Relevant bibliographies by topics / HIV (Viruses) Law and legislation

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'HIV (Viruses) Law and legislation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 December 2022
Last updated: 25 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "HIV (Viruses) Law and legislation"

1

Fabbri, William O. "Home HIV Testing and Conflicts with State HIV Testing Regulations." American Journal of Law & Medicine 21, no. 4 (1995): 419–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800007504.

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Currently the number of AIDS-related deaths in the United States has reached 311,000 and at least one million more Americans are infected with HIV. Of those one million or more infected, many spread the virus unknowingly as approximately forty percent of those infected have never been tested. More than eighty-five percent of the U.S. population has never been tested for HIV. No cure or vaccine for HIV currently exists.The federal and state governments have set up a patchwork of free and confidential HIV testing at local clinics. States have enacted a variety of legislation concerning HIV testing and test results. Most states have enacted statutes that require informed consent for an HIV test to be conducted. All states require the reporting of AIDS cases, and many also require the reporting of HIV-positive status to state public health departments. Furthermore, many states mandate certain requirements for HIV counseling.
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Onyemelukwe, Cheluchi. "Discrimination on the basis of HIV status." International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 17, no. 3 (August 21, 2017): 160–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1358229117727415.

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HIV/AIDS remains a significant public health challenge in Nigeria, with over three million persons living with the condition. Throughout the history of HIV/AIDS in Nigeria, persons living with the condition have faced stigma and discrimination in various areas including access to health services, access to education, access to employment, among others. In the past, because of lacunae in Nigerian law and jurisprudence, it has been the subject of debate whether Nigerians living with HIV/AIDS are adequately protected by law. Recent developments in legislation such as the federal HIV/AIDS Anti-Discrimination Act, 2014 and judicial decisions in 2012 and 2016 on discrimination on the basis of HIV status suggest a positive shift of the law to full protection of the rights of persons living with HIV/AIDS in Nigeria, particularly in the area of employment. This article provides an analysis of these recent developments in the law and argues that the time has come to amend the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria to include health status as a ground upon which one cannot be unduly discriminated against.
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Smit, Nicola. "Equity Legislation in South Africa with Specific Reference to HIV/Aids and Disability." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 18, Issue 1 (March 1, 2002): 47–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/405336.

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South Africa has a very advanced system of anti-discrimination legislation. In the labour law sphere, the relevant legislation includes the Employment Equity Act of 1998, the Labour Relations Act of 1995 and, of course, the Constitution of 1996. This article focuses on two prohibited grounds of discrimination, namely disability and HIV/Aids. HIV/Aids is nearing epidemic proportions in South Africa and its impact on individuals, the economy as well as the general prosperity of the country cannot be denied. Disabled persons constitute one of the designated groups, for purposes of affirmative action, in terms of the Employment Equity Act. Although both direct and indirect unfair discrimination is prohibited in all workplaces in South Africa, such protection has to be implemented and enforced by labour legislation and the courts. This article investigates the success achieved to date in protecting employees in workplaces from both unfair labour practices and unfair discrimination because of their HIV/Aids status or their disability. Job applicants are also protected by anti-discrimination legislation and it has become evident that the constitutional court is not hesitant to come to the assistance of this category. The case of Hoffmann v. SAA (see also Woolworths v. Whitehead) is discussed. The author comes to the conclusion that present anti-discrimination laws provide the courts with ample scope to act as guardian of employees as well as job applicants in this area of law. If the courts adopt an approach that recognises substantive equality, as the constitutional court, if not the labour court, has done, this could assist the community in refraining from unfairly discriminating against certain vulnerable groups in society. This discrimination is, after all, often based on unfounded assumptions and generalisations.
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Gostin, Larry. "A Decade of a Maturing Epidemic: An Assessment and Directions for Future Public Policy." American Journal of Law & Medicine 16, no. 1-2 (1990): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800009941.

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It has been nearly a decade since the first cases of AIDS were reported by the United States Centers for Disease Control (CDC). During that time there have been over 200 statutes enacted in every jurisdiction in the country. Unfortunately, the content of the legislation is highly diverse, even inconsistent, from state to state, and there is very little guiding federal legislation or regulation. The profound social, moral and public policy dilemmas that are magnified by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) epidemic are still no closer to resolution. Should testing for HIV infection be voluntary, routine or compulsory when there is a higher risk of transmission of HIV? Should America return to traditional moral values of abstinence outside of marriage and zero tolerance of drug use, or should we teach safe sex and use of sterile injection equipment? Should health care professionals maintain strict confidentiality or do they have a duty to protect third parties in imminent danger?
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Sarumi, Rofiah O., and Ann E. Strode. "Using International Law to Protect Children Affected by HIV/AIDS in South Africa – An Audit of HIV/AIDS-Specific International Standards Relevant to Children Affected by HIV/AIDS." African Journal of International and Comparative Law 25, no. 1 (February 2017): 114–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2017.0184.

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The protection of children as members of a vulnerable group in the society is important as they represent the future of the society. With the grave impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on global development and stability, the United Nations (UN) has, on several occasions acknowledged the need for member states to take a more progressive role in laying down standards which would ensure that the rights of children living with HIV/AIDS are protected. South Africa as a member of the UN has acknowledged the important role which international law plays in the protection of children generally, and those affected by HIV/AIDS specifically. It is the duty of UN member states to ensure that the standards set out in international instruments are applied in their national legislation and policies. South Africa has ratified a number of the international instruments applicable to the protection of children affected by HIV/AIDS. It is therefore required to adjust its national laws to conform to the standards set out in these instruments. This paper looks at the extent to which international law is applicable to addressing the human rights issues facing children affected by HIV/AIDS. It also suggests ways by which the instruments can be employed for the protection of children affected by HIV/AIDS.
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Waheed, Usman, Farooq Ahmed Noor, Noore Saba, Akhlaaq Wazeer, Zahida Qasim, Muhammad Arshad, Saira Karimi, Ahmad Farooq, Javaid Usman, and Hasan Abbas Zaheer. "Genetic Diversity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Asymptomatic Blood Donors in Islamabad, Pakistan." Journal of Laboratory Physicians 12, no. 02 (August 2020): 092–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1716593.

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Abstract Objective The serological testing of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is mandatory under the blood safety legislation of Pakistan; hence, data exist on the prevalence of HIV in blood donors. However, little is known about the molecular epidemiology of HIV in the blood donor population. Therefore, the current study was designed to study the genetic diversity of HIV-1 infection in a population of apparently healthy treatment-naive blood donors in Islamabad, Pakistan. Material and Methods A total of 85,736 blood donors were tested for HIV by the chemiluminescence immunoassay. All positive donor samples were analyzed for the presence of various HIV genotypes (types and subtypes). Viral ribonucleic acid was extracted from blood samples of HIV positive donors and reverse transcribed into complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA). The cDNA of all positive donors was then analyzed for the presence of various HIV genotypes (types and subtypes) by employing subtype-specific primers in a nested polymerase chain reaction. The amplified products were run on ethidium bromide-stained 2% agarose gel and visualized using a ultraviolet transilluminator. A particular subtype was assigned to a sample if the subtype-specific reaction made a band 20% highly intense compared with the band made by the subtype-independent reaction. Results A total of 85,736 blood donors were screened for the presence of antibodies to HIV. Out of them, 114 were initially found reactive for HIV. The repeat testing resulted in 112 (0.13%) positive donors, 95% confidence interval 0.0014 (0.0011–0.0018). These 112 samples were analyzed for molecular typing of HIV-1. The predominant HIV-1 subtype was A (n = 101) (90.1%) followed by subtype B (n = 11) (9.9%). Conclusion These findings are key to understand the diversified HIV epidemic at the molecular level and should assist public health workers in implementing measures to lessen the further dissemination of these viruses in the country.
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Warburton, Damian. "A Critical Review of English Law in Respect of Criminalising Blameworthy Behaviour by HIV+ Individuals." Journal of Criminal Law 68, no. 1 (January 2004): 55–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/jcla.68.1.55.25842.

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The spread of some illnesses between people is almost inevitable and in many circumstances it would be ludicrous to propose attaching any criminal liability. However, in the case of HIV, where successful transmission eventually causes the death of its host, and transmission methods are well known, to grant impunity to those carrying this responsibility is a difficult thing to accept. This article is an examination of the status of English law as it presently stands, where not only are remedies for assault still rooted in Victorian legislation, but also where, crucially, a case decided under Victorian morality has dogged this area of law ever since. At the eleventh hour of writing, the decision in R v Dica has turned the whole discussion upside down; and then there is the question of whether English law actually needs an HIV-specific statute.
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Parra-Barrera, Sandra M., María del Mar Sánchez-Fuentes, Nieves Moyano, and Reina Granados. "Protection of Human Rights and Barriers for People with HIV/AIDS in Colombia: An Analysis of the Legal Framework." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 18 (September 10, 2022): 11423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811423.

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People living with HIV/AIDS not only suffer in terms of physical and/or psychological health, but also frequently experience violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Although there are international treaties and a regulatory framework that legally protects people with HIV/AIDS, it is essential to determine the effectiveness of the regulatory framework in Colombia. Therefore, our main goal was to examine the legislation on HIV/AIDS in Colombia with the purpose of understanding the decrees and laws, and describing the main obstacles and barriers that people with HIV/AIDS encounter. For this purpose, we employed the method of legal interpretation and reviewed the legal regulations on HIV/AIDS, as well as the judgments of guardianship of the Constitutional Court. It is verified that there is a specific regulation on HIV/AIDS, specifically decree 559 of 19,991, decree 1543 of 1997, Law 599 of 2000, Law 972 of 2005, and Law 1220 of 2008. Although at the legislative level Colombia shows an evolution in the norm, patients with HIV/AIDS continue to be victims of human rights violations. As a result, and through the analysis of tutela judgments, it was found that the Constitutional Court recognized the violation of rights and ordered the necessary measures to be taken to guarantee the human rights and fundamental freedoms of the defendants.
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Walden, Ian. "Harmonising Computer Crime Laws in Europe." European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 12, no. 4 (2004): 321–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1571817042523095.

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AbstractAs the ‘Information Society’ emerges, the European economy and its citizens have become dependent on computers and communication networks. However, with the ravages of the viruses MyDoom and MS Blaster still being felt around the world, the vulnerability of computer systems and networks to criminal crime, as well as potentially terrorist activity, is still fresh in our minds. There is no agreed definition of what constitutes a ‘computer crime’. A computer may constitute the instrument of the crime, such as in murder and fraud; the object of the crime, such as the theft of processor chips; or the subject of the crime, such as ‘hacking’ or ‘cracking’. The involvement of computers may challenge traditional criminal concepts, such as fraud, as well as facilitating particular types of crime, such as child pornography. This article is concerned with the computer as the subject of the crime and with laws that have been established to specifically address activities that attack the integrity of computer and communications networks, such as the distribution of computer viruses. This article examines various initiatives to harmonise substantive criminal law to address the threat of computer integrity crimes, focusing specifically on a draft Council Framework Decision on ‘attacks against information systems’. Consideration is given to the impact the Decision may have when transposed into UK law, through an amendment of existing legislation, the Computer Misuse Act 1990.
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Fox, Daniel M. "Financing Health Care for Persons with HIV Infection: Guidelines for State Action." American Journal of Law & Medicine 16, no. 1-2 (1990): 223–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800009989.

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Financing health care for perons with HIV infection is an increasing burden on states and their taxpayers. The major problems of state policy in the 1990s are how to organize and finance both early detection of infection and preventive drug treatment for persons without symptoms and how to provide a full range of health and social services for infected persons whose life expectancy is unknown. This article first describes the shift in the perceptions of HIV infection from a plague to a chronic disease and the implications of this shift for state government. Then it places the history of financing for health care in the context of general health care financing policy during the past decade. Next it describes the history of state action to finance care for HIV infection, especially the use of of Medicaid Waivers, problems of state financing for expensive prescription drugs, and state initiatives, especially in California, Michigan, New Jersey and New York. Finally, the article presents seven policy questions that states should consider in deciding what, if any, legislation or regulations to enact in order to organize treatment and pay some or all of the costs of care for persons with HIV infection.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "HIV (Viruses) Law and legislation"

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Singh, Rajeshree. "Criminal liability for wilful HIV/AIDS infection: a comparative study." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1012686.

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South Africa‘s high prevalence of HIV/AIDS coupled with a high crime rate and incidence of sexual violence necessitated the enquiry and study into the role of criminal law to address the wilful transmission of HIV.1 This study shows that criminal law can be used to punish offenders for wrongdoing and therefore finds application in the wilful transmission of HIV.2 The study distinguishes the dividing line between the justifiable use of criminal law and where use of the criminal law becomes discriminatory in nature and counterproductive to public health measures. The United Nations (hereinafter referred to as the UN) laid down guiding principles for countries to adopt when using the criminal law and stated that countries should use existing criminal law offences to prosecute intentional HIV infections.3 The South African Law Commission (hereinafter referred to as the SALC) endorses this approach. South Africa‘s use of the criminal law, in response to harmful HIV behaviour is in line with the UN recommendations as it uses the existing common law offences to prosecute the wilful transmission of HIV, namely murder, attempted murder and assault. Drawing from the writer‘s comparative study in Chapter Six below, South Africa, members of the Zimbabwean parliament, Canada, as well as the American Bar Association have all concluded that the use of specific HIV-related legislation creates some a form of stigmatization towards people living with HIV and is therefore not warranted. This study shows that criminal law has a role to play in the wilful transmission of HIV; however the creation of HIV specific legislation is not recommended and existing criminal law offences should be used to address harmful HIV related behaviour. Such an approach is in line with the guiding principles laid down by the UN and SALC.
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Tadesse, Mizanie Abate. "HIV testing from an African Human Rights System perspective : an analysis of the legal and policy framework of Botswana, Ethiopia and Uganda." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5928_1210839992.

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The HIV/AIDS pandemic poses the greatest threat to Africa's efforts to achieve its full potential in the social, economical and political spheres. Cognizant of its devastating consequences, various mechanisms have been designed to address the issue of HIV/AIDS in Africa. This thesis addressed the question: 'Are the legislations and policies of Ethiopia, Botswana and Uganda providing for various modalities of HIV testing consistent with human rights as enshrined under African Human Rights system?' The author of this dissertation critically analyzed the African human rights instruments and the relevant domestic legislation and policies of the three countries.

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Poggenpoel, Jerome Mark. "HIV in the workplace: a critical investigation into the present legislative protection afforded to the HIV positive employee." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3090_1184766896.

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This thesis examined to what extent the current legislation protects the HIV positive employee against unfair discrimination and dismissal. The study gave short medical background to HIV/AIDS and introduced HIV discrimination by giving the historical background to HIV related discrimination. From this, the extent of stigmatization against this group was introduced.

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Lim, Wei Siang, and 林煒翔. "A comparative assessment of different legal systems and its impact on HIV/AIDS responses: a learning point for HongKong in the unabated fight against HIV/AIDS." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B48424638.

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Aim. This paper reveals key considerations required to reform and enact public health legislation to reduce and maintain the low prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), in light of the growing global transmission of the epidemic. Background. There are a total of 33.3 million people living with HIV/AIDS globally, with 2.7 million becoming newly infected in 2010. Despite an overall global decline in HIV incidence of 19%, the number of newly infected people still exceeds the amount of people placed on antiretroviral drugs. HKSAR experienced a 0.5% increase in incidence in 2011, with 438 new cases reported to the Department of Health. There are currently no protective or punitive laws either for or against people living with HIV/AIDS, Men who have sex with men (MSM), sex workers or injecting drug users in HKSAR. Additionally, HIV/AIDS is not reportable under the notifiable disease act. Methods. The data used was collected between 1983 and 2012 and researched using electronic databases: MEDLINE, Google Scholar and Web of Science. Results. Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. The themes identified from the literature are: (1) True prevalence not reflected due to unawareness of serostatus, (2) Low uptake of screening due to the fear of stigmatisation, discrimination and/or prosecution and (3) Protective laws encourage responsibility. The statistics of HIV/AIDS in HKSAR may not be reflective of the true prevalence given the current methods of data collection. Additionally, the legal system in HKSAR fails to protect against discrimination based on an individual’s sexual orientation, which can potentially exacerbate existing stigma and consequently fuel the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Hong Kong. Conclusion. The inclusion of HIV/AIDS under the notifiable disease act can provide a more accurate prevalence and incidence rate. It can also be used as a tool to evaluate ongoing prevention efforts. HIV/AIDS specific laws, with regard to transmission and exposure, are detrimental to public health efforts in managing the epidemic. Instead, protective laws, such as anti-discrimination laws and the furthering of women’s rights, would yield greater benefits.
published_or_final_version
Public Health
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Master of Public Health
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Minahan, Wade Thomas. "Sometimes you have to talk first : Ohio's HIV criminalization statutes /." abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2007. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1451076.

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Thesis (M.J.S.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2007.
"December, 2007." Includes bibliographical references. Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2008]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm. Online version available on the World Wide Web.
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Billiet, Hilde. "HIV-Infektionen durch Bluttransfusionen im französischen Haftungsrecht /." Osnabrück : Universitätsverlag Rasch, 2000. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=008931525&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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7

Myburgh, Rene. "The criminalization of HIV/AIDS : a comparative analysis." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020754.

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The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)1 and the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)2 have become a global epidemic. With an average of 35.3 million people infected with the virus worldwide, countries are desperate to curb HIV infections.3 Most HIV positive men, women and children are found in Sub-Saharan Africa.4 In an attempt to fight HIV/AIDS, some countries have opted for an approach of criminalization, where it is a crime to infect or expose another person to the virus.5 Other countries, such as South Africa, have chosen to avoid the criminalization approach, and to focus rather on public health schemes that can assist in the prevention of transmission. The United Nations (UN) has stated that overly broad application of criminal law to HIV raises serious human rights and public health concerns.7 Because of these concerns, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) has urged states to limit application of criminal law to HIV-related cases.8 Furthermore, UNAIDS has urged states to rather employ scientifically proven methods to prevent HIV transmission. This treatise will set out the laws adopted by Canada, Zimbabwe, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and South Africa. Out of all five countries, South Africa is the only country that does not criminalize HIV transmission or exposure.10 In setting out the common law, statute law, case law as well as academic considerations, this treatise will attempt to identify trends in the current criminalization of HIV climate. In addition to setting out the law in the five countries, this treatise seeks to show that South Africa is one of the few countries with a developed legal system to shy away from criminalization. This treatise also seeks to establish whether South Africa’s approach is a suitable option for the country, considering it boasts the highest HIV infection rate in the world.
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Rangoato, Sello Joshua. "Discrimination based on HIV/AIDS status in the workplace." Thesis, University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1108.

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Thesis (LLM. (Labour Law)) -- University of Limpopo, 2013
This mini-dissertation outlines the protection of rights of people living with HIV/AIDS in the workplace. It will highlight the fact that people living with HIV/AIDS can perform the work as long as they medically fit. It will show the need to promote anti discriminatory laws in the workplace. People think that HIV/AIDS can be transmitted through casual contact but that will be shown in the study that HIV/AIDS can not be transmitted by casual contact. The mini-dissertation also outlines the need to educate employees about their rights more particularly those living with HIV/AIDS in the workplace. Therefore policies such as affirmative action must be implemented to affirm several advantages to people living with HIV/AIDS. Equality is what people must enjoy in the country in terms of section 9 of the Constitution including people living with HIV/AIDS.
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Rhoda, Gary. "The decriminalisation of prostitution in South Africa : towards a legal framework." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7217_1308124588.

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This mini-thesis seeks to provide a substantiation for the need for a new legal framework for South Africa in order to address prostitution. It will argue that the current legal framework has failed in its desired aims and in addressing prostitution effectively. This mini-thesis critically analyses the underlying reasons for prostitution in South Africa and discovers that it is influenced by a myriad of interrelated factors. The current level of poverty and the prevailing socio-economic paradigm in South Africa have contributed to its complex nature. The demand for prostitution acts as a catalyst for both the further exploitation of prostitutes and women, while making them vulnerable to sexually transmitted diseases. I establish that criminalisation alone is not sufficient to address prostitution, especially given the HIV/AIDS epidemic.

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Ndawula, Barnabas. "Criminalisation of HIV/AIDS in South Africa: a critical look at the Criminal Law (Sexual offences and related matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1280.

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Human Immuno Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) have formed part of the South African landscape since the first report in 19831and today South Africa is reported to be the country with the highest number of people living with HIV/AIDS in the World2. This state of affairs, in combination with South Africa’s high sexual crime rate resulted in a general public out-cry with calls for the government and the legislature to enact laws to stem the spread of HIV/AIDS3. Government and the legislature finally responded by way of promulgating the criminal law (sexual Offences and related matters) Amendment Act4 (hereinafter the sexual Offences Act). The Sexual Offences Act inter alia provides for the compulsory testing of alleged offenders of sexual crimes5 This treatise will show that chapter five of the sexual Offences Act, indirectly criminalises HIV/AIDS, and that this is not desirable. It will be submitted that the criminalisation of HIV is against the stated UNAIDS policy 6 It is finally submitted in this treatise that South Africa should repeal all provisions in its law that directly or indirectly criminalises HIV/AIDS transmission and instead follow both and is a deterrent to public health methods of curbing the epidemic, while at the same time exacerbates the spread of the epidemic by forcing people who are HIV positive not to openly come out. It will be argued in the use of criminal law against the transmission of HIV creates stigma and is also an attack on individual human rights. The study will also show that the supposed marginalised persons, such as women and children are not protected by the use of criminal law in the prevention of HIV transmission, contrary to the arguments of the proponents of those who support the use of criminal law. The study will show that far from protecting these marginalised groups of people, criminalisation of HIV transmission, does in fact hurt them the UNAIDS policy and the South African development corporation (SADC) Model Law on HIV and AIDS.
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Books on the topic "HIV (Viruses) Law and legislation"

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Jayasuriya, D. C. HIV law, ethics and human rights: Text and materials. New Delhi: UNDP Regional Project on HIV and Development, 1995.

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Rowe, Mona. AIDS and discrimination: A review of state laws that affect HIV infection : 1983 to 1988. Washington, D.C: The AIDS Policy Center, Intergovernmental Health Policy Project, The George Washington University, 1989.

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Rowe, Mona. AIDS and discrimination: A review of state laws that affect HIV infection, 1983 to 1988. Washington, D.C: AIDS Policy Center, Intergovernmental Health Policy Project, George Washington University, 1989.

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Lichtenberg, Frank R. The effect of new drugs on mortality from rare diseases and HIV. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2001.

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Elise, Gautier. The legal rights and obligations of HIV-infected health care workers. Edited by Schatz Benjamin. San Francisco: American Association of Physicians for Human Rights, 1993.

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Adamson-Woods, October. HIV in the workplace: An employee's guidebook. Salem, Or: Dept. of Insurance and Finance, 1988.

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United States. Congress. Senate. A bill to provide life-saving care for those with HIV/AIDS. Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2006.

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Rowe, Mona. Laws governing confidentiality of HIV-related information, 1983 to 1988. Washington, D.C: AIDS Policy Center, Intergovernmental Health Policy Project, George Washington University, 1989.

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Project, American Civil Liberties Union AIDS. Isolation or quarantine of HIV-infected persons: Briefing paper. New York: ACLU Aids Project, 1988.

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Adamson-Woods, October. Employer response plan for HIV in the workplace: A manager's guidebook. Salem, Or: Dept. of Insurance and Finance, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "HIV (Viruses) Law and legislation"

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Lloyd, Ian J. "10. Substantive criminal law provisions." In Information Technology Law, 173–88. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198830559.003.0010.

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This chapter examines the provisions of the Council of Europe’s Convention on Cybercrime to determine the major headings under which computer-related conduct might be prosecuted and to analyse the effectiveness of UK legislation in the field. The focus is on offences against the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of computer data and systems, which essentially refers to computer hacking and to attempts to impair the operation of computer systems through interception of communications, the promulgation of viruses, or the launching of denial of service attacks. The chapter discusses also the law on computer-related fraud and forgery.
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Hoppe, Trevor. "Making HIV a Crime." In Punishing Disease. University of California Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520291584.003.0005.

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When a new deadly disease emerged in urban gay enclaves in the early 1980s, officials originally named it G.R.I.D. (gay-related immune deficiency). The New Right used AIDS as the latest evidence of America’s moral decline, stoking public fears that the disease would spill over into the “general population” and demanding that states implement more invasive control measures. This chapter explores how campaigns to criminalize HIV spread across the country starting in the mid-1980s. Fears of sex work and homosexuality drove early efforts, while one state’s law helped to spread HIV-specific criminal laws across the nation—sparking an epidemic of legislation that would spread to forty-five states.
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Conference papers on the topic "HIV (Viruses) Law and legislation"

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Yang, Chun-Lin, Nandan Shettigar, and C. Steve Suh. "A Proposition for Describing Real-World Network Dynamics." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-73360.

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Abstract This study presents a proposition for describing the dynamics of real-world networks under the general framework of complex networks. Outward behaviors of complex networks are the manifestation of the coupled dynamics at the macroscopic level and the individual dynamics at the microscopic level. At the macroscopic level a law of coupling governs the interactions of network constituents. At the microscopic level, the dynamics of individual constituent is defined by energy that follows normal distribution. Constituent dynamics are bounded by physical constraints. Consequently, network dynamics can be quantified using information entropy which is a function of constituent energy. In real-world networks, differences between individual constituents exist due to differing mechanical properties and dynamics. Consequently, network dynamics are of different layers and hierarchies. Construct of network governing equations formulated under the general framework of complex networks are demonstrated using two real-world networks — a brain network and a lymph node network. Brain network is constructed by the neurons that each connected by the synapse. Brain network dynamics is composed by the law of coupling defined by the synaptic dynamics through the transmitting of neurotransmitters that couples the individual neuron dynamics. Since different classifications exist among neurotransmitters and neurons, the post synaptic neuron can present either inhibitory or excitatory action. The inhibitory and excitatory behavior of the neurons changes the mechanical properties of each neuron and further alters the brain network dynamics. Consequently, the brain network emerges dynamics with different layers. Lymph node network drains fluid from blood vessels, filter the lymph (the interstitial fluid lymphatic system collects from the blood circulation) through lymph nodes, and transport the lymph back to the blood circulation. Lymph node dynamics is composed by the dynamics of lymph transportation along the lymph node network and the individual lymph node dynamics that involves lymphocytes-pathogens interactions (adaptive immune response). In each lymph node, lymphocytes fight off the pathogens which also emerges a network dynamics such as the interaction between T cells and HIV viruses. Finally, the lymph is collected from each lymph nodes and drained back to the blood circulation. As a result, the lymph node network has the dynamics of different hierarchies where the lymphocytes-pathogens dynamics exists within each lymph node at the lower hierarchy is further under the influence of the lymph transportation dynamics among the whole lymph node network on the higher hierarchy. Since the constituent dynamics of the brain network and lymph node network can be defined by energy that follows normal distribution and both are bounded by physical constraints, the network dynamics of both cases can be quantified through information entropy. Features pertaining to the global as well as individual constituent dynamics of the networks are identified that are insightful to the control of such complex networks.
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