and Associated Factors among Voluntary Counseling and HIV Testing Clients at Governmental Health Centers in 2017 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, September 21, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i4.7226.

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Objective: More than 450 million people are considered to be suffered from mental problem in the world nowadays. In Ethiopia, these problems constitute for 12.45% of the impact of diseases and around 12% of individuals are estimated to be develop any form of mental problems, of which 2% are severe cases. One of the most psychiatric problem that cause substantial functional impairment and suffering is anxiety disorders. To assess the prevalence of anxiety disorder and associated factors among voluntary counseling and HIV testing (VCT) clients of Addis Ababa governmental health centers, Ethiopia, 2017. Method: An institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted at Addis Ababa governmental health centers from February 15 to March 10, 2017. A Cluster sampling technique was used and 770 study participants were interviewed. Data were entered into EPI INFO version 2002 and transferred to SPSS version 19.0 windows and was analyzed. The logistic regression of analyses was used. Results: The prevalence of anxiety disorder among VCT clients was 39.2%. Factors that statistically significant with an anxiety disorder: fear of stigma or social discrimination (AOR = 3.01, 95%CI: 1.67, 5.42), history of haven’t been tested before for HIV (AOR = 3.97, 95%CI: 2.32, 6.81), and fear of having a positive result (AOR = 2.60, 95% CI: 1.55, 4.36); the burden of family size was marginally significant at 0.05 level of significance (P = 0.075). Conclusion: The prevalence of anxiety problems among voluntary counseling and HIV testing clients of Addis Ababa governmental health centers was high. Fear of stigma, fear of having a positive result, and no history of a test before were the most factors associated with anxiety disorders. I recommended that increasing awareness in reducing stigma/discrimination, appropriate psychiatry counseling for individuals and community at the health center, and Addis Ababa Health Bureau should be arranged.

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Mindachew, Mesele, Amare Deribew, Fasil Tessema, and Sibhatu Biadgilign. "Predictors of adherence to isoniazid preventive therapy among HIV positive adults in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." BMC Public Health 11, no. 1 (December 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-916.

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Deyessa, Negussie, Bekele Senbete, Aman Abdo, and Bernard M. Mundia. "Population estimation and harm reduction among people who inject drugs in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Harm Reduction Journal 17, no. 1 (September 7, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12954-020-00407-x.

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Abstract Background Injecting drug use is known to contribute significantly to the spread of the HIV epidemic in many parts of the developing world. Due to the hidden nature and stigma of the problem, it is difficult to study using routine surveys. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the number of people who inject drugs in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and to describe the epidemiological and social situation related to HIV among people who inject drugs. Methods The study used rapid assessment methods, followed by combined methods of estimating populations, using nomination and multiplier methods. The combined methods used two datasets: the first includes the proportion of people who use services within a year as a multiplier, and the second, a count of the list of people with a problem who used the specific service within a year as a benchmark. The rapid assessment incorporated different qualitative tools to elicit information related to injectable drugs, using existing data sources, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions. Results The study estimated a total of 4068; with 95% CI (3196, 5207) people who inject drugs (PWIDs) in Addis Ababa. The study found people who inject drugs were young in age, male, with a lower educational status, unmarried, and living in small clerical business. People who inject drugs and participated in the study were more likely to use additional substances like alcohol, khat, and cannabis. The most common form of injectable drug used was heroin, and most of the people who inject drugs reported sharing syringes and needles. A high proportion of study subjects also disclosed having positive test results for HIV, hepatitis B, and C. Conclusion The population size of people who inject drugs in Addis Ababa is high. Lack of service in harm reduction in the city has made PWIDs vulnerable and at higher risk for HIV/AIDs and hepatitis B and C. Therefore, responsible bodies must start implementing the essential harm reduction strategies given by the World Health Organization.

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Lisecki, Shelbi R., Samrawit Solomon, Getaalem Kassa, and Elizabeth J. King. "Factors associated with recent HIV testing uptake and HIV-positive serostatus among female sex workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Global Public Health, December 30, 2020, 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.1868015.

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Getaneh, Meselu, Mebratu Mitiku Reta, Dawit Assefa, Zegeye Yohannis, and Demeke Demilew. "Two-third of inmates were depressed among HIV positive prisoners at central prison (Kaliti), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." BMC Research Notes 12, no. 1 (March 25, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4216-1.

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Asfaw, Hussen Mekonnen, and Fikre Enquselassie Gashe. "Contraceptive use and method preference among HIV positive women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a cross sectional survey." BMC Public Health 14, no. 1 (June 6, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-566.

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Maru, Y., and J. Haidar. "Infant feeding practice of HIV positive mothers and its determinants in selected health institutions of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Ethiopian Journal of Health Development 23, no. 2 (March 31, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejhd.v23i2.53225.

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Journal articles on the topic 'HIV-positive youth – Ethiopia – Addis Ababa'

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